43:null 44:["$","title",null,{"children":"UNESCO Chairs in the Netherlands | André Brasil | Observable"}] 4a:T1116, UNESCO Chairs are programmes based at higher education institutions that connect research, teaching, capacity building and international cooperation with UNESCO’s wider mission. Rather than functioning only as academic titles, they create networks through which scholars, students, professionals, communities and public institutions can exchange knowledge and translate it into practical action. The Netherlands currently has **18 UNESCO Chairs**, distributed across universities, universities of applied sciences and specialised higher education institutions. Together, they form part of the international UNESCO Chairs and UNITWIN network, which brings academic institutions together around education, science, culture, communication and sustainable development. The Dutch Chairs address a broad range of contemporary challenges. Several examine human rights, citizenship, inequality and social cohesion. Others explore how cultural heritage, museums and historical memory are affected by colonialism, climate change, urban development and emerging forms of crime. Another group focuses on sustainability, landscapes, futures thinking and transformative learning. The network also includes Chairs concerned with artificial intelligence, digital technologies, innovation policy and diversity within global science. What connects these different fields is their emphasis on the relationship between knowledge and society. Research is only one component of their work. Education, professional training, public engagement, policy advice, capacity building and international collaboration are also central to the UNESCO Chairs programme. The organisational forms of the Chairs differ considerably. Some are primarily represented by an individual chairholder, while others involve multidisciplinary teams of researchers, educators and practitioners. The people included below should therefore not be interpreted as a complete census of everyone contributing to the activities of each Chair. ### UNESCO Chairs and their institutional homes | UNESCO Chair | People associated | Host institution | |:---|:---|:---| | AI & Data Science for Society | **Lampros Stergioulas** | The Hague University of Applied Sciences | | Anthropology of Digital Diversity | **Bart Barendregt** | Leiden University | | Comparative History of Slavery and the Transition to Citizenship | **Karwan Fatah Black** | Leiden University | | Cross Cultural Sustainability | **Sylvia van de Bunt** | Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam | | Cultural Heritage and Emerging Crime | **Donna Yates** | Maastricht University | | Decentralized Information Society Engineering | **Jaap Gordijn**
Kousar Aslam | Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam | | Diversity and Inclusion in Global Science | **Ismael Rafols**
André Brasil
Louise Bezuidenhout
Rodrigo Costas Comesaña | Leiden University | | Futures Literacy | **Loes Damhof**
Jitske Gulmans
Ramila Khafaji Zadeh | Hanze University of Applied Sciences | | Heritage and Values | **Ana Pereira Roders** | TU Delft | | Human Rights and Peace | **Andrea Broderick** | Maastricht University | | Human Rights in Higher Education | **Felisa Tibbitts** | Utrecht University | | Issues Based Arts Education, Intercultural Dialogue and Social Cohesion | **John Johnston**
Féilim O’hAoláin
Marloes Verhoeven | ArtEZ University of the Arts | | Museum Collections, Repatriation and Interculturality | **Mirjam Shatanawi**
Britt Marie van der Drift
Csilla Ariese
Martín Andrade Pérez
Ruben Smit | Reinwardt Academy, Amsterdam University of the Arts | | Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development for Latin America | **Carlo Pietrobelli** | UNU MERIT | | Social Learning and Sustainable Development | **Arjen Wals** | Wageningen University & Research | | Sustainable Landscape Governance, Education and Citizen Science | **Frans Sijtsma** | University of Groningen | | Technology enhanced Learning for Sustainable Development | **Joop de Kraker** | Open Universiteit | | Water, Ports and Historic Cities | **Carola Hein** | TU Delft | This study asks how the Dutch UNESCO Chairs are connected through their publications, collaborators and research topics. It also examines where connections remain limited and where shared countries, organisations and emerging themes could provide opportunities for closer collaboration.4b:Td30,## Mapping collaboration through coauthorship To explore the scholarly collaboration networks surrounding the UNESCO Chairs in the Netherlands, we retrieved from the OpenAlex database the publications authored or coauthored by the people associated with the Chairs. We then used the authorship information attached to these publications to construct a coauthorship network. Each node in the visualisation represents an author, while a link connects two authors who have published together. Larger nodes represent authors associated with more publications in the retrieved dataset. Authors positioned closer together tend to have more closely connected collaboration patterns, while the colours identify groups of authors that are more densely connected to one another. The current network contains **1,000 authors and 6,577 coauthorship links**. It is organised into seven disconnected components, reflecting the substantial diversity of the Dutch UNESCO Chairs. Although the Chairs belong to the same national and international programme, they work across very different scholarly and professional communities, including human rights, cultural heritage, sustainability, education, innovation studies, artificial intelligence and research policy. A fragmented network is therefore not necessarily evidence of weak collaboration. It also reflects disciplinary boundaries, different publication practices and the specialised international communities in which the Chairs operate. The largest component brings together the collaboration networks surrounding Ismael Ràfols, Rodrigo Costas Comesaña, Louise Bezuidenhout and André Brasil, from the Chair on Diversity and Inclusion in Global Science, as well as Carlo Pietrobelli, from the Chair on Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development for Latin America. This part of the network connects research on science policy, research evaluation, open science, inclusion and innovation. A second large component is structured around Arjen Wals and Joop de Kraker and brings together work on sustainability, social learning, environmental education and technology enhanced learning. Jitske Gulmans and Loes Damhof appear within the same broader component, connecting the Futures Literacy Chair to this sustainability and education landscape. Another major component includes Ana Pereira Roders, Carola Hein, Jaap Gordijn and Kousar Aslam. It combines otherwise distinct areas of work on heritage, historic cities, water, digital systems and information society engineering. Within it, the collaboration between Ana Pereira Roders and Carola Hein creates a direct connection between two UNESCO Chairs hosted by TU Delft, while Jaap Gordijn and Kousar Aslam form a closely connected group around decentralised information systems. The network surrounding Lampros Stergioulas forms a large component of its own, dominated by collaborations in artificial intelligence, data science, digital health and information systems. Smaller, more specialised components are organised around Felisa Tibbitts, Csilla Ariese and Andrea Broderick. Their relative isolation in the map should not be interpreted as limited activity. Rather, it reflects the fact that their retrieved publications connect them to smaller and more distinctive scholarly communities within the parameters used to construct