3e:null 3f:["$","title",null,{"children":"Tomography Plots for Ecological Inference | Jeff Jacobs | Observable"}] 45:T913,html`

Demographic Shares (N = ${globs.totalPop}):

For the real shares see here

${tex`X_i = `} ${asianPop}
Asian-American

${viewof asianPop}

${tex`${globs.totalPop} - X_i = `} ${whitePop}
White

${viewof resetRaceButton}

Voter Turnout Shares (N = ${globs.totalPop}):

For the real shares see here

${tex`T_i = `} ${turnoutPop}
Voted

${viewof turnoutPop}

${tex`${globs.totalPop} - T_i = `} ${noTurnoutPop}
Didn't Vote

${viewof resetTurnoutButton}

`46:T700,viewof tomoPlot = Plot.plot({ width: 800, // aspectRatio: 1, height: 400, x: { label: "Asian Turnout β₁", // tickFormat: "d", ticks: asianTicks, domain: [0, asianPop], // interval: 1, // domain: [0, asianPop], }, y: { label: "White Turnout β₀", ticks: whiteTicks, domain: [0, whitePop], // interval: 1, // domain: [0, whitePop], }, marks: [ // Left-right bounds Plot.ruleX( [ minPossibleAsian.asianTurnout, maxPossibleAsian.asianTurnout, ], { // strokeDasharray: 4, stroke: '#e69f00', strokeWidth: 2, } ), // Bottom-top bounds Plot.ruleY( [ minPossibleAsian.whiteTurnout, maxPossibleAsian.whiteTurnout, ], { // strokeDasharray: 4, stroke: '#56b4e9', strokeWidth: 2, } ), // Horizontal stripes Plot.ruleY(horizStripeLocs, { x1: minPossibleAsian.asianTurnout, x2: maxPossibleAsian.asianTurnout, opacity: 0.4, stroke: '#e69f00', }), // Vertical stripes Plot.ruleX(vertStripeLocs, { y1: minPossibleAsian.whiteTurnout, y2: maxPossibleAsian.whiteTurnout, opacity: 0.4, stroke: '#56b4e9', }), // Tomography line Plot.link([ { x1: minPossibleAsian.asianTurnout, y1: minPossibleAsian.whiteTurnout, x2: maxPossibleAsian.asianTurnout, y2: maxPossibleAsian.whiteTurnout, } ], { x1: 'x1', y1: 'y1', x2: 'x2', y2: 'y2', strokeWidth: 4, }), // Dots for each possible value Plot.dot(possibleTVals, { x: "asianTurnout", y: "whiteTurnout", r: 6, fill: 'white', stroke: 'black', }), ] })47:[] 43:{"id":"b047373c9967c874","slug":"ecological-inference","title":"Tomography Plots for Ecological Inference","thumbnail":"51e9383a067ca6c6f9c224feac80ba2f7c0d8ce5f8da62f94ab303781e861995","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2026-07-08T18:09:05.090Z","update_time":"$D2026-07-08T23:25:31.788Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2026-07-08T21:03:54.018Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"38d71e6f34a30993","login":"jpowerj","name":"Jeff Jacobs","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/cf34f4139c8c0841a9701629ca7d66e8ddcc88b7623f62f05e243b8980480f1c","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"Assistant Professor of Data Science and Public Policy, Georgetown University"},"version":634,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"3d6a884a9195123e","login":"jpowerj","name":"Jeff Jacobs","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/cf34f4139c8c0841a9701629ca7d66e8ddcc88b7623f62f05e243b8980480f1c","tier":null,"bio":"Assistant Teaching Professor, Data Science, Georgetown University"}],"members":[{"type":"team","id":"38d71e6f34a30993","login":"jpowerj","name":"Jeff Jacobs","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/cf34f4139c8c0841a9701629ca7d66e8ddcc88b7623f62f05e243b8980480f1c","tier":"starter_2024","role":"editor"},{"type":"individual","id":"3d6a884a9195123e","login":"jpowerj","name":"Jeff Jacobs","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/cf34f4139c8c0841a9701629ca7d66e8ddcc88b7623f62f05e243b8980480f1c","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":{"id":"1a471564a4b7a13c","slug":"dsan-5650-causal-inference-for-computational-socia","title":"DSAN 5650: Causal Inference for Computational Social Science","owner":{"id":"38d71e6f34a30993","login":"jpowerj","name":"Jeff Jacobs"}},"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"Tomography Plots for Ecological Inference","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"html`

Tomography Plots for Ecological Inference

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":12,"value":"$45","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":225,"value":"The possible values for **White turnout** range from **${minWhiteTurnout}** to **${maxWhiteTurnout}**:","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":402,"value":"html`\n

