2d:null 2e:["$","title",null,{"children":"Police Brutality Unchanged | Jaime Kvaternik | Observable"}] 33:T830,md ` ### Summary & Insights This week is the trial of Derek Chauvin, the police officer who knelt on George Floyd's knee and subsequently killing him. I wished to look more into the data behind records of police brutality to find insights. Police brutality is no new issue, especially for POC. Michael Brown, Breonna Taylor, and George Floyd run through media headlines but many often go unnoticed. Yet, year after year, government (local, state, and federal) institute police reform promising change. But has it? From the visualization, the following insights emerge: - The number of fatal shootings hasn't lessened or improved significantly. In fact, fatal shootings have remained roughly the same. Since 2016, numbers of cases in which fatal force was used have increased slightly, but overall remain roughly the same. The Post brings up an interesting suggestion to this explanation using probability theory: "the quantity of rare events in huge populations tends to remain stable absent major societal changes, such as a fundamental shift in police culture or extreme restrictions on gun ownership" [(Source)](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/) - Secondly, if we look more closely at 2020, there is an uptick in cases the month of George Floyd's death. This could reflect that the protests following Floyd's death, which resulted in multiple arrests also resulted in multiple unnecessary deaths, such as David McAtee, a Louisville BBQ owner who was shot after feeding protestors. Another important note is that there isn't a month with less than 50 cases of fatal force. When compared to other countries such as Germany, France or Australia who have all recorded less than 50 cases in a single year, puts the US in a terrible spot. This remains one of the US's greatest issues and requires an substantial change to alter the outcome. #### Target Audience: This notebook would be of use for lawmakers, educators, students and everday people alike. This is a societal issue that needs to be addressed at all levels and challenged for change. `34:T91b,md ` ### Process #### What? In this visualization, the dataset is a database of recorded cases of police brutality gather by The Washington Post. The database, [Fatal Force](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/), records every fatal shooting in the United States by a police office since Jan. 1 2015. After downloading the data, I preprocessed it using the JavaScript code in the Appendix. **Data** - **Dataset type:** Temporal - **Dataset Availabilty:** Static **Attributes** - **recorded cases of police brutality** → quantitative data, sequential - **year** → quantitative data, sequential - **month** → ordinal data, sequential - **weekday** → ordinal data, sequential #### Why? **Example Insights:** - Over the past years, fatal forces of police brutality has increased. - Considerations: For me to test this, I need to have enough data to compare each year and choose an idiom to highlight these comparisons. The data should consist of enough temporal attributes and their respective number of cases. Additionally, I need to choose an idiom to compare different years/months/days against each other. Using dates as the x-axis and number of cases as the y-axis could help visualize this insight. - The 2020 BLM protests prompted were more cases of fatal force. - Considerations: In addition to the data mentioned above, I need enough data for each month and year to show an increase in months during the BLM protests and compare it to those before and after. This same method could also be used in other months and drawn back to other events at that time that could account for high number of fatal shooting. The idiom must compare the distribution of number of fatal forces each month and allow the user to view them together. **Tasks:** - T1: Compare the yearly number of cases of fatal force used by police. *(compare/features)* - T2: Discover the distribution of number of cases of fatal force between months and days. *(discover/distribution)* #### How? **Marks:** - **line** → quantitative attribute, number of cases where fatal force was used **Channels:** - **vertical position on a common scale** → quantitative attribute, number of cases where fatal force was used - **horizontal position** → quantitative/ordinal, date (year/month/weekday) `35:[{"id":"e8f931ed934179652530d5c65443dd70a7b0aa62f1ce738743006fdcb5ee2ff3fbe08cee3cb60ad21259c4fa64b66f2dfeabcb64725a1b86490db697c6e9274f","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/e8f931ed934179652530d5c65443dd70a7b0aa62f1ce738743006fdcb5ee2ff3fbe08cee3cb60ad21259c4fa64b66f2dfeabcb64725a1b86490db697c6e9274f","name":"fatal-police-shootings-data.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1616626385961.232,"size":682916}] 31:{"id":"f6ac9ec2696b32c3","slug":"police-brutality-unchanged","title":"Police Brutality Unchanged","thumbnail":"28dc9a62a24eca50ded11127e5b9845de636108eb0c46a8d05aef3a0012b2333","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2021-03-24T22:52:36.178Z","update_time":"$D2021-03-31T08:18:17.810Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2021-03-25T16:23:48.272Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":1,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"d869b5d62f7a1d2f","login":"jkvaternik","name":"Jaime Kvaternik","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/de46ad26d9aedefb8f9c658a28ca7cde0fafce06c0c655a789938f618f4eea37","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":348,"publish_version":348,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"f4c26ade622de40a","login":"jkvaternik","name":"Jaime Kvaternik","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/de46ad26d9aedefb8f9c658a28ca7cde0fafce06c0c655a789938f618f4eea37","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"f4c26ade622de40a","login":"jkvaternik","name":"Jaime Kvaternik","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/de46ad26d9aedefb8f9c658a28ca7cde0fafce06c0c655a789938f618f4eea37","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":1,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"Police Brutality Unchanged","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`\n# Police Brutality Unchanged\nAnalyzing the trends of recorded police brutality cases since 2015. Data collected by The Washington Post.