2e:null 2f:["$","title",null,{"children":"MassGIS Data: 2021 Aerial Imagery | Aaron Kyle Dennis | Observable"}] 34:T7c3,## Data Context In spring 2021, MassGIS acquired statewide, 15 cm resolution, 16-bit, 4-band (RGB-IR) digital orthophotos. Funding for this imagery was provided by [MassDOT](https://www.mass.gov/orgs/massachusetts-department-of-transportation), the [State 911 Department](https://www.mass.gov/orgs/state-911-department), and the [Executive Office of Technology Services and Security](https://www.mass.gov/orgs/executive-office-of-technology-services-and-security) (EOTSS). The data were delivered in late 2021 as 10,218 individual 1,500 m x 1,500 m tiles in a GeoTIFF format. The tile naming convention is based on the [U.S. National Grid](https://usngcenter.org/) (USNG), taking the coordinates of the southwest corner of the tile. See the [Index layer](https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massgis-data-2021-aerial-imagery-index). To allow for easier distribution of this free imagery, MassGIS compressed the GeoTIFFS into the JPEG 2000 format, which retains the IR band. MassGIS also serves the data as a [cached tile service](https://massgis.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=bd1ea555a71649508cb215edcc73feaa). The imagery’s horizontal accuracy specification was [ASPRS Class 1](http://www.asprs.org/a/society/divisions/pad/Accuracy/Draft_ASPRS_Accuracy_Standards_for_Digital_Geospatial_Data_PE&RS.pdf). The data were developed based on a horizontal projection/datum of NAD 1983 (2011) UTM Zones 18N and 19N (meters). This digital orthoimagery was created to provide easily accessible geospatial data which are readily available to enhance the capability of federal, state, and local emergency responders, as well as to plan for homeland security efforts. These images can serve a variety of purposes, from general planning to field reference for spatial analysis, to a tool for data development and revision of vector maps. The imagery can also serve as a reference layer or basemap for myriad applications inside geographic information system (GIS) software and web-based maps.35:T11fc,## Data Production ### Aerial Acquisition Planning, acquisition, processing, and creation of derivative products by MassGIS and NV5 Geospatial of Lexington, KY. The imagery’s horizontal accuracy specification was [ASPRS Class 1](http://www.asprs.org/a/society/divisions/pad/Accuracy/Draft_ASPRS_Accuracy_Standards_for_Digital_Geospatial_Data_PE&RS.pdf). ![2021 aerial imagery - flight lines](https://www.mass.gov/files/2022-01/orthos21_flight_datesth.png) Aerial imagery was acquired using a UltraCam Eagle M3 camera with a flight design that included a total of 182 flight lines. Aerial imagery was supplemented with the simultaneous acquisition of airborne GPS/IMU data, which captured the ground coordinate for the nadir point of each photograph. Imagery was collected from 3/17 to 4/24 2021 under conditions free from clouds and cloud shadows, smoke, fog, haze, light streaks, snow, ice on water bodies, flooding, excessive soil moisture, and foliage. ### Post-processing and Quality Control Radiometry was verified by visual inspection of the digital orthophoto. Slight systematic radiometric differences may exist between adjacent orthoimage files due primarily to differences in source image capture dates and sun angles along flight lines. These differences can be observed in an image's general lightness or darkness when it is compared to adjacent orthoimage file coverages. ![2021 aerial imagery - Love, Respect, Compassion](https://www.mass.gov/files/2022-01/imagery2021_lrcth.png) All GeoTIFF data and image file sizes were validated using commercial GIS software to ensure proper loading before delivery. Seamlines and tile edges were visually inspected. Seamline mismatches were corrected unless the overall displacement is less than one pixel. Orthoimages were visually inspected for completeness to ensure that no gaps or image misplacements exist within and between adjacent images. In order to post-process the imagery data to meet task order specifications and ASPRS horizontal accuracy guidelines, the horizontal accuracy was tested by NV5 Geospatial using a total of 49 ground control points. NV5 Geospatial created independent check points, none of which were used in the calibration or post-processing of the imagery data. The checkpoints were distributed throughout the project area and were surveyed using GPS techniques. The x and y positions of where the checkpoints fell on the orthoimagery were collected. These values were then compared to the surveyed control point x and y values. **Accuracy Statement for Zone 19:** > Tested 0.11 meters (0.36 feet) RMSEx. The RMSEx of the imagery was calculated using 49 independent checkpoints. > > Tested 0.1 meters (0.33 feet) RMSEy. The RMSEy of the imagery was calculated using 49 independent checkpoints. > > Tested 0.148 meters (0.49 feet) RMSEr. The RMSEr of the imagery was calculated using 49 independent checkpoints. **Accuracy Statement for Zone 18:** > Tested 