34:null 35:["$","title",null,{"children":"Interactive Clean Electricity Model for California | Dominick Reinhold | Observable"}] 3b:T718,storage = { let ts = Date.now(); const height = 80; const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]) .style("display", "block"); const marginBottom = 5; const defs = svg.append('defs'); defs.append('pattern') .attr('width',4) .attr('height',4) .attr('patternUnits','userSpaceOnUse') .attr('id', 'hatching') .append('path') .attr('d',"M-1,1 l2,-2 M0,4 l4,-4 M3,5 l2,-2") .style('stroke', '#ccc') .style('strokeWidth',1); const yScalePercent = d3.scaleLinear().domain([0, 101]).range([height - marginBottom, margin.top]); const xAxis = (g, x, height) => g .attr("transform", `translate(0,${margin.top})`) .call(d3.axisTop(x).ticks(width / 80).tickSizeOuter(0).tickFormat(multiFormat)); const yAxis = (g, y, title) => g .attr("transform", `translate(${margin.left},0)`) .call(d3.axisLeft(yScalePercent).ticks(5)) .append('text') .text('Charge (%)') .attr("fill", "black") .attr('transform', `translate(-30,17)rotate(-90)`) .attr("font-size", "11px") const stateOfChargePath = svg.append("path") .datum(filteredStack) .join("path") .attr("fill", "url(#hatching)") .attr("stroke", "black") .attr("stroke-miterlimit", 1) .attr("stroke-width", 1); const stateOfChargeArea = (x, y) => d3.area() .x(d => x(d.date)) .y0(d => y(0)) .y1(d => y(d.stateOfCharge)); const gx = svg.append("g"); const gx2 = svg.append("g"); const gy = svg.append("g"); function update(focusX) { gx.call(xAxis, focusX, height); gy.call(yAxis, yScalePercent, "Charge (%)"); stateOfChargePath.attr("d", stateOfChargeArea(focusX, yScalePercent)); return focusX; } update(xScale.copy().domain(zoomDomain)); since(ts, "storage total"); return svg.node(); }3c:T1a76,chart = { let ts = Date.now(); const height = 440; const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]) .style("display", "block"); var nodeWidth = (d) => d.getBBox().width; // svg.on("wheel", (e) => { // // console.log(e) // e.preventDefault(); // if (e.deltaY < 2 && e.deltaY > -2) return; // let start = new Date(zoomDomain[0]); // let end = new Date(zoomDomain[1]); // let factor = (resolution/4*e.deltaY*60*60*1000)/(end-start); // let dx = e.clientX * factor/(end-start) // in mills // console.log(factor, dx) // start.setTime(start.getTime() - factor - dx); // end.setTime(end.getTime() + factor -dx); // if (start < defaultInterval[0]) start = defaultInterval[0]; // if (end > defaultInterval[1]) end = defaultInterval[1]; // if (end - start < 60*60*1000*24) return; // const newZD = [start, end]; // // console.log(defaultInterval); // // console.log(newZD); // mutable zoomDomain = newZD; // }); let fields = ['net load', 'wind', 'solar', 'battery']; if (baseloadCapacity > 0) fields = ['baseload'].concat(fields); const legend = svg.append('g') .attr('class', 'legend') .attr('transform', 'translate(0,0)'); const lg = legend.selectAll('g') .data(fields.concat(['charging', 'load']).reverse()) .enter() .append('g') .attr('transform', (d,i) => `translate(${i * 100},${height + 15})`); lg.append('rect') .style('fill', d => (d === 'load' || d === 'charging') ? "none" : color(d)) .attr('x', 0) .attr('y', 0) .attr('width', 15) .attr('height', 15); lg.append("line") .attr("x1", 0) .attr("y1", 15) .attr("x2", 15) .attr("y2", 0) .attr("stroke", d => color(d)) .attr("stroke-width", 2) .attr("stroke-dasharray", d => d === 'charging' ? "2,2" : "") lg.append('text') .style('font-family', 'Georgia') .style('font-size', '13px') .attr('x', 17.5) .attr('y', 12) .text(d => d); lg.attr('transform', (d, i) => `translate(${i*90},${10})`); legend.attr('transform', "translate(50,-10)"); const xAxis = (g, x, height) => g .attr("transform", `translate(0,${height - margin.bottom})`) .call(d3.axisBottom(x).ticks(width / 80).tickSizeOuter(0).tickFormat(multiFormat)); const yAxis = (g) => g .attr("transform", `translate(${margin.left},0)`) .call(d3.axisLeft(yScale).tickFormat(d => d3.format("")(d/1000)).tickSizeOuter(0)) .append('text') .text('Power (GW)') .attr("fill", "black") .attr('transform', `translate(-27,175)rotate(-90)`) .attr("font-size", "14px"); const generationStack = svg.append("g") .selectAll("path") .data(d3.stack().keys(fields)(filteredStack) .map(d => (d.forEach(v => v.key = d.key), d))) .join("path") .attr("fill", d => color(d.key)); const chargePath = svg.append("path") .datum(filteredStack) .attr("fill", "none") .attr("stroke", "green") .attr("stroke-dasharray", "2,2") .attr("stroke-width", 1); const load = svg.append("path") .datum(filteredStack) .attr("fill", "none") .attr("stroke", "black") .attr("stroke-width", 1.5); const area = (x,y) => d3.area() .x(d => x(d.data.date)) .y0(d => yScale(d[0])) .y1(d => yScale(d[1])); const gx = svg.append("g"); const gy = svg.append("g"); const tooltip = svg.append("g").style("font", "12px sans-serif"); const hoverLine = svg.append("line") .attr("x1", 0) .attr("y1", 0) .attr("x2", 0) .attr("y2", height - margin.bottom + 0.5) .style("stroke-width", 1) .style("stroke", "black") .style("opacity", ".3") .style("fill", "none"); const brush = d3.brushX() .extent([[margin.left, 0.5], [width - margin.right, height - margin.bottom + 0.5]]) .on("end", e => { if (!e || !e.selection) return; const zd = e.selection.map(fx.invert, fx); console.log(`chart setting zoom domain ${e.selection}`); mutable zoomDomain = zd; }); function update(focusX) { gx.call(xAxis, focusX, height); gy.call(yAxis); generationStack.attr("d", area(focusX, yScale)); chargePath.attr("d", chargeLine(focusX, yScale)); load.attr("d", loadLine(focusX, yScale)); return