this particular network.4c:Tb7d, 4d:Tb20,## Coverage and limitations This visualisation is an exploratory representation of publication based collaboration, not a comprehensive account of the activities or influence of the UNESCO Chairs. Several people associated with the Chairs are absent because no reliable ORCID or OpenAlex author identifier was available when the data were collected, or because an OpenAlex profile could not be matched with sufficient confidence. The three Chairs most recently added to the Dutch network are also not yet included: * Comparative History of Slavery and the Transition to Citizenship * Cultural Heritage and Emerging Crime * Sustainable Landscape Governance, Education and Citizen Science Their chairholders and publication networks should be incorporated in a future version of the analysis. More fundamentally, the Chairs have different institutional and professional profiles. Some are embedded in research intensive universities and participate extensively in conventional scholarly publishing. Others are based at universities of applied sciences or arts institutions, or work closely with museums, communities, policymakers and professional organisations. Their contributions may therefore include teaching materials, exhibitions, policy advice, reports, training, artistic work, community projects and other outputs that are not always represented adequately in bibliographic databases. The publication data presented below reinforce this limitation. Despite the diversity of the Chairs and their missions, the visible portfolio is strongly concentrated in conventional scholarly publications. This may partly reflect the publication practices of the researchers included in the analysis, but it is also likely to reflect underreporting in ORCID and uneven coverage in OpenAlex and other bibliographic databases. The absence or limited visibility of a Chair or output type should consequently not be understood as an absence of contribution, productivity or collaboration. It indicates only that these activities are not fully visible through the publication and identifier data used here. ORCID allows researchers to record a broad range of scholarly and professional outputs, while OpenAlex indexes several output types beyond conventional journal articles. More systematic use of ORCID by everyone associated with the UNESCO Chairs, combined with the maintenance and correction of OpenAlex profiles, would make it easier to identify their publications and other contributions accurately. It would also support better mapping of the partnerships and networks developed through the UNESCO Chairs programme. The map should therefore be viewed both as a representation of collaboration that is currently visible through publications and as an indication of what improved research information practices could make visible in the future.4e:T4fa,## A publication portfolio dominated by conventional research outputs Journal articles account for 1,829 of the 2,701 records in the dataset, approximately 68 per cent of the visible publication portfolio. Together, articles, book chapters and preprints represent more than 90 per cent of all records. The chart therefore presents a largely conventional academic publication profile rather than the broad diversity of products that might be expected from the different missions and institutional settings of the UNESCO Chairs. This concentration may partly reflect the scholarly practices of the researchers represented in the dataset. It is also likely to reflect which outputs are most consistently recorded in ORCID, connected to OpenAlex author profiles and indexed by bibliographic databases. Teaching resources, exhibitions, policy advice, professional materials, artistic work and outputs produced with communities may be absent, incompletely recorded or difficult to connect to individual chairholders. The limited visibility of these categories should not be interpreted as evidence that the Chairs produce few outputs beyond conventional publications. It shows that the broader range of their activities is not yet adequately represented in the available data.4f:Tb70,const publicationText = await FileAttachment("Pubs.csv").text(); const publicationRows = d3 .dsvFormat(";") .parse(publicationText.replace(/^\uFEFF/, "")); function formatPublicationType(value) { return String(value ?? "") .trim() .replaceAll("-", " ") .replace(/\b\w/g, letter => letter.toUpperCase()); } const publications = publicationRows .map(row => { const rawDoi = String(row.doi ?? "").trim(); const rawTitle = String(row.title ?? "").trim(); const doi = rawDoi === "" || rawDoi.toUpperCase() === "NULL" ? null : rawDoi; const title = rawTitle === "" || rawTitle.toUpperCase() === "NULL" ? null : rawTitle; return { workId: Number(row.work_id), year: Number(row.pub_year), type: String(row.work_type ?? "").trim(), typeLabel: formatPublicationType(row.work_type), title, doi, hasDoi: doi !== null }; }) .filter(row => Number.isFinite(row.year) && row.type !== "" ); const publicationTypeTotalsForBar = Array.from( d3.rollup( publications, rows => rows.length, row => row.type ), ([type, count]) => ({ type, count }) ).sort((a, b) => d3.descending(a.count, b.count) ); const mainPublicationTypesForBar = publicationTypeTotalsForBar .slice(0, 6) .map(d => d.type); const mainPublicationTypeSetForBar = new Set( mainPublicationTypesForBar ); const publicationTypeColorDomain = [ ...mainPublicationTypesForBar.map(formatPublicationType), "Other" ]; const publicationTypeCounts = publicationTypeTotalsForBar.map(d => ({ type: d.type, typeLabel: formatPublicationType(d.type), count: d.count, colorGroup: mainPublicationTypeSetForBar.has(d.type) ? formatPublicationType(d.type) : "Other" })); const publicationTypeMaximum = d3.max( publicationTypeCounts, d => d.count ); display( Plot.plot({ width: Math.min(width, 1000), height: 70 + publicationTypeCounts.length * 29, marginLeft: 155, marginRight: 75, x: { label: "Number of publications", domain: [0, publicationTypeMaximum * 1.1], grid: true }, y: { label: null, domain: publicationTypeCounts.map(d => d.typeLabel) }, color: { type: "categorical", scheme: "observable10", domain: publicationTypeColorDomain, legend: false }, marks: [ Plot.barX(publicationTypeCounts, { x: "count", y: "typeLabel", fill: "colorGroup", insetTop: 3, insetBottom: 3, tip: true, title: d => `${d.typeLabel}: ${d.count.toLocaleString()} publications` }), Plot.text(publicationTypeCounts, { x: "count", y: "typeLabel", text: d => d.count.toLocaleString(), textAnchor: "start", dx: 6, clip: false }), Plot.ruleX([0]) ] }) );50:T701,const timelineStartYear = 1990; const publicationTypeTotals = Array.from( d3.rollup( publications, rows => rows.length, row => row.type ), ([type, count]) => ({ type, count }) ).sort((a, b) => d3.descending(a.count, b.count) ); const principalPublicationTypes = publicationTypeTotals .slice(0, 6) .map(d => d.type); const principalPublicationTypeSet = new Set( principalPublicationTypes ); const publicationTypeOrder = [ ...principalPublicationTypes.map(formatPublicationType), "Other" ]; const timelineYears = d3.range( timelineStartYear, d3.max(publications, d => d.year) + 1 ); const timelineCounts = d3.rollup( publications.filter(d => d.year >= timelineStartYear), rows => rows.length, row => row.year, row => principalPublicationTypeSet.has(row.type) ? formatPublicationType(row.type) : "Other" ); const publicationTypeTimeline = timelineYears.flatMap( year => publicationTypeOrder.map(type => ({ year: String(year), type, count: timelineCounts.get(year)?.get(type) ?? 