2e:null 2f:["$","title",null,{"children":"How much land do different electricity sources need? | Climate Lab | Observable"}] 34:T4e4,I calculated the areas required to power the United States with each type of power using data from [Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/land-use-per-energy-source) and [the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe](https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/LCA-2.pdf). Some notes on the data: - The nuclear figures are for conventional reactors — pressurized water reactors, pressurized heavy-water reactors, boiling water reactors, and light water graphite-moderated reactors — that make up the modern nuclear flet. - The natural gas figures are for combined-cycle gas plants without carbon capture technology. “Peaker” plants and plants using carbon capture need more land per unit of electricity generated. - The coal figures are for pulverized hard coal plants without carbon capture technology. - The solar figures are for silicon panels and do not account for rooftop solar panels, which require far less land but are unsuitable for utility-scale power generation. - The wind figures are based on the median life-cycle land usage of 23 of the world’s largest wind farms, as calculated by [Hannah Ritchie of Our World in Data](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fzYdYk_0u5ZMLHfo8OzDkCTWdlwDHLlhtzU_xTQ4esY/edit).35:T881,graphic = () => { const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("width", w >= width ? "100%" : w) // constrain width to view port .attr("height", h) .attr("viewBox", `0 0 ${w} ${h}`) .style("overflow", "visible") .style("pointer-events", "none"); const g = svg.append("g"); g.selectAll(".rect") .data(data) .join("rect") .attr("class", "rect") .attr("fill", d => colors[d.type]) .attr("width", d => d.rect_width) .attr("height", d => d.rect_height) .attr("y", d => d.rect_y); g.selectAll(".path") .data(data) .join("path") .attr("class", "path") .attr("d", d => d.path) .attr("fill", "none") .attr("stroke", "black") .attr("stroke-width", 2) .attr("transform", d => `translate(${d.x}, ${d.path_y})`) .attr("vector-effect", "non-scaling-stroke"); g.selectAll(".label-rect") .data(data) .join("text") .attr("class", "label-rect") .attr("font-family", franklinLight) .attr("font-weight", "bold") .attr("text-anchor", d => d.label_rect_text_anchor) .attr("x", d => d.label_rect_x(d)) .attr("y", d => d.label_rect_y(d)) .text(d => d.type); g.selectAll(".value-rect") .data(data) .join("text") .attr("class", "value-rect") .attr("font-family", franklinLight) .attr("text-anchor", d => d.label_rect_text_anchor) .attr("x", d => d.label_rect_x(d)) .attr("y", d => d.label_rect_y(d)) .text(d => `${d3.format(",")(Math.round(d.area))} sq. mi.`); g.selectAll(".label-left") .data(data) .join("text") .attr("class", "label-left") .attr("font-family", franklinLight) .attr("font-weight", "bold") .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("x", marginHorizontal - 4) .attr("y", d => d.rect_y) .html(d => d.type); g.selectAll(".label-path") .data(data) .join("text") .attr("class", "label-path") .attr("font-family", franklinLight) .attr("text-anchor", d => d.label_path_text_anchor) .attr("x", d => d.label_path_x(d)) .attr("y", d => d.label_path_y(d)) return svg.node(); }36:T734,{ const zoom = zoomTo.selected; const svg = G.svg; const camera = new Panera() .svg(svg, { width: w, height: h }) .to({ x: zoom.zoom_x, width: zoom.zoom_width, y: zoom.y, height: zoom.height, bound: false }); const svgSel = d3.select(svg); const t = d3.transition().duration(1000); svgSel.selectAll(".rect") .transition(t) .attr("opacity", d => ["All", d.type].includes(zoom.type) ? 1 : 0.02) .attr("rx", 2 / camera.k) .attr("ry", 2 / camera.k) .attr("transform", d => `translate(${zoom.type === "All" ? marginHorizontal : d.x})`) .attr("x", d => zoom.type === "All" ? 