45:["$","title",null,{"children":"💫 Getting started with Ethereum | johnx | Observable"}] 4d:T429,md`## 🌳 A key tree With this mnemonic, which encodes a binary seed, and the right software, we can generate any number of child keypairs, each of which can serve as cryptographic identities, including as accounts on a different blockchains (i.e. different cryptocurrency accounts). What's more - it is impossible to tell from the outside that different keypairs were generated from the same seed - so these accounts are not associated with each other. > 💡 _Think about this for a second: with one 12-word phrase, you can create any number of accounts / identities. With this one piece of information, you can reconstitute your entire digital identity, with software you can run on your computer - with no need to contact a trusted authority._

_Source: [Mastering Ethereum](https://github.com/ethereumbook/ethereumbook/blob/develop/05wallets.asciidoc)_ With this seed, we can create public-private keypairs. So what do these do?
`4e:T82a,md`## 😳 So what? OK, great, we're confused - why does this matter? Here's the point: the protocols that underpin networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum **require that users verify themselves** by providing _a valid digital signature_ for each transaction they send for their address. With digital signatures, we are able to prove our identity to anyone on the internet. Or, put more accurately, we are able to prove that we have a certain private key to anyone on the Internet. And we can keep ahold of that key without needing to trust anyone. In order to send someone cryptocurrency - to access your funds on the blockchain - you must create a transaction that includes a digital signature, and send it to the consensus network. The miners / validators on the network will, in the process of validating your transaction, check to verify that the digital signature is valid. Since a valid digital signature can ONLY be created with the right private key - if you lose it, you lose access to all of those funds / rights on the platform. And, if someone else gets it, they have access to your funds ... > ❗ ⚠️ ☠️ ⚠️ ❗ This is a point to emphasize: the miners don't care who signed the transaction - they only care that the signature is _mathematically valid_. So if someone else steals or hacks your mnemonic or private key, they can send your money to an account they control, but you don't - stealing it from you. And, for better or worse, there is no "Bitcoin Headquarters" or "Ethereum Customer Support" you can call to plead with someone to revert the transaction.

So you must keep your mnemonic safe!!!

If you are going to be placing a significant amount of value in your crypto, please do a **lot** more reading on how to secure your funds. There are technical ways to improve security like hardware wallets, insurance, and even crypto banks being set up. We take no liability for what you do here - this tutorial is just to help you understand a bit about how the system works. **Not your keys, not your crypto.**
`4f:T4dc,md`### 🦊 Desktop: Metamask Metamask is "a crypto wallet & gateway to blockchain apps." It is probably the most common and best developed way of accessing Ethereum dapps and cryptocurrencies. It works as a browser extension, and is easy to set up. 1. **On your own computer**, go to [metamask.io](https://metamask.io/) on Chrome or Firefox. 2. Download for your browser. 3. If you already have a seed phrase ... you probably already have Metamask! But if not you can input your seed phrase under the "Import wallet" option. Otherwise, click "Create a Wallet". 4. Set a password. NOTE! This is just a password to access Metamask in this browser. It has nothing to do with the private keys you'll access - it's just a local login. 5. **Write it down somewhere _super_ safe.** 6. **Write it down somewhere else _super_ safe.** 7. Consider writing half of the phrase somewhere, and half elsewhere - or giving pieces of the phrase to family members you trust. 8. Do not write it on any computer, email, or drive - remember, if a hacker gets access to this they can immediately steal everything. 9. Go through the verification step to make sure you have written the mnemonic down accurately. 10. Viola - welcome to Ethereum 😎