0 })) ); display( Plot.plot({ width: Math.min(width, 1000), height: 500, marginBottom: 50, x: { label: "Publication year", domain: timelineYears.map(String), tickFormat: year => Number(year) % 5 === 0 ? year : "" }, y: { label: "Number of publications", grid: true, nice: true }, color: { label: "Publication type", domain: publicationTypeOrder, legend: true }, marks: [ Plot.barY( publicationTypeTimeline, Plot.stackY({ x: "year", y: "count", fill: "type", tip: true }) ), Plot.ruleY([0]) ] }) );51:Tdeb,## Countries with the strongest collaboration ties The coauthorship map reveals a fragmented structure, with seven separate components and relatively few publications connecting different Chairs directly. Direct coauthorship, however, represents only one form of connection. Researchers who have not published together may still collaborate with the same countries and organisations, participate in related institutional environments or address overlapping research questions. The following maps therefore broaden the analysis beyond direct coauthorship. They examine whether the apparent fragmentation persists when collaboration is viewed through the countries and organisations connected to the publication portfolio. This next map focuses on the 40 countries with the strongest presence in the publication dataset. Together, they form a dense network of 373 coauthorship links. The Netherlands occupies the central position, appearing in 993 publications and collaborating directly with every other country included in the map. The strongest bilateral connection is between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, with 144 coauthored publications. This is followed by Spain with 127, the United States with 100, and South Africa with 75. Other substantial connections include Canada, Italy, Germany, Brazil, China and Sweden. The United Kingdom, the United States and Spain also collaborate extensively with one another and with several other countries in the network, showing that the international reach of the Chairs is not organised exclusively through the Netherlands. These patterns reflect the combined profiles of the individual Chairs. The strong connections with Spain, South Africa and Canada are consistent with the international networks surrounding research evaluation, open science, inclusion and science policy. The prominence of Italy is closely connected to research on innovation and development, including the work of the Chair focused on Latin America. Brazil is relevant to both this Chair and the Chair on Diversity and Inclusion in Global Science. Connections with Sweden and other Nordic countries are particularly visible around sustainability education, social learning and futures literacy. Collaboration with China and other parts of Asia is also supported by work on artificial intelligence, decentralised information systems, heritage and sustainable development. The six colours identify groups of countries that collaborate more intensively within the network. They should not be interpreted as fixed geographical blocs. Each group combines countries connected through particular research communities, institutional partnerships and disciplinary histories. The entire map nevertheless forms a single connected network, demonstrating that these different communities are linked through shared partners. This structure is closely aligned with the goals of the UNESCO Chairs programme. The Chairs are expected to operate as international knowledge networks rather than as isolated positions within their host institutions. The map shows substantial cooperation across national borders and across areas including science policy, human rights, sustainability, cultural heritage, education, innovation and digital technologies. At the same time, the volume of collaboration should not be treated as a measure of the value of a relationship. Countries with fewer publications may still be central to training, capacity building, policy engagement or community partnerships that are not visible through scholarly coauthorship.52:Tc87,## The wider geography of collaboration The complete country network expands the analysis from 40 to 86 countries and contains 571 coauthorship links. While the filtered map highlights the most substantial relationships, this broader view reveals the geographical reach of the publication networks surrounding the Dutch UNESCO Chairs. The Netherlands is connected directly to 75 of the other 85 countries. The United Kingdom is connected to 58 countries and the United States to 51. These figures indicate that the network has several internationally connected centres, rather than functioning only as a collection of bilateral relationships between Dutch researchers and foreign partners. The additional countries reveal a long and geographically diverse distribution of smaller collaborations. The network includes relationships with countries across Africa, such as Algeria, Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal and Tanzania. It also includes countries across Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and smaller European research systems. This broader distribution is especially relevant to the UNESCO Chairs programme. International cooperation is not only intended to connect already powerful research systems. It is also meant to encourage knowledge exchange, capacity development and more equitable participation across regions. A collaboration represented by one or two publications may therefore be significant even when it occupies only a small position in the visualisation. The geographical diversity also reflects the different orientations of the Chairs. The Chair focused on science, technology and innovation for Latin America contributes to connections with Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Cuba, Argentina and other countries in the region. The Chairs concerned with diversity in science, social learning, open science and sustainability contribute to relationships across Africa and other regions that are often less visible in conventional research databases. Work on artificial intelligence, digital society and technology enhanced learning supports connections across Asia, while the human rights and cultural heritage Chairs engage with subjects and communities that are inherently transnational. The 15 clusters in the complete map show that the smaller collaborations form several distinctive communities. These communities may correspond to language, region, research field, development programme or institutional partnership. Their presence makes the network less visually compact than the filtered map, but also provides a more faithful representation of its diversity. This map remains limited to collaborations visible through publications indexed in OpenAlex. It does not capture many forms of cooperation central to the UNESCO Chairs programme, including training, exhibitions, curriculum development, professional networks, community engagement and policy advice. The new Chairs and people without reliable ORCID or OpenAlex identifiers are also missing. The map should therefore be interpreted as evidence of broad scholarly reach, but not as a complete representation of international engagement.53:Tf81,## Collaboration across institutions The organisational network contains 797 institutions connected through 4,619 coauthorship links. All institutions belong to a single connected network, although the clustering analysis identifies ten communities with more intensive internal collaboration. Several Dutch host institutions occupy highly connected positions. Leiden University appears in 281 publications and is connected to 237 organisations. Wageningen University & Research is connected to 166 organisations, TU Delft to 134, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam to 101, Maastricht University to 60, and UNU MERIT to 46. The Hague University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht University, the Open Universiteit and Hanze University of Applied Sciences also