2d:null 2e:["$","title",null,{"children":"Response to Abbate | Nabil Kashyap | Observable"}] 33:T422,md` - **1969:** first version of UNIX written in low-level language - **1969:** began as gov't project - US Defense research - ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) - ARPANET - **1970s, 1980s:** no private company able to dominate market - computer manufacturers and telecommunications carriers tried - **late 1970s:** UNIX becomes first "portable" operating ststem - written in C (high-level language), could run on any comp - **late 1970s:** standardizations of TCP/IP - ARPA fully converted by 1983 - **1980s:** ARPA subsidized private TCP/IP usage - **1980s - 1990s:** NSF (National Science Foundation) took over Internet - ARPANET had become technologically obselete - NSFNET new "backbone" - **1990:** Berners-Lee creates basic system of "world wide web" - wanted multimedia data, link content sites globally - **mid 1990s:** attractive, improved, commercially publicized Web browsers - Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape - **1990s:** turned over to private sector - **1995** formally ends gov't ownership of internet `34:[] 31:{"id":"c8391c3c1b1a21ef","slug":"response-to-abbate","title":"Response to Abbate","thumbnail":"729b4a93f6e6c3dd1e95ad57d0202e30bb99c975385eacbe44be73dea0aab87f","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2019-10-11T20:19:50.833Z","update_time":"$D2019-10-11T20:19:50.833Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2019-10-11T20:20:36.779Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":true,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"92032f850a4679ab","login":"bulbil","name":"Nabil Kashyap","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/d9e8d262f1076187594d379710a3a83a646393d004ed9faaffc35a85a0f4f9ce","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":196,"publish_version":196,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"72aca3ddc200afbc","login":"bulbil","name":"Nabil Kashyap","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/d9e8d262f1076187594d379710a3a83a646393d004ed9faaffc35a85a0f4f9ce","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"72aca3ddc200afbc","login":"bulbil","name":"Nabil Kashyap","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/d9e8d262f1076187594d379710a3a83a646393d004ed9faaffc35a85a0f4f9ce","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":{"id":"2659a8847ccd20e2","slug":"making-of-the-internet","title":"Making of the Internet","owner":{"id":"92032f850a4679ab","login":"bulbil","name":"Nabil Kashyap"}},"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"Response to Abbate","cells":[{"id":63,"value":"html`\n

Response to Abbate

\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":148,"value":"html`

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`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":94,"value":"md`\n## \"Government, Business, and the Making of the Internet.”\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":154,"value":"md`\n---\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":0,"value":"md`\n\nFirst of all, I found this article difficult to read. There were SO many acronyms, and I kept finding myself confused between the computer developments and the Internet developments. (I have often considered the two one and the same, and forget that computers were used without Internet.)\nAbbate's main claim is on the ways that private and public approaches to the Internet have informed each other into what we have today. She notes several unusual components to the Internet that wouldn't have been possible without its introduction as an explicitly non-commercial, research-based system. \n\n`\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":126,"value":"html`

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`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":102,"value":"html`\n

Useful quote:

\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":106,"value":"md `\n> Long before the research community and the private sector were\n united, however, each side had freely borrowed from, criticized, and\n improved upon the technology and business models developed by the\n other. The qualities valued by the original, nonprofit ARPANET com-\n munity remain embedded in today's commercial Internet: in particu-\n lar, the emphasis on **flexibility** and **openness** in the research com-\n munity led to a more **open, adaptable, and universally usable system.**\n Building on this technical foundation, the business sector helped to\n broaden access to network products and services, provide user-friendly\n interfaces, and offer content that would appeal to the general public.\n The **creative tension** between the business and nonprofit approaches\n resulted in a more successful system than either sector could have\n produced on its own.\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":115,"value":"html`\n

Timeline

\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":35,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":56,"value":"html`\n What did the public and private sectors of the early Internet do to create the modern day Internet? \n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":39,"value":"md`\n\n| Public | Private |\n| ----------- | ----------- |\n| - able to fund projects that private sector couldn't| - was eventually subsidized by gov't |\n| - \"Acceptable Use Policy\" banned commercial traffic from the internet because it was paid through taxes| - \"Acceptable Use Policy\" difficult to support because many sites had commercial and research activities|\n| - emphasized flexibility and universal usability, had to connect \"heterogenous networks,\" gateways as translators, created TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet PRotocol) to standardize comp language | - gave Internet access to \"ordinary people\"|\n| - rise of \"open standards/open systems,\" which encouraged compatibility between systems and undermined market leader dominance | - 1980s personal computers fuel growth by downloading software, online shopping, commercial and attractive web browsers dramatically increase popularity|\n| - nonprofit online systems as alternatives| \n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":172,"value":"md`\n---\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W34","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 32:"$31:body"