focusX; } function bisect(mx) { const date = fx.invert(mx); const index = d3.bisector(d => d.date).left(filteredStack, date, 1); const [a, b] = filteredStack.slice(index - 1, index); return b && (date - a.date > b.date - date) ? b : a; } svg.append("g").call(brush).call(brush.clear); svg.on("touchstart mouseenter mousemove", e => { const [cx, cy] = d3.pointer(e); const d = bisect(cx); if (d.index === 0) return; hoverLine.style("display", null); tooltip.style("display", null); tooltip.attr("transform", `translate(${[cx+(cx>width-215 ? -205 : 15), 1]})`); hoverLine.attr("transform", `translate(${[cx, 0]})`); const {solar, wind} = dailyProduction[(new Date(d.date)).toDateString()]; const solarCapacityFactor = (solar / (solarCapacity*1000*24) * 100).toFixed() const windCapacityFactor = (wind / (windCapacity*1000*24) * 100).toFixed() const txt = `Time: ${d3.timeFormat("%b %-d, %-I:%M%p")(new Date(d.date))} Load: ${(d.load/1000).toFixed(1)} GW Net Load: ${(d['net load']/1000).toFixed(1)} GW Solar: ${(d.solar/1000).toFixed(1)} GW Wind: ${(d.wind/1000).toFixed(1)} GW Baseload: ${(d.baseload/1000).toFixed(1)} GW Charging: ${((d.battery>0 || d.stateOfCharge===100) ? 0 : ((d.charge-d.load)/1000)).toFixed(1)} GW Discharging: ${(d.battery/1000).toFixed(1)} GW State of charge ${d.stateOfCharge}% Day's solar: ${(solar/1000).toFixed()} GWh (${solarCapacityFactor}% CF) Day's wind: ${(wind/1000).toFixed()} GWh (${windCapacityFactor}% CF) `; const path = tooltip.selectAll("path") .data([,]) .join("path") .attr("d", `M-4,0H195v210h-200z`) .attr("fill", "white") .attr("opacity", ".9") .attr("stroke", "black"); const text = tooltip.selectAll("text") .data([,]) .join("text") .call(text => text .selectAll("tspan") .data(txt.split(/\n/)) .join("tspan") .attr("x", 4) .attr("y", (_, i) => `${(i+1) * 1.5}em`) .style("white-space","pre") .text(d => d)); }).on("touchend mouseleave", e => { hoverLine.style("display", "none"); tooltip.style("display", "none"); }); const fx = update(xScale.copy().domain(zoomDomain)); document.addEventListener("keydown", keyup); invalidation.then(() => document.removeEventListener("keydown", keyup)); since(ts, 'chart total'); return svg.node(); }3d:T5ce,focus = { let ts = Date.now(); const height = 80; const filteredResults = results.stack.filter((d,i) => i % Math.floor(results.stack.length/width) === 0); const svg = d3.create("svg").attr("viewBox", [14, 0, width, height]); const yRange = yScale.copy().range([height - margin.bottom, 4]); const miniXAxis = (g, x, height) => g .attr("transform", `translate(0,${height - margin.bottom})`) .call(d3.axisBottom(x).ticks(width / 80).tickSizeOuter(0).tickFormat(multiFormat)) svg.append("g").call(miniXAxis, xScale, height); svg.append("path") .datum(filteredResults) .attr("fill", "none") .attr("stroke", "black") .attr("stroke-width", .5) .attr("d", loadLine(xScale, yRange)); svg.selectAll("dot") .data(filteredResults.filter(d => d['net load'] > 1000)) .enter().append("circle") .attr("fill", "red") .attr("r", 1) .attr("cx", d => xScale(d.date)) .attr("cy", d => yRange(d['net load'])) const brush = d3.brushX() .extent([[40,0], [width-20, height - margin.bottom + 0.5]]) .on("brush", e => { if (!e.sourceEvent ) return; mutable zoomDomain = [xScale.invert(e.selection[0]), xScale.invert(e.selection[1])]; }).on("end", ({selection}) => { if (!selection) mutable zoomDomain = defaultInterval; }); svg.append("g") .call(brush) .call(brush.move, [xScale(zoomDomain[0]), xScale(zoomDomain[1])]); ts = since(ts, 'focus total'); return svg.node(); }3e:T530,Inputs.table([{ "Peak Net Load": '', "Total Demand": '', "Net Demand": '', "Discharged": '', "Peak Discharge": '', "Curtailed": '', "Curtailed Hours": '', "100% Clean": '', }], { layout: "fixed", columns: ["Peak Net Load", "Total Demand", "Net Demand", "Discharged", "Peak Discharge", "Curtailed", "Curtailed Hours", "100% Clean"], format: { "Peak Net Load": x => htl.html`${results.formattedTotals["Peak Net Load (GW)"]} GW
${viewof showPeakNetLoad}`, "Total Demand": x => `${results.formattedTotals["Total Energy Demand (TWh)"]} TWh`, "Net Demand": x => `${results.formattedTotals["Net Energy Demand (TWh)"]} TWh (${results.formattedTotals["Net Energy Demand (%)"]}%)`, "Discharged": x => htl.html`${results.formattedTotals["Discharged (TWh)"]} TWh
(${results.formattedTotals["Discharged (cycles)"]} cycles)`, "Peak Discharge": x => htl.html`${results.formattedTotals["Peak Discharge (GW)"]} GW
${viewof showPeakDischarge}`, "Curtailed": x => `${results.formattedTotals["Curtailed Energy (TWh)"]} TWh`, "Curtailed Hours": x => `${results.formattedTotals["Curtailed Energy (hours)"]} (${results.formattedTotals["Curtailed Energy (% hours)"]}%)`, "100% Clean": x => `${results.formattedTotals["100% Clean (% hours)"]}% of hours` }});3f:Td5f,It seems worthwhile to develop an intuitive understanding of the shape of the net load curve in grids with large amounts of wind, solar, and batteries. Why? Because almost all new electric power capacity planned to be built in the U.S. in the next few years is wind, solar, and batteries. This is a logical economic outcome, as the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from those technologies has decreased substantially in recent years, undercutting other electric power generation technologies. As more wind and solar with batteries are added to the grid, and as older coal, gas and nuclear plants retire, the percentage of yearly energy sourced from variable renewables will clearly grow.

