29:null 2a:["$","title",null,{"children":"Crop and land-use composition across irrigation-history groups | Karthik Ramaswamy | Observable"}] 2f:T59b,# Crop and land-use composition across irrigation-history groups **Bioenergy Sorghum Transition Project | 2026** ## Overview This notebook examines crop and land-use composition across continuously, formerly, and intermittently irrigated agricultural land in the contiguous United States. The analysis integrates the USDA Cropland Data Layer (CDL), LANID irrigation mapping, and Aqueduct baseline water-stress classifications. Four complementary analyses are presented: 1. Crop and land-use composition across five irrigation-history groups (Figures 1A–1C). 2. Cultivated versus non-cultivated land-use composition (Figure 2). 3. Distribution of continuously irrigated land across baseline water-stress classes by crop category (Figure 3). 4. Differences between irrigated and non-irrigated years on formerly and intermittently irrigated land (Figures 4–5). The objective is to understand how crop composition and irrigation history intersect with water scarcity, with particular attention to sorghum and its potential relevance to bioenergy crop transitions. **Data periods:** - Irrigation-history classification: 1997–2025 - CDL composition: 2008–2025 - Recent modal CDL classification: 2021–2025 All interactive figures were developed using D3.js in Observable. **Contents:** Figures 1–5 · Methods and data · Validation · Limitations · References · Questions for review · Reproducible code and data30:T118a,## Methods and data ### Data sources | Dataset | Used for | Period | Resolution | Reference | |---|---|---|---|---| | LANID (Landsat-based irrigation dataset) | Annual irrigated / non-irrigated status; continuously irrigated mask | 1997–2025 (updated record provided by Y. Xie) | 30 m | Xie et al. (2021) | | Formerly and intermittently irrigated masks | Irrigation-history group membership | Updated LANID record | 30 m | Provided by Y. Xie; approach of Xie et al. (2021) | | USDA NASS Cropland Data Layer (CDL) | Annual crop and land-cover class | 2008–2025 | 30 m | Boryan et al. (2011) | | WRI Aqueduct baseline water stress | Water-stress class | Baseline | Sub-basin | Kuzma et al. (2023) | ### 1. Irrigation-history classification Annual LANID observations from 1997–2025 were used to characterize irrigation history. Three irrigation-history groups are examined: **Continuously irrigated:** Pixels classified as irrigated in at least 26 of 29 years during 1997–2025. **Formerly irrigated** and **intermittently irrigated:** Pixels identified by two static masks (one raster each) provided by co-author Y. Xie from the updated LANID record. The masks follow the approach of Xie et al. (2021), which for 1997–2017 defined: - *Formerly irrigated*: not irrigated at any time in the most recent three years (2015–2017), but irrigated at least three times before. - *Intermittently irrigated*: irrigated at least once in both 1997–1999 and 2015–2017, with irrigation frequency ≤ 18 of 21 years. - *Continuously irrigated*: as above, with irrigation frequency > 18 years. The exact thresholds and year windows used to produce the updated masks are being confirmed with Y. Xie and will be checked empirically from the annual LANID layers (see Validation). Formerly and intermittently irrigated land is further separated by annual LANID irrigation status: - LANID = 1: irrigated observation - LANID = 0: non-irrigated observation The continuous irrigation mask is not crossed with annual LANID status in the composition analysis. ### 2. Cropland Data Layer classification Annual CDL observations from 2008–2025 were reclassified into 12 categories. Seven categories are designated cultivated: Corn, Soy, Wheat, Alfalfa, Sorghum, Cotton, and Other Crops. Five categories are designated non-cultivated: Fallow/idle, Other Hay, Grassland, Developed, and Other non-cropped. The cultivated/non-cultivated designation is an analytical grouping used in this project. All mapped CDL classes are assigned to one of the 12 categories through the classification crosswalk. ### 3. Pooled crop-area composition For Figures 1 and 2, annual acreage observations are summed across 2008–2025 within each irrigation-history group and CDL category. Category percentage is calculated as: Category percentage = 100 × pooled category acreage / pooled group acreage The accumulated area is expressed in acre-years. Acre-years represent repeated annual observations of land area and should not be interpreted as unique physical acreage. ### 4. Water-stress analysis Aqueduct baseline water-stress classes are intersected with the continuously irrigated footprint and a recent modal CDL classification. The modal CDL category is calculated using observations from 2021–2025. The resulting cross-tabulation summarizes physical acreage by CDL category and baseline water-stress class. For Figure 3, percentages are calculated relative to the total physical area assigned to each CDL category. Water-stress classes represent Aqueduct baseline water stress and are not direct measurements of groundwater depletion. ### 5. Irrigated vs. non-irrigated comparisons (Figures 4–5) For formerly and intermittently irrigated land, pooled composition is calculated separately for irrigated (LANID = 1) and non-irrigated (LANID = 0) observations. Figure 4 compares the cultivated share; Figure 5 compares the share of each CDL category. Differences are reported in percentage points: Difference = share (LANID = 0) − share (LANID = 1) Negative values indicate a lower share during non-irrigated years. ### 6. Interpretation Figures 1, 2, 4 and 5 describe pooled land-use composition over 18 years. Figure 3 describes the spatial distribution of physical acreage using a recent modal CDL classification. These measurements have different temporal and spatial interpretations and should not be compared as though they represent the same acreage denominator.31:T4c3,## Limitations - **Classification accuracy.