4 : d.rect_x); svgSel.selectAll(".path") .transition(t) .attr("opacity", d => d.type === zoom.type ? 1 : 0); svgSel.selectAll(".label-rect") .transition(t) .attr("dy", -8 / camera.k) .attr("font-size", d => (d.type === zoom.type ? 18 : 2) / camera.k) .attr("opacity", d => d.type === zoom.type ? 1 : 0); svgSel.selectAll(".value-rect") .transition(t) .attr("dy", 14 / camera.k) .attr("font-size", d => (d.type === zoom.type ? 16 : 2) / camera.k) .attr("opacity", d => d.type === zoom.type ? 1 : 0); svgSel.selectAll(".label-left") .transition(t) .attr("dy", 12 / camera.k) .attr("font-size", d => (zoom.type === "All" ? 18 : 2) / camera.k) .attr("opacity", d => zoom.type === "All" ? 1 : 0); svgSel.selectAll(".label-path") .html(d => d.label_path_html ? d.label_path_html(d, camera.k) : d.closest_name) .transition(t) .attr("dx", d => d.label_path_dx / camera.k) .attr("dy", d => d.label_path_dy / camera.k) .attr("font-size", d => (d.type === zoom.type ? 18 : 2) / camera.k) .attr("opacity", d => d.type === zoom.type ? 1 : 0); return camera; }37:T5f9,labelData = ({ "Nuclear": { label_rect_text_anchor: "middle", label_rect_x: d => w / 2, label_rect_y: d => d.rect_y + d.rect_height / 2, label_path_text_anchor: "end", label_path_x: d => d.x + d.width, label_path_y: d => d.y + d.height, label_path_dx: -2, label_path_dy: 16 }, "Natural gas": { label_rect_text_anchor: "middle", label_rect_x: d => w / 2, label_rect_y: d => d.rect_y + d.rect_height / 2, label_path_text_anchor: "middle", label_path_x: d => d.x + d.width * 0.33, label_path_y: d => d.y + d.height, label_path_dx: 0, label_path_dy: 16, }, "Coal": { label_rect_text_anchor: "middle", label_rect_x: d => w / 2, label_rect_y: d => d.rect_y + d.rect_height / 2, label_path_text_anchor: "middle", label_path_x: d => d.x + (d.width * 0.22), label_path_y: d => d.y + d.height, label_path_dx: 0, label_path_dy: 16, }, "Solar": { label_rect_text_anchor: "middle", label_rect_x: d => w / 2, label_rect_y: d => d.rect_y + d.rect_height / 2, label_path_text_anchor: "middle", label_path_x: d => d.x + d.width * 0.52, label_path_y: d => d.y + d.height, label_path_dx: 0, label_path_dy: 16, }, "Wind": { label_rect_text_anchor: "middle", label_rect_x: d => w / 2, label_rect_y: d => d.rect_y + d.rect_height / 2, label_path_text_anchor: "end", label_path_x: d => d.x + d.width, label_path_y: d => d.path_y, label_path_dx: -2, label_path_dy: -4, } })38:T5ff,// Square miles required to produce the watts of electricity needed to power the U.S. continuously for a year dataUnscaled = { return powerDensities .slice() .filter(d => !["Hydropower"].includes(d.type)) .map(({type, median}) => { const area = median; const side = Math.sqrt(area); // Get closest const closest_state = closest(state_areas, area, d => d.land_area_mi); let closest_area = closest_state.land_area_mi; let closest_name = closest_state.state; let closest_feature = state_features.features.find(d => d.properties.name === closest_name) let closest_factor = area / closest_area; // If no state is close enough, get a county if (Math.abs(1 - closest_factor) > 0.1) { // Find nicely shaped counties (by trial and error, though you could do this algorithmically), since they are all close in size const closest_county = closestSort(county_areas, area, d => d.land_area_mi)[type === "Nuclear" ? 1 : 11]; closest_area = closest_county.land_area_mi; closest_name = `${closest_county.NAME} County, ${closest_county.state_post}`; closest_feature = county_features.features.find(d => `0500000${d.properties.FIPS}` === closest_county.AFFGEOID) closest_factor = area / closest_area; } return { type, area, side, closest_name, closest_area, closest_factor, closest_feature }; }) .sort((a, b) => d3.ascending(a.area, b.area)); }39:T1f3c,// Area of U.S. states // Source: https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html state_areas = [{"state":"Alabama","total_area_mi":52420,"total_area_km":135767,"land_area_mi":50645,"land_area_km":131171,"water_area_mi":1775,"water_area_km":4597},{"state":"Alaska","total_area_mi":665384,"total_area_km":1723337,"land_area_mi":570641,"land_area_km":1477953,"water_area_mi":94743,"water_area_km":245383},{"state":"Arizona","total_area_mi":113990,"total_area_km":295234,"land_area_mi":113594,"land_area_km":294207,"water_area_mi":396,"water_area_km":1026},{"state":"Arkansas","total_area_mi":53179,"total_area_km":137732,"land_area_mi":52035,"land_area_km":134771,"water_area_mi":1143,"water_area_km":2961},{"state":"California","total_area_mi":163695,"total_area_km":423967,"land_area_mi":155779,"land_area_km":403466,"water_area_mi":7916,"water_area_km":20501},{"state":"Colorado","total_area_mi":104094,"total_area_km":269601,"land_area_mi":103642,"land_area_km":268431,"water_area_mi":452,"water_area_km":1170},{"state":"Connecticut","total_area_mi":5543,"total_area_km":14357,"land_area_mi":4842,"land_area_km":12542,"water_area_mi":701,"water_area_km":1816},{"state":"Delaware","total_area_mi":2489,"total_area_km":6446,"land_area_mi":1949,"land_area_km":5047,"water_area_mi":540,"water_area_km":1399},{"state":"District of Columbia","total_area_mi":68,"total_area_km":177,"land_area_mi":61,"land_area_km":158,"water_area_mi":7,"water_area_km":19},{"state":"Florida","total_area_mi":65758,"total_area_km":170312,"land_area_mi":53625,"land_area_km":138887,"water_area_mi":12133,"water_area_km":31424},{"state":"Georgia","total_area_mi":59425,"total_area_km":153910,"land_area_mi":57513,"land_area_km":148959,"water_area_mi":1912,"water_area_km":4951},{"state":"Hawaii","total_area_mi":10932,"total_area_km":28313,"land_area_mi":6423,"land_area_km":16635,"water_area_mi":4509,"water_area_km":11678},{"state":"Idaho","total_area_mi":83569,"total_area_km":216443,"land_area_mi":82643,"land_area_km":214045,"water_area_mi":926,"water_area_km":2398},{"state":"Illinois","total_area_mi":57914,"total_area_km":149995,"land_area_mi":55519,"land_area_km":143793,"water_area_mi":2395,"water_area_km":6202},{"state":"Indiana","total_area_mi":36420,"total_area_km":94326,"land_area_mi":35826,"land_area_km":92789,"water_area_mi":593,"water_area_km":1537},{"state":"Iowa","total_area_mi":56273,"total_area_km":145746,"land_area_mi":55857,"land_area_km":144669,"water_area_mi":416,"water_area_km":1077},{"state":"Kansas","total_area_mi":82278,"total_area_km":213100,"land_area_mi":81759,"land_area_km":211754,"water_area_mi":520,"water_area_km":1346},{"state":"Kentucky","total_area_mi":40408,"total_area_km":104656,"land_area_mi":39486,"land_area_km":102269,"water_area_mi":921,"water_area_km":2387},{"state":"Louisiana","total_area_mi":52378,"total_area_km":135659,"land_area_mi":43204,"land_area_km":111898,"water_area_mi":9174,"water_area_km":23761},{"state":"Maine","total_area_mi":35380,"total_area_km":91633,"land_area_mi":30843,"land_area_km":79883,"water_area_mi":4537,"water_area_km":11750},{"state":"Maryland","total_area_mi":12406,"total_area_km":32131,"land_area_mi":9707,"land_area_km":25142,"water_area_mi":2699,"water_area_km":6990},{"state":"Massachusetts","total_area_mi":10554,"total_area_km":27336,"land_area_mi":7800,"land_area_km":20202,"water_area_mi":2754,"water_area_km":7134},{"state":"Michigan","total_area_mi":96714,"total_area_km":250487,"land_area_mi":56539,"land_area_km":146435,"water_area_mi":40175,"water_area_km":104052},{"state":"Minnesota","total_area_mi":86936,"total_area_km":225163,"land_area_mi":79627,"land_area_km":206232,"water_area_mi":7309,"water_area_km":18930},{"state":"Mississippi","total_area_mi":48432,"total_area_km":125438,"land_area_mi":46923,"land_area_km":121531,"water_area_mi":1509,"water_area_km":3907},{"state":"Missouri","total_area_mi":69707,"total_area_km":180540,"land_area_mi":68742,"land_area_km":178040,"water_area_mi":965,"water_area_km":2501},{"state":"Montana","total_area_mi":147040,"total_area_km":380831,"land_area_mi":145546,"land_area_km":376962,"water_area_mi":1494,"water_area_km":3869},{"state":"Nebraska","total_area_mi":77348,"total_area_km":200330,"land_area_mi":76824,"land_area_km":198974,"water_area_mi":524,"water_area_km":1356},{"state":"Nevada","total_area_mi":110572,"total_area_km":286380,"land_area_mi":109781,"land_area_km":284332,"water_area_mi":791,"water_area_km":2048},{"state":"New