connect the Chairs to distinctive academic and professional communities. The strongest institutional connection is between Leiden University and Stellenbosch University, followed by the relationship between the Universitat Politècnica de València and the University of Sussex. Leiden also has substantial links with both of these institutions. Other prominent relationships connect Roma Tre University with UNU MERIT, Maastricht University with the Open Universiteit, TU Delft with Leiden University, and Maastricht University with Maynooth University. These patterns are closely related to the profiles of the Chairs. The Leiden cluster reflects research on global science, research evaluation, open science and inclusion, with particularly strong connections to institutions in Spain, South Africa, the United Kingdom and Canada. TU Delft occupies a different institutional environment, connecting heritage, architecture, urban studies, water management and engineering. Wageningen University & Research is central to a community concerned with sustainability, environmental education and social learning, within which Hanze University of Applied Sciences and the Futures Literacy Chair also appear. The Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam connects work on decentralised information systems with wider technological, organisational and social research. Maastricht University and the Open Universiteit bring together networks concerned with human rights, education, law and technology enhanced learning. UNU MERIT occupies a distinct community linking universities, international organisations and development institutions around innovation policy and sustainable development. The Hague University of Applied Sciences connects the network to applied work on artificial intelligence, data science, health and professional practice. The network includes more than conventional universities. It contains universities of applied sciences, arts institutions, research institutes, academies of science, international organisations, development banks, public bodies, hospitals, companies and civil society organisations. UNESCO itself appears within the network. This institutional diversity is particularly important because the Chairs programme is intended to connect research and education with public policy, professional practice and wider society. The more limited visibility of ArtEZ University of the Arts and the Amsterdam University of the Arts should not be interpreted as limited collaboration. Arts institutions and universities of applied sciences often produce exhibitions, educational resources, performances, professional reports and community projects that are not consistently represented in publication databases. The organisational map therefore captures only the part of their collaboration that enters formal scholarly metadata. Even with this limitation, the network demonstrates that the Dutch UNESCO Chairs operate within a broad institutional ecosystem. Their collective role is not simply to produce publications, but to act as connectors among disciplines, institutions, sectors and countries. The diversity of organisations visible in the map provides clear evidence of this connecting function.54:T27e3,# What do the UNESCO Chairs work on? ## Human rights, citizenship and social cohesion ### Human Rights and Peace Based at Maastricht University, the Chair conducts research and teaching on human rights and peace, with particular attention to social, economic and cultural rights. Its work addresses themes such as the right to education, inclusive human rights education, disability law, digital accessibility, new technologies and the right to benefit from scientific progress. ### Human Rights in Higher Education The Utrecht University Chair examines how human rights can be taught and applied within higher education institutions. Its work concerns both human rights education and the use of human rights principles in university policies and practices. It addresses discrimination, gender, inclusion and diversity, as well as the ways universities confront their colonial histories and responsibilities. ### Issues Based Arts Education, Intercultural Dialogue and Social Cohesion The ArtEZ Chair investigates how arts education can contribute to intercultural dialogue, social cohesion, conflict prevention and peacebuilding. Its approach places urgent contemporary questions at the centre of education, connecting artistic practice with the experiences and concerns of learners and communities. It promotes forms of arts education that give greater attention to meaning, dialogue and collective social questions. ### Comparative History of Slavery and the Transition to Citizenship The Chair studies how formerly enslaved people and their descendants moved from slavery towards formal citizenship and why this transition produced different outcomes in different societies. Its comparative approach examines unequal citizenship, structural exclusion, the persistence of former elites and competing memories of slavery and emancipation. It also connects historical research with contemporary debates about recognition, justice and postcolonial citizenship. ### Cross Cultural Sustainability The Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Chair connects cultural diversity with sustainable leadership, community building, mentoring and social engagement. Its work explores how leaders and organisations can listen, cooperate and reconcile differences across cultures. Dialogue between academia and society is used to promote social justice, peacebuilding, the recognition of diverse talents and more inclusive forms of knowledge creation. ## Cultural heritage, museums and historical environments ### Heritage and Values The Heritage and Values Chair studies the cultural, social, ecological and economic values through which societies define and use heritage. It considers how these values change across places and historical periods and how heritage can contribute to inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities. One of its main objectives is to develop integrated frameworks for assessing and strengthening heritage conservation. ### Museum Collections, Repatriation and Interculturality Based at the Reinwardt Academy, this Chair focuses on museum collections originating in colonial contexts. Its research, education and public engagement address repatriation, representation, intangible heritage and the knowledge displaced alongside cultural objects. Through international collaboration, it connects museums with heritage professionals and communities in countries of origin, contributing to debates about decolonisation, cultural sovereignty and epistemic justice. ### Cultural Heritage and Emerging Crime The Maastricht University Chair examines how developments such as climate change, artificial intelligence and changing economic relations may create new threats to cultural heritage. Climate related displacement can leave archaeological sites vulnerable to looting, while generative artificial intelligence raises new questions about authenticity and fraud. The Chair develops risk and threat models intended to help policymakers, law enforcement organisations and heritage institutions anticipate emerging forms of heritage crime. ### Water, Ports and Historic Cities The Chair explores the relationships among water management, port development, urban history and cultural heritage. It contributes to the Historic Urban Landscape approach and develops tools through which participants can examine how water management decisions involve economic, cultural and technological priorities. Its work highlights the need for negotiation among different communities, institutions and social interests. ## Sustainability, landscapes and futures ### Social