2a:null 2b:["$","title",null,{"children":"UFO Sightings | HIMANSHU PRASAD | Observable"}] 30:[] 2e:{"id":"21702bbceb857370","slug":"ufo-sightings","title":"UFO Sightings","thumbnail":"817794e52fdf2bd7be4516e4bf96f7dc3757529c4cb1b320ef0dfd612dff083d","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2021-12-11T10:14:49.160Z","update_time":"$D2021-12-12T17:45:13.970Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2021-12-11T15:33:31.827Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"c3619e7c3d686966","login":"7a596ea349ab5d1c","name":"HIMANSHU PRASAD","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/179082a7c8cf636619d0df5e7082b2d829a1e9150c11393ed6cac241b2f61c5d","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":436,"publish_version":436,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"7a596ea349ab5d1c","login":"7a596ea349ab5d1c","name":"HIMANSHU PRASAD","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/179082a7c8cf636619d0df5e7082b2d829a1e9150c11393ed6cac241b2f61c5d","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"7a596ea349ab5d1c","login":"7a596ea349ab5d1c","name":"HIMANSHU PRASAD","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/179082a7c8cf636619d0df5e7082b2d829a1e9150c11393ed6cac241b2f61c5d","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":2,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"UFO Sightings","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# UFO Sightings\n

\n### Project by - Akshita & Himanshu","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":252,"value":"
\n### Abstract\n\nThe purpose of this article is to find out the number of UFO Sightings from 1910 to 2010 and predict how many sightings can be expected in the next fifty years. It covers the visualization and insights gathered in a two-week-long module - Information Design & Visualization, conducted remotely by the National Institute of Design, Bangalore. Relevant datasets have been used to prepare the shown data visualization. This is an attempt to show that for the last 100 years, some flying object has been identified and reported by people in different countries. Some researchers have linked it to 'aliens visiting earth' but more evidence is required to prove this. This article doesn't answer whether there are aliens or not, this is a visualization of the existing data on UFO sightings by two mystery enthusiasts. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":256,"value":"
\n### Introduction\n\nA UFO, Unidentified Flying Object, also called a flying saucer, is any aerial object or optical phenomenon not readily identifiable to the observer. UFOs became a major subject of interest after World War II and some researchers considered them to be intelligent extraterrestrial life visiting Earth. There has been a lot of conversation regarding the existence of aliens and their sightings where people have either seen some different forms in the sky. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":260,"value":"
\n### History of UFO Sightings\n\nThe first well-known UFO sighting occurred in 1947 when a businessman Kenneth Arnold claimed to see a group of nine high-speed objects near Mount Rainier in Washington while he was flying his small plane. The flying saucer sighting over the Capitol in Washington D.C. made the Air Force investigate the matter (Project Blue Book). This populated many internet forums and casual conversations and people all around the world were reporting some flying object they had observed.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":264,"value":"We collected data for UFO sightings from different sources. It covered the sightings data for the last hundred years. The first analysis we wanted to perform was to find which countries have reported UFO sightings.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3,"value":"csvURL = \"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vQe3evtV8yea7ZsUpQ8N4LTt9xymmnAzkpwKqC89Cb07RH03Uo5OMDFMDCyfkHtv1H7ozI58O2NN6n6/pub?gid=998061391&single=true&output=csv\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6,"value":"rawData = d3.csv(csvURL, d3.autoType)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":15,"value":"UFO_shape = // To use copied code replace \"data\" with your own variable\naq.from(rawData)\n\t.select('UFO_shape')\n\t.groupby('UFO_shape')\n\t.count().objects()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":17,"value":"vegaEmbed = require(\"vega-embed\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":20,"value":"import { Wrangler, op } from \"@observablehq/data-wrangler\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":273,"value":"
The top five countries that have reported the most UFO sightings since 1910 are the USA, Germany, Australia, Britain, Canada.cThe United States has had the highest number of sightings in the last century. One possible reason for that could be because that the US established The National UFO Reporting Center (NUFORC) in 1974. Most Americans were aware that they could report what they saw. As a result, The USA has been recorded to have 63,381 UFO Sightings as visualized below.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":26,"value":"UFO_country = aq.from(rawData)\n\t.select('country')\n\t.groupby('country')\n\t.count()\n\t.objects()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":411,"value":"