`50:Tf8a,md`### 💎 Get some Ether! Now we can start exploring the universe that is Ethereum! We recommend doing this initial exploration on an Ethereum testnet. This is one of several networks that have the same functionality as Ethereum (i.e. run on the same protocol), but assets like ETH do not represent any true monetary value. This is important for testing and experimentation. 1. In Metamask, on the top bar you can select which network you want to connect to - choose Ropsten Test Network. 2. Go to the [Ropsten test ether faucet](https://faucet.metamask.io/), where you can request ether for testing purposes. 3. Click "Request 1 ether from faucet". This will prompt a pop-up from Metamask, asking you to Connect. > ⚠️ Whenever the Metamask pop-up appears, pay attention!! This means that the site you're on is trying to connect with your Metamask wallet - and your accounts. Metamask will never share your private keys or mnemonic, but it can share your address(es). These pop-ups can also create digital signatures to prove you're you - and authorize transfers of cryptocurrencies. Only proceed on sites you trust - and on ones running on https 🔒. 4. If you accept, you can transfer 1 ether from the test faucet to your account. (If you have issues, go to the [Dimensions Network ETH Faucet](https://faucet.dimensions.network/) and pasting in your address.) 5. After a minute or so, check Metamask - you should see some ETH in your account! 6. Switch back to Mainnet - no ether. Metamask is reading the account balance from a different database on a different network - the main Ethereum blockchain. Switch back to Ropsten and presto. 7. At the time of writing it wasn't too easy to connect Status to Ropsten, so you can't verify there, but go to ropsten.etherscan.io/<0x25bd....address.....>. You'll see - the Ether balance is visible there, as well as your transaction history (which you can also see in Metamask). > 💡 This illustrates what it means when we say Ethereum is a "public blockchain". The ledger - which contains information about the accounts, transactions, everything - is visible for anyone to read. No matter which site or app you use, if you connect it to the right network and provide it the right address, transaction id, block number, etc - you will see the same information. 9. Let's create a test transaction. Click "+ Create Account" in Metamask to create the next account from your mnemonic. Go Add account in Status as well, and compare the address with your second account in Metamask ... > 💡 Status and Metamask were designed and developed by entirely different teams working with different technologies in different parts of the world. This is a great example of what we mean by "protocol": the rules by which accounts are generated are defined as an open standard. So, both the Metamask and Status engineering teams could regenerate the same accounts from the mnemonic, in the same order. A portable identity - breaking down siloes. 10. In Metamask, copy the address from Account 2 and switch to Account 1 using the colored icon, top right corner. Click the big Send button and paste the Account 2 address. 11. Set a small amount to send, and click Next. 12. Notice that the amount the transaction will cost is the sum of the amount you're sending an the "Gas Fee". This is the price you pay to the network to validate your transaction, and is calculated based on the complexity of verifying the transaction you're sending, and the network usage. (Curious about gas? Join the Web3 Fundamentals course ... 🤔) 13. Click Confirm. This will cause Metamask to create a digital signature for that transaction request and broadcast it to the network. If you quickly check the Activity tab, you'll see it pending - at least until it is validated by the network and incorporated into the next state of the blockchain. When it is ... 14. Check your accounts - money has "moved"!

`51:Ta10,md`### 👾 Level up: Smart contracts This is just the beginning. Ethereum is the world computer - a smart contract platform. This means that developers can create software programs, called smart contracts, and publish them to Ethereum, where they are available for anyone to use. (We say anyone - but the programmer could restrict which accounts are allowed to do what in their code.) With your testnet ether, you can go play around with smart contracts. Another tutorial will go into this more deeply, but head to [Uniswap](https://uniswap.exchange) to explore how a decentralized exchange (DEX) works. Switch to the Rinkeby testnet, get some [test ether](https://faucet.rinkeby.io/) for that network as well. You could try another DEX, Compound, and get some test Dai, which is a stablecoin on Ethereum created by the [Maker Foundation](https://makerdao.com/en/). Instructions on getting test Dai from Compound [here](https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/82556/how-to-obtain-rinkeby-dai). Once you have Dai, go check out [PoolTogether](https://pooltogether.com/), a new type of lottery you can enter each week. You send your money into a smart contract, where it is pooled together and accrues interest. At the end of the week, one random entrant is selected and transferred the prize pot! Oh - and you get all your money back - the interest goes to the winner. (This is quite revolutionary - it turns a game that is a major weight on the financial well-being of many into a game encouraging saving.) You can also go to [opensea](https://rinkeby.opensea.io/), a digital collectible marketplace, to bid on testnet collectibles. (The Rinkeby blockchain is different to the Ropsten chain). Last one - register an [ENS domain](https://ens.domains/). This is a decentralized naming system, solving the problem that Ethereum addresses are long, complex, impossible to remember and easy to mistype. ENS domains can be associated with addresses, so instead of sending ether to 0x25bdFF8dB8d80971935A7f38A0CF31DeC62f7696 - you can just send it to johnx25bd.eth. With all of these dapps, when you send them Ether or other currencies - you're not sending it to an account with a private key. Instead, you are sending it to a "contract address". Smart contracts live on Ethereum at addresses, and you interact with them - execute code, write data, send or receive money - by sending a transaction to the contract address with extra information. (And you don't always send money to contract addresses - you can do other things too, like storing data.)

