31:T424,_Recurrent controversial ideas_: - Groups being too ephemeral too be the target of selection. - What do we mean by groups? Ephemeral? Selection? - Genes are the only 'vehicules' that are persistent and with enough fidelity to drive evolution by natural selection (Dawkins) - What about the ants? - What about them? Are they not superorganisms? - Are we ants? Just kiddin'. - How did altruism came about in evolution? - In groups of genetically-related individual? Kin Selection. - In groups of distant individuals? Cultural group selection. - Price's equations don't care about the unit of selection - Individual primacy also exists in economics, psychology, and sociology(Campbell 1993), not just biology. - Some 'sociologists' are in the same position than proponents of group selection/multilevel selection in biology. - I would argue that social psychology was also the underdog in psychology trying to do the same, but without the population biology formalism (purely experimental, but this led to the reproducibility crisis)32:Ta28,## In favor or against? (from Wilson & Sober 1995) | In favor or neutral | Against | Key take-away | | --- | --- | | | Wynne-Edwards (1962) | | Social groups = unit of adaptation, as if individuals and their strivings scarcely exist. This is not what D.S. Wilson is suggesting in that article. He calls it "naive group selection" | | | Alexander, R. D. & Borgia, G. (1978) Group selection, altruism and the levels of organization of life. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9:44975. | | | | Charlesworth, B. & Toro, M. A. (1982) Female-biased sex ratios. Nature 298:494. | | | | Maynard-Smith 1976, 1982b, 1987a, 1987b | | | | Alexander, R. D. (1979) Darwinism and human affairs. University of Washington Press. | | | | Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1983) Sex, evolution and behavior, 2d ed. Willard Grant Press. | | | | Nunney, L. (1985a) Female-biased sex ratios: Individual or group selection. Evolution 39(2):349-61 | | | | Nunney, L. (1985b) Group selection, altruism, and structured-deme models. American Naturalist 126:212-30. | | | | Treisman, M. (1983) Errors in the theory of the structured deme. Journal of Theoretical Biology 102:339-46. | | | | Gafen, A. (1984) Natural selection, kin selection and group selection. In: Behavioral ecology: An evolutionary approach, ed. J. Krebs & N. Davies. Blackwell Scientific. | gene-centered theorists | | | Alexander, R. D. (1988) Knowledge, intent and morality in Darwin's world. Quarterly Review of Biology 63:441-43. | | | | Cilpin, M. E. & Taylor, B. L. (1988) Comment on Harpending and Rogers model of intergroup selection. Journal of Theoretical Biology 135:13135. | | | | Trivers, R. L. Trivers (1985) Social evolution. Benjamin/Cummins.| | | | Sterelny, K. & Kitcher, P. (1988) The return of the gene. Journal of Philosophy 85:339-61 | | | | Williams, G. C. (1992) Natural selection: Domains, levels and challenges. Oxford University Press. | gene-centered theorists | | Wilson, D. S. & Sober E. (1995) Reintroducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17(4):585-608 | | Against Frank (1988), people want an either/or situation but both kin selection and group selection can coexist; "Groups are real to the extent that they become functionally organized by natural selection at the group level", i.e. natural selection operates at group level; Hierarchy is central to this argument. It is both. | Note that many papers listed as criticizing do not appear below, meaning that they didn't cite Wynne-Edwards.33:T4b5,(3, 90): Contrasting. > **Parsed documents**: The connection between sex ratio and the level at which natural selection acts was first pointed out by Williams (1966) in his book Adaptation and Natural Selection. Williams's book marked the turning point between the previously widespread and erroneous conception that natural selection acts to maximize the fitness of the population or species (see, e.g., Wynne-Edwards 1962)and more recent rigorous models that have shown that selection acting on group fitness is a theoretically possible but highly unlikely mechanism in nature (Maynard Smith 1964 , 1976 ; Leigh 1983) . Williams used the sex ratio trait as an example to show that selection among groups must not be a prevalent force for evolutionary change: if the sex ratio trait behaved as a population adaptation, male-biased sex ratios would evolve, for instance, when population density needed to be reduced, while female-biased sex ratios would evolve when the survival of a population was enhanced by an increased growth rate. Since there is no evidence that