How far will it grow? Will we stop deploying more renewables after reaching 50%? 75%? 90%? ...100%? Any amount is technically possible. The actual amount will be determined by the costs of renewables, alternatives, and storage. Costs are very difficult to predict, especially far into the future. But even without knowing the costs, we can still use simple models to get a rough idea of the shape of net load in a highly renewable grid. What does peak net load look like (GW)? How long does peak net load last (GWh)? What's the yearly capacity factor for the resource that must serve the net load? How many hours are electricity spot prices near zero (curtailment)? What if clean baseload power is available?

This model is designed to help answer these questions. The goals of the model are to:

run in a browser with no other dependencies
support fast zooming, panning, and hovering in a series of interesting charts and tables for data exploration
use high-resolution electricity production and consumption data
allow users to provide their own nameplate capacity values for all resources
solve different grid configurations quickly
include all the code and data for anyone to read and modify

This is a toy model of the California electricity system. It uses two data files from CAISO: real power demand and generation data from wind and solar farms at 5 minute intervals for the full year of 2020, and the installed capacities of wind and solar on a monthly basis for 2020. The user sets the nameplate capacities to represent newly built renewable resources. By assuming the new resources have the same capacity factors as the existing resources, this effectively "scales up" existing resources. Batteries with four hours of peak capacity can also be deployed, which the model uses to shift excess power generation around, with the goal of minimizing peak net load. Clean baseload power can be added to the model, which is designed to represent geothermal or traditional nuclear plants: resources that aren't well suited to ramping up and down quickly to serve marginal net load.

The purpose of uncovering the net load curve in high VRE grids is to understand what technologies may exist or could be developed to fit that curve. If no such technologies are developed, we may just scale VRE and batteries to 100%. However, one insight the model shows clearly is that a VRE grid may have to double its installed capacity to get from 90% to 100% of load served: that is, the last 10% of the grid could cost as much as the first 90%. There may be an opportunity to reduce grid costs for everyone if a suitable resource can be found.40:T59a,Hopefully this model is useful. But it should not be misused. This model has many limitations:

This model does not consider transmission or distribution.
This model does not consider offshore wind, which has very different daily and seasonal capacity factors than onshore wind.
This model does not consider hydroelectric power, which is not quite baseload, and is not quite a peaking resource.
This model does not consider out-of-state imports.
This model does not consider any technologies that may be well suited for serving net load (SMR, gas+CCS, syngas, electrolyzer+H2+fuel cells, etc) specifically because the model is trying to expose the net load.
This model has perfect foresight, and it uses it: if we know that tomorrow will be very sunny, the model will fully discharge the batteries overnight, reaching 0% right as the sun comes up.
This model does not consider resource adequacy or reserve margins, and only uses a single weather year.
New solar added to the model could be thought of as either rooftop or utility scale projects. However, the baseline for 2020 sees existing rooftop solar as lower daytime load rather than as solar production.
This model performs slowly in scenarios where the batteries aren't able to reach a 100% charge frequently.
This model does not attempt to minimize costs, only peak net load.

41:T470,California legislators have passed laws requiring the state to install enough renewables and storage to meet at least 60% of yearly energy requirements by 2030. I think that's achievable and more, but it will take time. I wouldn't be surprised if VRE generation reaches 80-90%, especially if a national HVDC grid is built for exporting California's strong solar resource. But I don't know what would supply the last 10%. Hydrogen or synthetic methane in a cheap combustion turbine might make sense, since we will need H2 production and storage for agriculture and industry. The round-trip efficiency would be poor, but capacity might be cheap. On the other hand, if small modular nuclear reactors (SMR) are commercialized, we could use them for net load. In that case, we would probably deploy less than 80% VRE in order to utilize the reactors more. There are other more advanced models that can do least-cost analysis of country level grids, but they require assumptions about the future costs of capex and opex for these potential peaking resources, as well as for renewables and storage, which is far beyond the scope of this model.42:Te0f,curtailmentIntervals = { const powerCapacity = parseInt(batteryPowerCapacity)*1000; if (powerCapacity === 0) return []; const energyCapacity = powerCapacity*4; let intervals = []; let energyLevel = energyCapacity; let currentInterval; let currentBlock; for (let i = 0; i < energyBalance.length; i++) { if (energyLevel === energyCapacity) { if (energyBalance[i] >= 0) { // Battery is full and curtailment is occurring. Do nothing. } else { // Battery is full, but now has to start discharging. This is the beginning of a "curtailment interval". // Within a curtailment interval are one or more blocks, representing a deficit period followed by a surplus period. // In high solar deployments, many curtailment intervals only contain one block, since a full charge achieved almost every day. // But sometimes a curtailment