Learning and Sustainable Development The Wageningen Chair works at the intersection of sustainability education, lifelong learning and system innovation. It examines how people with different interests, values, experiences and positions can learn together when addressing complex sustainability problems. Its conception of social learning emphasises cooperation, reflection, citizen participation, diversity and transformative learning. ### Futures Literacy The Futures Literacy Chair helps people recognise how their assumptions about the future influence decisions made in the present. It trains students and professionals to use different ways of imagining futures and supports organisations undergoing transition. The Chair also studies how futures literacy affects people’s capacity to understand uncertainty, question established assumptions and identify new possibilities in the present. ### Sustainable Landscape Governance, Education and Citizen Science The University of Groningen Chair studies how people value natural places and how these relationships can contribute to more sustainable landscape governance. It seeks to identify who values particular landscapes and why. It also experiments with digital methods for involving citizens and supporters of landscapes in developing ideas, building public support and contributing knowledge and resources. Citizen science and international cooperation across UNESCO recognised natural areas are central components of the programme. ### Technology enhanced Learning for Sustainable Development The Open Universiteit Chair examines how digital technologies can support learning processes related to sustainable development. Its programme combines environmental science, online learning and professional education. Particular attention is given to building knowledge and capacity for addressing global environmental challenges, including plastic pollution and marine litter. ## Science, technology and digital society ### AI & Data Science for Society The Chair develops human centred and practice oriented approaches to artificial intelligence and data science. Its research and teaching explore how these technologies can contribute to health and wider social goals while remaining ethically responsible. A central principle is that the benefits of technological development should be shared throughout society. ### Anthropology of Digital Diversity The Chair studies how local communities adopt and reshape digital technologies according to their own needs, cultures and values. It examines digital literacy and the ethical questions surrounding technological development. It also encourages collaboration between researchers and communities in the Global South and Global North, connecting with UNESCO’s work on artificial intelligence ethics, open science and sustainable development. ### Decentralized Information Society Engineering The Chair investigates information systems and social arrangements that are not controlled by a single central actor. Its work concerns the design and evaluation of decentralised networks, including the organisational and economic relationships that allow different participants to exchange information and create value. This perspective can contribute to digital systems that are more transparent, resilient and attentive to how control and benefits are distributed. ### Diversity and Inclusion in Global Science Based at the Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University, the Chair studies how science can become more accessible, pluralistic and socially inclusive. It develops qualitative and quantitative approaches for examining diversity and inclusion in research systems and considers how the benefits of science can be distributed more fairly. It also works on inclusive science communication and research evaluation approaches aligned with UNESCO’s Recommendation on Open Science. ### Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development for Latin America The UNU MERIT Chair strengthens science, technology and innovation research and policy capacity across Latin America. Its activities combine policy relevant research, advanced teaching, professional training and recommendations for national and regional decision makers. It also supports networks of universities, researchers and policymakers, with particular attention to how innovation policy can contribute to sustainable development and respond to the region’s social and economic conditions. ## What do the bibliographic data show about the UNESCO Chairs work? The descriptions of the individual Chairs provide one view of their objectives. The publication data provide another. Together, they allow us to compare the formal missions of the Chairs with the thematic structure of the scholarly work produced by the people associated with them. Here, two visualisations help understand the panorama. The first maps the topics assigned by OpenAlex to the publications in the dataset. Two topics are connected when they occur in the same publication. Larger nodes represent topics assigned to more publications, while proximity and colour indicate groups of topics that frequently appear together. The map contains **262 topics, organised into 10 clusters and connected by 1,254 links**. It should not be interpreted as a direct evaluation of the Chairs. The publications represent the broader scholarly trajectories of the people associated with them, including work produced before the establishment of a Chair and research that may not have been carried out as part of the UNESCO programme.55:T1046, The OpenAlex map above shows a remarkably broad portfolio, but it is not thematically random. Several large and recognisable areas correspond closely with the missions of the Dutch UNESCO Chairs. The most prominent topic is **scientometrics and bibliometrics research**, assigned to 272 publications. It forms the centre of a wider area concerned with interdisciplinary research, publication practices, research data, open access and the organisation and evaluation of science. This area is strongly related to the Chair on Diversity and Inclusion in Global Science, although it also intersects with the work of other Chairs concerned with open knowledge, education and international research cooperation. A second major area combines **environmental education and sustainability**, found in 153 publications, with sustainability in higher education, adult education, innovative learning practices, human rights education and community engagement. This area reflects the work of the Chairs on Social Learning and Sustainable Development, Futures Literacy, Technology enhanced Learning for Sustainable Development and, to some extent, Human Rights in Higher Education. A particularly coherent heritage area is organised around **cultural heritage management and preservation**, found in 174 publications. It connects heritage conservation with museums, archaeology, ports, coastal management, urban planning, historic cities, water governance and climate change. The density of this area reflects the combined contributions of the Chairs on Heritage and Values, Water, Ports and Historic Cities, and Museum Collections, Repatriation and Interculturality. Innovation and economic development form another substantial area. Topics include global trade, socioeconomic development, knowledge management, firm innovation, research and development policy, regional development and university, industry and government relations. This area corresponds especially closely with the Chair on Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development for Latin America. Two related technology areas can also be distinguished. One centres on service oriented architecture, business process modelling and software engineering, reflecting the Chair on