41:null 42:["$","title",null,{"children":"Electric Motorcycle Travel | Brian T. Rice | Observable"}] 48:T486,How do various electric motorcycles (Zero, Energica, and later LiveWire) perform over long distances? ## Background Electric vehicles powertrains consist of a battery, a controller, and a motor. A modern EV powertrain has very high efficiencies in the controller and motor, but faces significant challenges in battery performance. Batteries are not nearly as energy-dense as tanks of gasoline, significantly constraining electric motorcycle design and capabilities. For the purposes of this document, we'll assume a late model electric motorcycle with a battery capacity of ${baseVehicle.maxCapacitykWh.toLocaleString()}kWh, equivalent to ${(baseVehicle.maxCapacitykWh / kWhPerGallonOfGas).toLocaleString()} gallons of gasoline. Such a battery weighs nearly ${showMeasure(baseVehicle.batteryWeightLbs, 'lb', 'kg')} and takes up a large part of the frame of the motorcycle. ## Travel Challenges Compared to: * _Electric bicycles:_ electric motorcycles are heavier and travel faster, which makes aerodynamic drag a dominant factor. * _Electric cars:_ electric motorcycles are smaller and lighter, but have significantly worse shapes to push into the wind. 49:T4b2,ZeroModelChassis = [ new ModelChassis( ZeroSDS.manufacturer, "S", ZeroSDS.platform, 238, ZeroSDS.constantLoadW, ZeroSDS.size4.maxPowerKW, ZeroSDS.size4.maxTorqueNm, ZeroSDS.S.Crr, ZeroSDS.S.Cd, ZeroSDS.S.frontalAreaSqM, ZeroSDS.powertrainEff, ZeroSDS.drivetrainEff ), new ModelChassis( ZeroSDS.manufacturer, "SR", ZeroSDS.platform, 238, ZeroSDS.constantLoadW, ZeroSDS.size6.maxPowerKW, ZeroSDS.size6.maxTorqueNm, ZeroSDS.S.Crr, ZeroSDS.S.Cd, ZeroSDS.S.frontalAreaSqM, ZeroSDS.powertrainEff, ZeroSDS.drivetrainEff ), new ModelChassis( ZeroSDS.manufacturer, "DS", ZeroSDS.platform, 243, ZeroSDS.constantLoadW, ZeroSDS.size4.maxPowerKW, ZeroSDS.size4.maxTorqueNm, ZeroSDS.DS.Crr, ZeroSDS.DS.Cd, ZeroSDS.DS.frontalAreaSqM, ZeroSDS.powertrainEff, ZeroSDS.drivetrainEff ), new ModelChassis( "Zero", "DSR", "SDS", 243, ZeroSDS.constantLoadW, ZeroSDS.size6.maxPowerKW, ZeroSDS.size6.maxTorqueNm, ZeroSDS.DS.Crr, ZeroSDS.DS.Cd, ZeroSDS.DS.frontalAreaSqM, ZeroSDS.powertrainEff, ZeroSDS.drivetrainEff ) ]4a:T1093,class StockModel { constructor(chassis, batteries) { this.chassis = chassis; this.batteries = batteries; } get maxCapacitykWh() { return this.batteries.reduce( (cap, battery) => cap + battery.maxCapacitykWh, 0 ); } get nominalCapacitykWh() { return this.batteries.reduce( (cap, battery) => cap + battery.nominalCapacitykWh, 0 ); } get peakTorqueNm() { return this.chassis.peakTorqueNm; } get peakPowerW() { return this.chassis.peakPowerW; } get weightLbs() { return this.batteryWeightLbs + this.chassis.weightLbs; } get weightKg() { return convert(this.weightLbs).from("lb").to("kg"); } get batteryWeightLbs() { return this.batteries.reduce( (weightLbs, battery) => weightLbs + battery.weightLbs, 0 ); } get Cd() { return this.chassis.Cd; } get frontalAreaSqM() { return this.chassis.frontalAreaSqM; } get CdA() { return this.Cd * this.frontalAreaSqM; } get chargeRate1CW() { const chargeMaxCurrentA = this.batteries.reduce( (limit, battery) => limit + battery.chargeMaxCurrentA, 0 ); const batteryVoltage = this.batteries.reduce( (voltage, battery) => Math.max(voltage, battery.nominalVoltage), 0 ); return chargeMaxCurrentA * 0.95 * batteryVoltage; } get primaryBattery() { return this.batteries[0]; } cRateFromCurrentA(currentA) { return currentA / this.chargeRate1CW; } internalBatteryLossNominalW(currentA) { return internalPowerLossW(this.primaryBattery, currentA); } terminalVoltageDelta(currentA) { return -currentA * this.primaryBattery.internalResistanceOhms; } get label() { let capacityLabel = ""; if (this.batteries.length > 0) { capacityLabel += this.primaryBattery.maxCapacitykWh; } if (this.batteries.length > 1) { if (this.primaryBattery.brickCount > 1) { capacityLabel += "+PT"; } else { capacityLabel += this.batteries[1].maxCapacitykWh; } } return [this.chassis.label, capacityLabel].join(" "); } rollingLossN() { const weightKg = this.weightKg; const Crr = this.chassis.Crr; return Crr * weightKg * 9.80665; } motorRPMforSpeedMPH() { } peakMotorTorqueForRPM(motorRPM) { const speedOfTorqueTaperRPM = 3000; const maxRPM = 6000; let pctPeak = 1.0; if (motorRPM > speedOfTorqueTaperRPM) { pctPeak -= (0.5 * (motorRPM - speedOfTorqueTaperRPM)) / maxRPM; } return this.peakTorqueNm * pctPeak; } peakMotorPowerWforMPH(groundSpeedMPH) { // ref https://www.cycleworld.com/2020-zero-sr-f-electric-motorcycle-first-ride/ const speedReachingPeakMPH = 50; let pctPeak = 1.0; if (groundSpeedMPH < speedReachingPeakMPH) { pctPeak = 0.1 + (0.9 * groundSpeedMPH) / speedReachingPeakMPH; } return this.peakPowerW * pctPeak; } aeroLossN(airSpeedMPH, tempC) { return ( 0.5 * airDensityCalc(tempC) * Math.pow(convertMPHtoSI(airSpeedMPH), 2) * this.Cd * this.frontalAreaSqM ); } forceN(groundSpeedMPH, tempC, airSpeedDeltaMPH = 0) { return ( this.rollingLossN(groundSpeedMPH) + this.aeroLossN(groundSpeedMPH + airSpeedDeltaMPH, tempC) ); } powerDemandW(groundSpeedMPH, tempC, airSpeedDeltaMPH = 0) { return ( this.chassis.constantLoadW + this.forceN(groundSpeedMPH, tempC, airSpeedDeltaMPH) * convertMPHtoSI(groundSpeedMPH) ); } efficiencyWhPerMi(groundSpeedMPH, tempC, airSpeedDeltaMPH = 0) { return ( this.powerDemandW(groundSpeedMPH, tempC, airSpeedDeltaMPH) / groundSpeedMPH ); } rangeMi(groundSpeedMPH, tempC, airSpeedDeltaMPH = 0) { return ( (this.nominalCapacitykWh * kilo) / this.efficiencyWhPerMi(groundSpeedMPH, tempC, airSpeedDeltaMPH) ); } travelingAtSpeed(groundSpeedMPH, tempC, airSpeedDeltaMPH = 0) { return new TravelingVehicle(this, groundSpeedMPH, tempC, airSpeedDeltaMPH); } ratedRangeAt(groundSpeedMPH) { return this.rangeMi(groundSpeedMPH, 15, 0); } ratedEfficiencyAt(groundSpeedMPH) { return this.efficiencyWhPerMi(groundSpeedMPH, 15, 0); } }4b:Tf9c,class TravelingVehicle { constructor(model, groundSpeedMPH, tempC, airSpeedDeltaMPH = 0) { this.model = model; this.groundSpeedMPH = groundSpeedMPH; this.tempC = tempC; this.airSpeedDeltaMPH = airSpeedDeltaMPH; } get peakPowerW() { return this.model.peakPowerW; } get airSpeedMPH() { return this.groundSpeedMPH + this.airSpeedDeltaMPH; } speedMSec() { return convertMPHtoSI(this.groundSpeedMPH); } batteryCapacity() { return this.model.batteryCapacity(); } get weightLbs() { return this.model.weightLbs; } get weightKg() { return this.model.weightKg; } rollingLossN() { return this.model.rollingLossN(); } forceN() { return this.model.forceN( this.groundSpeedMPH, this.tempC, this.airSpeedDeltaMPH ); } powerDemandW() { return this.model.powerDemandW( this.groundSpeedMPH, this.tempC, this.airSpeedDeltaMPH ); } nominalCurrentA() { const powerW = this.powerDemandW(); const nominalVoltage = this.model.primaryBattery.nominalVoltage; return powerW / nominalVoltage; } internalBatteryLossNominalW() { return this.model.internalBatteryLossNominalW(this.nominalCurrentA()); } terminalVoltageDelta() { return this.model.terminalVoltageDelta(-this.nominalCurrentA()); } aeroLossN() { return this.model.aeroLossN(this.airSpeedMPH, this.tempC); } efficiencyWhPerMi() { return this.model.efficiencyWhPerMi( this.groundSpeedMPH, this.tempC, this.airSpeedDeltaMPH ); } rangeMi() { return this.model.rangeMi( this.groundSpeedMPH, this.tempC, this.airSpeedDeltaMPH ); } perLegRideSegment(startSoC, endSoC) { const powerW = this.powerDemandW(); const packSizeWh = this.model.nominalCapacitykWh * kilo; const SoCPctDeltaPerMinute = 100 * (powerW / (packSizeWh * minutesPerHour)) /* min/hr => Wmin */; const efficiencyWhPerMi = this.efficiencyWhPerMi(); const milesPerMin = this.groundSpeedMPH / minutesPerHour; const numMinutes = (startSoC - endSoC) / SoCPctDeltaPerMinute; return new TravelSegment( numMinutes * 60, milesPerMin * numMinutes, (powerW * numMinutes) / minutesPerHour ); } perLegRideData(startSoC, endSoC) { const travelSegment = this.perLegRideSegment(startSoC, endSoC); const powerW = this.powerDemandW(); const efficiencyWhPerMi = this.efficiencyWhPerMi(); const startDatum = { minute: 0, SoC: startSoC, distanceMi: 0, rideSpeedMPH: this.groundSpeedMPH, speedMPH: this.groundSpeedMPH, powerW, efficiencyWhPerMi }; const endDatum = { minute: travelSegment.timeS / 60, SoC: endSoC, distanceMi: travelSegment.distanceMi, rideSpeedMPH: this.groundSpeedMPH, speedMPH: this.groundSpeedMPH, powerW, efficiencyWhPerMi }; return [startDatum, endDatum]; } perMinuteRideData(startSoC, endSoC) { const powerW = this.powerDemandW(); const packSizeWh = this.model.nominalCapacitykWh * kilo; const SoCPctDeltaPerMinute = 100 * (powerW / (packSizeWh * minutesPerHour)) /* min/hr => Wmin */; const efficiencyWhPerMi = this.efficiencyWhPerMi(); // const SoCPctOverMiles = [maxSoCPct]; // const SoCPctDeltaPerMile = 100 * (efficiencyWhPerMi / packSizeWh); let currentSoC = startSoC; let currentDistanceMi = 0; const perMinuteData = []; const milesPerMin = this.groundSpeedMPH / minutesPerHour; let minute = 0; while (currentSoC > endSoC) { perMinuteData.push({ minute, SoC: currentSoC, distanceMi: currentDistanceMi, rideSpeedMPH: this.groundSpeedMPH, speedMPH: this.groundSpeedMPH, powerW, efficiencyWhPerMi }); minute += 1; currentSoC -= SoCPctDeltaPerMinute; currentDistanceMi += milesPerMin; } return perMinuteData; } }4c:Te52,class TravelConfig { constructor(model, chargeConfig) { this.model = model; if (chargeConfig instanceof ChargeSource) { this.chargeConfig = new ChargerConfig(chargeConfig, 1); } else { this.chargeConfig = chargeConfig; } } get description() { return `${this.model.label} using ${this.chargeConfig.source.name} at ${this.totalChargeRateC}C`; } get totalChargeRateW() { const vehicleChargeRateW = this.model.chargeRate1CW; const chargeSource = this.chargeConfig.source; const potentialInputPower = this.chargeConfig.chargeRateW; return Math.min(vehicleChargeRateW, potentialInputPower * 0.97); } get totalChargeRateC() { return roundToDigits(this.totalChargeRateW / this.model.chargeRate1CW, 1); } perLegChargeSegment(startSoC, targetSoC) { const chargeRateW = this.totalChargeRateW; // TODO model tapering const batteryCapacitykWh = this.model.nominalCapacitykWh; const batteryCapacityWh = batteryCapacitykWh * kilo; const chargeDurationH = ((batteryCapacityWh / chargeRateW) * (targetSoC - startSoC)) / 100; return new TravelSegment( chargeDurationH * 3600, 0, chargeRateW * chargeDurationH ); } perLegRideAndChargeSegment(vehicle, lowSoC, highSoC) { const rideSegment = vehicle.perLegRideSegment(highSoC, lowSoC); const chargeSegment = this.perLegChargeSegment(lowSoC, highSoC); return rideSegment.plus(chargeSegment); } perLegChargeData(startSoC, targetSoC) { const chargeSegment = this.perLegChargeSegment(startSoC, targetSoC); const chargeRateW = chargeSegment.chargeRateW; return [ { minute: 0, SoC: startSoC, chargeRateW, powerW: -chargeRateW, activity: "Charging", speedMPH: 0 }, { minute: chargeSegment.timeS / 60, SoC: targetSoC, chargeRateW, powerW: -chargeRateW, activity: "Charging", speedMPH: 0 } ]; } perLegRideAndChargeData( vehicle, chargeSource, chargeNum, lowestSoC, highestSoC ) { const rideData = vehicle.perLegRideData(highestSoC, lowestSoC); const lastRideDatum = rideData[rideData.length - 1]; const lastRideMinute = lastRideDatum.minute; const lastRideDistanceMi = lastRideDatum.distanceMi; const lastRideWhPerMi = lastRideDatum.efficiencyWhPerMi; const rideSpeedMPH = vehicle.groundSpeedMPH; const chargeData = this.perLegChargeData(lowestSoC, highestSoC); const chargeStartMinute = lastRideMinute + timeToAndFromChargingMin / 2; const travelSpeedMPH = lastRideDistanceMi / (chargeStartMinute + lastOf(chargeData).minute) / minutesPerHour; return rideData .map((rideDatum) => ({ ...rideDatum, activity: "Riding", travelSpeedMPH, rideSpeedMPH })) .concat( chargeData.map((chargeDatum) => ({ ...chargeDatum, minute: chargeDatum.minute + chargeStartMinute, chargeRateMPH: chargeDatum.chargeRateW / lastRideWhPerMi, travelSpeedMPH, rideSpeedMPH, distanceMi: lastRideDistanceMi })) ); } rideAndChargeCycleAt(groundSpeedMPH) { return this.perLegRideAndChargeData( this.model.travelingAtSpeed( groundSpeedMPH, ambientTravelTempC, headwindSpeedMph ), this.chargeSource, this.chargecount, minSoCPct.value, maxSoCPct.value ); } rideAndChargeCyclesPerSpeed() { return travelSpeedRange.map((groundSpeedMPH) => this.rideAndChargeCycleAt(groundSpeedMPH) ); } }4d:T59d,viewof lowPowerACtable = Inputs.table( lowPowerACrideAndChargeCycles .map(summarizeRideAndChargeData) .map( ({ rideSpeedMPH, efficiencyWhPerMi, rideTimeElapsedMin, chargeTimeElapsedMin, totalTimeElapsedMin, distanceMi, travelSpeedMPH }) => ({ "Ride Speed (mph)": rideSpeedMPH, "Wh/mi": efficiencyWhPerMi, "Distance (mi)": distanceMi, "Rate of Travel (mph)": travelSpeedMPH, "Ride Time (min)": rideTimeElapsedMin, "Charge Time (min)": chargeTimeElapsedMin, "Travel Time (min)": totalTimeElapsedMin }) ), { columns: [ "Ride Speed (mph)", "Wh/mi", "Ride Time (min)", "Charge Time (min)", "Travel Time (min)", "Distance (mi)", "Rate of Travel (mph)" ], width: { "Ride Speed (mph)": 120, "Rate of Travel (mph)": 120, "Ride Time (min)": 120, "Charge Time (min)": 120, "Travel Time (min)": 120, "Wh/mi": 70 }, format: { "Ride Speed (mph)": d3.format(".0f"), "Ride Time (min)": sparkBarWithDecimals(300, 1), "Charge Time (min)": sparkBarWithDecimals(300, 1), "Travel Time (min)": sparkBarWithDecimals(300, 1), "Rate of Travel (mph)": sparkBarWithDecimals(60, 1), "Wh/mi": sparkBarWithDecimals(250, 1), "Distance (mi)": sparkBarWithDecimals(150, 1) } } )4e:T441,{ const zero144PT = lastOf(ZeroModels); const speedRangeMPH = d3.range(1, maxSpeedMPH); const dataFor = (vehicle, groundSpeedMPH) => { const traveller = vehicle.travelingAtSpeed( groundSpeedMPH, ambientTravelTempC ); return { "Ground Speed (mph)": groundSpeedMPH, "Power (kW)": traveller.powerDemandW() / kilo, "Efficiency (mi/kWh)": (groundSpeedMPH / traveller.powerDemandW()) * kilo }; }; const tooltip = vl.tooltip([ "Ground Speed (mph)", "Power (kW)", "Efficiency (mi/kWh)" ]); const groundSpeedX = vl.x().fieldQ("Ground Speed (mph)"); const effY = vl.y().fieldQ("Efficiency (mi/kWh)"); return vl .layer( vl .markLine() .data(speedRangeMPH.map((x) => dataFor(zero144PT, x))) .encode(groundSpeedX, effY, tooltip, vl.color().value("darkblue")), vl .markLine() .data(speedRangeMPH.map((x) => dataFor(streamlinedZero144PT, x))) .encode(groundSpeedX, effY, tooltip, vl.color().value("green")) ) .title("Efficiency vs Speed") .render(); }4f:T46d,{ const tooltipFields = vl.tooltip([ //"activity", "rideSpeedMPH", "travelSpeedMPH", "distanceMi", "minute" ]); const speedSelection = { name: "speedSelection", select: { type: "point", fields: ["groundSpeedMPH"] }, nearest: true, bind: "legend" }; const selectionOpacity = vl .opacity() .if({ param: "speedSelection", value: 1.0 }) .value(0.2); const chargeConfig = baseVehicleChargerConfigs.find( (x) => x.source.name === "NACS-AC" ); return vl .vconcat( vehicleRideSpeedEffectsViz(baseVehicle, chargeConfig, maxACrides), // vehicleRideSpeedEffectsViz(baseVehicle, chargeConfig, streamlinedMaxACrides), vl .hconcat( timeVsDistanceOverRidingSpeedViz( streamlinedMaxACrides, tooltipFields ), travelVsRidingSpeedViz( streamlinedMaxACrides.map(summarizeRideAndChargeData), tooltipFields ) ) .title(streamlinedMaxACconfig.description) ) .title("Base vs Streamlined") .config({ legend: topLegendConfig }) .render(); }50:T788,{ const timeElapsedMinX = vl .x() .fieldQ("minute") .axis({ title: "Time Elapsed (min)", values: d3.range(0, 400, 30) }) .scale({ domain: [0, 400] }); const rideSpeedY = vl .y() .fieldQ("rideSpeedMPH") .axis({ title: "Ride Speed (mph)" }) .scale({ zero: false }); const distanceY = vl .y() .fieldQ("distanceMi") .axis({ title: "Distance (mi)" }) .scale({ domain: [0, 300] }); const powerColor = vl .color() .fieldQ("powerKW") .title("kW") .scale({ scheme: "blueorange", domainMid: 0 }); const socPctSize = vl .size() .fieldQ("SoC") .title("SoC (%)") .scale({ domain: [0, 100], range: [0, 40] }); const tooltipFields = vl.tooltip([ "rideSpeedMPH", "travelSpeedMPH", "powerKW", "distanceMi" ]); const vizWidth = 600; const vizHeight = 200; return vl .vconcat( vl .markCircle({ clip: true }) .data(maxACrides.flatMap(repeatRideAndChargeData)) .transform(powerKW) .title( baseVehicle.label + " Time spent Riding, then Charging (using NACS-AC)" ) .encode( timeElapsedMinX, rideSpeedY, socPctSize, powerColor, tooltipFields ) .width(vizWidth) .height(vizHeight), vl .markCircle({ clip: true }) .data(streamlinedMaxACrides.flatMap(repeatRideAndChargeData)) .transform(powerKW) .title( streamlinedZero144PT.label + " Time spent Riding, then Charging (using NACS-AC)" ) .encode( timeElapsedMinX, rideSpeedY, socPctSize, powerColor, tooltipFields ) .width(vizWidth) .height(vizHeight) ) .config({ legend: topLegendConfig, axis: { grid: false }, view: { stroke: null } }) .render(); }51:T908,{ const configColor = vl .color() .fieldN("config") .title("Configuration") .scale({ scheme: "paired" }); const tooltipFieldsWithDistance = vl.tooltip([ "config", "rideSpeedMPH", "rideTimeHours", "travelTimeHours", "travelSpeedMPH", "rideChargeTimeRatio", "travelRideChargeTimeRatio", "legDistanceMi" ]); const tooltipFields = vl.tooltip([ "config", "rideSpeedMPH", "travelSpeedMPH", "rideChargeTimeRatio", "distanceMi" ]); const dayTravelLengthMi = 500; const makeTravelData = (data) => travelDataFromLegData(data, dayTravelLengthMi, false); const rideDataForConfigsTravel = rideDataForConfigs.map(makeTravelData); const rideDataPeaksForConfigsTravel = rideDataPeaksForConfigs.map(makeTravelData); return vl .hconcat( vl .layer( vl.markLine().data(rideDataForConfigsTravel).encode(configColor), vl .markPoint() .data(rideDataPeaksForConfigsTravel) .encode(vl.size().value(50), vl.color().value("black")), vl .markLine({ strokeWidth: 0.5 }) .data(rideDataPeaksForConfigsTravel) .encode(vl.strokeDash().value(4, 4)) ) .encode( rideSpeedX, vl .y() .fieldQ("travelTimeHours") .axis({ title: "Travel Time (hr)" }) .scale({ zero: false }), tooltipFieldsWithDistance ) .title("Hours per 500 mile travel"), vl .layer( vl.markLine().data(rideDataForConfigs).encode(configColor), vl .markPoint() .data(rideDataPeaksForConfigs) .encode(vl.size().value(50), vl.color().value("black")), vl .markLine({ strokeWidth: 0.5 }) .data(rideDataPeaksForConfigs) .encode(vl.strokeDash().value(4, 4)) ) .encode( rideSpeedX, vl .y() .fieldQ("travelSpeedMPH") .axis({ title: "Rate of Travel (mph)" }) .scale({ zero: false }), tooltipFields ) .title("Rate of Travel") ) .config({ legend: topLegendConfig }) .title(baseVehicle.label + " Base vs Streamlined") .render(); }52:T555,{ const configColor = vl .color() .fieldN("config") .title("Configuration") .scale({ scheme: "paired" }); const tooltipFieldsWithDistance = vl.tooltip([ "config", "rideSpeedMPH", "rideTimeHours", "travelTimeHours", "travelSpeedMPH", "rideChargeTimeRatio", "travelRideChargeTimeRatio", "legDistanceMi" ]); const tooltipFields = vl.tooltip([ "config", "rideSpeedMPH", "travelSpeedMPH", "rideChargeTimeRatio", "distanceMi" ]); const dayTravelLengthMi = 500; const makeTravelData = (data) => travelDataFromLegData(data, dayTravelLengthMi, false); const rideDataForConfigsTravel = rideDataForConfigs.map(makeTravelData); const rideDataPeaksForConfigsTravel = rideDataPeaksForConfigs.map(makeTravelData); return vl .hconcat( vl .layer( vl .markLine() .data(rideDataForConfigs) .encode( rideSpeedX, vl .y() .fieldQ("rideChargeTimeRatio") .axis({ title: "Ride/Charge Time Ratio", tickCount: 20 }), tooltipFields, configColor ) ) .title("Riding vs Charging Time") ) .config({ legend: topLegendConfig }) .title(baseVehicle.label + " Base vs Streamlined") .render(); }53:T940,{ const configColor = vl .color() .fieldN("config") .scale({ scheme: "paired" }) .title("Configuration"); const vizWidth = 190; const tooltipFields = vl.tooltip([ "config", "rideSpeedMPH", "travelSpeedMPH", "rideChargeTimeRatio", "distanceMi" ]); return vl .hconcat( vl .layer( vl .markLine() .data( rideDataForHypotheticalConfigs.filter((x) => x.config.endsWith("6.6kW") ) ) .encode( rideSpeedX, vl.y().fieldQ("distanceMi").axis({ title: "Range (mi)" }), configColor, tooltipFields ) ) .width(vizWidth), vl .layer( vl .markLine() .data(rideDataForHypotheticalConfigs) .encode(configColor), vl .markPoint() .data(rideDataPeaksForHypotheticalConfigs) .encode(vl.size().value(50), vl.color().value("black")), vl .markLine({ strokeWidth: 0.5 }) .data(rideDataPeaksForHypotheticalConfigs) .encode(vl.strokeDash().value(4, 4)) ) .encode( rideSpeedX, vl.y().fieldQ("travelSpeedMPH").axis({ title: "Rate of Travel (mph)" }), tooltipFields ) .width(vizWidth), vl .layer(vl.markLine().data(rideDataForHypotheticalConfigs)) .encode( rideSpeedX, vl .y() .fieldQ("rideTimeElapsedMin") .axis({ title: "Ride Time (min)" }), configColor, tooltipFields ) .width(vizWidth), vl .layer(vl.markLine().data(rideDataForHypotheticalConfigs)) .encode( rideSpeedX, vl .y() .fieldQ("rideTotalTimeRatio") .axis({ title: "Ride to Total Time %", format: ",%" }), configColor, tooltipFields ) .width(vizWidth) ) .resolve({ legend: { color: "shared" } }) .config({ legend: { titleOrient: "left", orient: "top-left", symbolDirection: "horizontal", offset: -40 } }) .title(hypotheticalStockModel.label + ": Travel Performance") .render(); }54:T8b1,{ const groundSpeedX = vl .x() .fieldQ("Ground Speed (mph)") .scale({ zero: false }); const tooltipFields = vl.tooltip([ "Ground Speed (mph)", "Headwind Speed (mph)", "Range (mi)" ]); const headwindColor = vl .color() .fieldQ("Headwind Speed (mph)") .scale({ scheme: "blueorange" }); const headwindRangeMPH = d3.range(-headwindMaxMPH, headwindMaxMPH); return vl .layer( vl .markLine() .data( travelSpeedRange.flatMap((groundSpeedMPH) => headwindRangeMPH.map((headwindDeltaMPH) => vehicleAtSpeeds(baseVehicle, groundSpeedMPH, headwindDeltaMPH) ) ) ) .encode( groundSpeedX, vl.y().fieldQ({ repeat: "repeat" }), headwindColor, tooltipFields, vl.opacity().value(0.2) ), vl .markLine() .data( travelSpeedRange.map((groundSpeedMPH) => vehicleAtSpeeds(baseVehicle, groundSpeedMPH, 0) ) ) .encode( groundSpeedX, vl.y().fieldQ({ repeat: "repeat" }), tooltipFields, vl.color().value("black"), vl.opacity().value(0.5) ), vl .markLine() .data( travelSpeedRange.flatMap((groundSpeedMPH) => headwindRangeMPH.map((headwindDeltaMPH) => vehicleAtSpeeds( hypotheticalStreamlinedModel, groundSpeedMPH, headwindDeltaMPH ) ) ) ) .encode( groundSpeedX, vl.y().fieldQ({ repeat: "repeat" }), headwindColor, tooltipFields ), vl .markLine() .data( travelSpeedRange.map((groundSpeedMPH) => vehicleAtSpeeds(hypotheticalStreamlinedModel, groundSpeedMPH, 0) ) ) .encode( groundSpeedX, vl.y().fieldQ({ repeat: "repeat" }), tooltipFields, vl.color().value("black") ) ) .repeat(["Wh/mi", "Range (mi)"]) .config({ legend: topLegendConfig }) .title("Headwinds effects") .render(); }55:T7a9,function projectedSoCFromVoltage(v) { // Degree 8: 9.52E+08 + -7.33E+07x + 2.46E+06x^2 + -47193x^3 + 564x^4 + -4.31x^5 + 0.0205x^6 + -5.56E-05x^7 + 6.6E-08x^8 // Degree 10: 5.19E+10 + -5.16E+09x + 2.31E+08x^2 + -6.12E+06x^3 + 106375x^4 + -1266x^5 + 10.5x^6 + -0.0591x^7 + 2.19E-04x^8 + -4.82E-07x^9 + 4.75E-10x^10 const pctSOC = -8.3101824479603767e+005 * Math.pow(v,0) + 3.4052637136064470e+004 * Math.pow(v,1) + -4.7594662590806911e+002 * Math.pow(v,2) + 3.4495943246738534e+000 * Math.pow(v,3) + -2.4231398839387575e-002 * Math.pow(v,4) + -3.6848769082636901e-005 * Math.pow(v,5) + 4.2469780313890166e-007 * Math.pow(v,6) + 4.6702315881805286e-008 * Math.pow(v,7) + -1.9811251657977392e-010 * Math.pow(v,8) + -5.6624593775546231e-013 * Math.pow(v,9) + -2.0721459051034865e-014 * Math.pow(v,10) + -1.6217349277889920e-016 * Math.pow(v,11) + 1.1756468117517297e-018 * Math.pow(v,12) + 1.6672497238096058e-020 * Math.pow(v,13) + -2.4125395466323739e-023 * Math.pow(v,14) + 1.2757576224947188e-024 * Math.pow(v,15) + -1.0157470428101305e-027 * Math.pow(v,16) + -4.7858657783951830e-029 * Math.pow(v,17) + -7.8146677893361470e-032 * Math.pow(v,18) + -1.2834456014697405e-032 * Math.pow(v,19) + 3.0158490898966039e-035 * Math.pow(v,20) + -4.2997247020303147e-037 * Math.pow(v,21) + 7.3446458092808916e-039 * Math.pow(v,22) + 2.0678034688345729e-042 * Math.pow(v,23) + 7.0064616654820708e-043 * Math.pow(v,24) + -2.0061579286692105e-045 * Math.pow(v,25) + -3.7071875352445601e-047 * Math.pow(v,26) + -1.4319236523014609e-049 * Math.pow(v,27) + -1.6777217850115429e-051 * Math.pow(v,28) + 4.4008077572483524e-053 * Math.pow(v,29) + -1.4723466711105163e-055 * Math.pow(v,30); return pctSOC; //return clamp(pctSOC, -3, 103); }56:T411,class ZeroBatteryBrick { constructor(maxCapacitykWh, chargeMaxCurrentA) { this.maxCapacitykWh = maxCapacitykWh; this.chargeMaxCurrentA = chargeMaxCurrentA; } maxVoltage = 116.2; nominalVoltage = 102.8; minVoltage = 95; seriesCellCount = 28; maxChargeRateC = 2; cellInternalResistanceOhms = 0.002 internalResistanceOhms = this.cellInternalResistanceOhms * this.seriesCellCount; get nominalCapacitykWh() { return this.maxCapacitykWh * this.nominalVoltage / this.maxVoltage } get weightLbs() { return 44 } get maxVoltagePerCell() { return this.maxVoltage / this.seriesCellCount; } get nominalVoltagePerCell() { return this.nominalVoltage / this.seriesCellCount; } get minVoltagePerCell() { return this.minVoltage / this.seriesCellCount; } get label() { return this.maxCapacitykWh.toString(); } restPackVoltagePerSoC(SoC) { return projectedVoltageFromSoC(SoC); } SoCfromPackVoltage(packVoltage) { return projectedSoCFromVoltage(packVoltage); } }57:T452,class ZeroBattery { constructor(brick, brickCount = 4) { this.brick = brick; this.brickCount = brickCount; } get maxVoltage() { return this.brick.maxVoltage } get minVoltage() { return this.brick.minVoltage } get nominalVoltage() { return this.brick.nominalVoltage } get internalResistanceOhms() { return this.brick.internalResistanceOhms } get nominalCapacitykWh() { return this.brick.nominalCapacitykWh * this.brickCount } get maxCapacitykWh() { return this.brick.maxCapacitykWh * this.brickCount } get weightLbs() { return this.brick.weightLbs * this.brickCount } get chargeMaxCurrentA() { return this.brick.chargeMaxCurrentA * this.brickCount } get formFactor() { switch (this.brickCount) { case 1: return 'Brick'; break; case 2: return 'Long Brick'; break; case 3: return 'Monolith'; break; case 4: return 'Monolith'; break; } } get label() { return [this.formFactor, this.maxCapacitykWh.toString()].join(' '); } }58:T629,EnergicaBatteries = [ // https://www.energicamotor.com/en/models/energica-ego-electric-motorcycle/ { maxCapacitykWh: 13.4, nominalCapacitykWh: 11.7, weightLbs: 220, // ref https://www.asphaltandrubber.com/bikes/energica-ego-superbike-no-fairings/ maxChargeRateC: 2, chargeMaxCurrentA: 80, // 24kW / nominal voltage minVoltage: 280, nominalVoltage: 296, // ref https://www.emobility-engineering.com/energica-eva-ribelle/ maxVoltage: 320 }, { maxCapacitykWh: 21.5, nominalCapacitykWh: 18.9, capacitykWhByTempC: { "40": 15.6, "35": 16.2, "30": 16.2, "25": 16.2, "20": 16.2, "17": 15.4, "11": 15, "7": 14.6 }, weightLbs: 220, // ref https://www.asphaltandrubber.com/bikes/energica-ego-superbike-no-fairings/ maxChargeRateC: 2, chargeMaxCurrentA: 80, // 24kW / nominal voltage minVoltage: 280, nominalVoltage: 296, // ref https://www.emobility-engineering.com/energica-eva-ribelle/ maxVoltage: 320 }, { // ref https://www.energicamotor.com/us/models/energica-experia/ maxCapacitykWh: 22.5, nominalCapacitykWh: 19.6, capacitykWhByTempC: { "40": 15.6, "35": 16.2, "30": 16.2, "25": 16.2, "20": 16.2, "17": 15.4, "11": 15, "7": 14.6 }, weightLbs: 220, // ref https://www.asphaltandrubber.com/bikes/energica-ego-superbike-no-fairings/ maxChargeRateC: 2, chargeMaxCurrentA: 80, // 24kW / nominal voltage minVoltage: 280, nominalVoltage: 306, maxVoltage: 320 } ]59:T9a5,timeVsDistanceOverRidingSpeedViz = function (rideAndChargeData, tooltipFields) { const maxTimeMin = 300; const maxDistanceMi = 300; const timeElapsedMinX = vl .x() .fieldQ("minute") .axis({ title: "Time Elapsed (min)", values: d3.range(0, maxTimeMin, 30) }) .scale({ domain: [0, maxTimeMin] }); const timeX = vl.x().fieldQ("minute"); const distanceY = vl .y() .fieldQ("distanceMi") .axis({ title: "Distance (mi)" }) .scale({ domain: [0, maxDistanceMi] }); const ruleMaxSpeedMPH = (maxDistanceMi / maxTimeMin) * minutesPerHour; const speeds = d3.range(ruleMaxSpeedMPH, 0, -10); const travelSpeedLines = speeds.map((speedMPH) => vl .markLine({ color: "#aaa", strokeWidth: 1 }) .data([ { minute: 0, distanceMi: 0, speedMPH }, { minute: maxTimeMin, distanceMi: (speedMPH * maxTimeMin) / minutesPerHour, speedMPH } ]) .encode(timeX, distanceY, vl.tooltip().fieldN("speedMPH")) ); const travelSpeedTicks = vl .markText({ fontSize: 10, color: "#aaa", align: "left", dx: 4, baseline: "middle" }) .data( speeds.map((speedMPH) => ({ speedMPH: speedMPH + " mph", minute: maxTimeMin, distanceMi: (speedMPH * maxTimeMin) / minutesPerHour })) ) .encode(timeX, distanceY, vl.text().fieldN("speedMPH")); return vl .layer( travelSpeedLines, travelSpeedTicks, vl .markLine({ strokeWidth: 0.5, clip: true }) .data(rideAndChargeData.flatMap((x) => x)) .encode(timeElapsedMinX, distanceY, rideSpeedColor, tooltipFields) .title("Time vs Distance"), vl .markCircle({ clip: true }) .data(rideAndChargeData.map(lastOf)) .encode(timeElapsedMinX, distanceY, rideSpeedColor, tooltipFields), vl .markPoint({ color: "black" }) .data([ travelLegSummariesMaxByTravelSpeed( rideAndChargeData.map(summarizeRideAndChargeData) ) ]) .encode( vl.x().fieldQ("totalTimeElapsedMin"), distanceY, vl.size().value(50), vl.tooltip([ "totalTimeElapsedMin", "distanceMi", "travelSpeedMPH", "rideSpeedMPH" ]) ) ) .config({ axisLeft: { title: "Distance (mi)" }, axisRight: { title: "Rate of Travel (mph)" } }); }5a:T7ab,{ const speeds = d3.range(0, maxSpeedMPH); const basePeakData = speeds.map( (groundSpeedMPH) => baseVehicle.peakMotorPowerWforMPH(groundSpeedMPH) / kilo ); const baseRequiredData = speeds.map( (groundSpeedMPH) => baseVehicle.powerDemandW(groundSpeedMPH, ambientTravelTempC) / kilo ); const streamlinedRequiredData = speeds.map( (groundSpeedMPH) => streamlinedZero144PT.powerDemandW(groundSpeedMPH, ambientTravelTempC) / kilo ); const baseExcessData = speeds.map( (groundSpeedMPH) => basePeakData[groundSpeedMPH] - baseRequiredData[groundSpeedMPH] ); const streamlinedExcessData = speeds.map( (groundSpeedMPH) => basePeakData[groundSpeedMPH] - streamlinedRequiredData[groundSpeedMPH] ); const data = basePeakData .map((powerKW, groundSpeedMPH) => ({ "Ground Speed (mph)": groundSpeedMPH, "Power (kW)": powerKW, cat: "Peak" })) .concat( baseRequiredData.map((powerKW, groundSpeedMPH) => ({ "Ground Speed (mph)": groundSpeedMPH, "Power (kW)": powerKW, cat: "Required (Base)" })) ) .concat( streamlinedRequiredData.map((powerKW, groundSpeedMPH) => ({ "Ground Speed (mph)": groundSpeedMPH, "Power (kW)": powerKW, cat: "Required (Streamlined)" })) ) .concat( baseExcessData.map((powerKW, groundSpeedMPH) => ({ "Ground Speed (mph)": groundSpeedMPH, "Power (kW)": powerKW, cat: "Excess (Base)" })) ) .concat( streamlinedExcessData.map((powerKW, groundSpeedMPH) => ({ "Ground Speed (mph)": groundSpeedMPH, "Power (kW)": powerKW, cat: "Excess (Streamlined)" })) ); return vl .markLine({ tooltip: true }) .data(data) .encode( vl.x().fieldQ("Ground Speed (mph)"), vl.y().fieldQ("Power (kW)"), vl.color().fieldN("cat").title("Measure (Config)") ) .render(); }5b:T479,{ function deltaAccel(groundSpeedMPH, tempC, streamlinedModel, baseModel) { const baseTraveling = baseModel.travelingAtSpeed(groundSpeedMPH, tempC); const streamlinedTraveling = streamlinedModel.travelingAtSpeed( groundSpeedMPH, tempC ); const groundSpeedSI = convertMPHtoSI(groundSpeedMPH); return ( baseTraveling.forceN() / baseModel.weightKg - streamlinedTraveling.forceN() / streamlinedModel.weightKg ); } const deltaAccelByGroundSpeed = d3 .range(0, maxSpeedMPH) .map(function (groundSpeedMPH) { return deltaAccel( groundSpeedMPH, ambientTravelTempC, streamlinedZero144PT, baseVehicle ); }) .map((accelDiff, groundSpeedMPH) => ({ "Ground Speed (mph)": groundSpeedMPH, "Δ Acceleration (m/s²)": accelDiff, "Δ Acceleration (G)": accelDiff / 9.80665, "Δ Acceleration (mph/s)": accelSItoMPHperSec(accelDiff) })); return vl .markLine() .data(deltaAccelByGroundSpeed) .encode( vl.x().fieldQ("Ground Speed (mph)"), vl.y().fieldQ("Δ Acceleration (G)") ) .render(); }5c:T4a9,/* TODO/FIXME */ function accelAvailableSI( model, groundSpeedMPH, ambientTempC = ambientTravelTempC, motorPowerRatio = 1.0 // throttle assumed full ) { const byPower = true, byRocket = true, massKg = model.weightKg, groundSpeedSI = convertMPHtoSI(groundSpeedMPH), motorPowerW = motorPowerRatio * model.peakMotorPowerWforMPH(groundSpeedMPH); if (byPower) { // Calculate acceleration from excess power (ignoring torque, etc): const excessPowerW = availableExcessPowerW( model, groundSpeedMPH, ambientTempC, motorPowerRatio ); if (byRocket) { // ref https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/192863/calculate-acceleration-from-power return Math.sqrt(excessPowerW / (2 * groundSpeedSI * massKg)); } else { // ref https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/when-vehicle-power-dictates-acceleration/ return excessPowerW / (groundSpeedSI * massKg); } } else { const peakForceN = motorPowerW / massKg, //peakForceN = motorPowerW / convertMPHtoSI(groundSpeedMPH), excessForceN = peakForceN - model.forceN(groundSpeedMPH, ambientTempC); return Math.abs(excessForceN / massKg); } }5d:T52a,{ const speedRangeMPH = d3.range(1, maxSpeedMPH); const powerY = "Excess Power (kW)"; const accelY = "Accel Available (m/s²)"; const xLabel = "Ground Speed (mph)"; const baseData = speedRangeMPH.map((speedMPH) => ({ [xLabel]: speedMPH, [powerY]: availableExcessPowerW(baseVehicle, speedMPH) / kilo, [accelY]: accelAvailableSI(baseVehicle, speedMPH), Config: "Base" })); const streamlinedData = speedRangeMPH.map((speedMPH) => ({ [xLabel]: speedMPH, [powerY]: availableExcessPowerW(streamlinedZero144PT, speedMPH) / kilo, [accelY]: accelAvailableSI(streamlinedZero144PT, speedMPH), Config: "Streamlined" })); return vl .layer( vl .markLine({ tooltip: true }) .data(baseData.concat(streamlinedData)) .encode( vl.x().fieldQ(xLabel), vl.y().fieldQ(accelY), vl.color().fieldN("Config"), vl.tooltip([powerY, accelY, xLabel]) ), vl .markLine({ tooltip: true }) .data(baseData.concat(streamlinedData)) .encode( vl.x().fieldQ(xLabel), vl.y().fieldQ(powerY).axis({ orient: "right" }), vl.color().fieldN("Config"), vl.tooltip([powerY, accelY, xLabel]) ) ) .resolve({ scale: { y: "independent" } }) .render(); }5e:T40a,function accelPeakPowerToSpeed(targetGroundSpeedMPH, model) { const timeDeltaSec = 1 / 64; const timeLimit = 10; let timeElapsedSec = 0, // SI calcs accelSI = 0, nextAccelSI = 0, groundSpeedMPH = 1, // Imperial in model and cutoff groundSpeedSI = convertMPHtoSI(groundSpeedMPH); const datapoints = []; while (groundSpeedMPH < targetGroundSpeedMPH && timeElapsedSec < timeLimit) { nextAccelSI = accelAvailableSI(model, groundSpeedMPH, ambientTravelTempC, 1.0); timeElapsedSec += timeDeltaSec; groundSpeedSI += ((accelSI + nextAccelSI) / 2) * timeDeltaSec; groundSpeedMPH = convertSISpeedToMPH(groundSpeedSI); accelSI = nextAccelSI; datapoints.push({ "Time Elapsed (s)": roundToDigits(timeElapsedSec, 3), // "Excess Power (kW)": roundToDigits(excessPowerW / kilo, 3), "Accel (m/s²)": roundToDigits(accelSI, 3), "Ground Speed (m/s)": roundToDigits(groundSpeedSI, 4), "Ground Speed (mph)": roundToDigits(groundSpeedMPH, 4) }); } return