the sex ratio behaves in this way, Williams argued, natural selection must not be acting to favor the group.34:T419, - `The connection between sex ratio and the level at which natural selection acts was first pointed out by Williams (1966)in his book Adaptation and Natural Selection. [BACKGROUND]` - `Williams's book marked the turning point between the previously widespread and erroneous conception that natural selection acts to maximize the fitness of the population or species (see, e.g., Wynne-Edwards 1962) and more recent rigorous models that have shown that selection acting on group fitness is a theoretically possible but highly unlikely mechanism in nature (Maynard Smith 1964 , 1976 ; Leigh 1983).` - `Williams's book marked the turning point between the previously widespread and erroneous conception that natural selection acts to maximize the fitness of the population or species (see, e.g., Wynne-Edwards 1962) and more recent rigorous models that have shown that selection acting on group fitness is a theoretically possible but highly unlikely mechanism in nature (Maynard Smith 1964, 1976 ; Leigh 1983)`35:[{"id":"c0a209a08b69d988dc6f4e10329bb44522f18b05e980e1fb7984120f6bc4f535c94e204c723bc21e3d16fe022f439b3ab72b2e6137b3558c99711ae216e1a2f1","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/c0a209a08b69d988dc6f4e10329bb44522f18b05e980e1fb7984120f6bc4f535c94e204c723bc21e3d16fe022f439b3ab72b2e6137b3558c99711ae216e1a2f1","name":"groupSel_fine_tuned_cca.parquet","type":"application/octet-stream","lastModified":1683548290869.503,"size":619568},{"id":"76272653ad89362d1f74a105fa87b2096e7f068a6814cb54e9734a4ed69de2f7e1f1965a2fd8ee4897a3bfcc585de4eab40142588d67211f5284bfdcf7ee4044","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/76272653ad89362d1f74a105fa87b2096e7f068a6814cb54e9734a4ed69de2f7e1f1965a2fd8ee4897a3bfcc585de4eab40142588d67211f5284bfdcf7ee4044","name":"cited_authors-2.parquet","type":"application/octet-stream","lastModified":1683250430389.824,"size":40019},{"id":"dc47e480342a4c6ed0531fe24254bd4fe96b80d3ad248cd80b103de872680eb49626c6654c262320a7325c05bef5ccc3a9e0971da670619b9ef33c8b10d6c187","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/dc47e480342a4c6ed0531fe24254bd4fe96b80d3ad248cd80b103de872680eb49626c6654c262320a7325c05bef5ccc3a9e0971da670619b9ef33c8b10d6c187","name":"cited_authors-3.parquet","type":"application/octet-stream","lastModified":1683250445299.406,"size":28540},{"id":"aad88a513af248725ce92a99e1a02d7ab2ab13f30b0a8f434610a05c8d76d4f1a3791db5b0099135d9166aa4416af7beeacc51b7053c4bd8c37ebb463a793f2c","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/aad88a513af248725ce92a99e1a02d7ab2ab13f30b0a8f434610a05c8d76d4f1a3791db5b0099135d9166aa4416af7beeacc51b7053c4bd8c37ebb463a793f2c","name":"groupSel_feud@3.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681072271685.864,"size":1959940},{"id":"984802817a8c068c13b20b9a1f85edd1cf2acd38b7d8571dce690a8245a25449204f3dd434d1a3a06c91f421c9b7e23afd9ec3e3b94a9c023d0e29f978b3dd18","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/984802817a8c068c13b20b9a1f85edd1cf2acd38b7d8571dce690a8245a25449204f3dd434d1a3a06c91f421c9b7e23afd9ec3e3b94a9c023d0e29f978b3dd18","name":"groupSel_feud@4.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681072378329.996,"size":1959878},{"id":"547b94c280a26bcece4d3629b02866b513d7c22ff40f7c6ae848fc9f4a2374a64152366f37bb0328a0f0a382778cf3440111015ba0de2817b3fd2ef9439d64b1","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/547b94c280a26bcece4d3629b02866b513d7c22ff40f7c6ae848fc9f4a2374a64152366f37bb0328a0f0a382778cf3440111015ba0de2817b3fd2ef9439d64b1","name":"groupSel_feud@5.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681072407415.56,"size":1959802},{"id":"f450685f985724f92a804e6ef274ab41a3acfbf398bcfb2fc6a16153a9a2d0447641d4c0465f7d76af3a2e775637a42ee95f8b174bfe9b25a114e16229693438","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/f450685f985724f92a804e6ef274ab41a3acfbf398bcfb2fc6a16153a9a2d0447641d4c0465f7d76af3a2e775637a42ee95f8b174bfe9b25a114e16229693438","name":"groupSel_feud@7.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681074810782.662,"size":2024779}] 2f:{"title":"Group Selection Feud","cells":[{"id":1141,"value":"# Group Selection Feud\n\nWe examine all the references citing Wynne-Edwards' _Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior_ (1962), in which he advocates for the theory of group selection. Each dot is a citation to Wynne-Edwards (n=1872), while dot size are proportional to the citation count of that reference. The paper titled `The rise, fall and resurrection of group selection` by Borrello, published in 2005, accurately captured the overall dynamics of the controversy.