0.118 meters (0.39 feet) RMSEx. The RMSEx of the imagery was calculated using 9 independent checkpoints. > > Tested 0.115 meters (0.38 feet) RMSEy. The RMSEy of the imagery was calculated using 9 independent checkpoints. > > Tested 0.165 meters (0.54 feet) RMSEr. The RMSEr of the imagery was calculated using 9 independent checkpoints. Additionally, MassGIS collaborated with MassDOT’s Survey Section on an independent test of spatial accuracy. MassDOT provided surveyed locations for 80 photo identifiable point locations statewide. Example photo identifiable points include catch basin corners and corners of striping painted on tennis courts. Once the orthoimagery was delivered, MassGIS recorded coordinates from the imagery for each of the 80 photo-identifiable points. Coordinates for the photo identifiable points as determined from the imagery were compared to the corresponding surveyed coordinates and a root-mean-square error was calculated. This independent check confirmed that the imagery met the project’s horizontal accuracy specification. #### JPEG 2000 Compression MassGIS converted each GeoTIFF to an 8-bit JPEG 2000 ([GMLJP2](https://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/gmljp2)) format image using GeoExpress 10 software. These files maintain all four bands and were produced at a lossy compression ratio of 20:1, resulting in very minimal loss of image quality. Each image is approximately 19 MB, reduced from the 763 MB GeoTIFF, more suitable for distribution and download. MassGIS calculated statistics on the JPEG 2000 images in ArcGIS Desktop 10.7.1. All of the imagery is available for public use and distribution.36:[] 32:{"id":"3cc096ca4f3727c2","slug":"massgis-aerial-imagery-2021","title":"MassGIS Data: 2021 Aerial Imagery","thumbnail":"30e57ad3a63132ff7b9cb3ddf3d03f70b03716823bfda546f28f5ad08ef0f87c","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2023-03-25T14:40:41.954Z","update_time":"$D2023-04-27T21:07:45.072Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2023-04-11T10:40:04.935Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":3,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"8d652a601386fcf4","login":"aaronkyle","name":"Aaron Kyle Dennis","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/eb6d0b32ccc6c8febbf105ce4d2a938819bcbd1c6a2c108d3a9c01745d3590f2","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":472,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"a7fa3027921865cf","login":"aaronkyle","name":"Aaron Kyle Dennis","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/eb6d0b32ccc6c8febbf105ce4d2a938819bcbd1c6a2c108d3a9c01745d3590f2","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"a7fa3027921865cf","login":"aaronkyle","name":"Aaron Kyle Dennis","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/eb6d0b32ccc6c8febbf105ce4d2a938819bcbd1c6a2c108d3a9c01745d3590f2","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":true,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":2,"collection":{"id":"75167a7d5d6dbd0c","slug":"massgis","title":"MassGIS","owner":{"id":"8d652a601386fcf4","login":"aaronkyle","name":"Aaron Kyle Dennis"}},"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"MassGIS Data: 2021 Aerial Imagery","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# MassGIS Data: 2021 Aerial Imagery","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":344,"value":"[MassGIS](https://www.mass.gov/orgs/massgis-bureau-of-geographic-information) (Bureau of Geographic Information) is the is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' one-stop-shop for [spatial data](https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massgis-data-layers). Among its image data, [MassGIS shares Ortho Imagery (Aerial Photography)](https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massgis-data-layers#image-data-) collected regularly since the 1990s. This notebook renders the state's [2021](https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massgis-data-2021-aerial-imagery) color aerial \"leaf off\" ortho imagery.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"map = {\n const container = html`

`;\n yield container;\n\n const map = L.map(container, {}).setView([42.1715165, -71.7874351], 8);\n\n // map.options.minZoom = 8;\n map.options.maxZoom = 16;\n\n const controlLayers = new L.control.layers(\n {\n \"Open Street Maps\": OSM_Layer(),\n \"World Imagery\": World_Imagery().addTo(map),\n \"World Topo Map\": World_Topo()\n },\n {\n \"2021\": mass_2021_raster.addTo(map)\n },\n { position: \"topright\", collapsed: false }\n );\n map.addControl(await controlLayers);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":461,"value":"---","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":346,"value":"## Web Service\n\nImage data are served from a [web map tile service](https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/hGdibHYSPO59RG1h/arcgis/rest/services/orthos2021/MapServer) [hosted at ArcGIS Online](https://massgis.