datapoints; }5f:T428,{ const target = 60; const baseData = accelPeakPowerToSpeed(target, baseVehicle); baseData.forEach(function (x) { x.Config = "Base"; }); const streamlinedData = accelPeakPowerToSpeed(target, streamlinedZero144PT); streamlinedData.forEach(function (x) { x.Config = "Streamlined"; }); return vl .data(baseData.concat(streamlinedData)) .layer( vl.markLine({ tooltip: true }).encode( vl.x().fieldQ("Time Elapsed (s)"), vl.y().fieldQ("Ground Speed (mph)"), vl.color().fieldN("Config"), vl.tooltip([ "Time Elapsed (s)", //"Excess Power (kW)", "Accel (m/s²)", "Ground Speed (m/s)", "Ground Speed (mph)" ]) ), vl .markLine({ tooltip: true }) .encode( vl.x().fieldQ("Time Elapsed (s)"), vl.y().fieldQ("Accel (m/s²)"), vl.color().fieldN("Config"), vl.tooltip(["Time Elapsed (s)", "Accel (m/s²)"]) ) ) .resolve({ scale: { y: "independent" } }) .render(); }60:[] 46:{"id":"2f2d5342a43342b3","slug":"electric-motorcycle-travel","title":"Electric Motorcycle Travel","thumbnail":"49e3b8e7b5c25c76853ac31b4ed41e895e2facb91573182f4e68e995d0ccb899","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2019-03-12T19:54:09.200Z","update_time":"$D2025-09-29T03:43:00.126Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2020-01-28T21:56:14.825Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":1,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"b56346549f0b2593","login":"briantrice","name":"Brian T. Rice","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/16b4920ec9c14b27c0e0b7423e746b2d1f203a780dd494de998acbf8649c2b98","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"I'm interested in languages, systems, and interfaces as a humanitarian concern. I work with data visualization authoring for general audiences.","following":false},"version":10155,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"716dc63f9d1f7ada","login":"briantrice","name":"Brian T. Rice","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/16b4920ec9c14b27c0e0b7423e746b2d1f203a780dd494de998acbf8649c2b98","tier":null,"bio":"I'm interested in languages, systems, and interfaces as a humanitarian concern. I work with data visualization authoring for general audiences.","following":false}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"716dc63f9d1f7ada","login":"briantrice","name":"Brian T. Rice","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/16b4920ec9c14b27c0e0b7423e746b2d1f203a780dd494de998acbf8649c2b98","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"Electric Motorcycle Travel","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# Electric Motorcycle Travel","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1139,"value":"toc()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":18,"value":"$48","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":56,"value":"# Models\nHere, we lay out how we model electric motorcycles so that we can describe and predict how they'll travel. The figures come from both real-world testing with data collection systems, and analytic simulations for the aerodynamic and other power draws.\n\n## Chassis\nWe'll refer to the bikes without/before batteries installed as _chassis_ just as a shorthand.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1591,"value":"class ModelChassis {\n constructor(\n make,\n model,\n platform,\n weightLbs,\n constantLoadW,\n peakPowerW,\n peakTorqueNm,\n Crr,\n Cd,\n frontalAreaSqM,\n powertrainEff,\n drivetrainEff\n ) {\n this.make = make;\n this.model = model;\n this.platform = platform;\n this.weightLbs = weightLbs;\n this.constantLoadW = constantLoadW;\n this.peakPowerW = peakPowerW;\n this.peakTorqueNm = peakTorqueNm;\n this.Crr = Crr;\n this.Cd = Cd;\n this.frontalAreaSqM = frontalAreaSqM;\n this.powertrainEff = powertrainEff;\n this.drivetrainEff = drivetrainEff;\n }\n\n get label() {\n return [this.make, this.model || \"Unknown\"].join(\" \");\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9354,"value":"ZeroSDS = ({\n manufacturer: \"Zero\",\n platform: \"SDS\",\n maxRPM: 6000,\n size4: {\n maxPowerKW: 34000,\n maxTorqueNm: 106\n },\n size6: {\n maxPowerKW: 52000,\n maxTorqueNm: 157\n },\n constantLoadW: 100,\n S: {\n Crr: 0.02,\n Cd: 0.66,\n frontalAreaSqM: 0.789\n },\n DS: {\n Crr: 0.02,\n Cd: 0.691,\n frontalAreaSqM: 0.789\n },\n powertrainEff: 0.96,\n drivetrainEff: 0.94\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5250,"value":"$49","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9368,"value":"ZeroModelChassis","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1593,"value":"ZeroDSRChassis = ZeroModelChassis.find(x => x.model === 'DSR')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6139,"value":"ZeroSRChassis = ZeroModelChassis.find(x => x.model === 'SR')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7270,"value":"## Stock Models","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":360,"value":"$4a","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":10141,"value":"/** Represents one travel delta, a change in charge state or distance over a time duration. */\nclass TravelSegment {\n constructor(timeS, distanceMi, chargeWh) {\n this.timeS = timeS;\n this.distanceMi = distanceMi;\n this.chargeWh = chargeWh;\n }\n\n get timeH() {\n return this.timeS / 3600;\n }\n\n get travelSpeedMPH() {\n return this.distanceMi / this.timeH;\n }\n\n get chargeRateW() {\n return this.chargeWh / this.timeH;\n }\n\n isCharging() {\n return this.chargeWh > 0;\n }\n\n isRiding() {\n return this.distanceMi > 0;\n }\n\n get activity() {\n if (this.isCharging()) {\n return \"Charging\";\n } else if (this.isRiding()) {\n return \"Riding\";\n } else {\n return null;\n }\n }\n\n plus(anotherSegment) {\n return new TravelSegment(this.timeS + anotherSegment.timeS, this.distanceMi + anotherSegment.distanceMi, this.chargeWh + anotherSegment.chargeWh);\n }\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":383,"value":"$4b","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1389,"value":"ZeroModels = [\n new StockModel(ZeroSRChassis, [ZeroMonolith13]),\n new StockModel(ZeroDSRChassis, [ZeroMonolith13]),\n new StockModel(ZeroSRChassis, [ZeroMonolith13, ZeroBatteryBrick33]),\n new StockModel(ZeroDSRChassis, [ZeroMonolith13, ZeroBatteryBrick33]),\n new StockModel(ZeroSRChassis, [ZeroMonolith144]),\n new StockModel(ZeroDSRChassis, [ZeroMonolith144]),\n new StockModel(ZeroSRChassis, [ZeroMonolith144, ZeroBatteryBrick36]),\n new StockModel(ZeroDSRChassis, [ZeroMonolith144, ZeroBatteryBrick36])\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6290,"value":"EnergicaEgoChassis = new ModelChassis(\n \"Energica\",\n \"Ego\",\n \"Energica\",\n 400,\n 0.1,\n 126000,\n 222,\n 0.02,\n 0.66,\n 1.0,\n 0.96,\n 0.94\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8221,"value":"EnergicaExperiaChassis = new ModelChassis( // https://www.energicamotor.com/us/models/energica-experia/\n \"Energica\",\n \"Experia\",\n \"Energica\",\n 360,\n 0.1,\n 126_000,\n 115,\n 0.055,\n 0.3,\n 1.1,\n 0.96,\n 0.96\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5516,"value":"EnergicaModels = [\n new StockModel(EnergicaEgoChassis, [EnergicaBatteries[0]]),\n new StockModel(EnergicaEgoChassis, [EnergicaBatteries[1]]),\n new StockModel(EnergicaExperiaChassis, [lastOf(EnergicaBatteries)])\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9907,"value":"EcomobileModel = new StockModel( // ref https://www.peravescz.com/electric-version/\n // 7.5 kWh / 100 km = 120.7 Wh/mi\n new ModelChassis(\n \"Peraves\",\n \"Monotracer\",\n \"Ecomobile\",\n Math.round(convert(676).from(\"kg\").to(\"lb\")),\n 300,\n 130_000,\n 200,\n ZeroSRChassis.Crr,\n 0.18, // ref https://bikeweb.com/node/2769.html\n 1.01,\n ZeroSRChassis.powertrainEff,\n ZeroSRChassis.drivetrainEff\n ),\n [\n // ref https://www.peravescz.com/electric-version/, 100s24p\n {\n maxCapacitykWh: 30.6,\n nominalCapacitykWh: 28.5,\n weightLbs: Math.round(convert(105).from(\"kg\").to(\"lb\")),\n maxChargeRateC: 2,\n chargeMaxCurrentA: 30,\n minVoltage: 360,\n nominalVoltage: 396,\n maxVoltage: 426\n }\n ]\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9950,"value":"LitMotorsModel = new StockModel( // ref https://wefunder.com/lit.motors\n new ModelChassis(\n \"Lit Motors\",\n \"C-1\",\n \"AEV\",\n 800, // 950 total\n 500,\n 72_000,\n 100, // GUESS\n ZeroSRChassis.Crr,\n 0.198, // or 0.206?\n 0.9, // GUESS\n ZeroSRChassis.powertrainEff,\n 0.96\n ),\n [\n {\n maxCapacitykWh: 15, // GUESS\n nominalCapacitykWh: 13,\n weightLbs: 150, // 950 - AEV weightLbs\n maxChargeRateC: 1, // GUESS\n chargeMaxCurrentA: 30, // GUESS\n minVoltage: 360, // GUESS\n nominalVoltage: 396, // GUESS\n maxVoltage: 426 // GUESS\n }\n ]\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":10104,"value":"TouringCarModel = new StockModel( // Somewhere in the range of the Tesla Model 3 LR and Hyundai Ioniq 6\n new ModelChassis(\"Car OEM\", \"Tourer\", \"\", 2400),\n [\n {\n maxCapacitykWh: 92,\n nominalCapacitykWh: 80,\n weightLbs: 1600,\n maxChargeRateC: 2.5,\n chargeMaxCurrentA: 80,\n minVoltage: 720,\n nominalVoltage: 792,\n maxVoltage: 852\n }\n ]\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6344,"value":"AllModels = ZeroModels.concat(EnergicaModels).concat([\n EcomobileModel,\n LitMotorsModel\n])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1345,"value":"viewof baseVehicle = Inputs.select(AllModels, {\n label: \"Base Model:\",\n format: (x) => x.label,\n value: AllModels.findLast((x) => x.chassis.make === \"Zero\")\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":239,"value":"viewof ambientTravelTempC = Inputs.range([-10, 35], {\n step: 5,\n value: 15,\n label: \"Ambient Travel Temp (°C)\",\n description: \"Temperatures from -15C through 35C\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8230,"value":"viewof ratedRanges = Inputs.table(\n AllModels.map((model) => ({\n Model: model.label,\n \"Capacity (kWh)\": model.nominalCapacitykWh,\n \"Weight (lb)\": model.weightLbs,\n \"Range @55 (mi)\": model.ratedRangeAt(55),\n \"Wh/mi @55\": model.ratedEfficiencyAt(55),\n \"Range @70 (mi)\": model.ratedRangeAt(70),\n \"Wh/mi @70\": model.ratedEfficiencyAt(70),\n \"mi/kWh @70\": model.ratedRangeAt(70) / model.nominalCapacitykWh\n })),\n {\n width: {\n Model: 160,\n \"Capacity (kWh)\": 160,\n \"Weight (lb)\": 80,\n \"Wh/mi @55\": 120,\n \"Range @55 (mi)\": 120,\n \"Wh/mi @70\": 120,\n \"mi/kWh @70\": 90,\n \"Range @70 (mi)\": 160\n },\n format: {\n \"Capacity (kWh)\": formatterkWh,\n \"Range @55 (mi)\": sparkBarWithDecimals(200, 1),\n \"Wh/mi @55\": sparkBarWithDecimals(200, 1),\n \"Range @70 (mi)\": sparkBarWithDecimals(200, 1),\n \"mi/kWh @70\": sparkBarWithDecimals(10, 1),\n \"Wh/mi @70\": sparkBarWithDecimals(200, 1)\n }\n }\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":419,"value":"# Travel Simulation\nElectric vehicle travel consists of an alternation of:\n1. Driving or riding, which depletes the battery pack, then\n2. Charging, which refills the pack.\n\nThe rate of charging is limited by all of the:\n* Charging source (the station).\n* Onboard charging equipment (the EV charger).\n* Battery pack (current limits).\n\nThe rate of discharge while driving is determined by:\n* The characteristics of the vehicle (efficiency in the powertrain, rolling resistance, and air resistance).\n* How it’s operated (speed, mainly, and steady vs changing throttle).\n* Environmental conditions (wind speed and direction, temperature, and elevation changes).