29:null 2a:["$","title",null,{"children":"As incarceration rates in Massachusetts gradually lower, independent organizations step in to help | coreydockser | Observable"}] 2f:T524,md`The United States leads the world in several things — the U.S. dollar is the standard, the country produces the most cheese, the United States have won the most Olympic medals. But not everything the United States leads in is so innocent. The United States also has the [highest incarceration rate](https://www.statista.com/statistics/262962/countries-with-the-most-prisoners-per-100-000-inhabitants/), with 655 prisoners for 100,000 people. This trend is no different in Massachusetts itself. From 1983 to 2015, Massachusetts saw a 158% increase in total people locked up in the state, growing from 7,836 people to 20,194. That’s where organizations like the Criminal Policy Justice Coalition, or CPJC, come in. They are there to work with legislators, communities and individuals to make change in the system and help those affected. “We work with the criminal justice policy to make sure that the policies are fair. We work with the prisons, we do community outreach, police reform bills, medical parole,” said Cynthia Goldberg, the president of CPJC and founder of The F8 Foundation. “We want to be the voice for those people that need help in the different communities, and within this the social justice system and the criminal justice system because oftentimes it is extremely unfair.” `30:T482,// chart for 1970 to 1985 { var jailData1970 = jailData.filter(d => d.year == 1970) var jailData1985 = jailData.filter(d => d.year == 1985) var jailDiff0 = [{}] for (var i = 0; i < jailData1970.length; i++) { jailDiff0[i] = {'county_name':jailData1970[i]['county_name'], 'difference':(jailData1985[i].total_jail_pop_rate - jailData1970[i].total_jail_pop_rate).toFixed(2), 'fips':jailData1970[i].fips} } var geoShape = vl.markGeoshape({stroke: "light grey", strokeWidth: 1}) .data(counties_ma).height(500).width(500) .transform( vl.lookup('properties.GEO_ID').from(vl.data(jailDiff0).key('fips').fields('county_name', 'difference')) ) .encode( vl.color().fieldQ('difference').scale({domain: [-200, 200], scheme:'redblue', reverse : 'false'}).title(""), vl.tooltip( [//vl.fieldN('county_name'), {"field":"county_name", "type": "nominal", "title" : "County Name"}, {"field":"difference", "type": "nominal", "title" : "Change in Population"} ] )).height(500).width(500).title(`Difference in Incarcerated Population per 100,000 Residents from 1970 to 1985`); return geoShape.render() }31:T482,// chart for 1985 to 2008 { var jailData1985 = jailData.filter(d => d.year == 1985) var jailData2008 = jailData.filter(d => d.year == 2008) var jailDiff0 = [{}] for (var i = 0; i < jailData2008.length; i++) { jailDiff0[i] = {'county_name':jailData1985[i]['county_name'], 'difference':(jailData2008[i].total_jail_pop_rate - jailData1985[i].total_jail_pop_rate).toFixed(2), 'fips':jailData1985[i].fips} } var geoShape = vl.markGeoshape({stroke: "light grey", strokeWidth: 1}) .data(counties_ma).height(500).width(500) .transform( vl.lookup('properties.GEO_ID').from(vl.data(jailDiff0).key('fips').fields('county_name', 'difference')) ) .encode( vl.color().fieldQ('difference').scale({domain: [-200, 200], scheme:'redblue', reverse : 'false'}).title(""), vl.tooltip( [//vl.fieldN('county_name'), {"field":"county_name", "type": "nominal", "title" : "County Name"}, {"field":"difference", "type": "nominal", "title" : "Change in Population"} ] )).height(500).width(500).title(`Difference in Incarcerated Population per 100,000 Residents from 1985 to 2008`); return geoShape.render() }32:T482,// chart for 2008 to 2017 { var jailData2008 = jailData.filter(d => d.year == 2008) var jailData2017 = jailData.filter(d => d.year == 2017) var jailDiff0 = [{}] for (var i = 0; i < jailData2008.length; i++) { jailDiff0[i] = {'county_name':jailData2008[i]['county_name'], 'difference':(jailData2017[i].total_jail_pop_rate - jailData2008[i].total_jail_pop_rate).toFixed(2), 'fips':jailData2008[i].fips} } var geoShape = vl.markGeoshape({stroke: "light grey", strokeWidth: 1}) .data(counties_ma).height(500).width(500) .transform( vl.lookup('properties.GEO_ID').from(vl.data(jailDiff0).key('fips').fields('county_name', 'difference')) ) .encode( vl.color().fieldQ('difference').scale({domain: [-200, 200], scheme:'redblue', reverse : 'false'}).title(""), vl.tooltip( [//vl.fieldN('county_name'), {"field":"county_name", "type": "nominal", "title" : "County Name"}, {"field":"difference", "type": "nominal", "title" : "Change in Population"} ] )).height(500).width(500).title(`Difference in Incarcerated Population per 100,000 Residents from 2008 to 2017`); return geoShape.render() }33:T6b3,{ const selectLegend = vl.selectSingle('Select') .fields('county_name') .bind('legend'); const detail = vl.markLine() .data(jailData) .transform( vl.filter(`datum.year >= ${yearSlide[0]} && datum.year <= ${yearSlide[1]}`), ) .encode( vl.x().fieldO("year").title("Year"), vl.y().fieldQ("total_jail_pop_rate").title("Jail Population per 100,000 County Residents"), // vl.tooltip([vl.fieldN('county_name'), vl.fieldN('total_jail_pop_rate'), vl.fieldN('year')]), vl.color().fieldN("county_name").title("County"), vl.opacity().if(selectLegend, vl.value(.75)).value(0.01) ) .select(selectLegend) .width(500) .height(300).title(`Incarcerated Population per 100,000 Residents from ${yearSlide[0]} to ${yearSlide[1]}`); const tooltip = vl.markCircle().transform( vl.filter(selectLegend), vl.filter(`datum.year >= ${yearSlide[0]} && datum.year <= ${yearSlide[1]}`), ) .encode( vl.x().fieldO("year"), vl.y().fieldQ("total_jail_pop_rate"), // vl.tooltip([vl.fieldN('county_name'), vl.fieldN('total_jail_pop_rate'), vl.fieldN('year')]), vl.tooltip([{"field":"county_name", "type": "nominal", "title" : "County Name"}, {"field":"total_jail_pop_rate", "type": "nominal", "title" : "Jail Population Rate"}, {"field":"year", "type": "quantitative", "title" : "Year"}, {"field":"total_jail_pop", "type": "quantitative", "title" : "Jail Population"}]), vl.opacity().value(0), vl.size().value(100) ); // vertically concatenate (vconcat) charts return vl.data(jailData).select(selectLegend).layer(detail, tooltip) .render() }34:T13b6,md`[CPJC](https://www.cjpc.org) was established in 1996 with the mission of improving Massachusetts “through the advancement of effective, just, and humane criminal justice policy” Since its establishment, CPJC has organized major conferences, expanded media coverage of criminal justice and fought to maintain prisoners’ right to vote, among other projects. Goldberg said she sees clients being remanded for simple things, such as not being able to keep a job. “I see a very large rate of reincarceration and technical parole violations for Massachusetts for simple things like maybe talking to a former felon, convicted felon,” Goldberg said. This pattern is the kind of thing [The F8 Foundation](http://www.thef8foundation.org) hopes to combat. The F8 Foundation works to help former inmates overcome the roadblocks of reentry into society. The organization works with individuals to resolve any specific issues and works with the court system to clear up any legal issues. Goldberg is the founder and director of The F8 Foundation and personally works with former inmates. For Goldberg, her passion for working for reform and to help those in prison comes from a personal experience. “I spent three years in state prison,” Goldberg said. “I learned firsthand what it was like behind there so when I work with a client or I advocate, I can legitimately tell you what I witnessed and saw behind the wall, as they call it.” Her time in prison is what led her to found The F8 Foundation — she took the roadblocks she faced in prison and founded a foundation to address them. Goldberg is the founder and director of the foundation and personally works with former inmates. “Everything that I saw failed behind the wall or in the system, those are the pieces that I try to pick up [with F8] or that we try to advocate with the Criminal Justice Policy Coalition,” Goldberg said. One of the things she focuses on is what happens when someone is reincarcerated for a technical parole violation. She said her clients typically sit in what is called “dead time,” because while the time spent waiting to be reparoled does not count against their overall sentence. “You're just sitting there with really nothing to do except wait to be called before the parole board again and hope that you hope that you're reparoled and have a plan for when you go back into society.” Goldberg said. “I have a client now that's been actually sitting there since Sept. 24 of 2019.” While the issues Goldberg sees with reincarceration for technicalities have not changed in years, she said she has seen some positive change in the prison and jail system. Some prisons have added better substance abuse programs and treatments such as Spectrum Health Systems and the use of drugs to treat opioid dependency. “They're actually trying a little bit harder in the prisons to have some more programs for substance use disorder, they still have a long way to go,” Goldberg said. Though these changes are good, Goldberg said the system still is not set up well to help those with substance abuse disorders. “For example, if you had a substance abuse disorder and a police officer or a medical doctor or a blood relative went into the court and said, ‘we really need to help this person, they're going to die,’ and they're sent to a facility which is a prison, a locked facility,” Goldberg said. “So now you have somebody with a disease, and now they're in prison.” When people are in the process