45:["$","title",null,{"children":"What's a Dollar Cost? | Caroline Cullinan | Observable"}] 4d:T529,html`While the December 18, 1865 proclamation of the Thirteenth Amendment protected most United States (US) residents from enslavement, it failed to defend people convicted of crimes. Today, more than 150 years later, incarcerated people across US prisons are still being subjected to slavery. According to a June 2022 report made by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), roughly 800,000 incarcerated people are subjected to working conditions characterized by imbalanced power dynamics and inadequately compensated labor.

So, what’s a dollar cost to these folks? While this value varies across types of detention centers throughout different states, one thing is consistent: the dollar of an incarcerated person is far harder earned than the dollar of someone not subjected to the US prison system.

Preliminary data visualization and their accompanying artistic versions have been outlined below for this project. Check out the prototype to the scrollytell story here.

Alternatively, check out the finished scrollytelling piece here: HERE `4e:T747,{ const plot = Plot.plot({ width: 300, height: 800, marginLeft: 100, marginRight: 5, y: { // round: true, label: "Hourly Wage (¢/hour)", grid: true, nice: true }, x: { // grid: true, label: "", tickFormat: d=>d==="NVstateMinWage"?"NV Minimum Wage": d==="NV"?"NV Prison Wage" : d==="ARstateMinWage"?"AR Minimum Wage": d==="AR"?"AR Prison Wage" : d==="GAstateMinWage"?"GA Minimum Wage": d==="GA"?"GA Prison Wage" : d==="TXstateMinWage"?"TX Minimum Wage": d==="TX"?"TX Prison Wage" : "nothing" //domain: d3.sort(penniesNV, d => -d.stateMinWage).map(d => d.state) }, marks: [ Plot.dot(penniesNVij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===1050?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesNVij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===270?.7: .1}), /*Plot.dot(penniesARij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===1100?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesARij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesGAij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===725?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesGAij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesTXij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===725?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesTXij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}),*/ Plot.ruleY([0]) ] }) return plot } //"#e3a063" //"#e4ac8c"4f:T74b,{ const plot = Plot.plot({ width: 400, height: 800, marginLeft: 100, marginRight: 5, y: { // round: true, label: "Hourly Wage (¢/hour)", grid: true, nice: true }, x: { // grid: true, label: "", tickFormat: d=>d==="NVstateMinWage"?"NV Minimum Wage": d==="NV"?"NV Prison Wage" : d==="ARstateMinWage"?"AR Minimum Wage": d==="AR"?"AR Prison Wage" : d==="GAstateMinWage"?"GA Minimum Wage": d==="GA"?"GA Prison Wage" : d==="TXstateMinWage"?"TX Minimum Wage": d==="TX"?"TX Prison Wage" : "nothing" //domain: d3.sort(penniesNV, d => -d.stateMinWage).map(d => d.state) }, marks: [ //Plot.dot(penniesNVij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===1050?.7: .1}), //Plot.dot(penniesNVij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===270?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesARij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===1100?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesARij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}), /*Plot.dot(penniesGAij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===725?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesGAij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesTXij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===725?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesTXij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}),*/ Plot.ruleY([0]) ] }) return plot } //"#e3a063" //"#e4ac8c"50:T74f,{ const plot = Plot.plot({ width: 400, height: 800, marginLeft: 100, marginRight: 5, y: { // round: true, label: "Hourly Wage (¢/hour)", grid: true, nice: true }, x: { // grid: true, label: "", tickFormat: d=>d==="NVstateMinWage"?"NV Minimum Wage": d==="NV"?"NV Prison Wage" : d==="ARstateMinWage"?"AR Minimum Wage": d==="AR"?"AR Prison Wage" : d==="GAstateMinWage"?"GA Minimum Wage": d==="GA"?"GA Prison Wage" : d==="TXstateMinWage"?"TX Minimum Wage": d==="TX"?"TX Prison Wage" : "nothing" //domain: d3.sort(penniesNV, d => -d.stateMinWage).map(d => d.state) }, marks: [ //Plot.dot(penniesNVij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===1050?.7: .1}), //Plot.dot(penniesNVij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===270?.7: .1}), //Plot.dot(penniesARij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===1100?.7: .1}), //Plot.dot(penniesARij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesGAij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===725?