** CDL accuracy varies by crop, year and state. Minor crops such as sorghum generally have lower classification accuracy than corn or soybean, so small shares should be read with caution. - **Irrigation mapping.** LANID irrigation status is modelled from satellite imagery and environmental variables. Misclassification affects both group assignment and the LANID = 0 / 1 split. - **Group definitions.** Results depend on the thresholds used to define continuously, formerly and intermittently irrigated land. Sensitivity to these thresholds is not tested here. - **Pooling.** Figures 1, 2, 4 and 5 pool acre-years over 2008–2025, so year-to-year change is not shown. - **Modal crop.** Figure 3 assigns each pixel its most frequent CDL category in 2021–2025, which hides rotations such as corn–soybean. - **Scale mismatch.** Aqueduct water stress is defined at sub-basin scale and applied to every 30 m pixel in the basin; it is not a measure of local aquifer conditions. - **Association, not causation.** Differences between groups, or between irrigated and non-irrigated years, describe composition. They do not establish field-level crop transitions or their causes.32:T469,## References - Boryan, C., Yang, Z., Mueller, R., & Craig, M. (2011). Monitoring US agriculture: the US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Cropland Data Layer Program. *Geocarto International*, 26(5), 341–358. - Kuzma, S., et al. (2023). *Aqueduct 4.0: Updated decision-relevant global water risk indicators.* Technical Note. World Resources Institute. https://doi.org/10.46830/writn.23.00061 - USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Cropland Data Layer, 2008–2025. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Research_and_Science/Cropland/ - Xie, Y., Gibbs, H. K., & Lark, T. J. (2021). Landsat-based Irrigation Dataset (LANID): 30 m resolution maps of irrigation distribution, frequency, and change for the US, 1997–2017. *Earth System Science Data*, 13, 5689–5710. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5689-2021 - Xie, Y., & Lark, T. J. (2021). Mapping annual irrigation from Landsat imagery and environmental variables across the conterminous United States. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, 260, 112445. 33:T1d6b,function makeDonutChart( rows: ChartRow[], title: string, subtitle: string ) { const width = 560; const height = 460; const cx = 165; const cy = 225; const outerRadius = 112; const innerRadius = 72; // Inner ring: cultivated vs. non-cultivated const landUseInnerRadius = 40; const landUseOuterRadius = 68; const total = d3.sum(rows, d => d.acres); // Same land base for irrigated and non-irrigated panels of a group const groupAcres = groupAnnualAcres(rows[0].pie); const pie = d3.pie() .sort(null) .value(d => d.acres); const arc = d3.arc>() .innerRadius(innerRadius) .outerRadius(outerRadius) .cornerRadius(3); const hoverArc = d3.arc>() .innerRadius(innerRadius) .outerRadius(outerRadius + 6) .cornerRadius(3); const wrapper = document.createElement("div"); wrapper.style.position = "relative"; wrapper.style.width = `${width}px`; wrapper.style.height = `${height}px`; const tooltip = document.createElement("div"); tooltip.style.position = "absolute"; tooltip.style.pointerEvents = "none"; tooltip.style.opacity = "0"; tooltip.style.background = "rgba(255,255,255,0.97)"; tooltip.style.border = "1px solid #cccccc"; tooltip.style.borderRadius = "8px"; tooltip.style.padding = "8px 10px"; tooltip.style.boxShadow = "0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.12)"; tooltip.style.fontFamily = "Arial, sans-serif"; tooltip.style.fontSize = "12px"; tooltip.style.lineHeight = "1.35"; tooltip.style.zIndex = "10"; const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height) .style("font-family", "Arial, sans-serif"); // Card background svg.append("rect") .attr("x", 1) .attr("y", 1) .attr("width", width - 2) .attr("height", height - 2) .attr("rx", 16) .attr("ry", 16) .attr("fill", "white") .attr("stroke", "#dddddd"); // Title svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 36) .attr("font-size", 15) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text(title); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 58) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#555") .text(subtitle); // Small total label svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 84) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#666") .text(`${(total / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M acre-years · ${(groupAcres / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M acres/yr`); const g = svg.append("g") .attr("transform", `translate(${cx},${cy})`); const arcs = pie(rows); g.selectAll("path") .data(arcs) .join("path") .attr("d", arc) .attr("fill", d => color(d.data.label)) .attr("stroke", "#d6d6d6") .attr("stroke-width", 0.8) .style("cursor", "pointer") .on("mouseenter", function(event, d) { d3.select(this) .transition() .duration(120) .attr("d", hoverArc); tooltip.style.opacity = "1"; }) .on("mousemove", function(event, d) { const [mx, my] = d3.pointer(event, wrapper); const pct = 100 * d.data.acres / total; tooltip.innerHTML = `

