31:T5f7,### Juridisch kader ⚖️ Hoe zit het wettelijk? ##### Slagschaduw Gebaseerd op artikel 3.12 lid 1 Activiteitenregeling milieubeheer. Windturbines binnen 12 rotordiameters van gevoelige objecten moeten zijn voorzien van een automatische stilstandvoorziening indien meer dan 6 uur slagschaduw per jaar kan optreden (vereenvoudigde interpretatie van 17 dagen × 20 minuten). Bron: [Activiteitenregeling art. 3.12 ·](https://mijnwetten.nl/activiteitenregeling-milieubeheer/hoofdstuk3/afdeling3.2/paragraaf3.2.3), [Van Hoef Advocatuur toelichting](https://vanhoefadvocatuur.nl/blog/windturbines-geluidhinder-en-slagschaduw) ##### Geluid: Gebaseerd op artikel 3.14a lid 1 Activiteitenbesluit milieubeheer: maximaal 47 dB Lden (dag) en 41 dB Lnight (nacht) op de gevel van gevoelige gebouwen. Bron: [Wetten.overheid.nl art. 3.14a](https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0022762/2021-01-01/0/Hoofdstuk3/Afdeling3.2/Paragraaf3.2.3/Artikel3.14a/afdrukken), [RVO geluidnormering](https://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/windenergie-op-land/wonen-windturbine/geluidnormering-windmolens) De norm van 47dB Lden gaat over een gemiddelde, niet over momentopnames. Ons model representeert dit op basis van afstand. Let op: Sinds de Raad van State uitspraak 202003882/1/R3 mogen lokale overheden deze normen niet meer direct toepassen zonder plan-MER. Provincies stellen momenteel eigen normen vast. Dit model gebruikt de historische normen als referentiekader. Bron: [RVO slagschaduw](https://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/windenergie-op-land/slagschaduw)32:Td04,### Modelaannames en beperkingen Dit is een vereenvoudigd model, en is bedoeld als eerste indicatieve verkenning. Het vervangt geen professionele geluids- of slagschaduwstudie. De volgende vereenvoudigingen zijn toegepast: _Geluid:_ Berekend met een vereenvoudigd omgekeerd kwadraatmodel met atmosferische absorptie (ISO 9613-2 benadering). Terreineffecten, windrichting, turbulentie en meteorologische omstandigheden zijn niet meegenomen. De werkelijke geluidsbelasting kan hoger of lager uitvallen afhankelijk van lokale omstandigheden. Voor poldergebieden is een geringe correctiefactor toegepast vanwege de vlakke, natte ondergrond. _Slagschaduw:_ Berekend op basis van geometrische projectie van de rotorschijf op een vlak terrein, met astronomisch berekende zonpositie voor 52.18°N. Bewolking is niet meegenomen — werkelijke slagschaduwuren zijn doorgaans 30-40% lager door bewolking. Terreinverschillen en bestaande bebouwing als occlusie zijn niet meegenomen. De berekening gebruikt 15-minuut tijdstappen over 365 dagen. _Adressen:_ Gebaseerd op BAG-adressenbestand via [PDOK](https://app.pdok.nl/viewer/#x=102363.41&y=467849.27&z=8.6067&background=BRT-A%20standaard&layers=01d4dab6-03ad-4e82-b719-4daf8b96ea14;AU.AdministrativeBoundary;_;1,5117ebc1-5a63-439b-b3ca-43b80be804fb;AD.Address;_;1) (peildatum 2025). Elk adres telt als één gevoelig object ongeacht gebouwtype. Bedrijfspanden, schuren en niet-woonfuncties zijn niet uitgefilterd. Stilstandberekening: Per turbine berekend op basis van adressen die de 6-uursdrempel overschrijden door gecombineerde bijdrage van alle turbines. Dit is een conservatieve benadering — werkelijke stilstandplanning gebeurt per turbine per adres in overleg met omwonenden. _Energieopbrengst:_ Berekend met een vaste capaciteitsfactor van 35% voor Nederlands onshore wind. Werkelijke opbrengst varieert met windklasse van de locatie. _Doelquota:_ Er wordt nog geen rekening gehouden met doelstellingen van de gemeente, provincie, het land, of Europa als geheel. Ook motivatie voor de doelstellingen ontbreekt nog. Voor formele vergunningprocedures zijn altijd professionele akoestische rapporten en slagschaduwstudies vereist conform NEN 8775 en de toepasselijke provinciale normen. ### Toevoegingen en verbeteringen Mogelijke extra features en databronnen voor meer gedetailleerde afwegingen. - Invloed van terrein en bebouwing op infrageluidsverspreiding - Winddata per locatie voor nauwkeurigere capaciteitsfactor (windklasse verschilt per plek in de gemeente) - Watervlakken als infrasoundgeleider (specifiek relevant voor Kaag en Braassem) - Penumbra/diffuse schaduw modellering op grotere afstand - AHN terreindata voor hoogtecorrectie op slagschaduw - Broedgebieden en migratieroutes van vogelsoorten in de omgeving, met inschatting van slachtoffers - NNN grensoverlap van geluids- en slagschaduwcontour (niet alleen punt-in-polygoon voor turbinelocatie zelf) - Keuze uit meerdere formaten turbines (45 meter, 150 meter, 250 meter) - Vergelijking met bestaande windturbines in de regio (A4 corridor) - Minimale onderlinge turbineafstand (wake-effect, 3-5 rotordiameters) - Hoogspanningsnet nabijheid voor aansluitkosten - Opslag van meerdere configuraties en ontworpen plannen - Exportfunctie voor configuraties als PDF of rapport Windwijzer Nederland? 🍃33:Ta0e,### Standpunten Politieke Partijen De standpunten over wind turbines van lokale politieke partijen op een rijtje, direct vanuit de verkiezingsprogrammas: ##### D66 _Starten met de realisatie van 2 windturbines c.f. de Regionale Energiestrategie. We toetsen kritisch aan een veilige afstand tot onze dorpen, effecten op natuur en ons landschap en de bijdrage die het levert aan emissiereductie._ _Kleine windturbines tot 45 meter in het buitengebied toestaan onder de voorwaarde dat het landschappelijk goed inpasbaar is._ [Bron](https://d66.nl/kaagenbraassem/verkiezingsprogramma/klimaat-en-energie/) ##### PRO Kaag en Braassem _Samen met inwoners blijven we pleiten dat de provinciale plannen voor opwekken van energie middels hoge windturbines niet passend zijn voor onze gemeente zoals ze nu worden voorgesteld door de provincie._ [Bron](https://prokaagenbraassem.nl/storage/2026/02/PROgramma-2026-2030.pdf) ##### Samen Kaag en Braassem _We zetten daarom in op isoleren en nieuwe technieken van energieopslag. Voor de toekomst denken we bijvoorbeeld aan kleine kerncentrales en aquathermie waar mogelijk._ [Bron](https://www.samenkaagenbraassem.nl/verkiezingen-26) ##### VVD Kaag en Braassem _Windturbines en zonnevelden horen hier niet thuis. In plaats daarvan benutten we daken en zetten we in op innovatieve en kleinschalige oplossingen die passen bij het landschap, zoals kleine boerderijmolens op eigen erf. Door daarnaast in te zetten op energiebesparing en isolatie versterken we de verduurzaming zonder het karakter van het landschap aan te tasten._ [Bron](https://www.vvd.nl/gemeente-kaag-en-braassem/pijlers/duurzaamheid/) ##### Kern11 _Inzetten op kleinschalige energieopwekking: zonnepanelen, isolatie, en lokale opslag (accu’s). Windmolens alleen bij bedrijven voor eigen gebruik, met