interval will have many blocks lasting for multiple days or weeks. // Each block has a deficitStart, deficitEnd and surplusEnd timestamp and a list of the energy surpluses and deficits. currentBlock = {deficitStart: i, surpluses: [], deficits: [{index: i, block: 0, deficit: Math.abs(energyBalance[i])}]}; currentInterval = {start: i, blocks: [currentBlock], index: intervals.length}; intervals.push(currentInterval); energyLevel += energyBalance[i]; if (energyLevel < 0) energyLevel = 0; } } else { if (energyLevel + energyBalance[i] >= energyCapacity) { // Battery was not full, but now is. energyLevel = energyCapacity; currentBlock.surplusEnd = i; currentInterval.end = i; } else { // Battery was not full, and still is not full (it may be empty). energyLevel += energyBalance[i]; if (energyLevel < 0) energyLevel = 0; if (energyBalance[i-1]>0 && energyBalance[i]<0) { // If energyBalance was positive and turned negative, start a new block within the current interval. currentBlock.surplusEnd = i-1; currentBlock = {deficitStart: i, surpluses: [], deficits: [{index: i, block: currentInterval.blocks.length, deficit: Math.abs(energyBalance[i])}]}; currentInterval.blocks.push(currentBlock); } else if (energyBalance[i-1]<0 && energyBalance[i]>0) { // If energyBalance was negative and turned positive, transition current block to surplus. currentBlock.deficitEnd = i; currentBlock.surpluses.push({index: i, surplus: energyBalance[i]}); currentBlock.totalSurplus = energyBalance[i]; } else if (energyBalance[i] > 0) { // If energyBalance was positive and stayed positive, add to surplus. currentBlock.surpluses.push({index: i, surplus: energyBalance[i]}); currentBlock.totalSurplus += energyBalance[i]; } else if (energyBalance[i] < 0) { // If energyBalance was negative and stayed negative, add to deficit. currentBlock.deficits.push({index: i, block: currentInterval.blocks.length-1, deficit: Math.abs(energyBalance[i])}); } } } } for (let interval of intervals) { // By definition, a curtailment interval starts and ends with a full battery. // We can distribute the stored energy, in addition to the surplus energy within each block, // to the deficits within the curtailment interval, subject to constraints. interval.blocks[interval.blocks.length-1].totalSurplus = energyCapacity; } intervals[intervals.length-1].end = energyBalance.length-1; return intervals; }43:Ta20,dischargeResults = { function getWorker(promises, log) { const worker = new Worker(workerScript); const start = Date.now(); worker.addEventListener('message', ({data}) => { log && console.log(`worker finished ci ${data.key} after ${(Date.now() - start).toFixed()}ms`); promises[data.key].resolve(data.results); }); return worker; } const start = Date.now(); const powerCapacity = parseInt(batteryPowerCapacity) * 1000; const energyCapacity = powerCapacity * 4; let numThreads = 1; let workers = []; invalidation.then(() => workers.forEach(w => w.terminate())); let discharge = {}; let iterations = 0; if (disableMultiThreading) { curtailmentIntervals.forEach((ci, i) => { let res = solve({key: i, powerCapacity, energyCapacity, blocks: JSON.stringify(ci.blocks)}); iterations+=res[-1]; for (let prop in res) discharge[prop] = res[prop]; }); const duration = (Date.now() - start).toFixed(); console.log(`all curtailment intervals solved in ${duration}ms (${iterations} iterations)`); return {discharge, solverStats: {duration, numThreads, numIntervals: curtailmentIntervals.length}}; } else { const promises = curtailmentIntervals.map(w => defer()); const minThreads = 3; workers = Array.from(Array(minThreads)).map(w => getWorker(promises, false)); numThreads += minThreads; for (let ci of curtailmentIntervals) { if (ci.blocks.length < 12) { workers[ci.index%minThreads].postMessage({key: ci.index, powerCapacity, energyCapacity, intervalsPerHour, blocks: JSON.stringify(ci.blocks)}); } else { numThreads++; let dedicatedWorker = getWorker(promises, true); console.log(`started dedicated worker for ci ${ci.index} with ${ci.blocks.length} blocks`); dedicatedWorker.postMessage({key: ci.index, powerCapacity, energyCapacity, intervalsPerHour, blocks: JSON.stringify(ci.blocks)}); workers.push(dedicatedWorker); } } return Promise.all(promises.map(p => p.promise)).then(results => { console.log(`got results after ${(Date.now() - start).toFixed()}`) workers.forEach(w => w.terminate()); for (let res of results) { iterations+=res[-1]; for (let prop in res) discharge[prop] = res[prop]; } const duration = (Date.now() - start).toFixed(); console.log(`all curtailment intervals solved in ${duration}ms (${iterations} iterations)`); return {discharge, solverStats: {duration, numThreads, numIntervals: curtailmentIntervals.length}}; }); } }44:T879,solve = data => { let start = Date.now(); let {blocks, powerCapacity, energyCapacity, key} = data; blocks = JSON.parse(blocks); // discharge in chunks of 25M-100MW to turn a continuous optimization problem into a discrete problem. const dischargeSize = blocks.length === 1 ? 25 : (blocks.length < 40 ? 50 : 100); const maxPower = powerCapacity/intervalsPerHour; let dischargeAtIndex = {}; let deficitHeap = new FastPriorityQueue((a,b) => b.deficit < a.deficit); let constraints = []; for (let i=0; i m+c.totalSurplus, 0) }); } } let iterations = 0; for (let block of blocks) { for (let d of block.deficits) { deficitHeap.add(d); dischargeAtIndex[d.index] = 0; d.constraints = []; for (let c of constraints) { if (c.match.min <= d.block && c.match.max >= d.block) d.constraints.push(c); } } let chargeToDistribute = block.totalSurplus; let top = deficitHeap.poll(); while (chargeToDistribute > 0 && top && top.deficit > 0) { iterations++; let remainingPower = maxPower - (dischargeAtIndex[top.index] || 0); if (remainingPower === 0) { top = deficitHeap.poll(); continue; } let discharge = Math.min(top.deficit, dischargeSize, chargeToDistribute, remainingPower); let constraintFailed = false; for (let constraint of top.constraints) { if (constraint.value + discharge > constraint.max) { constraintFailed = true; break; } } if (!constraintFailed) { chargeToDistribute -= discharge; top.deficit -= discharge; dischargeAtIndex[top.index] += discharge; top.constraints.forEach(c => c.value += discharge); if (top.deficit > 0) deficitHeap.add(top); } top = deficitHeap.poll(); } if (top && top.deficit>0) deficitHeap.add(top); } dischargeAtIndex[-1] = iterations; return dischargeAtIndex; }45:T1184,results = { let stack = []; let totals = {demand: 0, unmet: 0, curtailed: 0, curtailedIntervals: 0, discharged: 0, cleanIntervals: 0}; let peaks = {netLoad: {index: 0, power: 0, start: 0, end: 0}, discharge: {index: 0, power: 0, start: 0, end: 0}}; let unmetDemandHistogram = new Array(100).fill(0); const powerCapacity = parseInt(batteryPowerCapacity)*1000; const capacity = powerCapacity*4; let energyLevel = capacity; let hourlyUnmetDemand = 0; for (let i = 0; i < scaledLoadAndGen.length; i++) { const {date, load, solar, wind, baseload} = scaledLoadAndGen[i]; const balance = energyBalance[i]; if (dischargeResults.discharge[i]) { energyLevel -= dischargeResults.discharge[i]; } else if (balance > 0) { energyLevel += balance; energyLevel = Math.min(energyLevel, capacity); if (capacity === 0 || energyLevel === capacity) totals.curtailedIntervals++; } const stateOfCharge = capacity === 0 ? 0 : Math.ceil(energyLevel/capacity*100); const discharge = dischargeResults.discharge[i] ? dischargeResults.discharge[i]*intervalsPerHour : 0; const charge = (balance > 0 && stateOfCharge < 100) ? (Math.min(load+balance*intervalsPerHour, load+powerCapacity)): load; const missing = Math.max(load - solar - wind - baseload - discharge, 0); if (missing === 0) totals.cleanIntervals++; if (missing > peaks.netLoad.power) { peaks.netLoad.index = i; peaks.netLoad.power = missing; } if (discharge > peaks.discharge.power) { peaks.discharge.index = i; peaks.discharge.power = discharge; } totals.demand += load/intervalsPerHour; totals.unmet += missing/intervalsPerHour; totals.curtailed += (balance > 0 && (stateOfCharge === 100 || capacity === 0)) ? (solar + wind + baseload - load)/intervalsPerHour : 0; totals.discharged += discharge > 0 ? discharge / intervalsPerHour : 0; hourlyUnmetDemand += missing; if (i>0 && i%intervalsPerHour===0) { unmetDemandHistogram[Math.floor(hourlyUnmetDemand/1000)]++; } else { hourlyUnmetDemand = 0; } stack.push({index: i, load, date, solar, wind, baseload, battery: discharge, charge, "net load": missing, stateOfCharge}); } peaks.discharge.start = scaledLoadAndGen[Math.max(peaks.discharge.index - intervalsPerHour*36, 0)].date; peaks.discharge.end = scaledLoadAndGen[Math.min(peaks.discharge.index + intervalsPerHour*36, scaledLoadAndGen.length-1)].date; peaks.netLoad.start = scaledLoadAndGen[Math.max(peaks.netLoad.index - intervalsPerHour*36, 0)].date; peaks.netLoad.end = scaledLoadAndGen[Math.min(peaks.netLoad.index + intervalsPerHour*36, scaledLoadAndGen.length-1)].date; const formattedTotals = { "Run": `${allResults.length+1}`, "Duration": `${(dischargeResults.solverStats.duration/1000).toFixed(2)}s`, "Solar (GW)": solarCapacity, "Onshore Wind (GW)": windCapacity, "Baseload (GW)": baseloadCapacity, "Battery (GW, 4hr)": batteryPowerCapacity, "Peak Net Load (GW)": (peaks.netLoad.power/1000).toFixed(1), "Net Energy Demand (TWh)": (totals.unmet/1000000).toFixed(1), "Net Energy Demand (%)": Math.ceil(totals.unmet/totals.demand*100), "Curtailed Energy (TWh)": (totals.curtailed/1000000).toFixed(1), "Curtailed Energy (hours)": (totals.curtailedIntervals/intervalsPerHour).toFixed(), "Curtailed Energy (% hours)": (totals.curtailedIntervals/scaledLoadAndGen.length*100).toFixed(), "Discharged (TWh)": (totals.discharged/1000000).toFixed(1), "Discharged (cycles)": (powerCapacity === 0 ? 0 : (totals.discharged/(batteryPowerCapacity*4000))).toFixed(), "Peak Discharge (GW)": (peaks.discharge.power/1000).toFixed(1), "100% Clean (hours)": (totals.cleanIntervals/intervalsPerHour).toFixed(1), "100% Clean (% hours)": (totals.cleanIntervals/scaledLoadAndGen.length*100).toFixed(), "Total Energy Demand (TWh)": (totals.demand/1000000).toFixed(1), "Solver Intervals": dischargeResults.solverStats.numIntervals, "Solver Threads": dischargeResults.solverStats.numThreads }; let duplicate = allResults.length !== 0; for (let [k,v] of Object.entries(formattedTotals)) { if (k !== "Run" && (allResults.length === 0 || v !== allResults[0][k])) { duplicate = false; } } if (dischargeResults.solverStats.duration && !duplicate) { mutable allResults = [formattedTotals].concat(allResults); } return {stack, unmetDemandHistogram, formattedTotals, peaks}; }46:T10be,workerScript = { const script = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob([` function FastPriorityQueue(comparator) { if (!(this instanceof FastPriorityQueue)) return new FastPriorityQueue(comparator); this.array = []; this.size = 0; this.compare = comparator; } FastPriorityQueue.prototype.add = function(myval) { var i = this.size; this.array[this.size] = myval; this.size += 1; var p; var ap; while (i > 0) { p = (i - 1) >> 1; ap = this.array[p]; if (!this.compare(myval, ap)) { break; } this.array[i] = ap; i = p; } this.array[i] = myval; }; FastPriorityQueue.prototype._percolateDown = function(i) { var size = this.size; var hsize = this.size >>> 1; var ai = this.array[i]; var l; var r; var bestc; while (i < hsize) { l = (i << 1) + 1; r = l + 1; bestc = this.array[l]; if (r < size) { if (this.compare(this.array[r], bestc)) { l = r; bestc = this.array[r]; } } if (!this.compare(bestc, ai)) { break; } this.array[i] = bestc; i = l; } this.array[i] = ai; }; FastPriorityQueue.prototype.poll = function() { if (this.size == 0) return undefined; var ans = this.array[0]; if (this.size > 1) { this.array[0] = this.array[--this.size]; this._percolateDown(0); } else { this.size -= 1; } return ans; }; onmessage = ({data}) => { let iterations = 0; let {blocks, powerCapacity, energyCapacity, intervalsPerHour, key} = data; blocks = JSON.parse(blocks); // discharge in blocks of 25-100MW to turn a continuous optimization problem into a discrete problem const dischargeSize = blocks.length === 1 ? 