of leaving prison they go through a reentry office, an office dedicated to trying to help with the transition back to normal life. But Goldberg said “for the most part, inmates are just a checkmark at the end of the day,” and they may not get the best help from the reentry office itself. The F8 Foundation comes in and helps facilitate the transition using a variety of techniques. “Clients will write to me and we will place them based on what's best for them what their needs are,” Goldberg said. If a client has been incarcerated for a long time, “Then you just can't send them to a reentry center for a ticket. You have to find PTSD training, post incarceration syndrome training.” Though there has been an overall decrease in incarceration in the last decade, there are still issues with the criminal justice system and how prisons and jails are run. “We start behind the wall trying to make the difference so that when they get out maybe it's a little bit easier,” Goldberg said. The F8 Foundation and CJCP are not the only organizations in Massachusetts working on criminal justice reforms and helping people who have been incarcerated. “We kind of stay in numbers. So the more support, the more chance the bill has,” Goldberg said. “Obviously we reach out to folks in the community, families of prisoners behind the wall, explaining and educating on what we do so they understand how to get their loved ones help and how to support this and how to make this happen.”`35:[{"id":"1b5cab7772f98a8dcdc92f8966e810ce990bae183ca3beceb5fe16c4c438694bf93c15098149f994eca13570d758e888e9b9313bc0d8797ad2c6bf83eb47871d","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/1b5cab7772f98a8dcdc92f8966e810ce990bae183ca3beceb5fe16c4c438694bf93c15098149f994eca13570d758e888e9b9313bc0d8797ad2c6bf83eb47871d","name":"incarceration_trends_ma@1.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1615315104343.188,"size":290603},{"id":"411dd8133100b20cf1fff7632256d29699b88d5c250760f377f3e095597635a4b961a26fc06872713947e6ec1ccfbf1403d8162acd9c4f56d065b89832db39cf","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/411dd8133100b20cf1fff7632256d29699b88d5c250760f377f3e095597635a4b961a26fc06872713947e6ec1ccfbf1403d8162acd9c4f56d065b89832db39cf","name":"gz_2010_us_050_00_20m.json","type":"application/json","lastModified":1615495528416.721,"size":3436530},{"id":"3c70b4f320893549efcf0e589848c4568f266f6d7f28c130f6b7f93849a49ce2d49e9f8be69f80a995537a7dd0cd72e265c8c13cf645e9d4a974fe6113c5f39f","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/3c70b4f320893549efcf0e589848c4568f266f6d7f28c130f6b7f93849a49ce2d49e9f8be69f80a995537a7dd0cd72e265c8c13cf645e9d4a974fe6113c5f39f","name":"counties_ma@1.json","type":"application/json","lastModified":1615849001619.026,"size":33118},{"id":"1b5cab7772f98a8dcdc92f8966e810ce990bae183ca3beceb5fe16c4c438694bf93c15098149f994eca13570d758e888e9b9313bc0d8797ad2c6bf83eb47871d","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/1b5cab7772f98a8dcdc92f8966e810ce990bae183ca3beceb5fe16c4c438694bf93c15098149f994eca13570d758e888e9b9313bc0d8797ad2c6bf83eb47871d","name":"incarceration_trends_ma@2.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1615849105326.154,"size":290603}] 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incarceration rates in Massachusetts gradually lower, independent organizations step in to help","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`# As incarceration rates in Massachusetts gradually lower, independent organizations step in to help`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2352,"value":"md`By Marta Hill and Corey Dockser`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2190,"value":"$2f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2194,"value":"md`***`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2200,"value":"md`From 1970 to 1985, Massachusetts' prison population was relatively stable, however, a rising crime rate beginning in the 1980s led to the passage of several mandatory minimum laws for firearms offenses (1974), drug dealing (1980), and vehicular homicide (1982).`\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2219,"value":"$30","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2248,"value":"md`Note: Dukes County's absurdly high imprisonment rate is due to its low population – only 8,942 in 1980, per census data.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2235,"value":"md`By 1988, crime and the crack epidemic had become a major political issue, with the infamous \"Willie Horton\" ad [helping to sink then-Massachusett's Governor Michael Dukakis' presidential campaign.](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/22/us/politics/george-bush-comeback-dukakis.