een maximale hoogte van 45 meter._ [Bron](https://kern11.nl/#verkiezingsprogramma) ##### CDA Kaag en Braassem _Als er windmolens nodig zijn voor de energiebehoefte van onze gemeente, dan overwegen wij die stap serieus, echter altijd voor een beperkt aantal en vooral onder stevige voorwaarden en met volledige inspraak van de bewoners. Wij zien mogelijkheden voor energiecooperaties en de opbrengst ten goede komt aan inwoners._ [Bron](https://www.cda.nl/zuid-holland/kaag-en-braassem/themas/) ##### Overeenkomsten - Elke partij is voor groene energie, bijna elke partij ook een vorm van wind energie als deel van het totaal. - Elke partij is tegen het voorgestelde plan van provincie Zuid-Holland. - Elke partij is geïnteresseerd in alternatieven 34:T400,// Dynamic layer - redraws on debounce { const candidates = { type: "FeatureCollection", features: addresses.features.filter(f => addressCandidates.has(f.properties.id)) }; const layer = L.geoJSON(candidates, { pointToLayer: (feature, latlng) => { const id = feature.properties.id; const contourIndex = contourSets.findIndex(set => set.has(id)); const inShadow = addressesOverShadowThreshold.has(id); let color; if (contourIndex === 0) color = '#ff0000'; else if (contourIndex === 1) color = '#ff6600'; else if (contourIndex === 2) color = '#ffaa00'; else if (contourIndex === 3) color = '#ffff00'; else if (inShadow) color = '#cc44ff'; else color = '#EDEDFF';//'#4444ff'; return L.circleMarker(latlng, { renderer: canvasRenderer, radius: 3, color, fillColor: color, fillOpacity: 0.8, weight: 0 }); } }).addTo(map); invalidation.then(() => layer.remove()); }35:T4e3,rotorShadowEllipse = (turbineLat, turbineLng, elevation, azimuth, turbineSpecs, shadowSpecs) => { if (elevation <= 0) return null; const rad = Math.PI / 180; const shadowAzimuth = (azimuth + 180) % 360; const metersPerDegreeLat = 111320; const metersPerDegreeLng = 111320 * Math.cos(rad * turbineLat); // Shadow of hub center const hubShadowLength = turbineSpecs.hubHeight / Math.tan(rad * elevation); const hubDlat = (hubShadowLength * Math.cos(rad * shadowAzimuth)) / metersPerDegreeLat; const hubDlng = (hubShadowLength * Math.sin(rad * shadowAzimuth)) / metersPerDegreeLng; const centerLat = turbineLat + hubDlat; const centerLng = turbineLng + hubDlng; // Semi-axes of projected ellipse // Minor axis: rotor radius (perpendicular to sun, no foreshortening) const semiMinor = turbineSpecs.rotorRadius; // Major axis: rotor radius / sin(elevation) (foreshortened along sun direction) // const semiMajor = turbineSpecs.rotorRadius / Math.sin(rad * elevation); const semiMajor = Math.min( turbineSpecs.rotorRadius / Math.sin(rad * elevation), shadowSpecs.assessmentRadius // cap at number of rotor diameters ); return { centerLat, centerLng, semiMajor, semiMinor, azimuth, shadowAzimuth }; }36:T4b4,/* draw current-time shadow ellipses */ { const hours = Math.floor(currentTime); const minutes = (currentTime % 1) * 60; const date = new Date(2026, 0, currentDay, hours, minutes); const sunPos = solarPosition(date, siteLatitude); // const sunPos = solarPosition(new Date(2026, 11, 21, 12, 0), siteLatitude); // Opacity falls off as elevation decreases // At 90° (directly overhead) → 1.0, at 3° (minimum) → near 0 const opacity = Math.pow(sunPos.elevation / 90, 0.5) * 0.6; const layers = turbinePositions.map((turbinePos) => { const ellipse = rotorShadowEllipse( turbinePos.lat, turbinePos.lng, sunPos.elevation, sunPos.azimuth, turbineSpec, shadowSpec ); if (!ellipse) return null; const geojson = ellipseToGeoJSON( ellipse.centerLat, ellipse.centerLng, ellipse.semiMajor, ellipse.semiMinor, ellipse.shadowAzimuth ); return L.geoJSON(geojson, { style: { color: '#000000', fillColor: '#000000', fillOpacity: opacity, weight: 0 } }).addTo(map); }).filter(Boolean); invalidation.then(() => layers.forEach(l => l.remove())); }37:T601,shadowSweepUnions = { return turbinePositionsFinal .map(turbinePos => { const points = []; for (let day = 1; day <= 365; day++) { for (let hour = 5; hour <= 21; hour += 0.25) { const h = Math.floor(hour); const m = (hour % 1) * 60; const sunPos = solarPosition(new Date(2026, 0, day, h, m), siteLatitude); if (sunPos.elevation <= 3) continue; const ellipse = rotorShadowEllipse( turbinePos.lat, turbinePos.lng, sunPos.elevation, sunPos.azimuth, turbineSpec, shadowSpec ); if (!ellipse) continue; const rad = Math.PI / 180; const metersPerDegreeLat = 111320; const metersPerDegreeLng = 111320 * Math.cos(rad * ellipse.centerLat); const shadowRad = rad * ellipse.shadowAzimuth; const extremes = [ [1, 0], [-1, 0], [0, 1], [0, -1] ].map(([u, v]) => { const x = ellipse.semiMajor * u * Math.sin(shadowRad) + ellipse.semiMinor * v * Math.cos(shadowRad); const y = ellipse.semiMajor * u * Math.cos(shadowRad) - ellipse.semiMinor * v * Math.sin(shadowRad); return [ ellipse.centerLng + x / metersPerDegreeLng, ellipse.centerLat + y / metersPerDegreeLat ]; }); points.push(...extremes); } } const fc = turf.featureCollection(points.map(p => turf.point(p))); return turf.convex(fc); }); }38:T414,addressesInEllipseAccelerated = (ellipse, gridData) => { const { grid, bucketSize, metersPerDegreeLat, metersPerDegreeLng } = gridData; // AABB of ellipse in meters from center const halfW = Math.max(ellipse.semiMajor, ellipse.semiMinor); const halfH = halfW; // AABB in bucket coordinates const minBX = Math.floor((ellipse.centerLng * metersPerDegreeLng - halfW) / bucketSize); const maxBX = Math.floor((ellipse.centerLng * metersPerDegreeLng + halfW) / bucketSize); const minBY = Math.floor((ellipse.centerLat * metersPerDegreeLat - halfH) / bucketSize); const maxBY = Math.floor((ellipse.centerLat * metersPerDegreeLat + halfH) / bucketSize); const results = []; for (let bx = minBX; bx <= maxBX; bx++) { for (let by = minBY; by <= maxBY; by++) { const candidates = grid.get(`${bx},${by}`); if (!candidates) continue; candidates.forEach(addr => { if (pointInEllipse(addr.lat, addr.lng, ellipse)) { results.push(addr.id); } }); } } return results; }39:Tef0,/* One thing worth noting: the standstill calculation has a subtle ordering issue — we're checking allHours after incrementing it for the current timestep, which means an address tips over threshold at the exact moment it hits 6 hours. That's correct behavior but worth being aware of. */ // annualShadowData = { // const standstillTimes = new Set(); // const allHours = new Map(); // // let standstillIntervals = 0; // turbinePositionsFinal.forEach(turbinePos => { // for (let day = 1; day <= 365; day++) { // for (let hour = 5; hour <= 21; hour += 0.25) { // const h = Math.floor(hour); // const m = (hour % 1) * 60; // const sunPos = solarPosition(new Date(2026, 0, day, h, m), siteLatitude); // if (sunPos.elevation <= 3) continue; // const ellipse = rotorShadowEllipse( // turbinePos.lat, turbinePos.lng, // sunPos.elevation, sunPos.azimuth, // turbineSpec, shadowSpec // ); // if (!ellipse) continue; // const hits = addressesInEllipseAccelerated(ellipse, addressGrid); // hits.forEach(id => allHours.set(id, (allHours.get(id) || 0) + 0.25)); // // Check if any hit address is already over threshold // const anyOverThreshold = hits.some(id => // (allHours.get(id) || 0) >= shadowSpec.hoursPerYearThreshold // ); // if (anyOverThreshold) { // standstillTimes.add(`${day}-${hour}`); // unique time key // } // } // } // }); // return { allHours, standstillIntervals: standstillTimes.size }; // } annualShadowData = { // Pass 1: accumulate combined hours per address const allHours = new Map(); turbinePositionsDebounced.forEach(turbinePos => { for (let day = 1; day <= 365; day++) { for (let hour = 5; hour <= 21; hour += 0.25) { const h = Math.floor(hour); const m = (hour % 1) * 60; const sunPos = solarPosition(new Date(2026, 0, day, h, m), siteLatitude); if (sunPos.elevation <= 3) continue; const ellipse = rotorShadowEllipse( turbinePos.lat, turbinePos.lng, sunPos.elevation, sunPos.azimuth, turbineSpec, shadowSpec ); if (!ellipse) continue; const hits = addressesInEllipseAccelerated(ellipse, addressGrid); hits.forEach(id => allHours.set(id, (allHours.get(id) || 0) + 0.25)); } } }); // Determine over-threshold addresses const overThreshold = new Set( [...allHours.entries()] .filter(([id, h]) => h >= shadowSpec.hoursPerYearThreshold) .map(([id]) => id) ); // Pass 2: per-turbine standstill const standstillPerTurbine = turbinePositionsDebounced.map(turbinePos => { const standstillTimes = new Set(); for (let day = 1; day <= 365; day++) { for (let hour = 5; hour <= 21; hour += 0.25) { const h = Math.floor(hour); const m = (hour % 1) * 60; const sunPos = solarPosition(new Date(2026, 0, day, h, m), siteLatitude); if (sunPos.elevation <= 3) continue; const ellipse = rotorShadowEllipse( turbinePos.lat, turbinePos.lng, sunPos.elevation, sunPos.azimuth, turbineSpec, shadowSpec ); if (!ellipse) continue; const hits = addressesInEllipseAccelerated(ellipse, addressGrid); const hitsOverThreshold = hits.some(id => overThreshold.has(id)); if (hitsOverThreshold) standstillTimes.add(`${day}-${hour}`); } } return standstillTimes.size * 0.25; // hours }); const totalStandstillHours = standstillPerTurbine.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0); return { allHours, overThreshold, standstillPerTurbine, totalStandstillHours }; }3a:T52d,annualEnergyYield = { const capacityFactor = 0.35; // 35% of 24 hours is effective (cloud coverage not included) const annualOperatingHours = 8760 * capacityFactor; const unmitigatedYieldMWh = Math.round( annualOperatingHours * turbineSpec.ratedPowerMW * turbinePositionsDebounced.length ); // Per turbine: subtract its own standstill hours const mitigatedYieldMWh = Math.round( annualShadowData.standstillPerTurbine.reduce((sum, standstillHours) => { const correctedHours = Math.max(0, annualOperatingHours - standstillHours); return sum + correctedHours * turbineSpec.ratedPowerMW; }, 0) ); // Gemiddeld elektriciteitsverbruik per huishouden in Nederland (CBS 2024, via Milieu Centraal) // Bron: https://www.milieucentraal.nl/energie-besparen/inzicht-in-je-energierekening/gemiddeld-energieverbruik/ const kWhPerHousehold = 2500; // kWh/jaar const unmitigatedHouseholds = Math.round(unmitigatedYieldMWh * 1000 / kWhPerHousehold); const mitigatedHouseholds = Math.round(mitigatedYieldMWh * 1000 / kWhPerHousehold); const totalStandstillHours = Math.round(annualShadowData.totalStandstillHours); return { annualOperatingHours, unmitigatedYieldMWh, unmitigatedHouseholds, mitigatedYieldMWh, mitigatedHouseholds, totalStandstillHours }; }3b:T411,/* calculate a combined score */ costMetric = { const weights = [1.0, 0.75, 0.4, 0.2]; // per contour, innermost heaviest const contourRadii = infrasoundSpec.contourLevels.map(db => distanceForSPL(db, infrasoundSpec) / 1000 ); const contourPolygons = contourRadii.map(radius => turbinePositionsFinal.reduce((acc, pos) => { const circle = turf.buffer(turf.point([pos.lng, pos.lat]), radius, {units: 'kilometers'}); return acc ? turf.union(acc, circle) : circle; }, null) ); const contourCounts = contourPolygons.map(poly => turf.pointsWithinPolygon(addresses, poly).features.length ); // Weighted sum across contours const noiseScore = contourCounts.reduce((sum, count, i) => sum + count * weights[i], 0 ); // Hard penalty for protected area violations const protectedPenalty = turbinesInProtectedArea.filter(Boolean).length * 10000; const shadowScore = addressesOverShadowThreshold.size * 0.5; return Math.round(noiseScore + protectedPenalty + shadowScore); }3c:T464,/* update the html for the score view */ { const fullyBlocked = annualStandstillHours >= annualEnergyYield.annualOperatingHours; const el = container.querySelector('#cost-value'); const detail = container.querySelector('#cost-detail'); el.textContent = costMetric; el.style.color = '#ffffff';//costMetric > 5000 ? '#ff4444' : costMetric > 1500 ? '#ffaa00' : '#44ff88'; if (detail) detail.innerHTML = ` 🔊 ${contourSets[2].size} adressen > 47dB infrageluid
🌑 ${addressesOverShadowThreshold.size} adressen > 6uur slagschaduw
⚡ ${annualEnergyYield.unmitigatedYieldMWh.toLocaleString('nl-NL')} MWh/jaar (onbeperkt)
⚡ ${annualEnergyYield.mitigatedYieldMWh.toLocaleString('nl-NL')} MWh/jaar (na mitigatie)
🏠 ~${annualEnergyYield.mitigatedHouseholds.toLocaleString('nl-NL')} huishoudens
⏸ ${Math.round(annualStandstillHours).toLocaleString('nl-NL')}u stilstand/jaar `; detail.style.color = '#ffffff'; // ${fullyBlocked ? '⚠️ Volledig geblokkeerd door mitigatieplicht' : annualEnergyYield.mitigatedYieldMWh + ' MWh/jaar (na mitigatie)'}