Decentralized Information Society Engineering. The other includes research data management, digital platforms, artificial intelligence, big data, information systems, blockchain, digital health and public services. This broader area relates to the Chairs on AI & Data Science for Society and Anthropology of Digital Diversity, while also intersecting with open science and research information. Human rights are visible in two connected areas. One combines peace and human rights education with development, global education and higher education. The other is more strongly legal and includes discrimination, equality law, disability rights, immigration and data protection. Together, they reflect the distinct but complementary profiles of the Chairs on Human Rights and Peace and Human Rights in Higher Education. The map therefore shows that the Chairs do not occupy isolated thematic territories. Sustainability connects with education, heritage and urban development. Human rights connect with education, technology and public policy. Open science connects with research evaluation, data infrastructures and inclusion. These intersections are central to the UNESCO Chairs programme, which is intended to support cooperation across disciplines, institutions and social sectors. ## A semantic view from titles and abstracts The second thematic visualisation was constructed directly from the titles and abstracts of the publications. Unlike the OpenAlex map, it does not use a predefined classification system. It identifies terms appearing across the corpus and maps them according to their co occurrence. A binary counting method was used. A term is counted only once within each publication, regardless of how often it appears in the title or abstract. The map therefore emphasises how widely a term is distributed across the publication set rather than how frequently it is repeated within individual texts.56:T27fe, The semantic map above contains **1,139 terms, organised into seven clusters and connected by 45,009 links**. It provides a more detailed and less standardised view of the publication set than the OpenAlex topic map. Because the terms were extracted automatically, the map includes generic words alongside meaningful concepts. Interpretation should therefore focus on coherent groups of related terms rather than on every individual label. One large area is concerned with publications, disciplines, citations, indicators, metrics, databases, datasets and social media. Terms such as bibliometric analysis, bibliometric indicators, altmetrics, open access and science policy make the research evaluation profile of the dataset especially visible. This area corresponds strongly with the Chair on Diversity and Inclusion in Global Science. A second area brings together heritage management, port cities, historic urban landscapes, urban development, cultural significance, resilience, water management and conservation. The map reveals how the heritage Chairs connect the interpretation of the past with contemporary questions of planning, environmental change, infrastructure and sustainable urban futures. Another cluster is organised around services, business models, enterprises, software, ontologies and information systems. It reflects the technical and organisational research associated with decentralised information systems. The presence of healthcare, accessibility and public services also illustrates how digital infrastructures are studied in relation to their social applications. The innovation area is structured around policy, firms, markets, global value chains, innovation systems, competitiveness and Latin America. Brazil, Chile, the Caribbean and other regional terms occupy visible positions. This makes the geographical orientation of the Chair on Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development for Latin America clearer than in the standardised topic map. Human rights form a distinctive semantic area centred on disability, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, legal frameworks, equality, policy making and human rights law. Human rights education appears closer to sustainability and educational practice, illustrating the difference between legal research on rights and research concerned with how rights are taught and implemented. Terms related to students, education, sustainability, citizen participation and environmental learning connect the educational Chairs with the wider sustainability portfolio. The semantic map also makes themes such as collaboration, capacity building, dissemination, openness, Africa and open science visible. These terms are particularly relevant to the international and capacity building goals of the UNESCO Chairs programme. The two maps are complementary. OpenAlex topics provide a relatively clean overview based on a common classification system. The semantic map reveals the language, geographical references and specific concepts used by the authors themselves. At the same time, both remain shaped by the available publication data. They represent the visible scholarly profiles of the people included in the analysis, rather than the full range of activities undertaken by the Chairs. ## Returning to the missions of the Chairs The thematic maps do not reproduce the formal structure of the UNESCO Chairs programme. They reveal how the publication portfolios of the people associated with the Chairs overlap, diverge and connect across fields. Read alongside the earlier overview of the Chairs, the maps show four broad areas of activity. ### Human rights, citizenship and social cohesion The Chairs concerned with human rights, peace, citizenship, arts education and cultural dialogue share an interest in how institutions recognise rights, manage difference and support participation. Their combined missions address legal frameworks, disability rights, equality, human rights education, postcolonial citizenship, intercultural dialogue and social justice. In the maps, these concerns appear across several areas rather than within one isolated cluster. Legal research on rights is connected to education, public policy and technology, while questions of citizenship and inclusion overlap with heritage, science and sustainable development. This distribution reflects the wider purpose of these Chairs. Their work is not limited to defining rights, but also concerns how rights are taught, implemented, contested and experienced in universities, communities and public institutions. ### Cultural heritage, museums and historical environments The heritage related Chairs form one of the clearest areas of thematic coherence. Their missions connect cultural heritage with urban development, water systems, museums, archaeology, colonial histories, repatriation, climate change and emerging forms of crime. The maps show that heritage is not treated simply as the preservation of objects or buildings. It is approached as a field of negotiation involving cultural value, identity, environmental change, infrastructure, justice and public responsibility. The Chairs also connect different scales of action. Some focus on museum collections and relationships with communities of origin. Others examine historic cities, ports, landscapes and built environments. Together, they show how heritage can support sustainable development while also raising difficult questions about ownership, memory, representation and risk. ### Sustainability, learning and futures The Chairs working on sustainability, social learning, futures literacy, landscape governance and technology enhanced learning share an emphasis on collective learning and transformation. Their missions recognise that sustainability challenges cannot be addressed through technical knowledge alone. They require participation, reflection, experimentation