2b:null 2c:["$","title",null,{"children":"Analysis of Revolutionary Speeches | jasminflack | Observable"}] 31:T499,md` For my final project, I decided to take a look at a handful of speeches given by revolutionary leaders during revolutionary times. The questions we've tackled of what is a revolution and what makes one successful were in my mind as I thought of this idea. Many of these texts lay out what revolution meant to these leaders and how they wanted to go (or went) about obtaining it. My analysis of these speeches has shown that though these revolutions existed in different contexts and times, and had different strategies (violence vs. non-violence, for example, another theme we explored) and aims, there are also some themes and ideas they share in common. Process: All text mining and analysis was done in R. I then created these visualizations in D3 javascript to convey my findings. My rMarkdown file with the code I used for analysis is in this github. Clicking the side of these windows will show the code used for building out the visualizations. Below I've listed the speeches I explored, along with a link to their full text. I tried to get one speech each from a range of revolutionary events. `32:Ta41,md` 1. The Chinese People Have Stood Up! Mao Zedong - In this speech, delivered in 1949 at the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Mao celebrates the defeat of imperialism and the corrupt Kuomintang government and the ushering in of the new and improved People's Republic of China. 2. We Shall Confront the World with Our Ideology Ayatollah Khomeini - In this 1980 speech, Khomeini lays out his ideas for a revolutionary Iran, which include anti-Marxism and a government centered around Islam. 3. Declaration of Haitian Independence Jean-Jacques Dessalines - This speech was given in 1804 to denounce France and mark the successful end of Haiti's fight for indepedence. 4. History Will Absolve Me Fidel Castro - Castro gave this speech in court in 1953 defending his actions and outlining his revolutionary plans for Cuba. 5. Justification on the Use of Terror Maximilien Robespierre - Robespierre was the leader of the Committee on Public Safety during the French Revolution and in this speech justifies the use of violence and terror by the government against counter-revolutionary forces. 6. Justification on the Use of Terror Patrick Henry - Henry gave this speech at the Second Virginia Convention in 1775 in an effort to convince those in attendance of the need for a revolutionary war. 7. Quit India Mahatma Gandhi - This speech was delivered in 1942 as a part of Gandhi's push for passive resistance in the struggle for independence from Great Britain. 8. I am Prepared to Die Nelson Mandela - Mandela delvered this speech in 1964 saying he was prepared to die for democracy and the end of aparthied in South Africa. `33:T911,chart1 = { var height = 500 const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]); var margin = ({top: 30, right: 0, bottom: 30, left: 40}) var x = d3.scaleBand() .domain(d3.range(top_words.length)) .range([margin.left, width - margin.right]) .padding(0.1) var y = d3.scaleLinear() .domain([0, d3.max(top_words, d => d.n)]).nice() .range([height - margin.bottom, margin.top]) var xAxis = g => g .attr("transform", `translate(0,${height - margin.bottom})`) .call(d3.axisBottom(x).tickFormat(i => top_words[i].word).tickSizeOuter(0)) var yAxis = g => g .attr("transform", `translate(${margin.left},0)`) .call(d3.axisLeft(y).ticks(null, top_words.format)) .call(g => g.select(".domain").remove()) .call(g => g.append("text") .attr("x", -margin.left) .attr("y", 10) .attr("fill", "currentColor") .attr("text-anchor", "start") .text(top_words.y)) var mouseover = function(d) { tooltip .style("opacity", 1) .transition() .duration(200) .style("opacity", .9); tooltip.html(d.n) .style("left", d3.event.pageX -30 + "px") .style("top", d3.event.pageY -30+ "px") d3.select(this) .attr("r", 8) .style("stroke", "black") .style("opacity", .6) } var mousemove = function(d) { tooltip .html(d.n) .style("left", d3.event.pageX - 30 + "px") .style("top", d3.event.pageY - 30 + "px") .style("display", "inline-block") d3.select(this) .attr("r", 8) .style("stroke", "black") .style("opacity", .6) } var mouseout = function(d) { tooltip .style("opacity", 0) d3.select(this) .attr("r", 5) .style("stroke", "none") .style("opacity", 1) } svg.append("g") .attr("fill", "steelblue") .selectAll("rect") .data(top_words) .join("rect") .attr("x", (d, i) => x(i)) .attr("y", d => y(d.n)) .attr("height", d => y(0) - y(d.n)) .attr("width", x.bandwidth()); svg.append("g") .call(xAxis); svg.append("g") .call(yAxis); svg.selectAll("rect") .on('mouseover', mouseover) .on('mousemove', mousemove) .on('mouseout', mouseout); return svg.node(); }34:T743,chart3 = { var margin = ({top: 30, right: 250, bottom: 10, left: 30}) var barHeight = 25 var height = Math.ceil((data.length + 0.1) * barHeight) + margin.top + margin.bottom