Hampshire","total_area_mi":9349,"total_area_km":24214,"land_area_mi":8953,"land_area_km":23187,"water_area_mi":397,"water_area_km":1027},{"state":"New Jersey","total_area_mi":8723,"total_area_km":22591,"land_area_mi":7354,"land_area_km":19047,"water_area_mi":1368,"water_area_km":3544},{"state":"New Mexico","total_area_mi":121590,"total_area_km":314917,"land_area_mi":121298,"land_area_km":314161,"water_area_mi":292,"water_area_km":757},{"state":"New York","total_area_mi":54555,"total_area_km":141297,"land_area_mi":47126,"land_area_km":122057,"water_area_mi":7429,"water_area_km":19240},{"state":"North Carolina","total_area_mi":53819,"total_area_km":139391,"land_area_mi":48618,"land_area_km":125920,"water_area_mi":5201,"water_area_km":13471},{"state":"North Dakota","total_area_mi":70698,"total_area_km":183108,"land_area_mi":69001,"land_area_km":178711,"water_area_mi":1698,"water_area_km":4397},{"state":"Ohio","total_area_mi":44826,"total_area_km":116098,"land_area_mi":40861,"land_area_km":105829,"water_area_mi":3965,"water_area_km":10269},{"state":"Oklahoma","total_area_mi":69899,"total_area_km":181037,"land_area_mi":68595,"land_area_km":177660,"water_area_mi":1304,"water_area_km":3377},{"state":"Oregon","total_area_mi":98379,"total_area_km":254799,"land_area_mi":95988,"land_area_km":248608,"water_area_mi":2391,"water_area_km":6191},{"state":"Pennsylvania","total_area_mi":46054,"total_area_km":119280,"land_area_mi":44743,"land_area_km":115883,"water_area_mi":1312,"water_area_km":3397},{"state":"Rhode Island","total_area_mi":1545,"total_area_km":4001,"land_area_mi":1034,"land_area_km":2678,"water_area_mi":511,"water_area_km":1324},{"state":"South Carolina","total_area_mi":32020,"total_area_km":82933,"land_area_mi":30061,"land_area_km":77857,"water_area_mi":1960,"water_area_km":5076},{"state":"South Dakota","total_area_mi":77116,"total_area_km":199729,"land_area_mi":75811,"land_area_km":196350,"water_area_mi":1305,"water_area_km":3379},{"state":"Tennessee","total_area_mi":42144,"total_area_km":109153,"land_area_mi":41235,"land_area_km":106798,"water_area_mi":909,"water_area_km":2355},{"state":"Texas","total_area_mi":268596,"total_area_km":695662,"land_area_mi":261232,"land_area_km":676587,"water_area_mi":7365,"water_area_km":19075},{"state":"Utah","total_area_mi":84897,"total_area_km":219882,"land_area_mi":82170,"land_area_km":212818,"water_area_mi":2727,"water_area_km":7064},{"state":"Vermont","total_area_mi":9616,"total_area_km":24906,"land_area_mi":9217,"land_area_km":23871,"water_area_mi":400,"water_area_km":1035},{"state":"Virginia","total_area_mi":42775,"total_area_km":110787,"land_area_mi":39490,"land_area_km":102279,"water_area_mi":3285,"water_area_km":8508},{"state":"Washington","total_area_mi":71298,"total_area_km":184661,"land_area_mi":66456,"land_area_km":172119,"water_area_mi":4842,"water_area_km":12542},{"state":"West 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32:{"id":"bb16f5d084eb2703","slug":"how-much-land-do-different-electricity-sources-need","title":"How much land do different electricity sources need?","thumbnail":"07b920e5589e806607b269076bca07d34baa8ff6237067dc6e81c3cf8972ff73","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2023-05-04T22:13:07.460Z","update_time":"$D2024-04-12T01:18:05.868Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2023-05-10T11:47:50.716Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":true,"stars":2,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"650e68a1afc4786b","login":"climatelab","name":"Climate