\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":271,"value":" md`\n## Records of Police Brutality by ${date_range}\n\nYear: ${viewof year_range}\nView chart by: ${viewof date_range}\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":46,"value":"chart = {\n const svg = d3.create('svg').attr('viewBox', [0, 0, width, height]);\n \n svg.append(\"g\")\n .attr(\"fill\", \"steelblue\")\n .selectAll(\"rect\")\n .data(chart_data)\n .join(\"rect\")\n .attr(\"x\", (d, i) => x0(i))\n .attr(\"y\", d => y0(d.value))\n .attr(\"height\", d => y0(0) - y0(d.value))\n .attr(\"width\", x0.bandwidth());\n \n svg.append(\"g\")\n .call(yAxis)\n \n svg.append(\"g\")\n .call(xAxis)\n \n return svg.node()\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":300,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":288,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":38,"value":"md `### Appendix`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":102,"value":"xAxis = g => g\n .attr(\"transform\", `translate(0,${height - margin.bottom})`)\n .call(d3.axisBottom(x0).tickFormat(i => chart_data[i].date).tickSizeOuter(0))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":107,"value":"yAxis = g => g\n .attr(\"transform\", `translate(${margin.left}, 0)`)\n .call(d3.axisLeft(y0))\n .call(g => g.append(\"text\")\n .attr(\"x\", -margin.left)\n .attr(\"y\", 10)\n .attr(\"fill\", \"black\")\n .attr(\"text-anchor\", \"start\")\n .text(\"↑ Number of recorded cases\"))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":283,"value":"viewof date_range = html`\n`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":324,"value":"viewof year_range = html`\n`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":54,"value":"x0 = d3.scaleBand()\n .domain(d3.range(chart_data.length))\n .range([margin.left, width - margin.right])\n .padding(0.1)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":59,"value":"y0 = d3.scaleLinear()\n .domain([0, d3.max(chart_data, d => d.value)])\n .range([height - margin.bottom, margin.top])","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":48,"value":"height = 500;","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":112,"value":"margin = ({left: 40, top: 20, right: 10, bottom: 25})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":236,"value":"chart_data = grouped_data.map((el) => {\n switch (date_range) {\n case \"Days\":\n return {\n date: convertDay(el.date),\n value: el.value\n }\n case \"Months\":\n return {\n date: convertMonth(el.date),\n value: el.value\n }\n default: \n return el;\n }\n})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":164,"value":"convertDay = function(day) {\n switch(day) {\n case 0:\n return \"Sunday\";\n case 1:\n return \"Monday\";\n case 2:\n return \"Tuesday\";\n case 3:\n return \"Wednesday\";\n case 4:\n return \"Thursday\";\n case 5:\n return \"Friday\";\n case 6:\n return \"Saturday\";\n default:\n return day;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":167,"value":"convertMonth = function(month) {\n switch(month) {\n case 0:\n return \"January\";\n case 1:\n return \"February\";\n case 2:\n return \"March\";\n case 3:\n return \"April\";\n case 4:\n return \"May\";\n case 5:\n return \"June\";\n case 6:\n return \"July\";\n case 7:\n return \"August\";\n case 8:\n return \"September\";\n case 9:\n return \"October\";\n case 10:\n return \"November\";\n case 11:\n return \"December\";\n default:\n return month;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":293,"value":"grouped_year = d3.rollups(\n pb_data,\n v => v.length,\n d => d.date.getFullYear()\n ).map(([year, value]) => ({ year, value }))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":62,"value":"grouped_data = d3.rollups(\n pb_data,\n v => v.length,\n d => groupDate(d.date)\n ).map(([date, value]) => ({ date, value })).sort((a, b) => { return a.date > b.date ? 1 : -1 });","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":154,"value":"groupDate = function(date) {\n if (date_range == \"Days\") {\n return date.getDay();\n }\n if (date_range == \"Months\") {\n return date.getMonth();\n }\n if (date_range == \"Years\") {\n return date.getFullYear();\n }\n \n return date;\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":20,"value":"pb_data = csvdata.map(el => {\n let date_parts = el.date.split('-');\n \n return {\n date: new Date(Date.UTC(date_parts[0], date_parts[1] - 1, date_parts[2])),\n name: el.name,\n race: el.race,\n manner_of_death: el.manner_of_death\n }\n}).filter(el => {\n return year_range === \"All\" ? \n el.date.getFullYear() != 2021 :\n el.date.getFullYear() == +year_range\n ;\n}).reverse()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4,"value":"csvdata = FileAttachment(\"fatal-police-shootings-data.csv\").csv()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":13,"value":"d3 = require(\"d3@6\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":346,"value":"md `### Video`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":343,"value":"html``","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W35","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 32:"$31:body"