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":1344,"value":" Rise Fall Resurrection Fall again?","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html"},{"id":933,"value":"Plot.plot({\n insetRight: 10,\n height: 550,\n width,\n x: {label: null},\n marks: [\n Plot.ruleX([new Date(\"1978-07-15\"), new Date(\"1993-07-01\"), new Date(\"2010-07-15\")], {stroke: 'red', strokeDasharray: 3}),\n Plot.dot(\n group_selection,\n Plot.dodgeY({\n x: \"year\",\n r: d => Math.sqrt(d.citationCounts),\n title: d => `${d.title}\\nauthors: ${d.author}\\n# citations: ${(d.citationCounts / 1e3).toFixed(1)}K\\n*abstract*: ${d.abstract}`,\n fill: \"currentColor\", anchor: \"middle\"\n })\n ),\n Plot.text(\n group_selection,\n Plot.dodgeY({\n filter: (d) => d.citationCounts > 1e3,\n x: \"year\",\n r: d => Math.sqrt(d.citationCounts),\n text: d => (d.citationCounts / 1e3).toFixed(),\n fill: \"white\",\n fontWeight: \"bold\", anchor: \"middle\"\n })\n ),\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1477,"value":"_The titles, especially in the 1990s, are telling:_\n - `Why is group selection such a problem? (Nesse 1994)`\n - `Group selection's new clothes (Cronk 1994)`\n - `The Return of the Group (Sterelny 1996)`\n - `Human altruism: Group selection should not be ignored (Field 1998)`\n - `The myth of genetic determinism – again (Alcock, 1999)`\n - `Why Won't the Group Selection Controversy Go Away? (Okasha 2001)`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":1719,"value":"#### Ridgle plot - more smooth on the eyes - top 10 cited people\n_In the group selection debate_","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":1721,"value":"Plot.plot({\n height: 700,\n width,\n marginLeft: 120,\n axis: null,\n x: {axis: \"bottom\"},\n y: {domain: [0, d3.max(cited_authors1, d => d.n) / (4.5 + 1)]},\n fy: {domain: cited_authors1.map(d => d.author)}, // preserve input order\n marks: [\n Plot.areaY(cited_authors1, {x: \"year\", y: \"n\", fy: \"author\", curve: \"basis\", fill: \"#ddd\", sort: \"year\", fillOpacity: 0.5}),\n Plot.lineY(cited_authors1, {x: \"year\", y: \"n\", fy: \"author\", curve: \"basis\", strokeWidth: 1, sort: \"year\"}),\n Plot.text(cited_authors1, Plot.selectFirst({x: d3.min(cited_authors1, d => d.year), fy: \"author\", text: \"author\", dx: -3, frameAnchor: \"right\"}))\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1726,"value":"#### Okay okay if you want an axis \n_Also heatmap scales better with many people (here top 50)_","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":1728,"value":"addTooltips(Plot.plot({\n width: 1200,\n marginLeft: 120,\n marginBottom: 100,\n padding: 0,\n y: {label: null},\n color: {legend: true, zero: true},\n marks: [\n Plot.axisX({\n ticks: 10,\n tickRotate: 50,\n tickFormat: ( (formatYear, formatMonth) => (x) => `${formatYear(x)}` )(d3.utcFormat(\"%Y\"))\n }),\n Plot.cell(\n cited_authors,\n Plot.group(\n {fill: \"median\"},\n {x: (d) => d.year, y: \"author\", fill: \"n\", inset: 0.5, sort: {y: \"fill\"}, title: d => `count: ${d.n}`}\n )\n )\n ]\n}))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1338,"value":"## Appendices","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":1709,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":1624,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":1745,"value":"group_selection = await FileAttachment(\"groupSel_feud@7.csv\").csv({typed: \"auto\"})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1752,"value":"SELECT COUNT(cite_spans) as n, year, cite_spans as author FROM \"cited_authors-3\" GROUP BY (year, cite_spans) ORDER BY year","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"sql","output":"cited_authors1","database":"cited_authors-3.parquet"},{"id":1751,"value":"SELECT COUNT(cite_spans) as n, year, cite_spans as author FROM \"cited_authors-2\" GROUP BY (year, cite_spans) ORDER BY year","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"sql","output":"cited_authors","database":"cited_authors-2.parquet"},{"id":1791,"value":"SELECT parsed_doc, relevant_contexts, did, aid, sid FROM \"groupSel_fine_tuned_cca\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"sql","output":"we_df","database":"groupSel_fine_tuned_cca.parquet"},{"id":1806,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":1816,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":1230,"value":"import {Plot, addTooltips} from \"@mkfreeman/plot-tooltip\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"}],"files":"$W35","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}