const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]); var x = d3.scaleLinear() .domain([d3.min(data, d => d.sentiment), d3.max(data, d => d.sentiment)]) .rangeRound([margin.left, width - margin.right]) var y = d3.scaleBand() .domain(d3.range(data.length)) .rangeRound([margin.top, height - margin.bottom]) .padding(0.1) var xAxis = g => g .attr("transform", `translate(0,${margin.top})`) .call(d3.axisTop(x).ticks(width / 70)) .call(g => g.select(".domain").remove()) var yAxis = g => g .attr("transform", `translate(${x(0)},0)`) .call(d3.axisLeft(y).tickFormat(i => data[i].Speech).tickSize(0).tickPadding(6)) .call(g => g.selectAll(".tick text").filter(i => data[i].sentiment < 0) .attr("text-anchor", "start") .attr("x", 6)) svg.append("g") .selectAll("rect") .data(data) .join("rect") .attr("fill", d => d3.schemeSet1[d.sentiment > 0 ? 2 : 0]) .attr("opacity", .8) .attr("x", d => x(Math.min(d.sentiment, 0))) .attr("y", (d,i) => y(i)) .attr("width", d => Math.abs(x(d.sentiment) - x(0))) .attr("height", y.bandwidth()); svg.append("g") .attr("font-family", "sans-serif") .attr("font-size", 10) .selectAll("text") .data(data) .join("text") .attr("text-anchor", d => d.sentiment < 0 ? "end" : "start") .attr("x", d => x(d.sentiment) + Math.sign(d.sentiment - 0) * 4) .attr("y", (d, i) => y(i) + y.bandwidth() / 2) .attr("dy", "0.35em") .text(d => d.sentiment); svg.append("g") .call(xAxis); svg.append("g") .call(yAxis); return svg.node(); }35:Tb9b,function chart(data, input) { var speed = 0 var svg = d3.select("#chart"), margin = {top: 35, left: 35, bottom: 5, right: -15}, width = +svg.attr("width") - margin.left - margin.right, height = +svg.attr("height") - margin.top - margin.bottom; var x = d3.scaleBand() .range([margin.left, width - margin.right]) .padding(0.1) .paddingOuter(0.2) var y = d3.scaleLinear() .domain([0,100]) .range([height - margin.bottom, margin.top]) var xAxis = g => g .attr("transform", "translate(0," + (height - margin.bottom) + ")") .call(d3.axisBottom(x).tickSizeOuter(0)) var yAxis = g => g .attr("transform", "translate(" + margin.left + ",0)") .call(d3.axisLeft(y)) var yGrid = g => g .attr("transform", "translate(" + margin.left + ",0)") .style("stroke", "grey") .call(d3.axisLeft(y).tickSize(-width + margin.right)) .call(g => g.selectAll("text").remove()) svg.append("g") .attr("class", "x-axis") svg.append("rect").attr("class", "block") .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", 0 + margin.top) .attr("height", height - margin.bottom) .attr("width", margin.left) .attr("fill", "#fff"); svg.append("g") .attr("class", "y-axis") svg.append("g") .attr("class", "y-grid") var sorted = data.map(d => d.Word); update(data, input); function update(data, input) { data.sort(d3.select("#checkBox").property("checked") ? (a, b) => b[input] - a[input] : (a, b) => sorted.indexOf(a.Word) - sorted.indexOf(b.Word)); x.domain(data.map(d => d.Word)) svg.selectAll(".x-axis").transition().duration(speed) .call(xAxis); //y.domain([0, d3.max(data, d => d[input])]).nice() svg.selectAll(".y-axis").transition().duration(speed) .call(yAxis); svg.selectAll(".y-grid").transition().duration(speed) .call(yGrid); var bar = svg.selectAll(".bar") .data(data, d => d.Word) bar.exit().remove(); bar = bar .enter().insert("g", ".block") .append("rect") .attr("class", "bar") .attr("fill", "steelblue") .attr("width", x.bandwidth()) .merge(bar) bar.transition().duration(speed) .attr("x", d => x(d.Word)) .attr("y", d => y(d[input])) .attr("height", d => y(0) - y(d[input])) var text = svg.selectAll(".text") .data(data, d => d.Word) text.exit().remove(); text = text .enter().insert("g", ".block") .append("text") .attr("class", "text") .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .merge(text); text.transition().duration(speed) .attr("x", d => x(d.name) + x.bandwidth() / 2) .attr("y", function(d) { return (y(d[input]) > height - margin.top ? y(d[input]) - 5 : y(d[input]) + 15) }) .attr("fill", function(d) { return (y(d[input]) > height - margin.top ? "#333" : "#fff") }) .text(d => d[input]); } speed = 750 chart.update = update; }36:T43a,html``37:[] 2f:{"id":"c725052a9bbe239e","slug":"analysis-of-revolutionary-speeches","title":"Analysis of Revolutionary Speeches","thumbnail":"8d191fca0c2b57e05834b680bbf9631e7c42b4bf27a95f1ff67c8acad79e9599","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2020-05-14T16:29:29.894Z","update_time":"$D2020-05-15T01:20:38.186Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2020-05-15T01:27:23.680Z","fork":false,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"1010cb969ffd1e37","login":"jasminflack","name":"","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/6980413fe8644990ec5233f96a62fd56b1301088c0f22469f4e98bfa13a56c90","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":167,"publish_version":167,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"bc5c5014ce42dabd","login":"jasminflack","name":"","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/6980413fe8644990ec5233f96a62fd56b1301088c0f22469f4e98bfa13a56c90","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"bc5c5014ce42dabd","login":"jasminflack","name":"","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/6980413fe8644990ec5233f96a62fd56b1301088c0f22469f4e98bfa13a56c90","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"Analysis