}3d:T4fc,// { // const gemeente = gemeenteGrens.features[0]; // const buffer = turf.buffer(gemeente, 1.68, {units: 'kilometers'}); // const filtered = { // type: "FeatureCollection", // features: addressesDownloaded.filter(f => // turf.booleanPointInPolygon(f, buffer) // ) // }; // console.log(`Filtered to ${filtered.features.length} addresses`); // const slim = { // type: "FeatureCollection", // features: filtered.features.map(f => ({ // type: "Feature", // geometry: f.geometry, // properties: { // id: f.properties.identificatie, // adres: f.properties.openbare_ruimte_naam + " " + f.properties.huisnummer + // (f.properties.huisletter || "") + // (f.properties.toevoeging ? "-" + f.properties.toevoeging : ""), // postcode: f.properties.postcode, // woonplaats: f.properties.woonplaats_naam // } // })) // }; // const json = JSON.stringify(slim); // const blob = new Blob([json], {type: 'application/json'}); // const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob); // const a = document.createElement('a'); // a.href = url; // a.download = 'kaag_en_braassem_addresses_slim.geojson'; // a.click(); // URL.revokeObjectURL(url); // }3e:[{"id":"a644901827d51a7874d3d71578f7c0b248fd9d011549a7bebc66640b3e17a0774baf76594c10ec48a085df18bd720ee2d7d4d45174902123fe0f907c1cc6a7f2","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/a644901827d51a7874d3d71578f7c0b248fd9d011549a7bebc66640b3e17a0774baf76594c10ec48a085df18bd720ee2d7d4d45174902123fe0f907c1cc6a7f2","name":"kaag_en_braassem_addresses_slim.geojson","type":"application/geo+json","lastModified":1772983600328.527,"size":4662056},{"id":"7fde56ab5af123026c9f672e84fbdd380f18d603dd775f0cf4d79a7af7f68e714d02103a6f90148953ca791a11a79688fdafacb0976a22c59683706c362db676","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/7fde56ab5af123026c9f672e84fbdd380f18d603dd775f0cf4d79a7af7f68e714d02103a6f90148953ca791a11a79688fdafacb0976a22c59683706c362db676","name":"wind_turbine_icon@2.svg","type":"image/svg+xml","lastModified":1772980486518.942,"size":7617},{"id":"9e1e183f2dc6487306773ac03a838665045ad9889322084b20f58bc1ad0b6a458421ef8acb496d827daca38896b06bf2f4cc94718e9ff0cb04951b93ecb109b3","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/9e1e183f2dc6487306773ac03a838665045ad9889322084b20f58bc1ad0b6a458421ef8acb496d827daca38896b06bf2f4cc94718e9ff0cb04951b93ecb109b3","name":"image.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1773014442484.284,"size":386107},{"id":"125772602c6aebafa8f18d297d687c37c22532d58d9b0137f0cf0346194d286fd46a3065e54732ad42a9fa039d0e965eaced4ed01eb4cb30e3c62b9f46ca5907","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/125772602c6aebafa8f18d297d687c37c22532d58d9b0137f0cf0346194d286fd46a3065e54732ad42a9fa039d0e965eaced4ed01eb4cb30e3c62b9f46ca5907","name":"kaag_en_braassem_addresses_slim@1.geojson","type":"application/geo+json","lastModified":1773433794815.978,"size":11831494},{"id":"e069745041040d8f801f8090636f1a0a539fe9a3f71b09428c6e578196000685996cd8990c4d4f3f7fb6cae4fd2aa4e1fc8d3db17d8cc43047f60626591cfffe","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/e069745041040d8f801f8090636f1a0a539fe9a3f71b09428c6e578196000685996cd8990c4d4f3f7fb6cae4fd2aa4e1fc8d3db17d8cc43047f60626591cfffe","name":"kaag_en_braassem_addresses_slim@3.geojson","type":"application/geo+json","lastModified":1773440546866.803,"size":6224201},{"id":"1103eb12f5d28f50ccd361828a36b5cb71789848220b86e4c088630897ede1e2d42fd31ed170bdc3e9cc825cf7e846a7bb95ff5db383b6a5b066adfb1f1e93eb","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/1103eb12f5d28f50ccd361828a36b5cb71789848220b86e4c088630897ede1e2d42fd31ed170bdc3e9cc825cf7e846a7bb95ff5db383b6a5b066adfb1f1e93eb","name":"kaag_en_braassem_addresses_slim@4.geojson","type":"application/geo+json","lastModified":1773440835253.232,"size":9371072},{"id":"e069745041040d8f801f8090636f1a0a539fe9a3f71b09428c6e578196000685996cd8990c4d4f3f7fb6cae4fd2aa4e1fc8d3db17d8cc43047f60626591cfffe","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/e069745041040d8f801f8090636f1a0a539fe9a3f71b09428c6e578196000685996cd8990c4d4f3f7fb6cae4fd2aa4e1fc8d3db17d8cc43047f60626591cfffe","name":"kaag_en_braassem_addresses_slim@2.geojson","type":"application/geo+json","lastModified":1773440100443.086,"size":6224201}] 2f:{"title":"🍃 Windwijzer: Kaag & Braassem 🍃","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# 🍃 Windwijzer: Kaag & Braassem 🍃","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":18,"value":"Experimenteer met de plaatsing van windturbines in de gemeente, maak je eigen plan, bekijk het doorgerekende plan van de provincie, en verken de mogelijke opbrengsten en de effecten op de omgeving.\n\n[Bekijk de video presentatie op youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_q-x1kZ5bCg)\n\nVerplaats de turbine(s), pas de instellingen aan, en lees verder.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":13,"value":"container = html`\n

IMPACT SCORE

lager is beter

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":690,"value":"viewof turbineCountInput = {\n const input = Inputs.range([1, 7], {value: 1, step: 1, label: \"Aantal turbines\"});\n if (provincialMode) input.style.display = 'none';\n return input;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":688,"value":"viewof provincialMode = Inputs.toggle({label: \"Provinciaal scenario (21 turbines)\", value: false})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":243,"value":"### Slagschaduw 🌄","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":415,"value":"viewof animating = Inputs.toggle({label: \"Animeer tijd\", value: true})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":237,"value":"viewof timeOfDay = Inputs.range([5, 21], {value: 12, step: 0.25, label: \"Tijd (uur)\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":435,"value":"viewof dayOfYear = Inputs.range([1, 365], {value: 217, step: 1, label: \"Dag (in het jaar)\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":399,"value":"Het totaal aan slagschaduw wordt per adres over het hele jaar berekend. Je ziet:\n\n- de schaduwval voor de gekozen dag en tijd\n- de totale schaduwval gedurende het hele jaar, tot max ${shadowSpec.assessmentRadius} meter (paarse omlijning).\n- **Paarse adressen** overschrijden de ${shadowSpec.hoursPerYearThreshold}-uur norm.\n \nBij het overschrijden van de 6uur-norm wordt de turbine stil gezet. Het stilstaan van de turbines wordt in de opgeleverde energie meegerekend.\n\nBij dit voorgestelde scenario met ${provincialTurbines.length} turbines van ~${turbineSpec.hubHeight + turbineSpec.rotorRadius} meter is slagschaduwmitigatie op grote schaal vereist. Bovenstaande energieopbrengst reflecteert volledige naleving van de ${shadowSpec.hoursPerYearThreshold}-uursnorm.\n\n[Bron](https://omgevingsweb.nl/vragen/welke-voorschriften-gelden-er-voor-slagschaduw-van-een-windturbine/?doing_wp_cron=1773681790.1139318943023681640625)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":401,"value":"### Infrageluid 🔊\n\nInschatting van geluidsoverlast onder de 20Hz. Dit zijn lage tonen onder ons gehoor, die alsnog invloed op onze gemoedstoestand en gezondheid kunnen hebben. Je ziet:\n\n- **Oranje cirkel**: 47dB, het dag limiet\n- **Gele cirkel**: 41dB, het nacht limiet volgens de Nederlandse wetgeving. (Effecten op dit niveau zijn het onderwerp van wetenschappelijk debat.)\n\nJe huidige infrageluidsniveau is niet bekend zonder meting.\n\n[Bron](https://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/windenergie-op-land/wonen-windturbine/geluidnormering-windmolens)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":752,"value":"# 📨Feedback & Samenwerking\n\nOntworpen door Mar Zandvliet, als onafhankelijk onderzoeker.