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesGAij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}), /*Plot.dot(penniesTXij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===725?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesTXij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}),*/ Plot.ruleY([0]) ] }) return plot } //"#e3a063" //"#e4ac8c"51:T74f,{ const plot = Plot.plot({ width: 400, height: 800, marginLeft: 100, marginRight: 5, y: { // round: true, label: "Hourly Wage (¢/hour)", grid: true, nice: true }, x: { // grid: true, label: "", tickFormat: d=>d==="NVstateMinWage"?"NV Minimum Wage": d==="NV"?"NV Prison Wage" : d==="ARstateMinWage"?"AR Minimum Wage": d==="AR"?"AR Prison Wage" : d==="GAstateMinWage"?"GA Minimum Wage": d==="GA"?"GA Prison Wage" : d==="TXstateMinWage"?"TX Minimum Wage": d==="TX"?"TX Prison Wage" : "nothing" //domain: d3.sort(penniesNV, d => -d.stateMinWage).map(d => d.state) }, marks: [ //Plot.dot(penniesNVij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===1050?.7: .1}), //Plot.dot(penniesNVij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===270?.7: .1}), //Plot.dot(penniesARij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===1100?.7: .1}), //Plot.dot(penniesARij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}), //Plot.dot(penniesGAij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===725?.7: .1}), //Plot.dot(penniesGAij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesTXij, {y: "penny_j", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_j===725?.7: .1}), Plot.dot(penniesTXij , {y: "penny_i", x: "state", fill: "#e4ac8c", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: d=>d.penny_i===0?.7: .1}), Plot.ruleY([0]) ] }) return plot } //"#e3a063" 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49:{"id":"78cad634da23a9ee","slug":"whats-a-dollar-cost","title":"What's a Dollar Cost?","thumbnail":"462339c5b5aa8c93ea252ef373350b71b544e5e7ead2d981ae2e456053363678","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2022-10-05T12:48:02.475Z","update_time":"$D2022-11-23T13:36:01.490Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2022-10-05T12:54:40.621Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":true,"stars":3,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"b783a0f584d21589","login":"carolinecullinan","name":"Caroline Cullinan","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/8b89c23b31cfac4c9e38782347b8515d60849281a99fcc3ec016646c0f466bae","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"Participatory Systems | Community-Driven Development","followed_by_you":false,"follows_you":false},"version":750,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"3252c0480a163254","login":"carolinecullinan","name":"Caroline Cullinan","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/36537301c4253b6e5b85cebe4262781beb533d83fa0dfc319d1d1463d6166cf9","tier":null,"bio":"","followed_by_you":false,"follows_you":false}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"3252c0480a163254","login":"carolinecullinan","name":"Caroline Cullinan","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/36537301c4253b6e5b85cebe4262781beb533d83fa0dfc319d1d1463d6166cf9","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":true,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":3,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"What's a Dollar Cost?","cells":[{"id":8,"value":"html`

What's a Dollar Cost?

Exploring the Price of Incarceration within the United States Prison System

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":13,"value":"html`

Prepared by Caroline Cullinan
`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":691,"value":"$4d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":18,"value":"md`## Preliminary Data Visualization and Accompanying Artistic Visualizations`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":310,"value":"html`

Median Hourly Wage Earned in Prison Per State

Median hourly wage earned by incarcerated workers across all US states and Washington DC`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":276,"value":"{\n const data = pennies.filter(d => (d.state!== 'FP'))\n const plot = Plot.plot({\n width: 1000,\n height: 800,\n marginLeft: 100,\n marginRight: 5,\n y: {\n // round: true,\n label: \"Median Hourly Wage (¢/hour)\",\n grid: true,\n nice: true\n },\n x: {\n // grid: true,\n label: \" State\",\n domain: d3.sort(data, d => -d.medianWage).map(d => d.state)\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.dot(data, {y: \"penny_i\", x: \"state\", fill: \"#e4ac8c\", r: 10, stroke: 'white', strokeWidth: .5}),\n Plot.ruleY([0])\n ]\n})\n return plot\n}\n//\"#e3a063\"\n//\"#e4ac8c\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":716,"value":"medianprisonwage1 = FileAttachment(\"MedianPrisonWage@1.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":573,"value":"html`