Lab","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/b06f29c9ebba5f82bb96583af4e514bf21938607389bae332427fac99185246f","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":1593,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"61e2153e05789733","login":"harrystevens","name":"Harry Stevens","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/bc9bae4b7e30062b343ae978a13454e29cd3f2daf3a800d0024043686ddf094b","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"team","id":"650e68a1afc4786b","login":"climatelab","name":"Climate Lab","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/b06f29c9ebba5f82bb96583af4e514bf21938607389bae332427fac99185246f","tier":"starter_2024","role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"How much land do different electricity sources need?","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# How much land do different electricity sources need?","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1525,"value":"The notebook includes my calculations and code to produce a version of a chart from [“How wind and solar farms could use less land”](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/interactive/2023/renewable-energy-land-use-wind-solar/), which appeared in The Washington Post on May 10, 2022.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":256,"value":"viewof zoomTo = {\n const select = Inputs.button(\n [\n ...data.map(d => [d.type, value => d]),\n [\"All\", value => all]\n ],\n { value: all }\n )\n\n return view`\n

\n \n

Click to see how much land each source needs:

${[\"selected\", select]}

`\n \n return select\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1514,"value":"G = {\n const svg = graphic();\n\n const out = html`\n

\n ${svg}\n

\n `\n\n out.svg = svg;\n\n return out;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1441,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1586,"value":"toc({ selector: \"h2\", heading: \"Jump to:\" })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1511,"value":"## Graphic","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":83,"value":"$35","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":440,"value":"md`## Zoom`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":274,"value":"$36","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":793,"value":"md`## Styles`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":796,"value":"colors = ({\n \"Nuclear\": \"#A8B5E3\",\n \"Natural gas\": \"#E5C8B5\",\n \"Coal\": \"#B58359\",\n \"Solar\": \"#D6B46E\",\n \"Wind\": \"#8868d9\"\n})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":739,"value":"md`## Scales`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":744,"value":"rectSideScale = d3.scaleLinear([0, d3.sum(dataUnscaled, d => d.side)], [0, h - dataUnscaled.length * rectPaddingTop])","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":74,"value":"md`## Dimensions`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":79,"value":"w = d3.max(dataWithHeight, d => d.width) + marginHorizontal * 2","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":81,"value":"h = 688.4216504260147","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":764,"value":"rectPaddingTop = 16;","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":837,"value":"marginHorizontal = 100;","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":71,"value":"md`## Data`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":864,"value":"// This part of the data depends on the width\ndata = {\n // Keep rects same size\n const maxWidthRatio = d3.max(dataWithHeight, d => d.width / d.rect_width)\n \n return dataWithHeight.map(d => {\n const o = Object.assign({}, d);\n \n o.zoom_width = o.rect_width * maxWidthRatio;\n const zoom_diff = o.zoom_width - o.width;\n o.x = 