`52:T5b49,wordlist = [ "abandon", "ability", "able", "about", "above", "absent", "absorb", "abstract", "absurd", "abuse", "access", "accident", "account", "accuse", "achieve", "acid", "acoustic", "acquire", "across", "act", "action", "actor", "actress", "actual", "adapt", "add", "addict", "address", "adjust", "admit", "adult", "advance", "advice", "aerobic", "affair", "afford", "afraid", "again", "age", "agent", "agree", "ahead", "aim", "air", "airport", "aisle", "alarm", "album", "alcohol", "alert", "alien", "all", "alley", "allow", "almost", "alone", "alpha", "already", "also", "alter", "always", "amateur", "amazing", "among", "amount", "amused", "analyst", "anchor", "ancient", "anger", "angle", "angry", "animal", "ankle", "announce", "annual", "another", "answer", "antenna", "antique", "anxiety", "any", "apart", "apology", "appear", "apple", "approve", "april", "arch", "arctic", "area", "arena", "argue", "arm", "armed", "armor", "army", "around", "arrange", "arrest", "arrive", "arrow", "art", "artefact", "artist", "artwork", "ask", "aspect", "assault", "asset", "assist", "assume", "asthma", "athlete", "atom", "attack", "attend", "attitude", "attract", "auction", "audit", "august", "aunt", "author", "auto", "autumn", "average", "avocado", "avoid", "awake", "aware", "away", "awesome", "awful", "awkward", "axis", "baby", "bachelor", "bacon", "badge", "bag", "balance", "balcony", "ball", "bamboo", "banana", "banner", "bar", "barely", "bargain", "barrel", "base", "basic", "basket", "battle", "beach", "bean", "beauty", "because", "become", "beef", "before", "begin", "behave", "behind", "believe", "below", "belt", "bench", "benefit", "best", "betray", "better", "between", "beyond", "bicycle", "bid", "bike", "bind", "biology", "bird", "birth", "bitter", "black", "blade", "blame", "blanket", "blast", "bleak", "bless", "blind", "blood", "blossom", "blouse", "blue", "blur", "blush", "board", "boat", "body", "boil", "bomb", "bone", "bonus", "book", "boost", "border", "boring", "borrow", "boss", "bottom", "bounce", "box", "boy", "bracket", "brain", "brand", "brass", "brave", "bread", "breeze", "brick", "bridge", "brief", "bright", "bring", "brisk", "broccoli", "broken", "bronze", "broom", "brother", "brown", "brush", "bubble", "buddy", "budget", "buffalo", "build", "bulb", "bulk", "bullet", "bundle", "bunker", "burden", "burger", "burst", "bus", "business", "busy", "butter", "buyer", "buzz", "cabbage", "cabin", "cable", "cactus", "cage", "cake", "call", "calm", "camera", "camp", "can", "canal", "cancel", "candy", "cannon", "canoe", "canvas", "canyon", "capable", "capital", "captain", "car", "carbon", "card", "cargo", "carpet", "carry", "cart", "case", "cash", "casino", "castle", "casual", "cat", "catalog", "catch", "category", "cattle", "caught", "cause", "caution", "cave", "ceiling", "celery", "cement", "census", "century", "cereal", "certain", "chair", "chalk", "champion", "change", "chaos", "chapter", "charge", "chase", "chat", "cheap", "check", "cheese", "chef", "cherry", "chest", "chicken", "chief", "child", "chimney", "choice", "choose", "chronic", "chuckle", "chunk", "churn", "cigar", "cinnamon", "circle", "citizen", "city", "civil", "claim", "clap", "clarify", "claw", "clay", "clean", "clerk", "clever", "click", "client", "cliff", "climb", "clinic", "clip", "clock", "clog", "close", "cloth", "cloud", "clown", "club", "clump", "cluster", "clutch", "coach", "coast", "coconut", "code", "coffee", "coil", "coin", "collect", "color", "column", "combine", "come", "comfort", "comic", "common", "company", "concert", "conduct", "confirm", "congress", "connect", "consider", "control", "convince", "cook", "cool", "copper", "copy", "coral", "core", "corn", "correct", "cost", "cotton", "couch", "country", "couple", "course", "cousin", "cover", "coyote", "crack", "cradle", "craft", "cram", "crane", "crash", "crater", "crawl", "crazy", "cream", "credit", "creek", "crew", "cricket", "crime", "crisp", "critic", "crop", "cross", "crouch", "crowd", "crucial", "cruel", "cruise", "crumble", "crunch", "crush", "cry", "crystal", "cube", "culture", "cup", "cupboard", "curious", "current", "curtain", "curve", "cushion", "custom", "cute", "cycle", "dad", "damage", "damp", "dance", "danger", "daring", "dash", "daughter", "dawn", "day", "deal", "debate", "debris", "decade", "december", "decide", "decline", "decorate", "decrease", "deer", "defense", "define", "defy", "degree", "delay", "deliver", "demand", "demise", "denial", "dentist", "deny", "depart", "depend", "deposit", "depth", "deputy", "derive", "describe", "desert", "design", "desk", "despair", "destroy", "detail", "detect", "develop", "device", "devote", "diagram", "dial", "diamond", "diary", "dice", "diesel", "diet", "differ", "digital", "dignity", "dilemma", "dinner", "dinosaur", "direct", "dirt", "disagree", "discover", "disease", "dish", "dismiss", "disorder", "display", "distance", "divert", "divide", "divorce", "dizzy", "doctor", "document", "dog", "doll", "dolphin", "domain", "donate", "donkey", "donor", "door", "dose", "double", "dove", "draft", "dragon", "drama", "drastic", "draw", "dream", "dress", "drift", "drill", "drink", "drip", "drive", "drop", "drum", "dry", "duck", "dumb", "dune", "during", "dust", "dutch", "duty", "dwarf", "dynamic", "eager", "eagle", "early", "earn", "earth", "easily", "east", "easy", "echo", "ecology", "economy", "edge", "edit", "educate", "effort", "egg", "eight", "either", "elbow", "elder", "electric", "elegant", "element", "elephant", "elevator", "elite", "else", "embark", "embody", "embrace", "emerge", "emotion", "employ", "empower", "empty", "enable", "enact", "end", "endless", "endorse", "enemy", "energy", "enforce", "engage", "engine", "enhance", "enjoy", "enlist", "enough", "enrich", "enroll", "ensure", "enter", "entire", "entry", "envelope", "episode", "equal", "equip", "era", "erase", "erode", "erosion", "error", "erupt", "escape", "essay", "essence", "estate", "eternal", "ethics", "evidence", "evil", "evoke", "evolve", "exact", "example", "excess", "exchange", "excite", "exclude", "excuse", "execute", "exercise", "exhaust", "exhibit", "exile", "exist", "exit", "exotic", "expand", "expect", "expire", "explain", "expose", "express", "extend", "extra", "eye", "eyebrow", "fabric", "face", "faculty", "fade", "faint", "faith", "fall", "false", "fame", "family", "famous", "fan", "fancy", "fantasy", "farm", "fashion", "fat", "fatal", "father", "fatigue", "fault", "favorite", "feature", "february", "federal", "fee", "feed", "feel", "female", "fence", "festival", "fetch", "fever", "few", "fiber", "fiction", "field", "figure", "file", "film", "filter", "final", "find", "fine", "finger", "finish", "fire", "firm", "first", "fiscal", "fish", "fit", "fitness", "fix", "flag", "flame", "flash", "flat", "flavor", "flee", "flight", "flip", "float", "flock", "floor", "flower", "fluid", "flush", "fly", "foam", "focus", "fog", "foil", "fold", "follow", "food", "foot", "force", "forest", "forget", "fork", "fortune", "forum", "forward", "fossil", "foster", "found", "fox", "fragile", "frame", "frequent", "fresh", "friend", "fringe", "frog", "front", "frost", "frown", "frozen", "fruit", "fuel", "fun", "funny", "furnace", "fury", "future", "gadget", "gain", "galaxy", "gallery", "game", "gap", "garage", "garbage", "garden", "garlic", "garment", "gas", "gasp", "gate", "gather", "gauge", "gaze", "general", "genius", "genre", "gentle", "genuine", "gesture", "ghost", "giant", "gift", "giggle", "ginger", "giraffe", "girl", "give", "glad", "glance", "glare", "glass", "glide", "glimpse", "globe", "gloom", "glory", "glove", "glow", "glue", "goat", "goddess", "gold", "good", "goose", "gorilla", "gospel", "gossip", "govern", "gown", "grab", "grace", "grain", "grant", "grape", "grass", "gravity", "great", "green", "grid", "grief", "grit", "grocery", "group", "grow", "grunt", "guard", "guess", "guide", "guilt", "guitar", "gun", "gym", "habit", "hair", "half", "hammer", "hamster", "hand", "happy", "harbor", "hard", "harsh", "harvest", "hat", "have", "hawk", "hazard", "head", "health", "heart", "heavy", "hedgehog", "height", "hello", "helmet", "help", "hen", "hero", "hidden", "high", "hill", "hint", "hip", "hire", "history", "hobby", "hockey", "hold", "hole", "holiday", "hollow", "home", "honey", "hood", "hope", "horn", "horror", "horse", "hospital", "host", "hotel", "hour", "hover", "hub", "huge", "human", "humble", "humor", "hundred", "hungry", "hunt", "hurdle", "hurry", "hurt", "husband", "hybrid", "ice", "icon", "idea", "identify", "idle", "ignore", "ill", "illegal", "illness", "image", "imitate", "immense", "immune", "impact", "impose", "improve", "impulse", "inch", "include", "income", "increase", "index", "indicate", "indoor", "industry", "infant", "inflict", "inform", "inhale", "inherit", "initial", "inject", "injury", "inmate", "inner", "innocent", "input", "inquiry", "insane", "insect", "inside", "inspire", "install", "intact", "interest", "into", "invest", "invite", "involve", "iron", "island", "isolate", "issue", "item", "ivory", "jacket", "jaguar", "jar", "jazz", "jealous", "jeans", "jelly", "jewel", "job", "join", "joke", "journey", "joy", "judge", "juice", "jump", "jungle", "junior", "junk", "just", "kangaroo", "keen", "keep", "ketchup", "key", "kick", "kid", "kidney", "kind", "kingdom", "kiss", "kit", "kitchen", "kite", "kitten", "kiwi", "knee", "knife", "knock", "know", "lab", "label", "labor", "ladder", "lady", "lake", "lamp", "language", "laptop", "large", "later", "latin", "laugh", "laundry", "lava", "law", "lawn", "lawsuit", "layer", "lazy", "leader", "leaf", "learn", "leave", "lecture", "left", "leg", "legal", "legend", "leisure", "lemon", "lend", "length", "lens", "leopard", "lesson", "letter", "level", "liar", "liberty", "library", "license", "life", "lift", "light", "like", "limb", "limit", "link", "lion", "liquid", "list", "little", "live", "lizard", "load", "loan", "lobster", "local", "lock", "logic", "lonely", "long", "loop", "lottery", "loud", "lounge", "love", "loyal", "lucky", "luggage", "lumber", "lunar", "lunch", "luxury", "lyrics", "machine", "mad", "magic", "magnet", "maid", "mail", "main", "major", "