${d.data.label}

${(d.data.acres / 1e6).toFixed(2)}M acre-years

${(d.data.acres / total * groupAcres / 1e6).toFixed(2)}M acres/yr

${pct.toFixed(1)}%

`; tooltip.style.left = `${mx + 14}px`; tooltip.style.top = `${my + 14}px`; }) .on("mouseleave", function() { d3.select(this) .transition() .duration(120) .attr("d", arc); tooltip.style.opacity = "0"; }); // Inner ring: cultivated vs. non-cultivated type LandUseSlice = { label: string; acres: number }; const landUseRows: LandUseSlice[] = ["Cultivated", "Non-cultivated"].map(label => ({ label, acres: d3.sum(rows.filter(d => d.land_use === label), d => d.acres) })); const landUsePie = d3.pie() .sort(null) .value(d => d.acres); const landUseArc = d3.arc>() .innerRadius(landUseInnerRadius) .outerRadius(landUseOuterRadius) .cornerRadius(3); const landUseHoverArc = d3.arc>() .innerRadius(landUseInnerRadius) .outerRadius(landUseOuterRadius + 4) .cornerRadius(3); g.append("g") .selectAll("path") .data(landUsePie(landUseRows)) .join("path") .attr("d", landUseArc) .attr("fill", d => landUseColor(d.data.label)) .attr("stroke", "white") .attr("stroke-width", 1) .style("cursor", "pointer") .on("mouseenter", function() { d3.select(this) .transition() .duration(120) .attr("d", landUseHoverArc); tooltip.style.opacity = "1"; }) .on("mousemove", function(event, d) { const [mx, my] = d3.pointer(event, wrapper); const pct = 100 * d.data.acres / total; tooltip.innerHTML = `