\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6330,"value":"## Charge Limits by Model","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1320,"value":"viewof modelChargeLimits = Inputs.table(\n AllModels.map((x) => ({\n Model: x.label,\n \"Current Limit (A)\": x.batteries.reduce(\n (limit, b) => b.chargeMaxCurrentA + limit,\n 0\n ),\n \"Max Capacity (kWh)\": x.maxCapacitykWh,\n \"Nominal Capacity (kWh)\": x.nominalCapacitykWh,\n \"Charge 1C-Rate (kW)\": x.chargeRate1CW / kilo\n })),\n {\n format: {\n \"Charge 1C-Rate (kW)\": formatterkWh,\n \"Max Capacity (kWh)\": formatterkWh,\n \"Nominal Capacity (kWh)\": formatterkWh\n },\n width: {\n Model: 120,\n \"Current Limit (A)\": 120,\n \"Max Capacity (kWh)\": 150,\n \"Nominal Capacity (kWh)\": 160\n },\n required: false,\n multiple: false\n }\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":289,"value":"## Chargers","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5524,"value":"class ChargeSource {\n constructor(name, inputCurrent, inputVoltage, type) {\n this.name = name;\n this.inputCurrent = inputCurrent;\n this.inputVoltage = inputVoltage;\n this.type = type;\n }\n\n get maxPowerW() {\n return this.inputCurrent * this.inputVoltage;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7230,"value":"chargingUnits = [\n new ChargeSource(\"HK-J 3.3\", 15, 220, \"L2\"),\n new ChargeSource(\"Zero XMX Calex 0.72\", 6.5, 110, \"L1\"),\n new ChargeSource(\"Zero SDS Calex 1.3\", 13, 110, \"L1\"),\n new ChargeSource(\"Zero Charge Tank v1\", 12, 220, \"L2\"),\n new ChargeSource(\"Zero Charge Tank v2\", 30, 220, \"L2\"),\n new ChargeSource(\"Energica Onboard 3kW AC\", 14, 220, \"L2\")\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":323,"value":"chargeSources = [\n new ChargeSource(\"NEMA 5-15P\", 15, 110, \"L1\"),\n new ChargeSource(\"J1772 3.3\", 15, 220, \"L2\"),\n new ChargeSource(\"J1772 6.6\", 30, 220, \"L2\"),\n new ChargeSource(\"NEMA 14-50\", 45, 220, \"L2\"),\n new ChargeSource(\"NACS-AC\", 80, 220, \"L2\"),\n new ChargeSource(\"CCS 24kW\", 80, 300, \"L3\")\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9652,"value":"class ChargerConfig {\n constructor(source, numSources, chargerEfficiency = 0.97) {\n this.source = source;\n this.count = numSources;\n this.chargerEfficiency = chargerEfficiency;\n }\n\n get chargeRateW() {\n const perChargeSourcePowerW =\n this.source.chargeRateW || this.source.maxPowerW;\n return perChargeSourcePowerW * this.count * this.chargerEfficiency;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9746,"value":"energicaChargingOptions = [\n chargeSources.find((x) => x.name === \"J1772 3.3\"),\n chargeSources.find((x) => x.name === \"CCS 24kW\")\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9741,"value":"energicaChargerConfigs = EnergicaModels.flatMap((energicaModel) => {\n return energicaChargingOptions.map(\n (chargeSource) =>\n new TravelConfig(energicaModel, new ChargerConfig(chargeSource, 1))\n );\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1307,"value":"baseVehicleChargerConfigs = chargeSources.flatMap((source) => {\n let numChargers = 1;\n const chargeLimit = baseVehicle.chargeRate1CW;\n let chargeRateW = 0;\n const results = [];\n while (chargeRateW < chargeLimit && numChargers < 3) {\n const chargeConfig = new ChargerConfig(source, numChargers);\n results.push({\n source,\n count: numChargers,\n chargeRateW: chargeConfig.chargeRateW\n });\n numChargers += 1;\n }\n return results;\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4419,"value":"## Riding\nWe need some basic strategy for battery management while riding. Charging is most effective from 10-90% SoC, since it's limited at the low end and tapered at the top end.\n\nAlso, a safety margin protects against contingencies that could strand us! Such as:\n- Reduced performance from headwinds or cold/wet weather.\n- Partial reduction of power or failure from the destination charging station.\n - We need enough charge to make it to another nearby or backup option to charge at.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":713,"value":"minSoCPct = Inputs.range([0,100], {\n label: 'Min %SoC per leg',\n value: 10,\n step: 1\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":707,"value":"maxSoCPct = Inputs.range([0,100], {\n label: 'Max %SoC per leg',\n value: 90,\n step: 1\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6337,"value":"We'll also limit the speeds to consider:\n* Riding _too slowly_ risks collisions from faster-moving vehicles.\n* Riding _too fast_ endangers ourselves or drains the battery too quickly.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1238,"value":"viewof minSpeedMPH = Inputs.range([25, 110], {\n label: 'Min Speed (mph)',\n value: 45\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1246,"value":"viewof maxSpeedMPH = Inputs.range([25, 110], {\n label: 'Max Speed (mph)',\n value: 90,\n step: 5\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1730,"value":"travelSpeedRange = d3.range(minSpeedMPH, maxSpeedMPH)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":894,"value":"## Ride and Charge","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1368,"value":"viewof chargerConfig = Inputs.select(baseVehicleChargerConfigs, {\n label: \"Charging Config:\",\n format: (x) => x.source.name + (x.count > 1 ? \" ⨉ \" + x.count : \"\"),\n value: baseVehicleChargerConfigs.find(\n (x) => x.source.name === \"J1772 6.6\" && x.count === 2\n )\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6079,"value":"viewof timeToAndFromChargingMin = Inputs.range([0, 10], {\n label: \"Time Spent between Travel and Charging (min)\",\n value: 4\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4089,"value":"function rideAndChargeDataAtBounds(rideAndChargeData) {\n const result = [];\n let index = 0;\n let currentActivity = rideAndChargeData[0].activity;\n let activityID = 0;\n result.push({...rideAndChargeData[0], activityID});\n const lastIndex = rideAndChargeData.length - 1;\n while (index < lastIndex) {\n const nextActivityDatumIndex = rideAndChargeData.findIndex(function (x, eachIndex) {\n return eachIndex > index && x.activity !== currentActivity;\n });\n if (nextActivityDatumIndex <= index) {\n index = lastIndex;\n } else {\n index = nextActivityDatumIndex;\n const currentActivityEndDatum = rideAndChargeData[index - 1];\n result.push({...currentActivityEndDatum, activityID});\n const nextActivityDatum = rideAndChargeData[index];\n result.push({...nextActivityDatum, activityID});\n currentActivity = nextActivityDatum.activity;\n activityID++;\n }\n }\n result.push({...rideAndChargeData[rideAndChargeData.length - 1], activityID});\n return result;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1051,"value":"function summarizeRideAndChargeData(rideAndChargeData) {\n const firstDatum = rideAndChargeData[0];\n const lastRideDatum = rideAndChargeData.findLast(\n (x) => x.activity === \"Riding\"\n );\n const lastDatum = lastOf(rideAndChargeData);\n const totalTimeElapsedMin = lastDatum.minute;\n const rideTimeElapsedMin = lastRideDatum.minute;\n const chargeTimeElapsedMin = totalTimeElapsedMin - rideTimeElapsedMin;\n return {\n rideSpeedMPH: firstDatum.rideSpeedMPH,\n travelSpeedMPH: roundToDigits(\n lastDatum.distanceMi / (totalTimeElapsedMin / minutesPerHour),\n 3\n ),\n totalTimeElapsedMin,\n rideTimeElapsedMin,\n chargeTimeElapsedMin,\n rideChargeTimeRatio: roundToDigits(\n rideTimeElapsedMin / chargeTimeElapsedMin,\n 3\n ),\n rideTotalTimeRatio: roundToDigits(\n rideTimeElapsedMin / totalTimeElapsedMin,\n 3\n ),\n distanceMi: roundToDigits(lastDatum.distanceMi, 3),\n efficiencyWhPerMi: firstDatum.efficiencyWhPerMi\n };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4333,"value":"# Rate of Travel\nWhen you drive, charge, and drive again, there’s an overall speed achieved we’ll call the ___rate of travel___, AKA _travel speed_ or _sustained speed_, which describes how many miles one can travel per hour, hour after hour. For a given driver, this is probably experienced as ___miles per day___, since eventually fatigue sets in and the body needs to rest at night, but _rate of travel_ helps work the vehicle’s limits before taking the driver’s different expectations and needs into account.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4341,"value":"v_{travel}=\\frac {d_{travel}} {t_{travel}} = \\frac {d_{drive} + {\\cancel {d_{charge}}}} {t_{drive} + t_{charge}} = \\frac {d_{drive}} {t_{drive} + t_{charge}}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"tex","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4459,"value":"## Example: Riding and Charging with NEMA 14-50","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7734,"value":"class RidingConditions {\n constructor(groundSpeedMPH, airSpeedDeltaMPH, ambientTempC) {\n this.groundSpeedMPH = groundSpeedMPH;\n this.airSpeedDeltaMPH = airSpeedDeltaMPH;\n this.ambientTempC = ambientTempC;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7415,"value":"$4c","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9533,"value":"lowPowerAC = chargeSources.find((x) => x.name === \"NEMA 14-50\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9696,"value":"lowPowerACrideConfig = new TravelConfig(baseVehicle, lowPowerAC)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":997,"value":"lowPowerACrideAndChargeCycles = lowPowerACrideConfig.rideAndChargeCyclesPerSpeed()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1027,"value":"$4d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6189,"value":"function vehicleRideSpeedEffectsViz(vehicle, chargeConfig, rideAndChargeData) {\n const tooltipFields = vl.tooltip([\n \"rideSpeedMPH\",\n \"travelSpeedMPH\",\n \"distanceMi\"\n ]);\n return vl\n .hconcat(\n timeVsDistanceOverRidingSpeedViz(rideAndChargeData, tooltipFields),\n travelVsRidingSpeedViz(\n rideAndChargeData.map(summarizeRideAndChargeData),\n tooltipFields\n )\n )\n .repeat(\"layer\")\n .config({\n legend: {\n orient: \"top\",\n symbolDirection: \"horizontal\"\n }\n })\n .title(new TravelConfig(vehicle, chargeConfig).description);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2290,"value":"viewof headwindSpeedMph = Inputs.range([-headwindMaxMPH, headwindMaxMPH], {\n step: 5,\n value: 0,\n label: \"Headwinds (mph)\",\n description: \"Relative airspeed; positive is a headwind, negative a tailwind\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4463,"value":"vehicleRideSpeedEffectsViz(\n baseVehicle,\n new ChargerConfig(lowPowerAC, 1),\n lowPowerACrideAndChargeCycles\n).render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5825,"value":"So, there's a subtle trend in how much distance we cover over time, and all of our travel legs stopping at the same charging station that refills the battery in the same amount of time does slow us down.\n\nIf we have a choice, we'll prefer the fastest charging station we can get to, and the increased range from streamlining increases our options.\n\nNotice that the rate of travel actually declines pretty early after a cruising speed of ${showSpeedMPH(55)}. So, cruising faster than that on a stock electric motorcycle means we'll travel more slowly!","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5970,"value":"## How Rate of Travel Tops Out\nWe see that simulating an electric motorcycle traveling and then charging has some kind of diminishing return above a certain speed. Riders have experienced it as well, although it's a little hard to define when you're on your own just traveling, because you can't compare with other speeds - you tried what you tried, and got the results you did.\n\nSo, what's going on?\n* Going faster by definition arrives earlier as long as you succeed in reaching that destination.\n* And it's good to go faster! Up to some point where it doesn't.\n* At some point, any extra effort put into a higher speed _once combined with the charging to recover your range_ results in a higher time spent overall.\n\nSo, this seems to mean that charging changes the tradeoff you make with cruising speeds. Can we fix it by charging faster?","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5982,"value":"## Rate of Travel with Faster Charging\nLet's say we can use an AC charger at its full rate (${maxAC.inputCurrent}A × ${maxAC.inputVoltage}V = ${showPowerW(maxAC.maxPowerW)}). So, we charge faster and spend less time not going anywhere refilling our battery.