and the ability to bring together different forms of expertise and experience. This orientation is visible in the maps through themes such as environmental education, higher education, adult learning, citizen participation, community engagement and sustainable development. The presence of these themes across several clusters also shows that learning is not confined to schools or universities. It takes place within communities, organisations, professional networks and policy processes. The newer Chair on sustainable landscape governance is likely to strengthen the connections among citizen science, biodiversity, education, digital participation and place based knowledge when it is included in future analyses. ### Science, technology and digital society The Chairs concerned with artificial intelligence, digital diversity, decentralised information systems, global science and innovation policy form the most internally differentiated area. Some of this work is technical, involving software systems, data infrastructures, business processes and artificial intelligence. Other parts examine the institutions and policies through which science and innovation are organised, evaluated and distributed. The thematic maps reveal strong areas around research evaluation, open science, innovation systems, digital platforms, information systems and artificial intelligence. They also show that these subjects are connected to broader social concerns, including inclusion, accessibility, regional development, public services and international inequalities. This combination is central to the missions of the Chairs. Technology is not treated as an isolated field. It is examined in relation to governance, ethics, participation, sustainability and the distribution of benefits. ## Shared directions across the programme Across all four areas, several common orientations emerge. The first is a concern with inclusion. Whether the focus is human rights, heritage, science, education or technology, the Chairs repeatedly address whose knowledge is recognised, who participates in decision making and who benefits from institutional and technological change. The second is the connection between knowledge and practice. The Chairs combine research with education, capacity building, professional development, policy engagement and public participation. This broader mission is only partly visible in publication based maps. The third is international cooperation. The country and organisational networks show that the Chairs participate in extensive global partnerships. The thematic maps add another dimension by showing that these collaborations are organised around shared problems rather than disciplinary boundaries alone. The fourth is the importance of translation. The Chairs connect academic knowledge with the needs of governments, museums, communities, schools, companies, civil society organisations and international institutions. Their contribution lies not only in producing knowledge, but also in helping knowledge move between contexts. Taken together, the maps suggest that the Dutch UNESCO Chairs function as a diverse but connected knowledge ecosystem. Their strength does not come from concentration around one subject. It comes from their ability to link fields, institutions and regions around challenges that cannot be addressed from a single perspective. # Connecting the Chairs: shared ground and emerging directions The following map departs from the one above, now applying a colour overlay to the semantic network to highlight the temporal profile of the topics, based on the average publication year of the documents in which each term appears. More recent topics are shown in light yellow. Moving towards older topics, the Viridis colour scale transitions through green to dark blue and purple. The overlay therefore makes it possible to see how attention has shifted across the thematic landscape, distinguishing areas associated mainly with earlier stages of the publication portfolio from subjects that have become more prominent in recent years. Average publication year should not be interpreted as a precise date of emergence or decline, but as an indication of where recent and earlier research activity is concentrated within the network. 57:T1fce,The temporal view of the semantic map adds another dimension. By colouring terms according to their average publication year, it shows not only what the publication portfolio contains, but also how its centre of attention has shifted over time. An older average year does not necessarily mean that a topic has disappeared or lost relevance. It may represent an established foundation on which more recent work builds. Likewise, a recent average does not by itself prove sustained growth. It indicates that the publications containing the term are concentrated more strongly in recent years. Read with this caution, the map reveals a clear movement from several established research traditions towards a newer set of shared concerns. ## From established foundations to emerging concerns Some of the older areas reflect the earlier scholarly trajectories of the people associated with the Chairs. They include enterprise systems, service bundles, electronic services, business models, competitiveness, industrial development and technological capabilities. These themes provide much of the foundation for later work on decentralised systems, digital platforms and new organisational models. Earlier work on innovation and development placed considerable emphasis on firms, markets, exports, industrial clusters, upgrading and comparative advantage. More recent terms in the same wider area include evaluation systems, graduate education, societal impact and platform business models. This suggests a movement from conventional questions of economic competitiveness towards the governance, evaluation and social consequences of innovation. Within sustainability and heritage, earlier themes include environmental education, biodiversity, urban form, reconstruction and conventional approaches to citizen participation. More recent terms include resilience, adaptive reuse, heritage planning, water systems, circular economy, transformative change and community participation. The shift is not away from heritage or sustainability, but towards approaches that treat them as interconnected questions of adaptation, participation and social transformation. The research evaluation and science policy area also shows a temporal transition. Earlier work is strongly associated with citations, bibliometric indicators, disciplinary classifications and established publication databases. More recent work gives greater prominence to datasets, metadata, research outputs, OpenAlex, research data, open science practices, responsible research, societal impact and research careers. This movement reflects a broader change from measuring conventional scholarly production towards examining the infrastructures, inequalities and social responsibilities of research systems. The human rights area appears comparatively recent. Terms related to disability, legal frameworks, international human rights law, socioeconomic rights, accessibility and justice are concentrated in later years. Colonialism and community participation also appear among the more recent themes, creating potential connections between human rights, citizenship, heritage and inclusion. Recent technological terms include machine learning, digital tools, data infrastructures and platform business models. These developments create new possibilities for research and public benefit, but also new questions about access, bias, control, authenticity and responsibility. ## Convergence around a contemporary agenda Across the thematic areas, the more recent vocabulary increasingly converges