25 : (blocks.length < 40 ? 50 : 100); const maxPower = powerCapacity/intervalsPerHour; let dischargeAtIndex = {}; let deficitHeap = new FastPriorityQueue((a,b) => b.deficit < a.deficit); let constraints = []; // build constraints for distributing surpluses to deficits for (let i=0; i m+c.totalSurplus, 0) }); } } for (let block of blocks) { block.deficits.forEach(d => { deficitHeap.add(d); dischargeAtIndex[d.index] = 0; d.constraints = []; for (let c of constraints) { if (c.match.min <= d.block && c.match.max >= d.block) d.constraints.push(c); } }); let chargeToDistribute = block.totalSurplus; let top = deficitHeap.poll(); while (chargeToDistribute > 0 && top && top.deficit > 0) { iterations++; let remainingPower = maxPower - dischargeAtIndex[top.index]; if (remainingPower === 0) { top = deficitHeap.poll(); continue; } let discharge = Math.min(top.deficit, dischargeSize, chargeToDistribute, remainingPower); let constraintFailed = false; for (let constraint of top.constraints) { if (constraint.value + discharge > constraint.max) constraintFailed = true; } if (!constraintFailed) { chargeToDistribute -= discharge; top.deficit -= discharge; dischargeAtIndex[top.index] += discharge; top.constraints.forEach(c => c.value += discharge); if (top.deficit > 0) deficitHeap.add(top); } top = deficitHeap.poll(); } if (top && top.deficit>0) deficitHeap.add(top); } dischargeAtIndex[-1] = iterations; postMessage({key, results: dischargeAtIndex}); } `], { type: "text/javascript" })); invalidation.then(() => URL.revokeObjectURL(script)); return script; }47:Ta96,keyup = e => { const millistoAdvance = resolution * 1000 * 60 * 60 * 12; let newStart = new Date(zoomDomain[0]); let newEnd = new Date(zoomDomain[1]); if(document.activeElement.tagName.toLowerCase() === "input") return; const activeKeys = ["s","w","n","b","S","W","N","B","R","-","=","ArrowLeft","ArrowRight"]; if (!activeKeys.includes(e.key)) return; e.preventDefault(); if (e.key === "s") { set(viewof solarCapacity, parseInt(solarCapacity) + 5); } else if (e.key === "w") { set(viewof windCapacity, parseInt(windCapacity) + 5); } else if (e.key === "n") { set(viewof baseloadCapacity, parseInt(baseloadCapacity) + 1); } else if (e.key === "b") { set(viewof batteryPowerCapacity, parseInt(batteryPowerCapacity) + 5); } else if (e.key === "S") { set(viewof solarCapacity, parseInt(solarCapacity) - 5); } else if (e.key === "W") { set(viewof windCapacity, parseInt(windCapacity) - 5); } else if (e.key === "N") { set(viewof baseloadCapacity, parseInt(baseloadCapacity) - 1); } else if (e.key === "B") { set(viewof batteryPowerCapacity, parseInt(batteryPowerCapacity) - 5); } else if (e.key === "R") { set(viewof solarCapacity, 60); set(viewof windCapacity, 25); set(viewof batteryPowerCapacity, 40); set(viewof baseloadCapacity, 0); } else if (e.key === "-") { newStart.setMilliseconds(newStart.getMilliseconds() - millistoAdvance); newEnd.setMilliseconds(newEnd.getMilliseconds() + millistoAdvance); if (newStart < loadAndGen2020[0].date) newStart = new Date(loadAndGen2020[0].date); if (newEnd > loadAndGen2020[loadAndGen2020.length-1].date) newEnd = new Date(loadAndGen2020[loadAndGen2020.length-1].date); mutable zoomDomain = [newStart, newEnd]; } else if (e.key === "=") { newStart.setMilliseconds(newStart.getMilliseconds() + millistoAdvance); newEnd.setMilliseconds(newEnd.getMilliseconds() - millistoAdvance); if (newStart < newEnd) { mutable zoomDomain = [newStart, newEnd]; } } else if (e.key === "ArrowLeft") { newStart.setMilliseconds(newStart.getMilliseconds() - millistoAdvance); newEnd.setMilliseconds(newEnd.getMilliseconds() - millistoAdvance); if (newStart < loadAndGen2020[0].date) newStart = new Date(loadAndGen2020[0].date); mutable zoomDomain = [newStart, newEnd]; } else if (e.key === "ArrowRight") { newStart.setMilliseconds(newStart.getMilliseconds() + millistoAdvance); newEnd.setMilliseconds(newEnd.getMilliseconds() + millistoAdvance); if (newEnd > loadAndGen2020[loadAndGen2020.length-1].date) { newEnd = new Date(loadAndGen2020[loadAndGen2020.length-1].date); } mutable zoomDomain = [newStart, newEnd]; } }48:T5f7,FastPriorityQueue = { // source: https://github.com/lemire/FastPriorityQueue.js function FastPriorityQueue(comparator) { if (!(this instanceof FastPriorityQueue)) return new FastPriorityQueue(comparator); this.array = []; this.size = 0; this.compare = comparator; } FastPriorityQueue.prototype.add = function(myval) { var i = this.size; this.array[this.size] = myval; this.size += 1; var p; var ap; while (i > 0) { p = (i - 1) >> 1; ap = this.array[p]; if (!this.compare(myval, ap)) { break; } this.array[i] = ap; i = p; } this.array[i] = myval; }; FastPriorityQueue.prototype._percolateDown = function(i) { var size = this.size; var hsize = this.size >>> 1; var ai = this.array[i]; var l; var r; var bestc; while (i < hsize) { l = (i << 1) + 1; r = l + 1; bestc = this.array[l]; if (r < size) { if (this.compare(this.array[r], bestc)) { l = r; bestc = this.array[r]; } } if (!this.compare(bestc, ai)) { break; } this.array[i] = bestc; i = l; } this.array[i] = ai; }; FastPriorityQueue.prototype.poll = function() { if (this.size == 0) return undefined; var ans = this.array[0]; if (this.size > 1) { this.array[0] = this.array[--this.size]; this._percolateDown(0); } else { this.size -= 1; } return ans; }; return FastPriorityQueue; };49:[{"id":"a0d5e9516dfdcd287088b58aee3b9be68f5ed594f6323262b43d77284949ab778f584fb7bd117964234e962c1e28ce72064d277925cb2d12fa7a4d4ec4966530","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/a0d5e9516dfdcd287088b58aee3b9be68f5ed594f6323262b43d77284949ab778f584fb7bd117964234e962c1e28ce72064d277925cb2d12fa7a4d4ec4966530","name":"ca-2020-load-solar-wind.