0.5 * (w - d.width);\n o.zoom_x = o.x - (zoom_diff / 2);\n Object.assign(o, labelData[d.type]);\n return o;\n })\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":822,"value":"// This part of the data depends on the height and sets the width\ndataWithHeight = {\n let prevSum = 0;\n return dataUnscaled.map((d, i) => {\n const o = Object.assign({}, d);\n o.rect_width = rectSideScale(d.side);\n o.rect_height = o.rect_width;\n o.rect_y = prevSum + rectPaddingTop * (i + 1);\n \n const path = geoPathArea(d.closest_feature, rectSideScale(Math.sqrt(d.closest_area)) ** 2);\n o.path = path.path;\n \n // All of the paths are wider than the rects\n // So we shift the rect to the left\n o.width = path.width;\n o.rect_x = 0.5 * (o.width - o.rect_width);\n \n // Center the path vertically with respect to the rect\n o.path_height = path.height;\n o.height = Math.max(o.path_height, o.rect_height);\n o.path_y = o.rect_y + (o.rect_height > o.path_height ? 0.5 * (o.height - o.path_height) : -0.5 * (o.path_height - o.rect_height));\n o.y = Math.min(o.path_y, o.rect_y);\n\n // Running y sum\n prevSum += o.rect_height;\n \n return o;\n })\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":829,"value":"// The parameters for zooming out\nall = ({\n height: h,\n y: 0,\n type: \"All\",\n zoom_width: w,\n zoom_x: 0\n})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":885,"value":"$37","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":20,"value":"$38","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"// Source: https://ourworldindata.org/land-use-per-energy-source\n// Unit: Square meters per MWh\npowerDensities = [\n { \"type\": \"Nuclear\", \"m2_MWh\": 0.3 },\n { \"type\": \"Natural gas\", \"m2_MWh\": 1 },\n { \"type\": \"Coal\", \"m2_MWh\": 15 },\n { \"type\": \"Solar\", \"m2_MWh\": 19 },\n { \"type\": \"Hydropower\", \"m2_MWh\": 33 },\n { \"type\": \"Wind\", \"m2_MWh\": 99 }\n]\n.map(d => {\n // Convert to square miles per MWh\n d.mi2_MWh = sqmeters_to_sqmiles(d.m2_MWh);\n\n // Convert to square miles per MW in the year\n d.mi2_MW = d.mi2_MWh * hours_in_year;\n\n // Convert to squares miles per W in the year\n d.mi2_W = d.mi2_MW / 1e6;\n\n // Convert to squares miles per W in the year for the U.S.\n // It's called \"median\" because this is the median estimate for each power source\n d.median = d.mi2_W * usElectricityConsumption_W;\n\n return d;\n})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":13,"value":"// Source: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/use-of-electricity.php\n// Value: 4.05 trillion kWh\nusElectricityConsumption_kWH = 4050000000000","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":18,"value":"// Calculation of number of kilowatts needed to power the US for a year\n// Source: https://www.rapidtables.com/calc/electric/kWh_to_kW_Calculator.html\nusElectricityConsumption_kW = usElectricityConsumption_kWH / hours_in_year","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":35,"value":"usElectricityConsumption_W = usElectricityConsumption_kW * 1000","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":22,"value":"hours_in_day = 24","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":24,"value":"days_in_year = 365","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":26,"value":"// Number of hours in a year used to convert kilowatt hours to kilowatts\nhours_in_year = hours_in_day * days_in_year","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":31,"value":"// A function to convert square meters to square miles\n// Source: https://www.asknumbers.com/square-meter-to-square-mile.aspx\nsqmeters_to_sqmiles = meters => meters / 2589988.1103","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":213,"value":"// Draw a GeoJSON feature's path with a specified pixel area\ngeoPathArea = (feature, area) => {\n let width = 1; // random starting width\n const proj = d3.geoMercator().fitSize([width, width], feature);\n const path = d3.geoPath(proj);\n const bounds = path.bounds(feature);\n\n // Adjust aspect ratio\n let height = width * (bounds[1][1] - bounds[0][1]) / (bounds[1][0] - bounds[0][0]);\n proj.fitSize([width, height], feature);\n path.projection(proj);\n\n // Adjust area\n let pathArea = path.area(feature);\n let factor = area / pathArea;\n width *= Math.sqrt(factor);\n height *= Math.sqrt(factor);\n proj.fitSize([width, height], feature);\n path.projection(proj);\n \n return {\n path: path(feature),\n error: 1 - area / path.area(feature),\n width,\n height\n };\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":46,"value":"// Area of U.S. counties\n// Source: https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/carto-boundary-file.html\n// Note: ALAND is in square meters\ncounty_areas = (await FileAttachment(\"cb_2018_us_county_20m.csv\").csv({ typed: true }))\n .map(d => {\n d.land_area_mi = sqmeters_to_sqmiles(d.ALAND)\n Object.assign(d, states.find(d0 => +d0.state_fips === d.STATEFP))\n return d;\n })","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":15,"value":"$39","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":667,"value":"countyTopo = FileAttachment(\"ne_10m_admin_2_counties_lakes@1.json\").json()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":444,"value":"county_features = topojson.feature(countyTopo, countyTopo.objects.ne_10m_admin_2_counties_lakes)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":624,"value":"stateTopo = FileAttachment(\"ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces_lakes.json\").json()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":62,"value":"state_features = topojson.feature(stateTopo, stateTopo.objects.ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces_lakes)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":53,"value":"// Lookup table\nstates = FileAttachment(\"states.csv\").csv()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":386,"value":"md`## Utilities`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":39,"value":"function closest(arr, val, fn){\n let min = Infinity, minI = null;\n \n for (let i = 0, n = arr.length; i < n; i++){\n const d = fn ? fn(arr[i]) : arr[i];\n if (d != null && isFinite(d)){\n const diff = Math.abs((d) - val);\n if (diff < min){\n min = diff;\n minI = i;\n }\n }\n }\n \n return minI !== null ? arr[minI] : minI;\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":660,"value":"function closestSort(arr, val, fn){\n return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(arr))\n .sort((a, b) =>\n d3.ascending(\n Math.abs((fn ? fn(a) : a) - val),\n Math.abs((fn ? fn(b) : b) - val)\n )\n )\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":527,"value":"function toSlugCase(string) {\n return string\n .toLowerCase()\n .replace(/\\s+/g, \"-\") // Replace spaces with -\n .replace(/[^\\w\\-]+/g, \"\") // Remove all non-word chars\n .replace(/\\-\\-+/g, \"-\") // Replace multiple - with single -\n .replace(/^-+/, \"\") // Trim - from start of text\n .replace(/-+$/, \"\"); // Trim - from end of text\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":245,"value":"md`## Imports`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":249,"value":"import { Panera } from \"@climatelab/panera@28\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":778,"value":"import { franklinLight } from \"@climatelab/fonts@44\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1489,"value":"import { view } from \"@tomlarkworthy/view\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1582,"value":"import { toc } from \"@harrystevens/toc\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":992,"value":"geometric = require(\"geometric@2\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W3a","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 33:"$32:body"