${d.data.label}

${(d.data.acres / 1e6).toFixed(2)}M acre-years

${(d.data.acres / total * groupAcres / 1e6).toFixed(2)}M acres/yr

${pct.toFixed(1)}%

`; tooltip.style.left = `${mx + 14}px`; tooltip.style.top = `${my + 14}px`; }) .on("mouseleave", function() { d3.select(this) .transition() .duration(120) .attr("d", landUseArc); tooltip.style.opacity = "0"; }); // Inner-ring legend const landUseLegend = svg.append("g") .attr("transform", `translate(${cx - 70},${cy + outerRadius + 30})`); const landUseLegendRows = landUseLegend.selectAll("g") .data(landUseRows) .join("g") .attr("transform", (d, i) => `translate(0, ${i * 22})`); landUseLegendRows.append("rect") .attr("width", 11) .attr("height", 11) .attr("rx", 2) .attr("y", -9) .attr("fill", d => landUseColor(d.label)); landUseLegendRows.append("text") .attr("x", 18) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text(d => `${d.label}: ${(100 * d.acres / total).toFixed(1)}%`); // Center text g.append("text") .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("y", -6) .attr("font-size", 18) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text(`${(total / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M`); g.append("text") .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("y", 14) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#666") .text("acre-years"); // Legend const legendX = 295; const legendY = 110; const rowHeight = 25; const legend = svg.append("g") .attr("transform", `translate(${legendX},${legendY})`); const legendRows = legend.selectAll("g") .data(rows) .join("g") .attr("transform", (d, i) => `translate(0, ${i * rowHeight})`); legendRows.append("rect") .attr("width", 11) .attr("height", 11) .attr("rx", 2) .attr("y", -9) .attr("fill", d => color(d.label)); legendRows.append("text") .attr("x", 18) .attr("y", 0) .attr("font-size", 12) .text(d => d.label); legendRows.append("text") .attr("x", 205) .attr("y", 0) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 11) .style("font-variant-numeric", "tabular-nums") .attr("font-weight", d => d.label === "Sorghum" ? 700 : 400) .text(d => `${(100 * d.acres / total).toFixed(1)}%`); wrapper.appendChild(svg.node()!); wrapper.appendChild(tooltip); return wrapper; }34:T66c,const keyFindings = (() => { const sContinuous = cropShare(continuousRows, "Sorghum").toFixed(1); const sFormerIrr = cropShare(formerIrrigRows, "Sorghum").toFixed(1); const sFormerNon = cropShare(formerNonIrrRows, "Sorghum").toFixed(1); const sInterIrr = cropShare(intermitIrrigRows, "Sorghum").toFixed(1); const sInterNon = cropShare(intermitNonIrrRows, "Sorghum").toFixed(1); const div = document.createElement("div"); div.style.background = "white"; div.style.border = "1px solid #dddddd"; div.style.borderRadius = "16px"; div.style.padding = "18px 22px"; div.style.fontFamily = "Arial, sans-serif"; div.style.lineHeight = "1.5"; div.style.maxWidth = "1160px"; div.innerHTML = `

Key findings

On continuously irrigated land, sorghum accounts for ${sContinuous}% of pooled crop-area observations.

On formerly irrigated land, sorghum accounts for ${sFormerIrr}% during irrigated years (LANID = 1) and ${sFormerNon}% during non-irrigated years (LANID = 0).

On intermittently irrigated land, sorghum accounts for ${sInterIrr}% in irrigated years and ${sInterNon}% in dry years.

These panels summarize pooled CDL observations from 2008–2025 using 12-category classification, including both cultivated and non-cultivated land uses.