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9519,"value":"maxAC = chargeSources.find((x) => x.name === \"NACS-AC\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1091,"value":"maxACrides = new TravelConfig(\n baseVehicle,\n maxAC\n).rideAndChargeCyclesPerSpeed()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1088,"value":"vehicleRideSpeedEffectsViz(\n baseVehicle,\n baseVehicleChargerConfigs.find((x) => x.source.name === \"NACS-AC\"),\n maxACrides\n).render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5822,"value":"The rate of travel now peaks closer to ${showSpeedMPH(38.4)} vs the ${showSpeedMPH(32)} we had before. That's an improvement! After a 10-hour day of riding and charging, we might travel ${showDistanceMi(390)}, instead of ${showDistanceMi(330)}.\n\nBut there's something else going on. The rate of travel curve actually drifts with the higher charge rate. Now we can cruise at almost ${showSpeedMPH(65)} before the rate of travel starts to decline. That's better but we're still limited.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5842,"value":"## Rate of Travel with Streamlining\nSo, let's see what streamlining buys us. We'll go bold just to make the difference really noticeable, but even a more modest change will have the effect in the same direction.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1189,"value":"class StreamlinedModel extends StockModel {\n constructor(\n chassis,\n batteries,\n Cd,\n frontalAreaSqM,\n additionalWeightLbs = 50\n ) {\n super(chassis, batteries);\n this._Cd = Cd;\n this._frontalArea = frontalAreaSqM;\n this._additionalWeightLbs = additionalWeightLbs;\n }\n\n get peakPowerW() {\n return this.chassis.peakPowerW;\n }\n\n get Cd() {\n return this._Cd || this.chassis.Cd;\n }\n\n get frontalAreaSqM() {\n return this._frontalArea || this.chassis.aeroAreaSqM;\n }\n\n get weightLbs() {\n return super.weightLbs + this._additionalWeightLbs;\n }\n\n get label() {\n return \"Streamlined \" + super.label;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1836,"value":"viewof hypotheticalCd = Inputs.range([0.5, 0.68], { label: 'Cd Stock', step: 0.01, value: 0.65})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1847,"value":"viewof streamlinedCd = Inputs.range([0.2, 0.5], {\n label: \"Streamlined Cd\",\n step: 0.001,\n value: 0.3\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8374,"value":"viewof streamlinedFrontalAreaSqM = Inputs.range([0.5, 1.0], {\n label: \"Streamlined Frontal Area (m²)\",\n step: 0.001,\n value: 0.877\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1275,"value":"streamlinedZero144PT = new StreamlinedModel(\n ZeroDSRChassis,\n [ZeroMonolith144, ZeroBatteryBrick36],\n streamlinedCd,\n streamlinedFrontalAreaSqM\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8859,"value":"$4e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9711,"value":"streamlinedMaxACconfig = new TravelConfig(streamlinedZero144PT, maxAC)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1283,"value":"streamlinedMaxACrides = streamlinedMaxACconfig.rideAndChargeCyclesPerSpeed()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5815,"value":"Let's look at how the travel leg works at different cruising speeds. We'll color the different ways to run the travel leg by speed; colder being slower, and hotter being faster:","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1285,"value":"$4f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5806,"value":"First, the bike is traveling almost twice as far every time it rides, by how much distance is covered on the left. We're traveling the same speed each time, so we're also riding for almost twice as long. And so even though the charge times are the same, we don't have to use them as often. That's the main improvement.\n\nBut there's something else going on. The rate of travel curve actually changes with streamlining. On a stock bike, going faster than about ${showSpeedMPH(60)} results in _slower_ rates of travel; but the streamlined bike just keeps going _faster_ (until ${showSpeedMPH(82)}). Why is that?\n\nLet's show what these legs look like when we repeat riding and charging:","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3958,"value":"function repeatRideAndChargeData(rideAndChargeData, newCycles = 1) {\n let result = rideAndChargeData;\n for (let cycle = 0; cycle < newCycles; cycle++) {\n const lastDatum = result[result.length - 1];\n const lastMinute = lastDatum.minute;\n const lastRideDistanceMi = lastDatum.distanceMi;\n const timeSpentBetweenRideAndCharge = timeToAndFromChargingMin;\n const newCycleData = rideAndChargeData.map(x => ({\n ...x,\n minute: x.minute + lastMinute + timeSpentBetweenRideAndCharge / 2,\n distanceMi: x.distanceMi + lastRideDistanceMi,\n }));\n result = result.concat(newCycleData);\n }\n return result;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3920,"value":"$50","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5811,"value":"Visibly, streamlined ride expands the time and distance of the riding segments, compared to the charging segments. We either charge a shorter amount of time or stop to charge less often.\n\nBy how much? It looks like the same ratio as the drag reduction:","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4920,"value":"{\n const timeRatioY = vl.y().fieldQ('rideChargeTimeRatio')\n .axis({title: 'Ride/Charge Time Ratio', tickCount: 20});\n const tooltipFields = vl.tooltip(['rideSpeedMPH', 'rideChargeTimeRatio', 'distanceMi']);\n\n return vl.layer(\n vl.markLine()\n .data(maxACrides.map(summarizeRideAndChargeData))\n .title(baseVehicle.label + ' (using NACS-AC)')\n .encode(\n rideSpeedX,\n timeRatioY,\n tooltipFields,\n vl.color().value('darkblue')\n ),\n vl.markLine()\n .data(streamlinedMaxACrides.map(summarizeRideAndChargeData))\n .title(streamlinedZero144PT.label + ' (using NACS-AC)')\n .encode(\n rideSpeedX,\n timeRatioY,\n tooltipFields,\n vl.color().value('green')\n )\n ).title('Time Spent Riding vs Charging').render();\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1526,"value":"rideDataForConfigs = [\n [\"Stock; 0.7C\", lowPowerACrideAndChargeCycles],\n [\"Stock; 1C\", maxACrides],\n [\n \"Streamlined; 0.7C\",\n new TravelConfig(\n streamlinedZero144PT,\n lowPowerAC\n ).rideAndChargeCyclesPerSpeed()\n ],\n [\"Streamlined; 1C\", streamlinedMaxACrides]\n].flatMap(([configName, rides]) =>\n rides.map(summarizeRideAndChargeData).map((x) => ({ ...x, config: configName }))\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1697,"value":"function peaksByConfigForRideData(rideDataWithConfigs) {\n const peaksByConfig = {};\n rideDataWithConfigs.forEach(function (rideData) {\n const { config, travelSpeedMPH } = rideData;\n if (!peaksByConfig[config] || peaksByConfig[config].travelSpeedMPH < travelSpeedMPH) {\n peaksByConfig[config] = rideData;\n }\n });\n return peaksByConfig;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1532,"value":"rideDataPeaksForConfigs = Object.values(peaksByConfigForRideData(rideDataForConfigs));","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9403,"value":"function travelDataFromLegData(\n rideData,\n travelLengthMi,\n includeLastChargeLeg = false\n) {\n const { rideSpeedMPH, travelSpeedMPH, distanceMi, chargeTimeElapsedMin } =\n rideData;\n const chargeLegTimeHours = chargeTimeElapsedMin / 60;\n let travelTimeHours = travelLengthMi / travelSpeedMPH;\n if (!includeLastChargeLeg && travelTimeHours > chargeLegTimeHours) {\n // Exclude the last charging stop\n travelTimeHours -= chargeLegTimeHours;\n }\n const rideTimeHours = travelLengthMi / rideSpeedMPH;\n const chargeTimeHours = travelTimeHours - rideTimeHours;\n return {\n ...rideData,\n legDistanceMi: roundToDigits(distanceMi, 3),\n rideTimeHours: roundToDigits(rideTimeHours, 3),\n travelTimeHours: roundToDigits(travelTimeHours, 4),\n travelRideChargeTimeRatio: roundToDigits(rideTimeHours / chargeTimeHours, 3),\n distanceMi: travelLengthMi\n };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2033,"value":"$51","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9782,"value":"$52","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1803,"value":"# Hypothetical Model\nHere, we'll depict the current (shifting) state-of-the-art highway capable electric motorcycle with optimistic large battery pack, and either J1772 (${chargeSources.find(x => x.name === 'J1772 6.6').maxPowerW}) or CCS-based (${chargeSources.find(x => x.name === 'CCS 24kW').maxPowerW}) charging.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1680,"value":"hypotheticalModelChassis = new ModelChassis(\n \"Blammo\",\n \"HyperSport\",\n \"Sport\",\n 300,\n 100,\n 52000,\n 157,\n 0.02,\n hypotheticalCd,\n 0.9,\n 0.95,\n 0.95\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1720,"value":"hypotheticalBattery = new ZeroBattery(new ZeroBatteryBrick(3.6, 33), 6);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1711,"value":"hypotheticalStockModel = new StockModel(hypotheticalModelChassis, [\n hypotheticalBattery\n])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1715,"value":"hypotheticalStreamlinedModel = new StreamlinedModel(\n hypotheticalModelChassis,\n hypotheticalStockModel.batteries,\n streamlinedCd,\n streamlinedFrontalAreaSqM\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1685,"value":"hypotheticalChargingConfigs = ({\n base: baseVehicleChargerConfigs.find((x) => x.source.name === \"J1772 6.6\"),\n upgraded: baseVehicleChargerConfigs.find((x) => x.source.name === \"CCS 24kW\")\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1857,"value":"dataForHypotheticalConfigs = [\n [\n \"Stock; J1772 6.6kW\",\n new TravelConfig(\n hypotheticalStockModel,\n hypotheticalChargingConfigs.base\n ).rideAndChargeCyclesPerSpeed()\n ],\n [\n \"Stock; CCS 24kW\",\n new TravelConfig(\n hypotheticalStockModel,\n hypotheticalChargingConfigs.upgraded\n ).rideAndChargeCyclesPerSpeed()\n ],\n [\n \"Streamlined; J1772 6.6kW\",\n new TravelConfig(\n hypotheticalStreamlinedModel,\n hypotheticalChargingConfigs.base\n ).rideAndChargeCyclesPerSpeed()\n ],\n [\n \"Streamlined; CCS 24kW\",\n new TravelConfig(\n hypotheticalStreamlinedModel,\n hypotheticalChargingConfigs.upgraded\n ).rideAndChargeCyclesPerSpeed()\n ]\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1686,"value":"rideDataForHypotheticalConfigs = dataForHypotheticalConfigs.flatMap(\n ([configName, rides]) => rides.map(summarizeRideAndChargeData).map(x => ({ ...x, config: configName})));","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1695,"value":"rideDataPeaksForHypotheticalConfigs = Object.values(peaksByConfigForRideData(rideDataForHypotheticalConfigs));","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2088,"value":"$53","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2104,"value":"# Physics","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":654,"value":"## Air Density\nIdeal gas law per [Density of Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_air)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":632,"value":"\\rho = \\frac{p}{R_\\text{specific} T}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"tex","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":65,"value":"airDensityPerAmbientC = [[-10, 1.341],\n[-5, 1.316],\n[0, 1.293],\n[5, 1.269],\n[10, 1.247],\n[15, 1.225],\n[20, 1.204],\n[25, 1.184],\n[30, 1.164],\n[35, 1.144]]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":427,"value":"function airDensityCalc(airTempC /* °C */, airPressureAbsPa = 101325 /* 1ATM in Pa */) {\n // Ideal gas law per https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_air\n const specificGasConstant = 287.058; // Rd, for dry air in J/(kg·K)\n const airDensity = 1.2041 ; // for dry air at 20°C + 1atm in kg/m³\n const airTempK = convert(airTempC).from('C').to('K'); // T, in K\n return airPressureAbsPa / (specificGasConstant * airTempK);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":562,"value":"vl.layer(\n vl.markPoint()\n .data(airDensityPerAmbientC.map(([temp, density]) => ({temp, density})))\n .encode(\n vl.x().fieldQ('temp').axis({title: 'Air Temp (°C)'}),\n vl.y().fieldQ('density').axis({title: 'Air Density (kg/m³)'})\n ),\n vl.markLine()\n .data(d3.range(-10,35).map((temp) => ({temp, est: airDensityCalc(temp)})))\n .encode(\n vl.x().fieldQ('temp').axis({title: 'Air Temp (°C)'}),\n vl.y().fieldQ('est').axis({title: 'Air Density (kg/m³)'})\n )\n).title('Density of Dry Air at 1 atm')\n .render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":649,"value":"### Air Density by Humidity and Altitude\nIdeal gas law per [Density of Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_air)\n\nNot yet implemented.