make", "mammal", "man", "manage", "mandate", "mango", "mansion", "manual", "maple", "marble", "march", "margin", "marine", "market", "marriage", "mask", "mass", "master", "match", "material", "math", "matrix", "matter", "maximum", "maze", "meadow", "mean", "measure", "meat", "mechanic", "medal", "media", "melody", "melt", "member", "memory", "mention", "menu", "mercy", "merge", "merit", "merry", "mesh", "message", "metal", "method", "middle", "midnight", "milk", "million", "mimic", "mind", "minimum", "minor", "minute", "miracle", "mirror", "misery", "miss", "mistake", "mix", "mixed", "mixture", "mobile", "model", "modify", "mom", "moment", "monitor", "monkey", "monster", "month", "moon", "moral", "more", "morning", "mosquito", "mother", "motion", "motor", "mountain", "mouse", "move", "movie", "much", "muffin", "mule", "multiply", "muscle", "museum", "mushroom", "music", "must", "mutual", "myself", "mystery", "myth", "naive", "name", "napkin", "narrow", "nasty", "nation", "nature", "near", "neck", "need", "negative", "neglect", "neither", "nephew", "nerve", "nest", "net", "network", "neutral", "never", "news", "next", "nice", "night", "noble", "noise", "nominee", "noodle", "normal", "north", "nose", "notable", "note", "nothing", "notice", "novel", "now", "nuclear", "number", "nurse", "nut", "oak", "obey", "object", "oblige", "obscure", "observe", "obtain", "obvious", "occur", "ocean", "october", "odor", "off", "offer", "office", "often", "oil", "okay", "old", "olive", "olympic", "omit", "once", "one", "onion", "online", "only", "open", "opera", "opinion", "oppose", "option", "orange", "orbit", "orchard", "order", "ordinary", "organ", "orient", "original", "orphan", "ostrich", "other", "outdoor", "outer", "output", "outside", "oval", "oven", "over", "own", "owner", "oxygen", "oyster", "ozone", "pact", "paddle", "page", "pair", "palace", "palm", "panda", "panel", "panic", "panther", "paper", "parade", "parent", "park", "parrot", "party", "pass", "patch", "path", "patient", "patrol", "pattern", "pause", "pave", "payment", "peace", "peanut", "pear", "peasant", "pelican", "pen", "penalty", "pencil", "people", "pepper", "perfect", "permit", "person", "pet", "phone", "photo", "phrase", "physical", "piano", "picnic", "picture", "piece", "pig", "pigeon", "pill", "pilot", "pink", "pioneer", "pipe", "pistol", "pitch", "pizza", "place", "planet", "plastic", "plate", "play", "please", "pledge", "pluck", "plug", "plunge", "poem", "poet", "point", "polar", "pole", "police", "pond", "pony", "pool", "popular", "portion", "position", "possible", "post", "potato", "pottery", "poverty", "powder", "power", "practice", "praise", "predict", "prefer", "prepare", "present", "pretty", "prevent", "price", "pride", "primary", "print", "priority", "prison", "private", "prize", "problem", "process", "produce", "profit", "program", "project", "promote", "proof", "property", "prosper", "protect", "proud", "provide", "public", "pudding", "pull", "pulp", "pulse", "pumpkin", "punch", "pupil", "puppy", "purchase", "purity", "purpose", "purse", "push", "put", "puzzle", "pyramid", "quality", "quantum", "quarter", "question", "quick", "quit", "quiz", "quote", "rabbit", "raccoon", "race", "rack", "radar", "radio", "rail", "rain", "raise", "rally", "ramp", "ranch", "random", "range", "rapid", "rare", "rate", "rather", "raven", "raw", "razor", "ready", "real", "reason", "rebel", "rebuild", "recall", "receive", "recipe", "record", "recycle", "reduce", "reflect", "reform", "refuse", "region", "regret", "regular", "reject", "relax", "release", "relief", "rely", "remain", "remember", "remind", "remove", "render", "renew", "rent", "reopen", "repair", "repeat", "replace", "report", "require", "rescue", "resemble", "resist", "resource", "response", "result", "retire", "retreat", "return", "reunion", "reveal", "review", "reward", "rhythm", "rib", "ribbon", "rice", "rich", "ride", "ridge", "rifle", "right", "rigid", "ring", "riot", "ripple", "risk", "ritual", "rival", "river", "road", "roast", "robot", "robust", "rocket", "romance", "roof", "rookie", "room", "rose", "rotate", "rough", "round", "route", "royal", "rubber", "rude", "rug", "rule", "run", "runway", "rural", "sad", "saddle", "sadness", "safe", "sail", "salad", "salmon", "salon", "salt", "salute", "same", "sample", "sand", "satisfy", "satoshi", "sauce", "sausage", "save", "say", "scale", "scan", "scare", "scatter", "scene", "scheme", "school", "science", "scissors", "scorpion", "scout", "scrap", "screen", "script", "scrub", "sea", "search", "season", "seat", "second", "secret", "section", "security", "seed", "seek", "segment", "select", "sell", "seminar", "senior", "sense", "sentence", "series", "service", "session", "settle", "setup", "seven", "shadow", "shaft", "shallow", "share", "shed", "shell", "sheriff", "shield", "shift", "shine", "ship", "shiver", "shock", "shoe", "shoot", "shop", "short", "shoulder", "shove", "shrimp", "shrug", "shuffle", "shy", "sibling", "sick", "side", "siege", "sight", "sign", "silent", "silk", "silly", "silver", "similar", "simple", "since", "sing", "siren", "sister", "situate", "six", "size", "skate", "sketch", "ski", "skill", "skin", "skirt", "skull", "slab", "slam", "sleep", "slender", "slice", "slide", "slight", "slim", "slogan", "slot", "slow", "slush", "small", "smart", "smile", "smoke", "smooth", "snack", "snake", "snap", "sniff", "snow", "soap", "soccer", "social", "sock", "soda", "soft", "solar", "soldier", "solid", "solution", "solve", "someone", "song", "soon", "sorry", "sort", "soul", "sound", "soup", "source", "south", "space", "spare", "spatial", "spawn", "speak", "special", "speed", "spell", "spend", "sphere", "spice", "spider", "spike", "spin", "spirit", "split", "spoil", "sponsor", "spoon", "sport", "spot", "spray", "spread", "spring", "spy", "square", "squeeze", "squirrel", "stable", "stadium", "staff", "stage", "stairs", "stamp", "stand", "start", "state", "stay", "steak", "steel", "stem", "step", "stereo", "stick", "still", "sting", "stock", "stomach", "stone", "stool", "story", "stove", "strategy", "street", "strike", "strong", "struggle", "student", "stuff", "stumble", "style", "subject", "submit", "subway", "success", "such", "sudden", "suffer", "sugar", "suggest", "suit", "summer", "sun", "sunny", "sunset", "super", "supply", "supreme", "sure", "surface", "surge", "surprise", "surround", "survey", "suspect", "sustain", "swallow", "swamp", "swap", "swarm", "swear", "sweet", "swift", "swim", "swing", "switch", "sword", "symbol", "symptom", "syrup", "system", "table", "tackle", "tag", "tail", "talent", "talk", "tank", "tape", "target", "task", "taste", "tattoo", "taxi", "teach", "team", "tell", "ten", "tenant", "tennis", "tent", "term", "test", "text", "thank", "that", "theme", "then", 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"unit", "universe", "unknown", "unlock", "until", "unusual", "unveil", "update", "upgrade", "uphold", "upon", "upper", "upset", "urban", "urge", "usage", "use", "used", "useful", "useless", "usual", "utility", "vacant", "vacuum", "vague", "valid", "valley", "valve", "van", "vanish", "vapor", "various", "vast", "vault", "vehicle", "velvet", "vendor", "venture", "venue", "verb", "verify", "version", "very", "vessel", "veteran", "viable", "vibrant", "vicious", "victory", "video", "view", "village", "vintage", "violin", "virtual", "virus", "visa", "visit", "visual", "vital", "vivid", "vocal", "voice", "void", "volcano", "volume", "vote", "voyage", "wage", "wagon", "wait", "walk", "wall", "walnut", "want", "warfare", "warm", "warrior", "wash", "wasp", "waste", "water", "wave", "way", "wealth", "weapon", "wear", "weasel", "weather", "web", "wedding", "weekend", "weird", "welcome", "west", "wet", "whale", "what", "wheat", "wheel", "when", "where", "whip", "whisper", "wide", "width", "wife", "wild", "will", "win", "window", "wine", "wing", "wink", "winner", "winter", "wire", "wisdom", "wise", "wish", "witness", "wolf", "woman", "wonder", "wood", "wool", "word", "work", "world", "worry", "worth", "wrap", "wreck", "wrestle", "wrist", "write", "wrong", "yard", "year", "yellow", "you", "young", "youth", "zebra", "zero", "zone", "zoo" 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49:{"id":"3211bc3983c6695a","slug":"getting-started-with-ethereum","title":"💫 Getting started with Ethereum","thumbnail":"9538368e274c04bc7d602ccb667952deec68755bc6f7fff8d165c111a789c436","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2020-11-01T14:12:05.265Z","update_time":"$D2021-01-14T16:31:09.866Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2020-11-02T00:37:38.822Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":4,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"694a515e88970367","login":"johnx25bd","name":"johnx","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/2913455d7c8937d6db139dd4363a27c3d0ca15eb7cf0dc8a317fbde440d8a165","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"Co-Founder @ Toucan Protocol. \nFounder @ Astral Protocol.\nGuide @ KERNEL.\n","followed_by_you":false,"follows_you":false},"version":528,"publish_version":528,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"a7851601ec4f2322","login":"johnx25bd","name":"johnx","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/2913455d7c8937d6db139dd4363a27c3d0ca15eb7cf0dc8a317fbde440d8a165","tier":null,"bio":"Building Astral Protocol.\nCo-Founder @ Toucan Protocol. \nKERNEL, OS, NSP.\n","followed_by_you":false,"follows_you":false}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"a7851601ec4f2322","login":"johnx25bd","name":"johnx","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/2913455d7c8937d6db139dd4363a27c3d0ca15eb7cf0dc8a317fbde440d8a165","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":1,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"💫 Getting started with Ethereum","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`# 💫 Getting started with Ethereum\n\nWith this notebook we'll learn about how identity is managed on Ethereum, how to create an Ethereum wallet, what a mnemonic is, how to access your public and private keys, and how to generate and sign transactions*.\n\n