Median Hourly Wage Earned in Nevada Prisons vs. Government Mandated Nevada Minimum Wage

Comparing the median hourly prison wage with the government mandated minimum wage in Nevada, the state that compensates incarcerated workers'best' for their labor`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":567,"value":"$4e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":718,"value":"medianwage_nv1 = FileAttachment(\"MedianWage_NV@1.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":577,"value":"html`

Median Hourly Wage Earned in Arkansas Prisons vs. Government Mandated Arkansas Minimum Wage

Comparing the median hourly prison wage with the government mandated minimum wage in Arkansas where incarcerated workers do not receive any financial compensation for their labor`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":587,"value":"$4f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":580,"value":"html`

Median Hourly Wage Earned in Georgia Prisons vs. Government Mandated Georgia Minimum Wage

Comparing the median hourly prison wage with the government mandated minimum wage in Georgia where incarcerated workers do not receive any financial compensation for their labor`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":596,"value":"$50","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":583,"value":"html`

Median Hourly Wage Earned in Texas Prisons vs. Government Mandated Texas Minimum Wage

Comparing the median hourly prison wage with the government mandated minimum wage in Texas where incarcerated workers do not receive any financial compensation for their labor`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":601,"value":"$51","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":722,"value":"medianwage_worststates1 = FileAttachment(\"MedianWage_WorstStates@1.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":199,"value":"html`

Hours of Prison Labor Required for $1.00 Worth of Earnings Per State

Hours of labor that incarcerated workers must perform at the median (hourly) prison wage in order to generate $1.00 worth of earnings across all US states and Washington DC`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":245,"value":"{\n const data = statePrisonPriceData.filter(d => (d.state!== 'FP'))\n const plot = Plot.plot({\n width: 1000,\n height: 1000,\n marginLeft: 100,\n marginRight: 5,\n x: {\n // round: true,\n label: \"Hours of Prison Labor (hour)\",\n grid: true,\n nice: true\n },\n y: {\n // grid: true,\n label: \" State\",\n domain: d3.sort(data, d => -d.medianWage).map(d => d.state),\n \n },\n marks: [\n Plot.barX(data, {x: \"laborPerDollar\", y: \"state\", fill: \"#85bb65\"}),\n Plot.ruleY([0])\n ]\n})\n return plot\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":724,"value":"laborperdollar = FileAttachment(\"LaborPerDollar.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":259,"value":"html`

Hours of Prison Labor Required for a 15-Minute Phone Call Per State

Hours of labor that incarcerated workers must perform at the median (hourly) prison wage in order to be able to buy 15-minutes of phone time across all US states and Washington DC`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":262,"value":"{\n const data = statePrisonPriceData.filter(d => (d.state!== 'FP'))\n const plot = Plot.plot({\n width: 1080,\n height: 650,\n marginLeft: 100,\n marginRight: 5,\n x: {\n // round: true,\n label: \"Hours of Prison Labor (hours)\",\n grid: true,\n nice: true\n },\n y: {\n // grid: true,\n label: \" State\",\n domain: d3.sort(data, d => d.laborPerPhone15).map(d => d.state)\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.dot(data, {x: \"laborPerPhone15\", y: \"state\", fill: \"black\", r: 2}),\n Plot.ruleY(data, {y: \"state\", x1: 0, x2: \"laborPerPhone15\", fill: \"black\"}),\n Plot.ruleX([0])\n ]\n})\n return plot\n}\n//resize so it is slightly smaller - is this possible?\n// 1/meanPhone","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":726,"value":"laborperphone15 = FileAttachment(\"LaborPerPhone15.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":614,"value":"html`