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":636,"value":"\\rho_\\text{humid air} = \\frac{p_\\text{d}}{R_\\text{d} T} + \\frac{p_\\text{v}}{R_\\text{v} T} = \\frac{p_\\text{d}M_\\text{d} + p_\\text{v}M_\\text{v}}{R T}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"tex","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9904,"value":"function airDensityCalc2() {}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2197,"value":"## Drag\nSee the [Drag Equation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_equation)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2201,"value":"F_D = \\tfrac12 \\rho v^2 C_D A","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"tex","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2235,"value":"* _v_ represents the airspeed, not just the groundspeed, of the vehicle.\n* _ρ_ represents the air density, which depends on pressure from altitude and weather, as well as temperature and humidity\n* _C_D_ represents the coefficient of drag\n* _A_ represents the frontal area, and _C_DA_ represents _drag area_","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2207,"value":"## Rolling Resistance\nSee [Rolling resistance coefficient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_resistance#Rolling_resistance_coefficient)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2226,"value":"\\ F_{rr} = C_{rr} \\times N","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"tex","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2231,"value":"* _C_rr_ represents the coefficient of rolling resistance, depending on the tire contact patch and drivetrain elements\n* _N_ represents the _normal force_ (the weight of the vehicle on level ground)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2239,"value":"## Power\n[Mechanical power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_%28physics%29#Mechanical_power) is the force applied, multiplied by the velocity (groundspeed):","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2241,"value":"P = F \\times v","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"tex","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2245,"value":"Energy expended, by comparison, or work, is the force multiplied by the distance traveled.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6391,"value":"W=F \\times s","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"tex","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6064,"value":"[Electric power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power#Definition) or electric loss is proportional to the current and voltage drop across the load, _or_ the square of current and the impedance or resistance of the load, equivalently.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6061,"value":"P = I \\times V = I \\times (I R) = I^2 \\times R","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"tex","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6224,"value":"## Headwinds","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5257,"value":"viewof headwindMaxMPH = Inputs.range([0,25], {\n step: 1,\n value: 15,\n label: 'Max Headwind Speed (mph)',\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":157,"value":"vehicleAtSpeeds = function (model, groundSpeedMPH, headwindDeltaMPH = 0) {\n const traveler = model.travelingAtSpeed(\n groundSpeedMPH,\n ambientTravelTempC,\n headwindDeltaMPH\n );\n return {\n Config: model.label,\n \"Ground Speed (mph)\": traveler.groundSpeedMPH,\n \"Air Speed (mph)\": traveler.airSpeedMPH,\n \"Headwind Speed (mph)\": traveler.airSpeedDeltaMPH,\n \"Wh/mi\": roundToDigits(traveler.efficiencyWhPerMi(), 3),\n \"Range (mi)\": roundToDigits(traveler.rangeMi(), 3),\n \"Rolling Loss (N)\": traveler.rollingLossN(),\n \"Aero Loss (N)\": traveler.aeroLossN(),\n \"Power (W)\": traveler.powerDemandW(),\n \"Nominal Current (A)\": traveler.nominalCurrentA(),\n \"Terminal Voltage Delta (V)\": traveler.terminalVoltageDelta(),\n \"Internal Power Loss (W)\": traveler.internalBatteryLossNominalW()\n };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8402,"value":"vehicleConfigs = [baseVehicle, hypotheticalStreamlinedModel]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":263,"value":"$54","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2644,"value":"# Batteries\nThese describe the batteries needed for simulation.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6387,"value":"## Zero Batteries","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5605,"value":"function projectedVoltageFromSoC(chargePCT) {\n // 94.6 + 0.363x + -5.46E-03x^2 + 4.13E-05x^3\n return 94.6\n +0.363 * chargePCT\n -5.46E-03 * chargePCT ** 2\n +4.13E-05 * chargePCT ** 3;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5595,"value":"$55","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5541,"value":"vl.hconcat(\n vl.markLine()\n .data(d3.range(0, 100).map(SoC => ({ SoC, voltage: projectedVoltageFromSoC(SoC)})))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('SoC').scale({zero: false}),\n vl.x().fieldQ('voltage').scale({zero: false})\n ),\n vl.markLine()\n .data(d3.range(94, 117, 0.25).map(voltage => ({ SoC: projectedSoCFromVoltage(voltage), voltage})))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('SoC').scale({zero: false}),\n vl.x().fieldQ('voltage').scale({zero: false})\n )\n).render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5641,"value":"class FarasisBatteryPouchCell {\n minCellVoltage = 2.75;\n maxCellVoltage = 4.2; // 4.157142;\n\n internalResistanceOhms = 0.002\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2645,"value":"$56","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2646,"value":"$57","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2647,"value":"ZeroBatteryBrick33 = new ZeroBatteryBrick(13.0/4, 29)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2648,"value":"ZeroBatteryBrick36 = new ZeroBatteryBrick(3.6, 33)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2649,"value":"class ZeroBatteries {\n static options = [[ZeroBatteryBrick33, [1, 2, 3, 4]], [ZeroBatteryBrick36, [1, 2, 4]]].flatMap(([brick, counts]) => counts.map(count => new ZeroBattery(brick, count)))\n static for(brickType, brickCount) {\n return this.options.find(function (x) { return x.brick === brickType && x.brickCount === brickCount; });\n }\n\n static longBrickOf(brickType) {\n return this.for(brickType, 2);\n }\n\n static monolithOf(brickType) {\n return this.for(brickType, 4);\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2651,"value":"ZeroLongBrick65 = ZeroBatteries.longBrickOf(ZeroBatteryBrick33)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2652,"value":"ZeroMonolith13 = ZeroBatteries.monolithOf(ZeroBatteryBrick33)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2653,"value":"ZeroBrick36 = ZeroBatteries.for(ZeroBatteryBrick36, 1)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2654,"value":"ZeroLongBrick72 = ZeroBatteries.longBrickOf(ZeroBatteryBrick36)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2655,"value":"ZeroMonolith144 = ZeroBatteries.monolithOf(ZeroBatteryBrick36)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6389,"value":"## Energica Batteries","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7539,"value":"$58","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5407,"value":"## Battery Heating\nHere, we model the effects of drawing current from the battery on its internal chemistry, in terms of heat produced and voltage droop.\n\nIn principle, we should be able to model how heat and temperature builds up across the pack volume, but this is relatively complex, and we may opt for an experiment-driven model.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5626,"value":"function internalPowerLossW(battery, batteryCurrentA) {\n return Math.pow(batteryCurrentA, 2) * battery.internalResistanceOhms;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5476,"value":"vl.markLine()\n .data([hypotheticalStockModel, hypotheticalStreamlinedModel].flatMap(\n (model) =>\n travelSpeedRange.map(groundSpeedMPH => vehicleAtSpeeds(model, groundSpeedMPH, 0))))\n .encode(\n vl.x().fieldQ('Ground Speed (mph)'),\n vl.y().fieldQ({repeat: 'repeat'}),\n vl.color().fieldO('Config').title('Configuration')\n )\n .width(250)\n .repeat(['Nominal Current (A)', 'Internal Power Loss (W)', 'Terminal Voltage Delta (V)'])\n .config({legend: topLegendConfig})\n .render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5629,"value":"vl.markLine()\n .data([0, 10000].map(chargePowerW => ({\n 'Charging Power (kW)': chargePowerW / kilo,\n 'Terminal Voltage Lift (V)': baseVehicle.terminalVoltageDelta(-chargePowerW / baseVehicle.primaryBattery.nominalVoltage)\n })))\n .encode(\n vl.x().fieldQ('Charging Power (kW)'),\n vl.y().fieldQ('Terminal Voltage Lift (V)')\n ).render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":250,"value":"# Utilities\n## Imports","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1137,"value":"import {toc} from \"@bryangingechen/toc\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7583,"value":"## Dimensioned Units","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9812,"value":"### Unit Conversions","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":400,"value":"convert = require(\"https://bundle.run/convert-units@2.3.4\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":493,"value":"function convertMPHtoSI(speedMPH) {\n //return convert(speedMPH).from('m/h').to('m/s');\n return speedMPH / 2.23694;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9028,"value":"function convertSISpeedToMPH(speedSI) {\n //return convert(speedSI).from(\"m/s\").to(\"m/h\");\n return speedSI * 2.23694;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9587,"value":"function fixupUnits(units) {\n if (units === 'm/h') {\n return 'mph';\n }\n return units;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4565,"value":"kWhPerGallonOfGas = 33.705 // ref. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent#Electric_and_plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicles","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7576,"value":"minutesPerHour = 60","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9155,"value":"kilo = 1000","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9814,"value":"### Unit Display","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6408,"value":"function showMeasure(\n value,\n srcUnit,\n altUnit = undefined,\n formatter = d3.format(\",.0f\")\n) {\n if (typeof formatter === \"string\") {\n formatter = d3.format(formatter);\n }\n const srcFormatted = formatter(value);\n if (altUnit) {\n const altValue = convert(value).from(srcUnit).to(altUnit);\n const altFormatted = formatter(altValue);\n return `${srcFormatted}${fixupUnits(srcUnit)} (${altFormatted}${fixupUnits(\n altUnit\n )})`;\n } else {\n return `${srcFormatted}${fixupUnits(srcUnit)}`;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7566,"value":"function showDistanceMi(distanceMi) {\n return showMeasure(distanceMi, 'mi', 'km', '.0f')\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9573,"value":"function showPowerW(powerW) {\n return showMeasure(powerW, \"W\", \"kW\", \".0f\");\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9581,"value":"function showEnergyKWh(energyKWH, toGas = false) {\n if (toGas) {\n return `${showMeasure(energyKWH, \"kWh\")} ${showMeasure(\n energyKWH / kWhPerGallonOfGas,\n \"gal\"\n )}`;\n }\n return showMeasure(energyKWH, \"kWh\");\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6742,"value":"function showSpeedMPH(speedMPH) {\n return showMeasure(speedMPH, 'm/h', 'km/h', '.0f');\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8455,"value":"function roundToDigits(num, numDigits) {\n return +num.toPrecision(numDigits);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8334,"value":"formatterkWh = sparkBarWithDecimals(25, 1)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9819,"value":"## General Utilities","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7494,"value":"function identity(x) { return x; }","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7488,"value":"function lastOf(anArray) {\n return anArray.findLast(identity);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2561,"value":"## Visualization Definitions","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1989,"value":"import {vl} from '@vega/vega-lite-api-v5'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5041,"value":"import {sparkbar} from \"@observablehq/input-table\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8207,"value":"function sparkBarWithDecimals(max, n) {\n const sparkBarFormatter = sparkbar(max);\n const formatter = d3.format(`.${n}f`);\n return (x) => sparkBarFormatter(formatter(x));\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7352,"value":"function tableOfData(dataPoints, columnNames) {\n return vl\n .markText()\n .data(dataPoints)\n .transform(\n vl.window({ op: \"row_number\", as: \"row_num\" }),\n vl.fold(columnNames)\n )\n .encode(\n vl\n .x()\n .fieldN(\"key\")\n .axis({\n orient: \"top\",\n labelAngle: 0,\n title: null,\n domain: false,\n ticks: false\n })\n .scale({ padding: 15 }),\n vl.y().fieldO(\"row_num\").axis(null),\n vl.text().fieldN(\"value\")\n )\n .config({ view: { stroke: null } });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2563,"value":"socPctY = vl.y().fieldQ('SoC').axis({title: 'SoC (%)'}).scale({domain: [0,100]})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2571,"value":"rideSpeedColor = vl\n .color()\n .fieldQ(\"rideSpeedMPH\")\n .title(\"Ride Speed (mph)\")\n .scale({\n domain: [minSpeedMPH, maxSpeedMPH],\n scheme: \"turbo\",\n reversed: true\n })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4989,"value":"rideSpeedX = vl.x().fieldQ('rideSpeedMPH').axis({title: 'Ride Speed (mph)'}).scale({ zero: false });","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2578,"value":"travelSpeedY = vl.y().fieldQ('travelSpeedMPH').axis({title: 'Rate of Travel (mph)'}).scale({ domain: [0,60]})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6004,"value":"topLegendConfig = ({\n orient: 'top',\n symbolDirection: 'horizontal',\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6283,"value":"function travelLegSummariesMaxByTravelSpeed(travelLegSummaries) {\n return travelLegSummaries.reduce((maxSummary, eachSummary) =>\n eachSummary.travelSpeedMPH > maxSummary.travelSpeedMPH\n ? eachSummary\n : maxSummary\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4979,"value":"function travelVsRidingSpeedViz(travelLegSummaries, tooltipFields) {\n const peakTravelLegSummary =\n travelLegSummariesMaxByTravelSpeed(travelLegSummaries);\n return vl.data(travelLegSummaries).layer(\n vl\n .markLine({ point: true, interpolate: \"monotone\" })\n .title(\"Rate of Travel vs Riding Speed\")\n .encode(rideSpeedX, travelSpeedY, rideSpeedColor, tooltipFields),\n vl.layer(\n vl\n .markRule({ color: \"#aaa\" })\n .data([peakTravelLegSummary])\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ(\"travelSpeedMPH\"),\n vl.tooltip([\"travelSpeedMPH\"])\n ),\n vl\n .markPoint({ color: \"black\" })\n .data([peakTravelLegSummary])\n .encode(\n vl.x().fieldQ(\"rideSpeedMPH\"),\n vl.y().fieldQ(\"travelSpeedMPH\"),\n vl.size().value(50),\n vl.tooltip([\"travelSpeedMPH\", \"rideSpeedMPH\"])\n )\n )\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5009,"value":"$59","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3938,"value":"powerKW = vl.calculate('datum.powerW / 1000').as('powerKW')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4025,"value":"speedWithChargingMPH = vl.calculate('datum.speedMPH + datum.chargeRateMPH').as('speedWithChargingMPH')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8505,"value":"# Performance","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8550,"value":"## Top Speed","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8475,"value":"// Ref. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/130090/max-speed-as-a-function-of-engine-power\nfunction topSpeed(maxPowerW, airDensity, Cd, frontalAreaSqM) {\n return Math.cbrt((2 * maxPowerW) / (airDensity * Cd * frontalAreaSqM));\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8507,"value":"function topSpeedMPH(maxPowerW, airDensity, Cd, frontalAreaSqM) {\n return convertSISpeedToMPH(topSpeed(maxPowerW, airDensity, Cd, frontalAreaSqM));\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":10080,"value":"viewof airTempC = Inputs.range([0, 100], {\n label: \"Air Temp (C)\",\n step: 5,\n value: 20\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8570,"value":"airDensityPerf = airDensityCalc(airTempC)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9863,"value":"topSpeeds = [\n {\n Model: \"Energica Ego\",\n Config: \"Stock\",\n TopSpeedMPH: topSpeedMPH(\n EnergicaEgoChassis.peakPowerW,\n airDensityPerf,\n EnergicaEgoChassis.Cd,\n EnergicaEgoChassis.frontalAreaSqM\n )\n },\n {\n Model: \"Energica Ego\",\n Config: \"Streamlined\",\n TopSpeedMPH: topSpeedMPH(\n EnergicaEgoChassis.peakPowerW,\n airDensityPerf,\n 0.31,\n 0.9\n )\n },\n {\n Model: \"Zero DSR\",\n Config: \"Stock\",\n TopSpeedMPH: topSpeedMPH(\n ZeroDSRChassis.peakPowerW,\n airDensityPerf,\n ZeroDSRChassis.Cd,\n ZeroDSRChassis.frontalAreaSqM\n )\n },\n {\n Model: \"Zero DSR\",\n Config: \"Streamlined\",\n TopSpeedMPH: topSpeedMPH(\n ZeroDSRChassis.peakPowerW,\n airDensityPerf,\n 0.289,\n 0.861\n )\n }\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9866,"value":"Plot.plot({\n title: \"Theoretical Top Speed\",\n marginLeft: 100,\n marginRight: 100,\n width: width,\n x: {\n label: \"Top Speed (mph)\"\n },\n y: {\n type: \"band\"\n },\n color: {\n scheme: \"Greens\",\n legend: true\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.auto(topSpeeds, {x: \"TopSpeedMPH\", y: \"Config\", fy: \"Model\", color: \"Config\"})\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8552,"value":"## Acceleration","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8613,"value":"Per [Vehicle acceleration and maximum speed modeling and simulation](https://x-engineer.org/vehicle-acceleration-maximum-speed-modeling-simulation/), traction force is impacted by inertia, road slope, rolling load, and aerodynamic drag:\n> ${tex`F_t = F_i + F_s + F_{rr} + F_D`}\n\nwhere:\n* ${tex`F_t`} [N] – traction force\n* ${tex`F_i = m_v \\cdot a_v`} [N] – inertial force\n* ${tex`F_s = m_v \\cdot g \\cdot sin(\\alpha_s)`} [N] – road slope force _(ignoring, as ${tex`\\alpha_s = 0`})_\n* ${tex`F_{rr}`} [N] – road load force\n* ${tex`F_D`} [N] – aerodynamic drag force","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8636,"value":"The traction force [N] depends on the engine torque, engaged transmission gear ratio, final drive ratio (differential) and wheel radius:\n> ${tex`F_t = \\frac{T_e \\cdot i_x \\cdot i_0 \\cdot \\mu_d} {r_{wd}}`}\n\nwhere:\n* ${tex`T_e`} [Nm] – engine torque\n* ${tex`i_x`} – transmission gear ratio\n* ${tex`i_0`} – final drive ratio\n* ${tex`\\mu_d`} – driveline efficiency\n* ${tex`r_{wd} = 0.98 \\cdot r_{ws}`} [m] – dynamic (vs static) wheel radius, due to compression while in motion\n\nThe traction force is limited by the wheel friction coefficient in the contact patch _(ignoring)_.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8688,"value":"Difference in aerodynamic force (${tex`F_D`}) per velocity ${tex`v`}:\n> ${tex`\\Delta F_D = \\tfrac12 \\rho v^2 C_{D1} A_1 - \\tfrac12 \\rho v^2 C_{D0} A_0`}\n> ${tex`= \\tfrac12 \\rho v^2 (C_{D1} A_1 - C_{D0} A_0)`}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8725,"value":"function deltaDragForceN(groundSpeedMPH, tempC, streamlinedModel, baseModel) {\n const baseTraveling = baseModel.travelingAtSpeed(groundSpeedMPH, tempC);\n const streamlinedTraveling = streamlinedModel.travelingAtSpeed(\n groundSpeedMPH,\n tempC\n );\n return (\n (baseTraveling.powerDemandW() - streamlinedTraveling.powerDemandW()) /\n convertMPHtoSI(groundSpeedMPH)\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8719,"value":"So, from a stock Zero DSR to the proposed streamlined Zero DSR:","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8784,"value":"function accelSItoMPHperSec(accelSI) {\n return convertSISpeedToMPH(accelSI);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8774,"value":"{\n const data = d3.range(1, maxSpeedMPH).map((groundSpeedMPH) => ({\n \"Ground Speed (mph)\": groundSpeedMPH,\n \"Peak Power (kW)\": baseVehicle.peakMotorPowerWforMPH(groundSpeedMPH) / kilo,\n \"Force (N)\":\n baseVehicle.peakMotorPowerWforMPH(groundSpeedMPH) /\n convertMPHtoSI(groundSpeedMPH)\n }));\n\n return vl\n .layer(\n vl\n .markLine({ tooltip: true })\n .data(data)\n .encode(\n vl.x().fieldQ(\"Ground Speed (mph)\"),\n vl.y().fieldQ(\"Peak Power (kW)\"),\n vl.color().value(\"darkblue\")\n ),\n\n vl\n .markLine({ tooltip: true })\n .data(data)\n .encode(\n vl.x().fieldQ(\"Ground Speed (mph)\"),\n vl.y().fieldQ(\"Force (N)\"),\n vl.color().value(\"green\")\n )\n )\n .resolve({ scale: { y: \"independent\" } })\n .render();\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9036,"value":"$5a","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8994,"value":"$5b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9310,"value":"function availableExcessPowerW(\n model,\n groundSpeedMPH,\n ambientTempC = ambientTravelTempC,\n motorPowerRatio = 1.0 // throttle assumed full\n) {\n const motorPowerW =\n motorPowerRatio * model.peakMotorPowerWforMPH(groundSpeedMPH);\n // Calculate acceleration from excess power (ignoring torque, etc):\n return motorPowerW - model.powerDemandW(groundSpeedMPH, ambientTempC);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9334,"value":"function forceSIAtWheelFromMotorTorque(\n motorTorqueSI,\n frontTeeth,\n rearTeeth,\n wheelDiaSI\n) {\n return (motorTorqueSI * frontTeeth) / rearTeeth / wheelDiaSI;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9242,"value":"$5c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9299,"value":"$5d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8881,"value":"$5e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9063,"value":"function timeAtPeakPowerToMPH(targetGroundSpeedMPH, model) {\n return lastOf(accelPeakPowerToSpeed(targetGroundSpeedMPH, model));\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9197,"value":"data = ({\n \"Base\": timeAtPeakPowerToMPH(60, baseVehicle),\n \"Streamlined\": timeAtPeakPowerToMPH(60, streamlinedZero144PT)\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9065,"value":"$5f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W60","stdlib":"1"}} 47:"$46:body"