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1645480067889.859,"size":3029275},{"id":"15c0a59cce1cdfcf210f9371f38f468c6c39cd7b78662c36e0989843cfd41c2d59f5b1b80f53c3835be7b77206494f7144f9496d463f0de42016fc86c1ce54e3","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/15c0a59cce1cdfcf210f9371f38f468c6c39cd7b78662c36e0989843cfd41c2d59f5b1b80f53c3835be7b77206494f7144f9496d463f0de42016fc86c1ce54e3","name":"ca-2020-monthly-capacity-solar-wind.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1646159546151.794,"size":259}] 39:{"id":"6513da4a62d5258c","slug":"interactive-clean-electricity-model-for-california","title":"Interactive Clean Electricity Model for California","thumbnail":"9d9b257ae73b36411ab3c1d2dbb0c2747b2b1581dc5248e6838aca89fe418fec","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2022-02-21T21:37:49.437Z","update_time":"$D2022-09-06T03:32:34.091Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2022-03-03T03:50:57.375Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":14,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"9983accb59d2bdc9","login":"d-reinhold","name":"Dominick Reinhold","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/c8ff75ad44ad30440671800e12035e36194c6a25b828dc4ee1e39a1d76723041","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"","following":false},"version":3541,"publish_version":3541,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"c939ab1aa8709123","login":"d-reinhold","name":"Dominick Reinhold","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/c8ff75ad44ad30440671800e12035e36194c6a25b828dc4ee1e39a1d76723041","tier":null,"bio":"","following":false}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"c939ab1aa8709123","login":"d-reinhold","name":"Dominick Reinhold","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/c8ff75ad44ad30440671800e12035e36194c6a25b828dc4ee1e39a1d76723041","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":true,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":5,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"Interactive Clean Electricity Model for California","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# Interactive Clean Electricity Model for California\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2316,"value":"Net load is the term for the remaining load on a power grid after subtracting the generation from wind, solar, and batteries charged by wind and solar. What might the net load look like, at different times of the year, on a grid that has a large amount of renewable energy and batteries?","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2434,"value":"Below is a simulated model of the California electric grid with 80% of yearly demand met by wind, solar and batteries. Actual power consumption for the year 2020 was used, as well as the actual production from wind and solar farms from the same year, scaled up to reach 80% of demand. Click and drag on the middle chart to zoom in to five minutes of granularity. Click and drag on the bottom chart to zoom out to a section, or just click to zoom out completely. You can also change the nameplate capacity of any resource to see the effects on net load and curtailment.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":350,"value":"$3b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":271,"value":"$3c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":305,"value":"$3d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":11,"value":"Inputs.table([{\n \"Solar (GW)\": '',\n \"Onshore Wind (GW)\": '',\n \"Baseload (GW)\": '',\n \"Battery (GW, 4h)\": '',\n}], \n{\n layout: \"auto\",\n columns: [\"Solar (GW)\", \"Onshore Wind (GW)\", \"Baseload (GW)\", \"Battery (GW, 4h)\"], \n format: {\n \"Solar (GW)\": x => Inputs.bind(htl.html``, viewof solarCapacity),\n \"Onshore Wind (GW)\": x => Inputs.bind(htl.html``, viewof windCapacity),\n \"Baseload (GW)\": x => Inputs.bind(htl.html``, viewof baseloadCapacity),\n \"Battery (GW, 4h)\": x => Inputs.bind(htl.html``, viewof batteryPowerCapacity),\n }});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":867,"value":"$3e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2003,"value":"htl.html`

Results:

${viewof download} ${viewof clear} ${resultTable ? viewof rerun : ''}

`\n : html`

`;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2325,"value":"### Motivation","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2265,"value":"$3f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2350,"value":"### Caveats","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2354,"value":"$40","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2358,"value":"### Opinions","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2362,"value":"$41","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2373,"value":"### Code","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2377,"value":"Below is the code for the model and charts. Feel free to modify anything!","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1929,"value":"monthlyCapacity2020 = d3.csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"ca-2020-monthly-capacity-solar-wind.csv\").text(), d => {\n return {month: (new Date(Date.parse(d.month))).getMonth(), solar: parseInt(d.solar), wind: parseInt(d.wind)};\n});","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"loadAndGen2020 = d3.csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"ca-2020-load-solar-wind.csv\").text(), d => {\n let parsedDate = Date.parse(d.date);\n const capacity = monthlyCapacity2020[(new Date(parsedDate)).getMonth()];\n return {date: parsedDate, load: +d.load, solar: +d.solar/capacity.solar, wind: +d.wind/capacity.wind}\n});","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":48,"value":"scaledLoadAndGen = loadAndGen2020.map(d => {\n return {\n date: d.date,\n load: d.load,\n solar: d.solar*solarCapacity*1000,\n wind: d.wind*windCapacity*1000,\n baseload: baseloadCapacity*1000\n };\n});","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":39,"value":"energyBalance = scaledLoadAndGen.map(d => (d.solar+d.wind+d.baseload-d.load)/intervalsPerHour);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1159,"value":"$42","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":99,"value":"$43","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1177,"value":"$44","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":412,"value":"$45","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1444,"value":"dailyProduction = {\n let results = {};\n for (let d of scaledLoadAndGen) {\n let day = (new Date(d.date)).toDateString();\n if (!results[day]) {\n results[day] = {day, wind: d.wind/intervalsPerHour, solar: d.solar/intervalsPerHour};\n } else {\n results[day].wind += d.wind/intervalsPerHour;\n results[day].solar += d.solar/intervalsPerHour;\n }\n }\n return results;\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1463,"value":"filteredStack = results.stack.filter((d, i) => (i % resolution === 0 && d.date >= zoomDomain[0] && d.date <= zoomDomain[1]))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":183,"value":"$46","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1815,"value":"defaultInterval = [loadAndGen2020[0].date, loadAndGen2020[loadAndGen2020.length-1].date].map(d => new Date(d));","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":273,"value":"mutable zoomDomain = [].concat(defaultInterval);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3167,"value":"$47","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":283,"value":"mutable resolution = Math.max(Math.floor((zoomDomain[1] - zoomDomain[0]) / (1000*60*5) / width), 1);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1965,"value":"mutable allResults = 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margin.right]);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":812,"value":" yScale = d3.scaleLinear()\n .domain([0, d3.max(scaledLoadAndGen, d => Math.max(d.solar+d.wind+d.baseload, d.load))])\n .range([440 - margin.bottom, margin.top]);\n ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2391,"value":"intervalsPerHour = 12;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2942,"value":"function since(ts, label) {\n let now = Date.now();\n // console.log(`${now - ts}ms by ${label}`);\n return now;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":14,"value":"viewof batteryPowerCapacity = Inputs.text({value: 30});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":23,"value":"viewof solarCapacity = Inputs.text({value: 60});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":26,"value":"viewof windCapacity = Inputs.text({value: 30});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":29,"value":"viewof baseloadCapacity = Inputs.text({value: 0});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1097,"value":"viewof showPeakNetLoad = Inputs.button(`${d3.timeFormat(\"%b %d\")(new Date(results.peaks.netLoad.start))} - ${d3.timeFormat(\"%b %d\")(new Date(results.peaks.netLoad.end))}`, {reduce: () => {\n mutable zoomDomain = [results.peaks.netLoad.start, results.peaks.netLoad.end];\n}});","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3196,"value":"viewof showPeakDischarge = Inputs.button(`${d3.timeFormat(\"%b %-d, %-I:%M%p\")(new Date(scaledLoadAndGen[results.peaks.discharge.index].date))}`, {reduce: () => {\n mutable zoomDomain = [results.peaks.discharge.start, results.peaks.discharge.end];\n}});","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2080,"value":"viewof download = allResults.length > 0 ? DOM.download(serialize(allResults), \"solver-results\", \"⬇ Download CSV\") : Inputs.button()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2144,"value":"viewof clear = Inputs.button(`✖ Clear Results`, {reduce: () => mutable allResults = []});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2108,"value":"viewof rerun = Inputs.button(`▶ Re-run Result`, {reduce: (d) => {\n set(viewof solarCapacity, resultTable[\"Solar (GW)\"]);\n set(viewof windCapacity, resultTable[\"Onshore Wind (GW)\"]);\n set(viewof baseloadCapacity, resultTable[\"Baseload (GW)\"]);\n set(viewof batteryPowerCapacity, resultTable[\"Battery (GW, 4hr)\"]);\n}});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1683,"value":"multiFormat = {\nconst formatMinute = d3.timeFormat(\"%-I:%M%p\"),\n formatHour = d3.timeFormat(\"%-I %p\"),\n formatDay = d3.timeFormat(\"%b %-d\");\n \n function multiFormat(date) {\n return (d3.timeHour(date) < date ? formatMinute\n : d3.timeDay(date) < date ? formatHour : formatDay)(date);\n }\n return multiFormat;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":258,"value":"function defer() {\n\tvar deferred = {\n\t\tpromise: null,\n\t\tresolve: null,\n\t\treject: null\n\t};\n\n\tdeferred.promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {\n\t\tdeferred.resolve = resolve;\n\t\tdeferred.reject = reject;\n\t});\n\n\treturn deferred;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":288,"value":"color = d => ({\n \"solar\": \"rgb(250,230,100)\",\n \"wind\": \"rgb(130,160,220)\",\n \"battery\": \"rgb(60,125,42)\",\n \"net load\": \"rgb(255,100,100)\",\n \"baseload\": \"rgb(140,60,155)\",\n \"load\": \"black\",\n \"charging\": \"green\",\n}[d]);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":310,"value":"margin = ({top: 20, right: 20, bottom: 30, left: 40});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2134,"value":"function set(input, value) {\n input.value = value;\n input.dispatchEvent(new Event(\"input\"));\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":911,"value":"heap = require('heap-js');","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2076,"value":"import {serialize} from \"@palewire/saving-csv\";","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2742,"value":"$48","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W49","stdlib":"1"}} 3a:"$39:body"