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=bd1ea555a71649508cb215edcc73feaa). This service type contains pre-rendered images to support fast visualization of large datasets. The cache uses the RGB bands and appears at scale levels 7 (1:4,622,324) to 20 (1:564). It is compatible to third-party apps that use OGC protocols such as WMTS.[[Source]](https://doc.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-online/reference/tile-layers.htm#ESRI_SECTION1_368FBFBECB044972BADDE99DD7761FE3). Visit the service's [item details page](https://massgis.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=bd1ea555a71649508cb215edcc73feaa) for more information.\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":389,"value":"---","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":391,"value":"## Data Connections","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":341,"value":"MassGIS directs data users to their ArcGIS [REST API](https://developers.arcgis.com/rest/services-reference/enterprise/get-started-with-the-services-directory.htm) ['Get Capabilities'](https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/hGdibHYSPO59RG1h/arcgis/rest/services/orthos2021/MapServer/WMTS/1.0.0/WMTSCapabilities.xml) to determine how to connect.\n\nThis document includes the following critical bits of information, including the name of the image matrix:\n\n\n<ows:TitleMatrixSet>default028mm</ows:TitleMatrixSet>\n\n\nAs well as the resource URL:\n\n

\n<ResourceURL format=\"image/jpgpng\" resourceType=\"tile\" template=\"https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/hGdibHYSPO59RG1h/arcgis/rest/services/orthos2021/MapServer/WMTS/tile/1.0.0/orthos2021/{Style}/{TileMatrixSet}/{TileMatrix}/{TileRow}/{TileCol}\"/>\n</Layer>\n

","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":451,"value":"We can test the server connection by making a call to REST API endpoint:","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":350,"value":"mass_2019_server = await fetch('https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/hGdibHYSPO59RG1h/arcgis/rest/services/USGS_Orthos_2019/MapServer/?f=pjson').then(r => r.json())","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":454,"value":"To interpret the image tiles, we can use the [ESRI Leaflet](https://developers.arcgis.com/esri-leaflet/) [TiledMapLayer](https://developers.arcgis.com/esri-leaflet/api-reference/layers/tiled-map-layer/) method. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":18,"value":"mass_2021_raster = await esri.tiledMapLayer({\n url: \"https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/hGdibHYSPO59RG1h/arcgis/rest/services/orthos2021/MapServer/\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":458,"value":"Thats it! Now we can pass the interpreted raster data into our map and it will appear, as above.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":362,"value":"---","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":70,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":78,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":366,"value":"## Use and Restrictions\n\nNo restrictions apply to these data. All of the imagery is available for public use and distribution. Users should be aware that temporal changes may have occurred since this dataset was collected and that some parts of these data may no longer represent actual surface conditions. Users should not use these data for critical applications without a full awareness of their limitations. Acknowledgement of MassGIS would be appreciated for products derived from these data.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":399,"value":"---","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":402,"value":"## Visualization Helpers","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9,"value":"OSM_Layer = () => L.tileLayer(\n 'https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', \n {\n attribution: 'Wikimedia maps beta | © OpenStreetMap contributors'\n }\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":11,"value":"World_Imagery = () => L.tileLayer(\n 'https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}',\n {\n attribution:\n 'Tiles © Esri — Source: Esri, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, GeoEye, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, UPR-EGP, and the GIS User Community',\n maxZoom: 17\n }\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":13,"value":"World_Topo = () => L.tileLayer(\n 'https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Topo_Map/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}',\n {\n attribution:\n 'Tiles © Esri — Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, TomTom, Intermap, iPC, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), and the GIS User Community',\n maxZoom: 17\n }\n )","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":15,"value":"// This map uses ESRI basemaps, which require a plug-in.\nesri = require(\"https://unpkg.com/esri-leaflet/dist/esri-leaflet.js\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W36","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 33:"$32:body"