Hours of Prison Labor Required for a Tube of Toothpaste Per State

Hours of labor that incarcerated workers must perform at the median (hourly) prison wage in order to be able to buy an average tube of toothpaste across all US states and Washington DC`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":627,"value":"{\n const data = statePrisonPriceData.filter(d => (d.state!== 'FP'))\n const plot = Plot.plot({\n width: 1080,\n height: 850,\n marginLeft: 100,\n marginRight: 5,\n x: {\n // round: true,\n label: \"Hours of Prison Labor (hour)\",\n grid: true,\n nice: true\n },\n y: {\n // grid: true,\n label: \" State\",\n domain: d3.sort(data, d => d.laborPerToothpaste).map(d => d.state)\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.barX(data, {x: \"laborPerToothpaste\", y: \"state\", fill: \"#FFCD01\"}),\n Plot.ruleY([0])\n ]\n})\n return plot\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":728,"value":"laborpertoothpaste = FileAttachment(\"LaborPerToothpaste.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":616,"value":"html`

Hours of Prison Labor Required for a Pack of Rice Per State

Hours of labor that incarcerated workers must perform at the median (hourly) prison wage in order to be able to buy an average pack of rice across all US states and Washington DC`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":633,"value":"{\n const data = statePrisonPriceData.filter(d => (d.state!== 'FP'))\n const plot = Plot.plot({\n width: 1080,\n height: 850,\n marginLeft: 100,\n marginRight: 5,\n x: {\n // round: true,\n label: \"Hours of Prison Labor (hour)\",\n grid: true,\n nice: true\n },\n y: {\n // grid: true,\n label: \" State\",\n domain: d3.sort(data, d => d.laborPerRice).map(d => d.state)\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.barX(data, {x: \"laborPerRice\", y: \"state\", fill: \"#ADD8E6\"}),\n Plot.ruleY([0])\n ]\n})\n return plot\n}\n//##FFCCCB","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":730,"value":"laborperrice = FileAttachment(\"LaborPerRice.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":620,"value":"html`

Hours of Prison Labor Required for an Ink Pen Per State

Hours of labor that incarcerated workers must perform at the median (hourly) prison wage in order to be able to buy an average ink pen across all US states and Washington DC`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":637,"value":"{\n const data = statePrisonPriceData.filter(d => (d.state!== 'FP'))\n const plot = Plot.plot({\n width: 1080,\n height: 850,\n marginLeft: 100,\n marginRight: 5,\n x: {\n // round: true,\n label: \"Hours of Prison Labor (hour)\",\n grid: true,\n nice: true\n },\n y: {\n // grid: true,\n label: \" State\",\n domain: d3.sort(data, d => d.laborPerPen).map(d => d.state)\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.barX(data, {x: \"laborPerPen\", y: \"state\", fill: \"#565656\"}),\n Plot.ruleY([0])\n ]\n})\n return plot\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":732,"value":"laborperpen = FileAttachment(\"LaborPerPen.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":20,"value":"md`## Appendix`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":24,"value":"html`Data Source

\nData used in this analysis was sourced from The Prison Policy Initiative, The U.S. Department of Labor, Prison Phone Justice, Worth Rises, and various sampled commissary lists for state prisons made publicly available by the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":26,"value":"html`Methods

\nIn order to analyze this data, the Python programming language was used. With Python, data was collected, wrangled, merged, and cleaned. Data was then analyzed, summarized, and visualized in Javascript. Observable Plot was used to compile all analysis and visualisations in an Observable notebook.