${\n  binaryFromMnemonic(ourWallet.mnemonic.phrase).join('\\n')\n  // TODO: bug here - this is not actually the seed, it is the seed plus checksum ... :/\n}

\n
\n
\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":203,"value":"md`### 👩‍💻 Computers and humans\n\nThis large random number is nice, but as you can see, it would be hard for humans to memorize or copy reliably. To solve this, we use a **mnemonic**, which breaks a random seed into short pieces, and maps a word to each fragment. If you have the words in the right order, you can reconstitute the seed and, then, the keypairs. \n\n${mnemonicTable(ourWallet.mnemonic.phrase)}\n\nThis mnemonic has an extra feature - the last word helps you check to make sure that all the others are correct. You can read more about BIP39 [here](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki).\n\n

IMPORTANT: NEVER GIVE YOUR MNEMONIC TO ANYONE. EVER. THIS IS HOW YOU CONTROL YOUR ACCOUNTS.

\n
\n
\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":226,"value":"$4d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":132,"value":"md`### 🗝️ Public and 🔑 Private\n\nPublic and private keys are two mathematically linked numbers with some very interesting properties. Depending on how the keys were calculated, they can be used to encrypt (with the public key) and decrypt (with the private key) information, or digitally sign messages and verify signatures. In this case we're interested in the latter. \n\nIn a digital signature algorithm:\n\n1. A private key (privKey) is able to **sign** a _message_, creating a _digital signature_ \\_{r,s\\}_, \n${tex.block`\n sign: f(msg, privKey) = \\{r, s\\}\n \n `}\n2. With the public key (pubKey), the msg, and the _signature_, anyone is able to **verify** if the _signature_ was created with privKey\n${tex.block`\n verify: f(msg, \\{r, s\\}, pubKey) = VALID\\ or\\ INVALID \n \n `}\n
\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":445,"value":"md`As an example, with a private key derived from the mnemonic we showed above, here is a signature for the word 'sign me!': \n\n${await ourWallet.signMessage('sign me!')}\n\nThis works because each character in this [string](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String), or sequence of characters, is represented as a binary number.\n\nLetters appear in the signature because it is encoded as a hexadecimal number, or base-16 - more [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal). (Hex numbers are easier for computers to work with than base-10 numbers.)\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":243,"value":"$4e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":344,"value":"md`### 🤯 The Kicker\n\nThe key here is that your identity is derived from this information, not any single platform or app or company of software program. As long as you have your mnemonic, you can _port your identity_ to other service providers. You can reconstitute your entire tree of keypairs, so long as the new service is set up to do so. \n\nWhen you log into a Web3 app, you usually (and should) have the choice to \"Create / Generate\" or \"Import\" your account. If you choose Create, the software will generate a mnemonic or keypair, giving you an identity on chain. With import, you can type in your seed phrase and the software will recreate all of your accounts, purely on the device. \n\n

\n\n---\n\n

\n\n---\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":341,"value":"md`\n