of Revolutionary Speeches","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`# Analysis of Revolutionary Speeches`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":102,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":90,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":109,"value":"md`## Most commonly used words`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":113,"value":"md` I started with textual analysis. The graph below shows the words used most across all 8 speeches, after the filtering out of insignificant \"stop\" words. As we can see from a first glance here, themes of unity (\"us\", \"nation\", \"country\") and government are important in these speeches. However some of these words, like \"african\" and \"islamic\" are unlikely to have been used in all speeches. So in the next chart, I look at the occurences of these words in each speech.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":28,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":119,"value":"md`## Most commonly used words -- filtered by speech`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":122,"value":"md` Here I take a look at the usage of the top 10 words above, but within each speech. For example, here we see the word \"african\" is only used in Mandela's \"I am Prepared to Die\" speech as \"islamic\" is only used in Khomeini's speech, which makes sense. These two words were used so much in their respective speeches they made it to the top 10. As these words were at the root of the anti-aparthied movement and the Iranian Revolution (repsectively), this makes a lot of sense. Interestingly, the word \"god\" is absent from quite a few speeches as well. Exploring the tool below, you are able to see the some of the key ideas of revolutions and where these ideas (either surprisingly or not) are not present. The two words presence, or lack thereof, I found the most interesting were \"god\" and \"government\".\n\n Click the dropdown to choose a speech. Toggle the sort button to see it sorted by word. `","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":14,"value":"html`Speech\n
\n\n\n

\n\tSort Values\n\t\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":12,"value":"load = {\n \n var opt = d3.select(\".opt\").on(\"change\", function() {\n\t chart.update(top_counts, this.value);\n });\n\t\n d3.select(\".sort\").on(\"change\", function() {\n chart.update(top_counts, opt.property(\"value\"));\n });\n\t\n chart(top_counts, opt.property(\"value\"));\n\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":133,"value":"md` After my topical/text analysis, I took a look at sentiment. Using a sentiment lexicon, each significant word was assigned either a positive or negative sentiment. Below are word clouds of the most used positive and negative words. Common postive sentiments expressed in revolutionary speeches include freedom, work, liberty, and peace. Some common negatives sentiments are struggle, problem, enemies, fear, and sabotage. \n\n\n This visualization was done in R and pasted here. \n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":58,"value":"html`\n

\n\n

\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":137,"value":"md` This graph shows the overal sentiment score of each speech. Positive words are given a +1 and negative a -1. Zedong's speech was deemed more postive, whereas Mandela's was considered extremely negative. Most speeches, however were very close to center. `","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":73,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":162,"value":"md` ## Data, Helper functions, etc. `","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":26,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":68,"value":"data = d3.csv(\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/JasminFlack/RevCarr-Final/master/sentiment\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":29,"value":"top_words = d3.csv(\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/JasminFlack/RevCarr-Final/master/Top%3DWords\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2,"value":"top_counts= d3.csv(\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/JasminFlack/RevCarr-Final/master/Top%20Words%20Counts\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":48,"value":"tooltip = d3.select(\"body\").append(\"div\").attr(\"class\", \"toolTip\").style(\"opacity\", 0);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"d3 = require(\"d3@5\");","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W37","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 30:"$2f:body"