\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":29,"value":"md`### Functions`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":31,"value":"function boxX(data, {\n x = {transform: x => x},\n y = null,\n fill = \"#ccc\",\n stroke = \"currentColor\",\n ...options\n} = {}) {\n const group = y == null ? Plot.groupZ : Plot.groupY;\n return Plot.marks(\n Plot.ruleY(data, group({x1: iqr1, x2: iqr2}, {x, y, stroke, ...options})),\n Plot.barX(data, group({x1: quartile1, x2: quartile3}, {x, y, fill, ...options})),\n Plot.tickX(data, group({x: \"median\"}, {x, y, stroke:\"#00AEEF\", strokeWidth: 2, ...options})),\n Plot.dot(data, Plot.map({x: outliers}, {x, y, z: y, stroke, ...options}))\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":34,"value":"function outliers(values) {\n const r1 = iqr1(values);\n const r2 = iqr2(values);\n return values.map(v => v < r1 || v > r2 ? v : NaN);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":37,"value":"iqr1 = V => Math.max(d3.min(V), quartile1(V) * 2.5 - quartile3(V) * 1.5)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":40,"value":"iqr2 = V => Math.min(d3.max(V), quartile3(V) * 2.5 - quartile1(V) * 1.5)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":43,"value":"quartile3 = V => d3.quantile(V, 0.75)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":46,"value":"quartile1 = V => d3.quantile(V, 0.25)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":50,"value":"md`### Data`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":68,"value":"statePrisonPriceData = d3.csv(\"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/carolinecullinan/fd351574945a5e18b23cca82b43d0e6d/raw/19595b66fb127ab383e3c9805399470cfea0c228/state_prison_price_data.csv\", d3.autoType)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":142,"value":"pennies = d3.csv(\"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/carolinecullinan/9637ed0ad0a48be4e0a35f4834c20cbc/raw/81e11bd3697731247f0f08091a439ced725b69e4/pennies.csv\", d3.autoType)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":316,"value":"penniesNV = d3.csv(\"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/carolinecullinan/540a0a6972ad8a877577ce6e6ea83032/raw/d18a77a9ee5f36efd85140ab6df5f7643f755ab1/pennies_nv.csv\", d3.autoType)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":446,"value":"penniesNVi = pennies.filter(d=>d.state===\"NV\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":450,"value":"penniesNVj = penniesNV.map(d=>({...d, \n state:\"NVstateMinWage\"}))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":454,"value":"penniesNVij = d3.merge([penniesNVi, penniesNVj])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":320,"value":"penniesAR = d3.csv(\"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/carolinecullinan/267a43a38ff6a6bd47e2064226bfd11d/raw/8037de5706132f9429d7a3f9c0f23c85f1970e10/pennies_ar.csv\", d3.autoType)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":472,"value":"penniesARi = pennies.filter(d=>d.state===\"AR\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":476,"value":"penniesARj = penniesAR.map(d=>({...d, \n state:\"ARstateMinWage\"}))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":478,"value":"penniesARij = d3.merge([penniesARi, penniesARj])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":323,"value":"penniesGA = d3.csv(\"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/carolinecullinan/5fc1334287296b2516e48e4c9d7e9a20/raw/27ae7863877d3d71ee2815f2a193d8dad7b0f9f5/pennies_ga.csv\", d3.autoType)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":482,"value":"penniesGAi = pennies.filter(d=>d.state===\"GA\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":486,"value":"penniesGAj = penniesGA.map(d=>({...d,\n state:\"GAstateMinWage\"}))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":484,"value":"penniesGAij = d3.merge([penniesGAi, penniesGAj])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":325,"value":"penniesTX = d3.csv(\"https://gist.githubusercontent.com/carolinecullinan/c9dbce139c2246ce872c2b5cb5548143/raw/c7606d77bee15cc3b07f19f32e000043e66819d3/pennies_tx.csv\", d3.autoType)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":493,"value":"penniesTXi = pennies.filter(d=>d.state===\"TX\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":495,"value":"penniesTXj = penniesTX.map(d=>({...d,\n state: \"TXstateMinWage\"})) ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":503,"value":"penniesTXij = d3.merge([penniesTXi, penniesTXj])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":53,"value":"md`### Modules`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":56,"value":"import {Plot, d3} from \"@observablehq/plot\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":60,"value":"md`### Styling`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":63,"value":"html`\n