\n## 🚂 Get On Board\n\nNow that you understand how wallets work, what a mnemonic seed phrase is, and why it is so important not to lose it, you're ready to set up your Ethereum wallet. \n\nThere are a few ways to do this. We'd recommend doing both - that way you have access to your funds at your computer, and on your phone.\n
\n
\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":357,"value":"$4f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":365,"value":"md`### 🤳 Mobile: Status\n\nTo get access to your Web3 identity on the go, you can also import your seed phrase - and all accounts, funds, and derived identities - into a mobile wallet. We love [Status](https://status.im/), but many offer similar functionality.\n\nTo get on board Status:\n\n1. Download Status - Private Messenger from Google Play or the iOS or Android app store.\n2. In the onboarding process, select \"Access Existing Keys\".\n3. Type in the mnemonic you copied from the Metamask onboarding process, and ...\n4. See the same address appear in the Status app!\n
\n
\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":370,"value":"$50","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":456,"value":"md`### 🔏 Signing transactions\n\nWhen you clicked Confirm, Metamask created a transaction request, calculated the digital signature for that transaction, and sent it to the Ethereum network you were connected to. \n\nThis is what a valid Ethereum transaction looks like: \n\n\\`\\`\\`javascript\nlet transaction = {\n nonce: 0,\n gasLimit: 21000,\n gasPrice: utils.bigNumberify(\"20000000000\"),\n\n to: \"0x88a5C2d9919e46F883EB62F7b8Dd9d0CC45bc290\",\n // ... or supports ENS names\n // to: \"ricmoo.firefly.eth\",\n\n value: utils.parseEther(\"1.0\"),\n data: \"0x\",\n\n // This ensures the transaction cannot be replayed on different networks\n chainId: ethers.utils.getNetwork('homestead').chainId\n}\n\n\\`\\`\\`\n\nSigning it will result in a hexadecimal number, which includes all of that information, along with the digital signature needed to verify that the sender has the right private key.\n\n
`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":381,"value":"$51","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":311,"value":"md`## Appendices`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":68,"value":"$52","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":358,"value":"publicMnemonic = \"priority absurd wave case achieve ship liquid become lonely dignity crawl define\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":175,"value":"function mnemonicTable(mnemonic) {\n let b = binaryFromMnemonic(mnemonic);\n let m = mnemonic.split(' ');\n\n let table = `\n| word | binary |\n| --- | --- |\\n`;\n for (let i in b) {\n table += `| ${m[i]} | ${b[i]} |\\n`;\n }\n return table;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":146,"value":"function binaryFromMnemonic(mnemonic) {\n let m = mnemonic.split(' ');\n let binary = m.map(w => pad(convertToBinary(wordlist.indexOf(w)), 11));\n\n return binary;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":107,"value":"function convertToBinary(x) {\n let bin = 0;\n let rem,\n i = 1,\n step = 1;\n while (x != 0) {\n rem = x % 2;\n console.log(\n `Step ${step++}: ${x}/2, Remainder = ${rem}, Quotient = ${parseInt(\n x / 2\n )}`\n );\n x = parseInt(x / 2);\n bin = bin + rem * i;\n i = i * 10;\n }\n let binStr = bin.toString();\n\n return pad(bin, 11);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2,"value":"labsLogo = await FileAttachment(\"labs.png\").url()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":297,"value":"statusGenerate = await FileAttachment(\"IMG_0010.PNG\").url()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":171,"value":"function pad(n, width, z) {\n z = z || '0';\n n = n + '';\n return n.length >= width ? n : new Array(width - n.length + 1).join(z) + n;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":15,"value":"ethereumLogo = await FileAttachment(\"ethereum-logo-landscape-black.png\").url()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":40,"value":"md`## Import ethers.js\n\nethers.js is \"a complete Ethereum wallet implementation and utilities in JavaScript (and TypeScript)\" - a JavaScript library for working with Ethereum wallets.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":44,"value":"ethers = require('ethers@5.0.26/dist/ethers.umd.js')","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":53,"value":"md`## Create a new wallet\n\nBy calling ethers.Wallet.createRandom(), code is executed that:\n1. Generates a large random number - your privateKey .\n2. Creates a mnemonic from your private key.\n3. Uses that mnemonic / private key to calculate your a publicKey on the elliptic curve. (The Ethereum Protocol uses the [Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)](https://cryptobook.nakov.com/digital-signatures/ecdsa-sign-verify-messages), a suite of cryptographic functions for creating and verifying digital signatures.)\n4. Uses the publicKey to compute your Ethereum address - which will be an identity on the Ethereum blockchain.\n\nExamine the [object](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Working_with_Objects) below to get a sense of the information a wallet needs / has - especially the address and mnemonic.\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":50,"value":"ourWallet = ethers.Wallet.createRandom()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":507,"value":"md`### Verification demo`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":503,"value":"{\n let msg = 'yes';\n let signature = await ourWallet.signMessage(msg);\n return ethers.utils.verifyMessage(msg, signature);\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":501,"value":"md`### ✨ DRAFT - A note on security\n\nYou might be asking: but how is this secure? If this is just a number - and anyone with the number could take my funds - what?\n\nThere are 2²⁵⁶ possible Ethereum addresses\n\nFor context, it is estimated that there are ... https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/746fpc/what_is_the_number_of_possible_ethereum/`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W53","stdlib":"1"}} 44:null

**So you must keep your mnemonic safe!!!**

IMPORTANT: NEVER GIVE YOUR MNEMONIC TO ANYONE. EVER. THIS IS HOW YOU CONTROL YOUR ACCOUNTS.

So you must keep your mnemonic safe!!!