29:null 2a:["$","title",null,{"children":"De Motibus Stellae Martis | Christophe Yamahata | Observable"}] 2f:T45c,canvas = { const height = Math.ceil(width * screen.height / screen.width); const html = htl.html`

De Motibus Stellæ Martis
[ Source: Astronomia Nova, Johannes Kepler (1609).

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`; yield html; }30:T659,latin = html` De Motibus Stellæ Martis

Hæc est accurata delineatio motuum stellæ Martis, quos per auram ætheria ille decurrit ab anno MDLXXX usque ad annum MDXCVI, si verum est, Terram stare, Ptolemæus & Braheus volunt.

Eos motus ulterius continuare perplexum erat futurum : nam connexio infinita est, nunquam in se ipsam recurrens.

Et nota, quod cum tanta requiratur vastitas orbis Martii, in angustissimo postea circello circa A Terram, ejusque spatiolo B, includi sphæras Solis, Veneris, Mercurii, Lunæ, ignis, æris, aquæ, terræ ; atque de hoc ipso spatiolo uni Veneri cedere portiunculam potissimam, nimirum multo majorem in proportione, quam Marti hic cessit de toto hujus schematis spatio.

Similes autem spiras cogimur etiam quatuor reliquis asscribere, & Veneri quidem multo perplexiores, si Terra stat. Spirarum istarum caussas, ordinem, constantiam, & regularitatem, explicat Ptolemæus, & Braheus : ille, epicyclis singulis in eccentricis Planetarum singulorum circumductis, qui motum Solis imitarentur : hic, eccentricis omnibus in orbe uno Solis circumductis. Spiras tamen ipsas in cœlo reipsa uterque relinquit.

Copernicus uno motu annuo telluri attributo, Planetas omnes spiris hisce perplexissimis omnino spoliat, Planetas singulos in singulas nudissimas orbitas quam proxime circulares inducens. Quam unam & eandem orbitam Mars jam dicto temporis spatio toties percurrit, quot hic vides corollas intortas versus centrum, una plus, puta novies, dum interim tellus suum circulum recurrit sedecies.

`31:T7f7,french = html` Des mouvements de l'étoile Mars

Ceci est une description précise des mouvements de l'étoile Mars, qu'elle a parcourus dans le ciel de l'an 1580 à l'an 1596, selon l'hypothèse de l'immobilité de la Terre, comme le pensaient Ptolémée et Brahe.

Ces mouvements deviendront encore plus complexes à l'avenir : la connexion étant infinie, elle ne se répètera jamais.

Et notez que, alors qu'une telle étendue est requise pour l'orbite de Mars, dans le cercle plus étroit autour de la Terre (A) et dans son espace restreint (B), sont incluses les sphères du Soleil, de Vénus, de Mercure, de la Lune, du feu, de l'air, de l'eau et de la terre ; et dans ce même espace, une part prédominante est cédée à Vénus, certainement beaucoup plus grande en proportion de ce que Mars occupe dans ce schéma.

Cependant, nous sommes également contraints d'attribuer des spirales similaires aux quatre autres, et en particulier à Vénus, bien que plus complexes, si la Terre est immobile. Les causes, l'ordre, la constance et la régularité de ces spirales sont ainsi expliqués par Ptolémée et Brahe : le premier, en ajoutant des épicycles individuels dans les excentriques de chaque planète pour imiter le mouvement du Soleil ; le second, en faisant tourner tous les excentriques autour de l'orbite du Soleil. Cependant, chacun de ces modèles laisse les spirales elles-mêmes dans le ciel.

Copernic, en attribuant un unique mouvement annuel à la Terre, dépouille entièrement toutes ces planètes de ces spirales très complexes, faisant suivre à chaque planète, autant de fois que vous le voyez ici, des orbites individuelles épurées, presque circulaires. Quant à Mars, elle parcourt la même orbite autant de fois que vous voyez ici de spirales enroulées vers le centre, plus une, disons neuf, tandis que la Terre effectue, elle, son propre circuit autour du Soleil seize fois.

`32:T719,english = html` On the Motions of the Star Mars

This is an accurate description of the movements of the star Mars, which it traced in the sky from the year 1580 to the year 1596, according to the hypothesis of the Earth's immobility, as Ptolemy and Brahe thought.

These movements will become even more complex in the future: the connection being infinite, it will never repeat itself.

And note that, while such an extent is required for Mars' orbit, in the narrower circle around the Earth (A) and in its confined space (B), are included the spheres of the Sun, Venus, Mercury, the Moon, fire, air, water, and earth; and in this same space, a predominant portion is yielded to Venus, certainly much larger in proportion than what Mars occupies in this scheme.

However, we are also compelled to attribute similar spirals to the four others, and especially to Venus, albeit more complex, if the Earth is stationary. The causes, order, constancy, and regularity of these spirals are explained by Ptolemy and Brahe: the former, by adding individual epicycles in the eccentricities of each planet to mimic the movement of the Sun; the latter, by rotating all the eccentrics around the orbit of the Sun. However, each of these models leaves the spirals themselves in the sky.

Copernicus, by attributing a single annual motion to the Earth, entirely dispels all these planets of these very complex spirals, causing each planet to follow, as many times as you see here, individual orbits that are pure, almost circular. As for Mars, it travels the same orbit as many times as you see here spirals coiled toward the center, plus one, let's say nine, while the Earth completes its own circuit around the Sun sixteen times.

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\n De Motibus Stellæ Martis is an illustration featured in Johannes Kepler's book, \"Astromomia Nova,\" published in 1609. This illustration, created by Kepler himself, elucidates the movements of the planet Mars and can be regarded as a pivotal contribution to the field of astronomy during the Renaissance era.\n

\n This notebook provides a reproduction of the original Latin text and its translations into English and French.\n

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Timeline

\nTo help you contextualize Kepler's illustration \"De Motibus Stellæ Martis,\" the following timeline highlights some renowned scientists who have made significant contributions to the understanding of our solar system, commencing with Copernicus (1473-1543). Einstein (1879-1955) deserves particular recognition for uncovering the relativistic component of Mercury's perihelion precession, a phenomenon that had defied explanation within the confines of Newtonian gravity.\n

\n
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Original text and its translations collated

\n
\n

${latin}

${french}

${english}

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