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20200823) That same year, the state passed a mandatory minimum law for drug offenses followed by a school zone statute (increasing sentences for crimes comitted near schools, parks, and playgrounds) in 1989 and another mandatory minumum law in 1990 for drug dealers employing minors.\n\nThe period from 1985 to 2008 saw the largest increase in incarceration across the state.` ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2262,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2272,"value":"md`The 90s, the peak of the \"tough on crime\" era in American politics, saw the election of Bill Weld as Governor, the bipartisan passage of the Federal Crime Bill, and a state \"Truth in Sentencing\" law, which severely curtailed judge's abiliy to decide sentences, reduced parole eligibility, and reduced the benefits of good behavior for early release.\n\nIncarceration rates began to even out from 2008 onwards, a time which also saw some sentencing reform, like the [2012 Three Strikes Bill](https://malegislature.gov/laws/sessionlaws/acts/2012/chapter192) which mandated maximum sentences for three-time offenders but also undid some of the measures in the 1993 Truth in Sentencing Law, like returning the benefits of earned good time and removing some of the mandatory minimums for drug crimes.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2282,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2290,"value":"md`While incarceration rates decreased from 2008 to 2017, they have yet to return to the levels they held in the 1970s. Also, as the maps show, the change in incarceration rates varies wildly from county to county. \n\nUse the slider between the charts below to see how the incarcerated population in Massachusetts changed over time at the county level.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1366,"value":"{\n const geoShape = vl.markGeoshape({stroke: \"light grey\", strokeWidth: 1})\n .data(counties_ma).height(500).width(500)\n .transform(\n vl.lookup('properties.GEO_ID').from(vl.data(jailDiff).key('fips').fields('county_name', 'difference'))\n ) \n .encode(\n vl.color().fieldQ('difference').scale({domain: [-200, 200], scheme:'redblue', reverse : 'false'}).title(\"\"),\n vl.tooltip(\n [//vl.fieldN('county_name'),\n {\"field\":\"county_name\", \"type\": \"nominal\", \"title\" : \"County Name\"},\n {\"field\":\"difference\", \"type\": \"nominal\", \"title\" : \"Change in Population\"}\n ]\n )).height(500).width(500).title(`Difference in Jail Population per 100,000 Residents from ${yearSlide[0]} to ${yearSlide[1]}`);\n \n return geoShape.render()\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1680,"value":"viewof yearSlide = rangeSlider({\n title: 'Year Range',\n description: 'Choose the range you\\'d like to show.',\n min: 1970,\n max: 2017,\n // Default value. Note that values must be specified as array of length 2.\n value: [1969, 2018],\n precision: 0,\n separator : \" – \",\n // Custom slider CSS, replaces all styles. If you want to use one of the predefined\n // themes, remember to import it along with rangeSlider.\n theme: theme_NoUiSlider,\n // Overrides the range color. Support for range colors is up to the theme.\n color: 'hsl(20, 100%, 40%)'\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":698,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2308,"value":"md`Click on a county in the chart legend to isolate it.` ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2366,"value":"md`***`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2330,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2203,"value":"md`***`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":99,"value":"import {vl} from '@vega/vega-lite-api'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":37,"value":"d3 = require(\"d3@5\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1523,"value":"import {rangeSlider, theme_NoUiSlider} from '@mootari/range-slider'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2114,"value":"jailData = FileAttachment(\"incarceration_trends_ma@2.csv\").csv()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2097,"value":"counties_ma = FileAttachment(\"counties_ma@1.json\").json()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1472,"value":"jailData0 = jailData.filter(d => d.year == yearSlide[0])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1607,"value":"jailData1 = jailData.filter(d => d.year == yearSlide[1])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1619,"value":"jailDiff = {\n\nvar jailDiff = [{}]\n\nfor (var i = 0; i < jailData0.length; i++) {\n jailDiff[i] = {'county_name':jailData0[i]['county_name'], 'difference':(jailData1[i].total_jail_pop_rate - jailData0[i].total_jail_pop_rate).toFixed(2), 'fips':jailData0[i].fips}\n}\n return jailDiff\n}\n ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W35","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 2e:"$2d:body"