`; return div; })();35:T247d,const stackedCompositionFigure = (() => { const groups = [ { name: "Continuously irrigated", sub: "Irrigated ≥26 of 29 years", rows: continuousRows }, { name: "Formerly irrigated", sub: "Irrigated years (LANID = 1)", rows: formerIrrigRows }, { name: "Formerly irrigated", sub: "Non-irrigated years (LANID = 0)", rows: formerNonIrrRows }, { name: "Intermittently irrigated", sub: "Irrigated years (LANID = 1)", rows: intermitIrrigRows }, { name: "Intermittently irrigated", sub: "Non-irrigated years (LANID = 0)", rows: intermitNonIrrRows } ]; // 12 categories in the same order and colours as Figure 1A const categories: string[] = color.domain(); const landUseOf = new Map(pooledData.map(d => [d.category, d.land_use])); const cultivatedCats = categories.filter(c => landUseOf.get(c) === "Cultivated"); const nonCultivatedCats = categories.filter(c => landUseOf.get(c) !== "Cultivated"); const width = 1120; const marginLeft = 250; const marginRight = 160; const top = 150; const rowStep = 66; const barHeight = 30; const height = top + groups.length * rowStep + 70; const x = d3.scaleLinear() .domain([0, 100]) .range([marginLeft, width - marginRight]); const stacked = groups.map(g => { const total = d3.sum(g.rows, d => d.acres); const groupAcres = groupAnnualAcres(g.rows[0].pie); const byCat = new Map(g.rows.map(d => [d.category, d.acres])); let cum = 0; const segments = categories.map(cat => { const acres = byCat.get(cat) ?? 0; const pct = 100 * acres / total; const seg = { group: g, cat, acres, pct, annual: pct / 100 * groupAcres, x0: cum, x1: cum + pct }; cum += pct; return seg; }); const cultivatedPct = d3.sum(segments.filter(s => cultivatedCats.includes(s.cat)), s => s.pct); const sorghumPct = segments.find(s => s.cat === "Sorghum")?.pct ?? 0; return { ...g, total, groupAcres, segments, cultivatedPct, sorghumPct }; }); const wrapper = document.createElement("div"); wrapper.style.position = "relative"; wrapper.style.maxWidth = `${width}px`; const tooltip = document.createElement("div"); tooltip.style.position = "absolute"; tooltip.style.pointerEvents = "none"; tooltip.style.opacity = "0"; tooltip.style.background = "rgba(255,255,255,0.97)"; tooltip.style.border = "1px solid #cccccc"; tooltip.style.borderRadius = "8px"; tooltip.style.padding = "8px 10px"; tooltip.style.fontFamily = "Arial, sans-serif"; tooltip.style.fontSize = "12px"; tooltip.style.lineHeight = "1.35"; tooltip.style.boxShadow = "0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.12)"; tooltip.style.zIndex = "10"; const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height) .style("max-width", "100%") .style("height", "auto") .style("font-family", "Arial, sans-serif"); svg.append("rect") .attr("x", 1) .attr("y", 1) .attr("width", width - 2) .attr("height", height - 2) .attr("rx", 16) .attr("fill", "white") .attr("stroke", "#dddddd"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 32) .attr("font-size", 18) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text("Figure 1B. Crop and land-use composition across irrigation-history groups"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 54) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("fill", "#555") .text("Stacked-bar view of Figure 1A · 12 CDL categories · Pooled CDL observations, 2008–2025"); // Highlight one category across all bars const highlight = (cat: string | null) => { svg.selectAll("g.seg") .attr("opacity", (d: any) => cat === null || d.cat === cat ? 1 : 0.25); }; // Legend: cultivated and non-cultivated categories on separate rows const legend = svg.append("g") .attr("transform", "translate(20, 90)"); [["Cultivated", cultivatedCats], ["Non-cultivated", nonCultivatedCats]].forEach(([groupName, cats], row) => { const lg = legend.append("g") .attr("transform", `translate(0, ${row * 26})`); lg.append("rect") .attr("width", 11) .attr("height", 5) .attr("y", -6) .attr("fill", landUseColor(groupName as string)); lg.append("text") .attr("x", 16) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text(groupName as string); const items = lg.selectAll("g.item") .data(cats as string[]) .join("g") .attr("class", "item") .attr("transform", (d, i) => `translate(${130 + i * 118}, 0)`) .style("cursor", "pointer") .on("mouseenter", (event, cat) => highlight(cat)) .on("mouseleave", () => highlight(null)); items.append("rect") .attr("width", 11) .attr("height", 11) .attr("rx", 2) .attr("y", -9) .attr("fill", d => color(d)); items.append("text") .attr("x", 16) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", d => d === "Sorghum" ? 700 : 400) .text(d => d); }); // Separators between irrigation-history groups [1, 3].forEach(i => { svg.append("line") .attr("x1", 20) .attr("x2", width - 20) .attr("y1", top + i * rowStep - 20) .attr("y2", top + i * rowStep - 20) .attr("stroke", "#eeeeee"); }); // Bars stacked.forEach((s, i) => { const g = svg.append("g") .attr("transform", `translate(0, ${top + i * rowStep})`); g.append("text") .attr("x", marginLeft - 14) .attr("y", 12) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 13) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text(s.name); g.append("text") .attr("x", marginLeft - 14) .attr("y", 28) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#666") .text(s.sub); // Thin strip: cultivated vs. non-cultivated (same role as the donut inner ring) g.append("rect") .attr("x", x(0)) .attr("y", -9) .attr("width", x(s.cultivatedPct) - x(0)) .attr("height", 5) .attr("fill", landUseColor("Cultivated")); g.append("rect") .attr("x", x(s.cultivatedPct)) .attr("y", -9) .attr("width", x(100) - x(s.cultivatedPct)) .attr("height", 5) .attr("fill", landUseColor("Non-cultivated")); const seg = g.selectAll("g.seg") .data(s.segments.filter(d => d.pct > 0)) .join("g") .attr("class", "seg"); seg.append("rect") .attr("x", d => x(d.x0)) .attr("width", d => Math.max(0, x(d.x1) - x(d.x0))) .attr("height", barHeight) .attr("fill", d => color(d.cat)) .attr("stroke", d => d.cat === "Sorghum" ? "#111111" : "white") .attr("stroke-width", d => d.cat === "Sorghum" ? 1.5 : 0.8) .style("cursor", "pointer") .on("mouseenter", (event, d) => { highlight(d.cat); tooltip.style.opacity = "1"; }) .on("mousemove", (event, d) => { const [mx, my] = d3.pointer(event, wrapper); tooltip.innerHTML = `