around a group of common concerns: 1. Openness and the governance of data and knowledge 2. Participation, inclusion and community engagement 3. Resilience, adaptation and transformative change 4. Justice, rights and the distribution of benefits 5. Digital transformation and responsible technology 6. Evaluation, societal impact and institutional responsibility These themes cut across the formal boundaries of the individual Chairs. They provide evidence that apparently separate publication networks are moving towards related contemporary problems. The Chair on AI & Data Science for Society, for example, could connect with the Chairs on Human Rights and Peace, Anthropology of Digital Diversity and Cultural Heritage and Emerging Crime around accessibility, bias, authenticity, data governance and the social consequences of artificial intelligence. The heritage Chairs share emerging interests in resilience, adaptive reuse, water systems, community participation, colonialism and justice. These themes also connect them with the Chairs concerned with sustainability, landscape governance, futures literacy and citizenship. The Chairs on Diversity and Inclusion in Global Science and Human Rights in Higher Education could connect around research careers, institutional inequality, evaluation practices, accessibility and the responsibilities of universities. Futures literacy and social learning could add methods for imagining and developing more inclusive institutional arrangements. The Chairs concerned with innovation policy, decentralised systems and artificial intelligence could collaborate around responsible innovation, digital platforms, changing business models and the distribution of technological benefits. The regional experience of the Chair focused on Latin America could help ensure that such work does not treat technological development only from the perspective of wealthy research systems. The Chairs on slavery and citizenship, museum collections and repatriation, heritage crime and human rights could develop a particularly strong shared agenda around colonial legacies, provenance, ownership, unequal citizenship, cultural sovereignty and historical justice. ## From indirect overlap to deliberate collaboration The country network shows that Chairs which are disconnected in the coauthorship map may nevertheless be active in many of the same parts of the world. The United Kingdom, Spain, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, Italy, Germany, the United States and China connect several thematic areas and scholarly communities. The organisational network presents a similar pattern. Different Chairs may not publish together, but their networks include related universities, public bodies, international organisations, museums, professional organisations and civil society actors. These shared geographical and institutional environments provide concrete starting points for cooperation. The UNESCO network can help transform these indirect overlaps into deliberate connections. Rather than seeking to integrate all Chairs into one scholarly community, collaboration could be organised around specific problems where their expertise is complementary. Small thematic working groups could focus on subjects such as artificial intelligence and human rights, climate adaptation and heritage, inclusive universities, citizen science, colonial legacies or responsible innovation. Joint workshops, comparative case studies, shared teaching activities and small exploratory projects could allow collaboration to develop without requiring the Chairs to abandon their distinctive missions. The temporal map is particularly useful for this purpose. It identifies not only areas of existing similarity, but also subjects around which several Chairs appear to be moving at the same time. Emerging topics may offer better opportunities for new collaboration than established areas in which scholarly communities and partnerships are already firmly structured. The Dutch UNESCO Chairs therefore form more than a collection of separate academic positions. The data reveal a latent collaboration infrastructure. Direct publication links remain uneven, but the Chairs already share countries, organisations, problems and increasingly similar directions of development. The opportunity for the programme is to make these connections more visible and intentional. UNESCO can provide the common space through which parallel networks become shared projects and through which diverse forms of expertise are brought together around emerging social challenges. 58:[{"id":"f8b149e11af13ea642e635bf7cee512178687848f20e876a90fcf7a277542d49aff09f1d31ef52c967d2d58fcc257a33824038bd0a92ecd0654a93002520107b","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/f8b149e11af13ea642e635bf7cee512178687848f20e876a90fcf7a277542d49aff09f1d31ef52c967d2d58fcc257a33824038bd0a92ecd0654a93002520107b","name":"Pubs.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1784203325362.598,"size":344964}] 48:{"id":"9d85fc4434e60367","slug":"nl-unesco-chairs","title":"UNESCO Chairs in the Netherlands","thumbnail":"70a455ae8af625e4665212a0b75e1a6bb0243720a46ee8255f867fa67b174c85","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2026-07-16T08:48:57.873Z","update_time":"$D2026-07-16T14:23:24.929Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2026-07-16T08:49:34.555Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"b1033b7afc0abbf9","login":"andrebrasil","name":"André Brasil","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9308db89035e9628aced56fa62c34183644be1af6bed8935f4718366aeca0c24","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"","following":false},"version":220,"publish_version":220,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"fa1e24958ed7471f","login":"andrebrasil","name":"André Brasil","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9308db89035e9628aced56fa62c34183644be1af6bed8935f4718366aeca0c24","tier":null,"bio":"","following":false}],"members":[{"type":"team","id":"b1033b7afc0abbf9","login":"andrebrasil","name":"André Brasil","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9308db89035e9628aced56fa62c34183644be1af6bed8935f4718366aeca0c24","tier":"starter_2024","role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":2,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"UNESCO Chairs in the Netherlands","cells":[{"id":1,"value":"# UNESCO Chairs in the Netherlands","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":11,"value":"$4a","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":14,"value":"$4b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"$4c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":13,"value":"$4d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":29,"value":"$4e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":28,"value":"$4f","pinned":false,"hidden":true,"mode":"js","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":31,"value":"## Publication types over time\n\nThe longitudinal view shows substantial growth in the number of visible publications, but relatively limited change in the overall composition of the portfolio.\n\nArticles remain dominant throughout the period, while book chapters continue to represent a smaller but persistent component. Preprints and datasets become more visible in recent years, showing some diversification in the outputs captured by the data.\n\nThese newer output types nevertheless remain limited compared with articles and book chapters. The change therefore occurs mainly at the margins of a portfolio that continues to be dominated by conventional scholarly publications.\n\nThe pattern may reflect changes in scholarly communication as well as improvements in reporting and database coverage. 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