\n${whitePossibleLIs}\n

\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":251,"value":"$46","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":369,"value":"## Computed Vals","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":567,"value":"whiteTicks = Array.from({length: whitePop + 1}).map((_, i) => i)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":604,"value":"asianTicks = Array.from({length: asianPop + 1}).map((_, i) => i)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":353,"value":"minAsianTurnout = minPossibleAsian.asianTurnout","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":235,"value":"whitePossibleTVals = Array.from({length: Math.min(whitePop, turnoutPop) + 1}).map((_, i) => i)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":556,"value":"asianPossibleTVals = Array.from({length: Math.min(asianPop, turnoutPop) + 1}).map((_, i) => i)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":241,"value":"possibleTVals = whitePossibleTVals.map(elt => ({\n whiteTurnout: elt,\n whiteTurnoutProp: elt / whitePop,\n asianTurnout: turnoutPop - elt,\n asianTurnoutProp: (turnoutPop - elt) / asianPop\n}))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":268,"value":"maxPossibleAsian = possibleTVals.reduce(\n (max, obj) => ((obj.asianTurnout > max.asianTurnout) && (obj.asianTurnout <= globs.totalPop) && (obj.asianTurnout >= 0))\n ? obj\n : max, possibleTVals[0]\n) ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":270,"value":"minPossibleAsian = possibleTVals.reduce(\n (min, obj) => ((obj.asianTurnout < min.asianTurnout) && (obj.asianTurnout >= 0) && (obj.asianTurnout <= asianPop))\n ? obj\n : min,\n possibleTVals[0]\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":351,"value":"maxAsianTurnout = maxPossibleAsian.asianTurnout","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":409,"value":"whitePossibleLIs = whitePossibleTVals.map(elt => html`\n

\nIf ${elt} whites vote...
\n└ This accounts for ${elt} / ${turnoutPop} total voters...
\n└ So there must be ${turnoutPop - elt} AAPI voters.\n

\n`)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":460,"value":"minWhiteTurnout = maxPossibleAsian.whiteTurnout","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":462,"value":"maxWhiteTurnout = minPossibleAsian.whiteTurnout","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":332,"value":"maxAsianProp = maxPossibleAsian.asianTurnoutProp","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":594,"value":"### Stripe Locations","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":319,"value":"vertStripeLocs = spacedByCount(0, asianPop, 30 * asianPop)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":291,"value":"horizStripeLocs = spacedByCount(0, whitePop, 30 * whitePop)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":293,"value":"spacedByCount = (low, high, count) => Array.from(\n { length: count }, \n (_, i) => low + (i * (high - low) / (count - 1))\n)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":230,"value":"turnoutPop","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":355,"value":"minAsianProp = minPossibleAsian.asianTurnoutProp","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":232,"value":"asianPop","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":227,"value":"bUpperBound = Math.min((turnoutPop / globs.totalPop) / (asianPop / globs.totalPop), 1)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"viewof asianPop = raceShareSlider()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":160,"value":"viewof turnoutPop = turnoutShareSlider()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":106,"value":"viewof resetRaceButton = {\n const buttonObj = Inputs.button(\"Reset\", {width: 50})\n buttonObj.classList.add('unset-width')\n return buttonObj\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":181,"value":"viewof resetTurnoutButton = {\n const buttonObj = Inputs.button(\"Reset\", {width: 50})\n return buttonObj\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":8,"value":"raceShareSlider = () => {\n const sliderObj = Inputs.range([0, globs.totalPop], {\n format: x => x.toFixed(0),\n step: 1,\n value: defaults.asianPop,\n width: 20,\n disabled: globs.disableRaceSlider,\n })\n sliderObj.children[0].children[0].remove()\n sliderObj.classList.add('center-slider')\n return sliderObj\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":157,"value":"turnoutShareSlider = () => {\n const sliderObj = Inputs.range([0, globs.totalPop], {\n format: x => x.toFixed(0),\n step: 1,\n value: defaults.turnoutPop,\n width: 20,\n disabled: globs.disableTurnoutSlider,\n })\n sliderObj.children[0].children[0].remove()\n sliderObj.classList.add('center-slider')\n return sliderObj\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":32,"value":"whitePop = globs.totalPop - asianPop","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":165,"value":"noTurnoutPop = globs.totalPop - turnoutPop","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":34,"value":"globs = ({\n totalPop: 10,\n disableRaceSlider: false,\n disableTurnoutSlider: false,\n})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":116,"value":"defaults = ({\n asianPop: 7,\n turnoutPop: 5,\n})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":21,"value":"console.log(viewof resetRaceButton)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":114,"value":"resetRace = {\n resetRaceButton;\n set(viewof asianPop, defaults.asianPop);\n globs.disableRaceSlider = true\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":222,"value":"resetTurnout = {\n resetTurnoutButton;\n set(viewof turnoutPop, defaults.turnoutPop);\n globs.disableTurnoutSlider = true\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":119,"value":"function set(input, value) {\n input.value = value;\n input.dispatchEvent(new Event(\"input\"));\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":39,"value":"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W47","stdlib":"1"}} 44:"$43:body"