${d.cat}

${d.group.name} · ${d.group.sub}

${(d.acres / 1e6).toFixed(2)}M acre-years

${(d.annual / 1e6).toFixed(2)}M acres/yr

${d.pct.toFixed(1)}%

`; tooltip.style.left = `${mx + 14}px`; tooltip.style.top = `${my + 14}px`; }) .on("mouseleave", () => { highlight(null); tooltip.style.opacity = "0"; }); seg.filter(d => d.pct >= 4) .append("text") .attr("x", d => (x(d.x0) + x(d.x1)) / 2) .attr("y", barHeight / 2 + 4) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("pointer-events", "none") .attr("fill", d => d3.hsl(color(d.cat)).l > 0.55 ? "#222222" : "white") .text(d => `${d.pct.toFixed(0)}%`); // Right-hand summary const rx = width - marginRight + 14; g.append("text") .attr("x", rx) .attr("y", 4) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text(`${s.cultivatedPct.toFixed(1)}% cultivated`); g.append("text") .attr("x", rx) .attr("y", 19) .attr("font-size", 12) .text(`Sorghum ${s.sorghumPct.toFixed(1)}%`); g.append("text") .attr("x", rx) .attr("y", 34) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#666") .text(`${(s.total / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M acre-years`); g.append("text") .attr("x", rx) .attr("y", 48) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#666") .text(`${(s.groupAcres / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M acres/yr`); }); svg.append("g") .attr("transform", `translate(0, ${top + groups.length * rowStep - 20})`) .call(d3.axisBottom(x).ticks(5).tickFormat(d => `${d}%`)) .call(g => g.select(".domain").remove()) .call(g => g.selectAll("text").attr("font-size", 11).attr("fill", "#555")); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", height - 16) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#555") .text("Thin strip above each bar = cultivated vs. non-cultivated share. Segments ≥ 4% are labelled. Sorghum is outlined. Hover a segment or legend entry to compare a category across groups."); wrapper.appendChild(svg.node()!); wrapper.appendChild(tooltip); return wrapper; })();36:Tc7d,const validationTable = (() => { const nYears = 18; // CDL years pooled, 2008–2025 const acresPerHa = 2.47105; const sums = d3.rollup(pooledData, v => d3.sum(v, d => d.acres), d => d.pie); const groups = [ { name: "Formerly irrigated", irr: "Former_Irrig", nonIrr: "Former_NonIrr", paperMha: 4.0 }, { name: "Intermittently irrigated", irr: "Intermit_Irrig", nonIrr: "Intermit_NonIrr", paperMha: 13.5 }, { name: "Continuously irrigated", all: "Continuous", paperMha: 12.0 } ]; const rows = groups.map(g => { const irr = g.all ? null : sums.get(g.irr) ?? 0; const nonIrr = g.all ? null : sums.get(g.nonIrr) ?? 0; const total = g.all ? sums.get(g.all) ?? 0 : irr + nonIrr; const annualAcres = total / nYears; return { ...g, irr, nonIrr, total, annualAcres, annualIrrAcres: irr === null ? null : irr / nYears, mha: annualAcres / acresPerHa / 1e6, irrShare: irr === null ? null : 100 * irr / total }; }); const fmtM = (v: number | null) => v === null ? "—" : `${(v / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M`; const cell = "padding:6px 10px; border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5; text-align:right;"; const head = "padding:6px 10px; border-bottom:2px solid #999; text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom; font-weight:700;"; const div = document.createElement("div"); div.style.fontFamily = "Arial, sans-serif"; div.style.fontSize = "13px"; div.style.overflowX = "auto"; div.innerHTML = ` ${rows.map(r => ` `).join("")}