\n\nLaat me weten wat je van de app vindt! Je kan me bereiken via:\n\n- [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/mar-zandvliet-71a916245/)\n- [Bluesky](https://bsky.app/profile/marzand.bsky.social)\n- [Email](mailto:mar@ramjetanvil.com)\n\nGraag zou ik samenwerken met bewoners, beleidsmakers, wethouders, bedrijven, ingenieurs, wetenschappers, vogelkenners en andere betrokkenen om zo samen tot voorstellen te komen die op harmonieuze wijze bij de omgeving passen.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":881,"value":"# 📃Toelichting","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":776,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":796,"value":"### Provinciaal scenario\n\nDit scenario modelleert de 21 windturbines die door Provincie Zuid-Holland zijn onderzocht als zoekgebied in de Wassenaarsche polder en polder Vierambacht, onderdeel van de Ontwerp Herziening Omgevingsbeleid 2025.\nBronnen:\n\n- [Provincie Zuid-Holland — Herziening Omgevingsbeleid 2025](https://www.zuid-holland.nl/onderwerpen/omgevingsbeleid/lopende-herzieningen-omgevingsbeleid/herziening-2025/)\n- [Provincie Zuid-Holland — Geef je mening over gebieden voor windturbines](https://www.zuid-holland.nl/actueel/nieuws/november-2025/geef-mening-gebieden-windturbines/)\n- [Studio Kaag en Braassem — Gemeenteraad zet streep door zoekgebieden](https://www.studiokaagenbraassem.nl/nieuws/gemeenteraad-zet-streep-door-zoekgebieden-windmolens-in-omgevingsvisie)\n\n_De precieze turbinelocaties in dit scenario zijn gebaseerd op eigen interpretatie van de provinciale zoekgebiedskaarten en zijn indicatief. De provincie heeft nog geen definitieve turbineposities vastgesteld._","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":763,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":485,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":481,"value":"### Alternatieve Energiebronnen & Maatregelen\n\n- Isoleren\n- Zonnepanelen\n- Aquathermie\n- Kleine Kernreactoren - Klein en schoon. In onderzoeksfase, pas verwacht vanaf 2050, met relatief hoge prijs per MWh.\n\n(Nog te realiseren: afwegingen, rekenwerk en vergelijkingen)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":441,"value":"# Code","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":570,"value":"### Map HTML & Stylesheet","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":233,"value":"animationTick = {\n if (!animating) return 0;\n let t = 0;\n while (true) {\n yield t++;\n await Promises.delay(50);\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":437,"value":"currentTime = animating \n ? 5 + (animationTick % 64) * 0.25 \n : timeOfDay","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":439,"value":"currentDay = animating \n ? 1 + (dayOfYear + Math.floor(animationTick / 64)) % 365\n : dayOfYear","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5,"value":"L = require(\"leaflet@1.9.4/dist/leaflet.js\").then(L => {\n delete L.Icon.Default.prototype._getIconUrl;\n L.Icon.Default.mergeOptions({\n iconUrl: \"https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.9.4/dist/images/marker-icon.png\",\n iconRetinaUrl: \"https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.9.4/dist/images/marker-icon-2x.png\",\n shadowUrl: \"https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.9.4/dist/images/marker-shadow.png\"\n });\n return L;\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":117,"value":"turf = require(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@turf/turf@6/turf.min.js\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":10,"value":"html``","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":141,"value":"html``","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":24,"value":"map = L.map(container.querySelector('#map')).setView([52.1833, 4.6167], 12)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":176,"value":"canvasRenderer = L.canvas()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":15,"value":"{\n L.tileLayer('https://service.pdok.nl/brt/achtergrondkaart/wmts/v2_0/standaard/EPSG:3857/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', {\n attribution: '© PDOK BRT',\n maxZoom: 19\n }).addTo(map);\n \n return container;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":50,"value":"turbineIcon = {\n const url = await FileAttachment(\"wind_turbine_icon@2.svg\").url();\n return L.icon({\n iconUrl: url,\n iconSize: [64, 64],\n iconAnchor: [32, 58],\n popupAnchor: [0, -64]\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":623,"value":"##### Municipality boundaries","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":625,"value":"gemeenteGrens = {\n const url = `https://api.pdok.nl/kadaster/brk-administratieve-eenheden/ogc/v1/collections/administrativeunit/items?f=json&name=Kaag%20en%20Braassem`;\n const response = await fetch(url);\n const data = await response.json();\n console.log(`Found ${data.features.length} features`);\n return data;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":627,"value":"{\n const style1 = {\n color: '#662484',\n fillOpacity: 0,\n weight: 4,\n dashArray: '12 12',\n dashOffset: '0'\n };\n \n const style2 = {\n color: '#94c21f',\n fillOpacity: 0,\n weight: 4,\n dashArray: '12 12',\n dashOffset: '12'\n };\n \n const layer1 = L.geoJSON(gemeenteGrens, { style: style1 }).addTo(map);\n const layer2 = L.geoJSON(gemeenteGrens, { style: style2 }).addTo(map);\n \n layer1.bringToFront();\n layer2.bringToFront();\n \n invalidation.then(() => { layer1.remove(); layer2.remove(); });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":468,"value":"### Parameters","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":209,"value":"siteLatitude = 52.18 // degrees, Kaag en Braassem","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":666,"value":"provincialTurbines = [\n // Cluster 1 - Zuid\n [52.185122, 4.645053],\n [52.183748, 4.655783],\n [52.182172, 4.668365],\n [52.181510, 4.681962],\n [52.179449, 4.642506],\n [52.178135, 4.653030],\n [52.176055, 4.666905],\n [52.175697, 4.680985],\n [52.169914, 4.642632],\n [52.169016, 4.654726],\n [52.168826, 4.666282],\n [52.168918, 4.679840],\n // Cluster 2 - Noord\n [52.201586, 4.675344],\n [52.208388, 4.680221],\n [52.214748, 4.685000],\n [52.198469, 4.688827],\n [52.195987, 4.700238],\n [52.206097, 4.693395],\n [52.203805, 4.706050],\n [52.212521, 4.697457],\n [52.208700, 4.709485]\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":147,"value":"turbineCount = provincialMode ? provincialTurbines.length : turbineCountInput","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":207,"value":"/*\nProvincial plan turbine specification (estimated)\n*/\n\nturbineSpec = ({\n hubHeight: 150,\n rotorDiameter: 200,\n rotorRadius: 100,\n ratedPowerMW: 12\n})\n\n/* \nTypical 5.4MWh turbine spec\n*/\n\n// turbineSpec = ({\n// hubHeight: 120,\n// rotorDiameter: 140,\n// rotorRadius: 70,\n// ratedPowerMW: 5.6\n// })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":287,"value":"/*\nProvincial plan turbine specification (estimated)\n*/\n\ninfrasoundSpec = ({\n soundPowerLevel: 112, // dB, large 12MW turbine\n absorptionCoeff: 0.002, // dB/m atmospheric absorption\n thresholdDay: 47, // dB Lden Dutch legal limit\n thresholdNight: 41, // dB Lnight Dutch legal limit\n polderFudge: 1.5, // flat wet terrain amplification factor\n contourLevels: [55, 50, 47, 41] // dB levels to draw rings at\n})\n\n/* \nTypical 5.4MWh turbine spec\n*/\n\n// infrasoundSpec = ({\n// soundPowerLevel: 108, // dB, typical 5.6MW turbine\n// absorptionCoeff: 0.002, // dB/m atmospheric absorption\n// thresholdDay: 47, // dB Lden Dutch legal limit\n// thresholdNight: 41, // dB Lnight Dutch legal limit\n// polderFudge: 1.5, // flat wet terrain amplification factor\n// contourLevels: [55, 50, 47, 41] // dB levels to draw rings at\n// })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":319,"value":"criticalInfrasoundRange = distanceForSPL(infrasoundSpec.contourLevels[2], infrasoundSpec);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":590,"value":"shadowSpec = ({\n hoursPerYearThreshold: 6,\n assessmentDiameters: 12,\n assessmentRadius: 12 * 200\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":568,"value":"### Turbine Markers","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":27,"value":"markers = {\n const startPositions = provincialMode \n ? provincialTurbines \n : Array.from({length: turbineCount}, (_, i) => [52.1833 + i * 0.01, 4.6167]);\n \n const ms = startPositions.map(pos => {\n const m = L.marker(pos, {\n draggable: !provincialMode,\n icon: turbineIcon\n }).addTo(map);\n \n m.bindTooltip(\"...\", {\n permanent: true,\n direction: 'right',\n className: 'turbine-label',\n offset: L.point(10, 10)\n }).openTooltip();\n \n return m;\n });\n \n invalidation.then(() => ms.forEach(m => m.remove()));\n return ms;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":582,"value":"##### Optimization through debounced data\nPer-address sound and shadow interactions are expensive to calculate, so these updates are delayed until the marker is dropped, or only done after 300ms. Debounced and Final data versions are used to trigger these calculations only when needed.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":179,"value":"/*\nroutine for delaying an expensive update\n*/\ndebounce = (fn, ms) => {\n let timer;\n return (...args) => {\n clearTimeout(timer);\n timer = setTimeout(() => fn(...args), ms);\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":136,"value":"/*\nGet observable data flow to trigger on marker moves\n(these move immediately)\n*/\n\nturbinePositions = Generators.observe(notify => {\n const positions = markers.map(m => m.getLatLng());\n \n const update = () => notify(markers.map(m => m.getLatLng()));\n \n markers.forEach(m => m.on('drag', update));\n notify(positions);\n \n return () => markers.forEach(m => m.off('drag', update));\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":272,"value":"/*\nDelayed turbine position updates for expensive calculations\n*/\nturbinePositionsDebounced = Generators.observe(notify => {\n const update = debounce(() => notify(markers.map(m => m.getLatLng())), 300);\n markers.forEach(m => m.on('drag', update));\n notify(markers.map(m => m.getLatLng()));\n return () => markers.forEach(m => m.off('drag', update));\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":699,"value":"turbinePositionsFinal = Generators.observe(notify => {\n const update = () => notify(markers.map(m => m.getLatLng()));\n markers.forEach(m => m.on('dragend', update));\n notify(markers.map(m => m.getLatLng()));\n return () => markers.forEach(m => m.off('dragend', update));\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":132,"value":"/*\nThe circle areas around each turbine\n(fast, only used for drawing in the UI)\n*/\nbuffers = turbinePositions.map(pos => {\n return turf.buffer(turf.point([pos.lng, pos.lat]), criticalInfrasoundRange, {units: 'meters'})\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":181,"value":"/*\nThe circle areas around each turbine\n(slow, used for the expensive cost calculations)\n*/\nbuffersDebounced = Generators.observe(notify => {\n const update = debounce(() => {\n notify(markers.map(m => {\n const pos = m.getLatLng();\n return turf.buffer(turf.point([pos.lng, pos.lat]), criticalInfrasoundRange, {units: 'meters'});\n }));\n }, 100);\n \n markers.forEach(m => m.on('drag', update));\n notify(markers.map(m => {\n const pos = m.getLatLng();\n return turf.buffer(turf.point([pos.lng, pos.lat]), criticalInfrasoundRange, {units: 'meters'});\n }));\n \n return () => markers.forEach(m => m.off('drag', update));\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":169,"value":"/*\nUpdate tooltips\n*/\n{\n const counts = turbinePositions.map((pos, i) => \n turf.pointsWithinPolygon(addresses, buffers[i]).features.length\n );\n \n markers.forEach((m, i) => {\n const inProtected = turbinesInProtectedArea[i];\n \n if (provincialMode && !inProtected) {\n // Hide tooltip entirely in provincial mode unless there's a warning\n m.unbindTooltip();\n return;\n }\n \n const warning = inProtected ? '⚠️ BESCHERMD GEBIED\\n' : '';\n const label = provincialMode \n ? warning // provincial mode: only show warning\n : `${warning}🏠 ${counts[i]} adressen binnen ${Math.round(criticalInfrasoundRange)}m 🔊`;\n \n if (m.getTooltip()) {\n m.setTooltipContent(label);\n } else {\n m.bindTooltip(label, {\n permanent: true,\n direction: 'right',\n className: 'turbine-label',\n offset: L.point(10, 10)\n }).openTooltip();\n }\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":529,"value":"### Draw all addresses","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":540,"value":"contourSets = {\n const contourRadii = infrasoundSpec.contourLevels.map(db =>\n distanceForSPL(db, infrasoundSpec) / 1000\n );\n \n const candidateFeatures = {\n type: \"FeatureCollection\",\n features: addresses.features.filter(f => addressCandidates.has(f.properties.id))\n };\n \n const contourPolygons = contourRadii.map(radius =>\n turbinePositionsDebounced.reduce((acc, pos) => {\n const circle = turf.buffer(turf.point([pos.lng, pos.lat]), radius, {units: 'kilometers'});\n return acc ? turf.union(acc, circle) : circle;\n }, null)\n );\n\n return contourPolygons.map(poly =>\n new Set(turf.pointsWithinPolygon(candidateFeatures, poly).features.map(f => f.properties.id))\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":554,"value":"// Candidates for recoloring\n\naddressCandidates = {\n const outerRadius = distanceForSPL(infrasoundSpec.contourLevels[3], infrasoundSpec) / 1000;\n \n const outerUnion = turbinePositionsDebounced.reduce((acc, pos) => {\n const circle = turf.buffer(turf.point([pos.lng, pos.lat]), outerRadius, {units: 'kilometers'});\n return acc ? turf.union(acc, circle) : circle;\n }, null);\n \n // Also include shadow threshold addresses\n const shadowCandidates = new Set(addressesOverShadowThreshold);\n \n const noiseCandiates = new Set(\n turf.pointsWithinPolygon(addresses, outerUnion).features.map(f => f.properties.id)\n );\n \n return new Set([...noiseCandiates, ...shadowCandidates]);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":556,"value":"// Static layer - computed once\nstaticAddressLayer = {\n const layer = L.geoJSON({\n type: \"FeatureCollection\",\n features: addresses.features.filter(f => !addressCandidates.has(f.properties.id))\n }, {\n pointToLayer: (feature, latlng) => L.circleMarker(latlng, {\n renderer: canvasRenderer,\n radius: 3,\n color: '#BCBCD1',\n fillColor: '#BCBCD1',\n fillOpacity: 0.8,\n weight: 0\n })\n }).addTo(map);\n \n invalidation.then(() => layer.remove());\n return layer;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":115,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":466,"value":"### Mark and Visualize Protected Areas","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":197,"value":"protectedAreas = {\n const url = `https://api.pdok.nl/rvo/nationaal-beschermde-gebieden-cdda/ogc/v1/collections/cdda/items?f=json&bbox=4.55,52.15,4.70,52.22`;\n const response = await fetch(url);\n const data = await response.json();\n console.log(`Found ${data.features.length} protected areas`);\n console.log(data.features.map(f => f.properties));\n return data;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":201,"value":"turbinesInProtectedArea = buffersDebounced.map((buffer, i) => {\n const point = turf.point([markers[i].getLatLng().lng, markers[i].getLatLng().lat]);\n return protectedAreas.features.some(area => \n turf.booleanPointInPolygon(point, area)\n );\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":199,"value":"/*\nDraw protected areas\n*/\n{\n const layer = L.geoJSON(protectedAreas, {\n style: {\n color: '#00aa44',\n fillColor: '#00aa44',\n fillOpacity: 0.25,\n weight: 2,\n dashArray: '4 4'\n },\n onEachFeature: (feature, layer) => {\n layer.bindTooltip(feature.properties.sitename, {\n sticky: true\n });\n }\n }).addTo(map);\n \n invalidation.then(() => layer.remove());\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":254,"value":"### Calculate and Visualize Solar Shadow Flicker","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":211,"value":"solarPosition = (date, lat) => {\n const rad = Math.PI / 180;\n const dayOfYear = Math.floor((date - new Date(date.getFullYear(), 0, 0)) / 86400000);\n const declination = -23.45 * Math.cos(rad * (360 / 365) * (dayOfYear + 10));\n const hourAngle = (date.getHours() + date.getMinutes() / 60 - 12) * 15;\n \n const sinElevation = \n Math.sin(rad * lat) * Math.sin(rad * declination) +\n Math.cos(rad * lat) * Math.cos(rad * declination) * Math.cos(rad * hourAngle);\n const elevation = Math.asin(sinElevation) / rad;\n \n const cosAzimuth = (Math.sin(rad * declination) - Math.sin(rad * lat) * sinElevation) /\n (Math.cos(rad * lat) * Math.cos(Math.asin(sinElevation)));\n \n let azimuth = Math.acos(Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, cosAzimuth))) / rad;\n if (hourAngle > 0) azimuth = 360 - azimuth;\n \n return { elevation, azimuth };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":217,"value":"shadowTip = (turbineLat, turbineLng, elevation, azimuth, spec) => {\n if (elevation <= 0) return null; // sun below horizon\n \n const rad = Math.PI / 180;\n \n // Shadow length of rotor tip on flat ground\n const tipHeight = spec.hubHeight + spec.rotorRadius;\n const shadowLength = tipHeight / Math.tan(rad * elevation);\n \n // Shadow direction is opposite to sun azimuth\n const shadowAzimuth = (azimuth + 180) % 360;\n \n // Convert shadow length to lat/lng offset\n const metersPerDegreeLat = 111320;\n const metersPerDegreeLng = 111320 * Math.cos(rad * turbineLat);\n \n const dlat = (shadowLength * Math.cos(rad * shadowAzimuth)) / metersPerDegreeLat;\n const dlng = (shadowLength * Math.sin(rad * shadowAzimuth)) / metersPerDegreeLng;\n \n return [turbineLat + dlat, turbineLng + dlng];\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":219,"value":"{\n const pos = solarPosition(new Date(2026, 11, 21, 12, 0), siteLatitude);\n const tip = shadowTip(52.1833, 4.6167, pos.elevation, pos.azimuth, turbineSpec);\n const dx = (tip[1] - 4.6167) * 111320 * Math.cos(52.1833 * Math.PI / 180);\n const dy = (tip[0] - 52.1833) * 111320;\n const dist = Math.sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy);\n return `Shadow tip ${dist.toFixed(0)}m to the north, elevation ${pos.elevation.toFixed(1)}°`;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":221,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":223,"value":"ellipseToGeoJSON = (centerLat, centerLng, semiMajor, semiMinor, azimuth) => {\n const rad = Math.PI / 180;\n const metersPerDegreeLat = 111320;\n const metersPerDegreeLng = 111320 * Math.cos(rad * centerLat);\n const points = Array.from({length: 64}, (_, i) => {\n const angle = (i / 64) * 2 * Math.PI;\n // Ellipse in local meters, rotated to shadow azimuth\n const shadowRad = rad * azimuth;\n const x = semiMajor * Math.cos(angle) * Math.sin(shadowRad) + \n semiMinor * Math.sin(angle) * Math.cos(shadowRad);\n const y = semiMajor * Math.cos(angle) * Math.cos(shadowRad) - \n semiMinor * Math.sin(angle) * Math.sin(shadowRad);\n return [\n centerLng + x / metersPerDegreeLng,\n centerLat + y / metersPerDegreeLat\n ];\n });\n points.push(points[0]); // close the ring\n return { type: \"Feature\", geometry: { type: \"Polygon\", coordinates: [points] }};\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":225,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":260,"value":"/* Evaluate how many distinct sunlight positions to calculate over a whole year */\n\n// {\n// let count = 0;\n// for (let day = 1; day <= 365; day++) {\n// for (let hour = 5; hour <= 21; hour += 0.25) {\n// const h = Math.floor(hour);\n// const m = (hour % 1) * 60;\n// const date = new Date(2026, 0, day, h, m);\n// const sunPos = solarPosition(date, siteLatitude);\n// if (sunPos.elevation > 0) count++;\n// }\n// }\n// return `${count} daylight sun positions per