","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":336,"value":"vegaEmbed({\n height: 400,\n title: \"Different Shaped reported for UFOs\",\n \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json\",\n \"description\": \"A bar chart showing the US population distribution of age groups and gender in 2000.\",\n \"data\": { values: UFO_shape },\n \n \"width\": {\"step\": 30},\n \"mark\": { type: \"bar\", tooltip: true, fill: \"#93C572\"},\n \"encoding\": {\n \"y\": {\"field\": \"count\",\"title\": \"Sighting Count\", \"type\":\"Q\"},\n \"x\": {\n \"field\": \"UFO_shape\",\n \"title\": \"Shape\",\n \"type\": \"N\",\n sort : \"-y\"\n \n },\n \n }\n}\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":302,"value":"
\nFor every shape they saw, there was a specific color they remembered. This could have been the color of the UFO or light emitted by the object or some reflection from any nearby surface. Our database gave us information that RED was the most prominent color that people noticed. The below graph shows the different types of colors noticed.\n\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":418,"value":"

","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":347,"value":"vegaEmbed({\n \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.json\",\n \"description\": \"Google's stock price over time.\",\n \"data\": { values: UFO_time },\n title: \"Sightings Frequency\",\n \"mark\": {\n \"type\": \"area\",\n \"line\": {\n \"color\": \"darkgreen\"\n },\n \"color\": {\n \"x1\": 1,\n \"y1\": 1,\n \"x2\": 1,\n \"y2\": 0,\n \"gradient\": \"linear\",\n \"stops\": [\n {\n \"offset\": 0,\n \"color\": \"white\"\n },\n {\n \"offset\": 1,\n \"color\": \"darkgreen\"\n }\n ]\n }\n },\n \"encoding\": {\n \"x\": {\n \"field\": \"Year\",\n \"type\": \"ordinal\"\n },\n \"y\": {\n \"field\": \"count\",\n \"type\": \"quantitative\",\n \n }\n }\n})\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":322,"value":"
We used the Omni calculator to help with the prediction. There has been a 30-times increase in UFO sightings from 1990 to 2012. Since 2012, people have been more active and resourceful for experimenting and coming forward to report incidents so we can say that there could be a significant rise in the number of UFO sightings from anywhere between 30 to 40 times more.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":326,"value":"
\n### Conclusion\n\nFrom the above article, we can conclude that UFO sightings have been recorded since 1910 and there has been significant growth in the numbers from 1990. The study was successfully conducted and the US remains the country with the highest number of UFO sightings. UFOs have definitely captured the Americans' imagination. 'Flying Saucer or UFO' has been connected to their ideas about life on the Moon, canals on the Red planet, and Martian civilizations. Moreover, such ideas inspired films from The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) to Steven Spielberg’s ET the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and Arrival (2016). With a chance of a 30 to 40 times increase in UFO sightings in the near future, more exposure would be given to UFOs and their mystery.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":330,"value":"
\n### References \n\nhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/unidentified-flying-object/Other-investigations-of-UFOs#ref283913\n\nhttps://indianexpress.com/article/explained/americas-fascination-with-ufos-and-what-a-govt-report-has-found-7380126/\n\nData - https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vQe3evtV8yea7ZsUpQ8N4LTt9xymmnAzkpwKqC89Cb07RH03Uo5OMDFMDCyfkHtv1H7ozI58O2NN6n6/pubhtml?gid=998061391&single=true\n\nOmni Calculator - https://www.omnicalculator.com/statistics/exponential-growth-prediction","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":141,"value":"after60url = \"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSCh85TyNSzzWLTphTlxt2Nf0DedqgVo7GjkrOz_FEM9NCxtHmJWPRhXvhkcXPwKHBbGtSHj7zXhw9S/pub?gid=2101071593&single=true&output=csv\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":146,"value":"rawData1 = d3.csv(after60url, d3.autoType)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":434,"value":"UFO_time = // To use copied code replace \"data\" with your own variable\naq.from(rawData1)\n\t.select('country','Year')\n\t.groupby('Year')\n\t.count()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":154,"value":"colorURL = \"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vS_TnsUbkrPQOUlh5r69vEX9NCBAEfJAKhYqg9owCo7DPQWazgpwap5dirT7VoCi5q2ijhSLMl_bgCu/pub?gid=2045264339&single=true&output=csv\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":208,"value":"rawDataColor = d3.csv(colorURL, d3.autoType)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":214,"value":"UFO_color = // To use copied code replace \"data\" with your own variable\naq.from(rawDataColor)\n\t.select('','Color')\n\t.groupby('Color')\n\t.count()\n\t.objects() // Uncomment to return an array of objects","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W30","stdlib":"1"}} 2f:"$2e:body"