year`;\n// }","pinned":false,"hidden":true,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":262,"value":"$37","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":266,"value":"/* Draw shadow sweeps */\n{\n const layers = shadowSweepUnions.map(union => {\n const layer = L.geoJSON(union, {\n style: {\n color: '#cc44ff',\n fillColor: '#cc44ff',\n fillOpacity: 0.01,\n weight: 1,\n dashArray: '4 4'\n }\n });\n layer.addTo(map);\n layer.bringToBack();\n return layer;\n });\n \n invalidation.then(() => layers.forEach(l => l.remove()));\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":501,"value":"##### Exact per-address shadow flicker coverage","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":505,"value":"pointInEllipse = (pointLat, pointLng, ellipse) => {\n const rad = Math.PI / 180;\n const metersPerDegreeLat = 111320;\n const metersPerDegreeLng = 111320 * Math.cos(rad * ellipse.centerLat);\n \n // Offset from ellipse center in meters\n const dx = (pointLng - ellipse.centerLng) * metersPerDegreeLng;\n const dy = (pointLat - ellipse.centerLat) * metersPerDegreeLat;\n \n // Rotate into ellipse local axes\n const shadowRad = rad * ellipse.shadowAzimuth;\n const major = dx * Math.sin(shadowRad) + dy * Math.cos(shadowRad);\n const minor = dx * Math.cos(shadowRad) - dy * Math.sin(shadowRad);\n \n return (major / ellipse.semiMajor) ** 2 + (minor / ellipse.semiMinor) ** 2 <= 1;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":509,"value":"##### With spatial grid indexing to speed up address overlap tests","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":511,"value":"addressGrid = {\n const bucketSize = 100; // meters\n const metersPerDegreeLat = 111320;\n const metersPerDegreeLng = 111320 * Math.cos(52.18 * Math.PI / 180);\n \n const grid = new Map();\n \n const bucketKey = (lat, lng) => {\n const bx = Math.floor(lng * metersPerDegreeLng / bucketSize);\n const by = Math.floor(lat * metersPerDegreeLat / bucketSize);\n return `${bx},${by}`;\n }\n \n addresses.features.forEach(f => {\n const [lng, lat] = f.geometry.coordinates;\n const key = bucketKey(lat, lng);\n if (!grid.has(key)) grid.set(key, []);\n grid.get(key).push({lat, lng, id: f.properties.id});\n });\n \n return { grid, bucketKey, bucketSize, metersPerDegreeLat, metersPerDegreeLng };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":513,"value":"$38","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":519,"value":"$39","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":613,"value":"annualShadowHours = annualShadowData.allHours","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":745,"value":"addressesOverShadowThreshold = annualShadowData.overThreshold","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":615,"value":"annualStandstillHours = annualShadowData.totalStandstillHours","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":617,"value":"$3a","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":285,"value":"### Infrasound Radiation","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":289,"value":"splAtDistance = (r, spec) => {\n if (r < 1) r = 1; // avoid log(0)\n return spec.soundPowerLevel \n - 10 * Math.log10(2 * Math.PI * r * r) \n - spec.absorptionCoeff * r\n + spec.polderFudge;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":291,"value":"{\n const distances = [100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1500, 2000];\n return distances.map(r => \n `${r}m → ${splAtDistance(r, infrasoundSpec).toFixed(1)} dB`\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":293,"value":"distanceForSPL = (targetSPL, spec) => {\n let lo = 1, hi = 5000;\n for (let i = 0; i < 50; i++) {\n const mid = (lo + hi) / 2;\n splAtDistance(mid, spec) > targetSPL ? lo = mid : hi = mid;\n }\n return (lo + hi) / 2;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":295,"value":"{\n return infrasoundSpec.contourLevels.map(db => \n `${db} dB → ${distanceForSPL(db, infrasoundSpec).toFixed(0)}m`\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":297,"value":"/*\nDraw concentric infrasound falloff rings\n*/\n{\n const colors = ['#ff0000', '#ff6600', '#ffaa00', '#ffff00'];\n \n const layers = turbinePositionsDebounced.flatMap((turbinePos, i) =>\n infrasoundSpec.contourLevels.map((db, j) => {\n const radius = distanceForSPL(db, infrasoundSpec) / 1000;\n const circle = turf.buffer(\n turf.point([turbinePos.lng, turbinePos.lat]),\n radius,\n {units: 'kilometers'}\n );\n const layer = L.geoJSON(circle, {\n style: {\n color: colors[j],\n fillColor: colors[j],\n fillOpacity: 0.06,\n weight: 1.5\n }\n }).addTo(map);\n layer.bringToFront();\n return layer;\n })\n );\n\n invalidation.then(() => layers.forEach(l => l.remove()));\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":330,"value":"### Cost Metrics","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":159,"value":"/*\nCost function of all the turbines together (old)\n*/\ncombinedImpact = {\n const union = buffersDebounced .reduce((acc, b) => turf.union(acc, b));\n return turf.pointsWithinPolygon(addresses, union).features.length;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":332,"value":"$3b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":719,"value":"##### Score Screen Update","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":342,"value":"$3c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":258,"value":"### PDOK Address Data","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":113,"value":"addresses = FileAttachment(\"kaag_en_braassem_addresses_slim@4.geojson\").json()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":592,"value":"##### Address Data Downloading","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":110,"value":"sleep = ms => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":85,"value":"/*\nDownload all addresses from PDOK within a bounding box around the Gemeente\n(Do this once, then store and load as static file)\n*/\n\n// addressesDownloaded = {\n// const firstUrl = `https://api.pdok.nl/kadaster/bag/ogc/v2/collections/adres/items?f=json&limit=100&bbox=4.50,52.12,4.77,52.25`;\n \n// let features = [];\n// let nextUrl = firstUrl;\n \n// while (nextUrl) {\n// const response = await fetch(nextUrl);\n// const data = await response.json();\n// features = [...features, ...data.features];\n// console.log(`Fetched ${features.length} addresses so far...`);\n// const nextLink = data.links?.find(l => l.rel === \"next\");\n// nextUrl = nextLink ? nextLink.href : null;\n// }\n \n// console.log(`Total: ${features.length} addresses`);\n// return features;\n// }","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":100,"value":"$3d","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"}],"files":"$W3e","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}