Irrigation-history group	Irrigated years (acre-years)	Non-irrigated years (acre-years)	Total (acre-years)	Avg. annual irrigated area (acres)	Avg. annual area (acres)	Avg. annual area (Mha)	Xie et al. (2021) 1997–2017 (Mha)	Share of years irrigated
${r.name}	${fmtM(r.irr)}	${fmtM(r.nonIrr)}	${fmtM(r.total)}	${fmtM(r.annualIrrAcres)}	${fmtM(r.annualAcres)}	${r.mha.toFixed(1)}	${r.paperMha.toFixed(1)}	${r.irrShare === null ? "—" : `${r.irrShare.toFixed(0)}%`}

Average annual area = total acre-years ÷ ${nYears} years (2008–2025). 1 ha = ${acresPerHa} acres. Continuously irrigated land is not split by annual LANID status.

`; return div; })();37:Tda2,const cropAnnualTable = (() => { const panels = [ { group: "Continuously irrigated", status: "All years", rows: continuousRows }, { group: "Formerly irrigated", status: "Irrigated", rows: formerIrrigRows }, { group: "Formerly irrigated", status: "Non-irrigated", rows: formerNonIrrRows }, { group: "Intermittently irrigated", status: "Irrigated", rows: intermitIrrigRows }, { group: "Intermittently irrigated", status: "Non-irrigated", rows: intermitNonIrrRows } ].map(p => { const total = d3.sum(p.rows, d => d.acres); const groupAcres = groupAnnualAcres(p.rows[0].pie); const byCat = new Map(p.rows.map(d => [d.category, d.acres])); return { ...p, total, groupAcres, byCat }; }); const categories: string[] = color.domain(); const fmtA = (v: number) => `${(v / 1e6).toFixed(2)}M`; const cell = "padding:5px 8px; border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5; text-align:right; white-space:nowrap;"; const head = "padding:5px 8px; text-align:right; font-weight:700; white-space:nowrap;"; const sep = "border-left:2px solid #dddddd;"; const valueCells = (p, acres: number) => { const share = 100 * acres / p.total; return `${share.toFixed(1)}% ${fmtA(share / 100 * p.groupAcres)}`; }; const div = document.createElement("div"); div.style.fontFamily = "Arial, sans-serif"; div.style.fontSize = "12px"; div.style.overflowX = "auto"; div.innerHTML = ` ${panels.map(p => ``).join("")} ${panels.map(() => ``).join("")} ${categories.map(cat => ` ${panels.map(p => valueCells(p, p.byCat.get(cat) ?? 0)).join("")} `).join("")} ${panels.map(p => ``).join("")}

	Continuously irrigated
	${p.status}
CDL category	Share	Acres/yr
${cat}
Total	100%	${fmtA(p.groupAcres)}

Share = percentage of pooled acre-years within the panel (2008–2025). Acres/yr = share × the group's average annual area (total acre-years of both panels ÷ ${nCdlYears} years), so irrigated and non-irrigated columns of a group are on the same land base.

`; return div; })();38:T424,const scenarioOrder = [ "Continuous", "Former_Irrig", "Former_NonIrr", "Intermit_Irrig", "Intermit_NonIrr" ]; const scenarioLabel = new Map([ ["Continuous", "Continuously irrigated"], ["Former_Irrig", "Formerly irrigated (LANID = 1)"], ["Former_NonIrr", "Formerly irrigated (LANID = 0)"], ["Intermit_Irrig", "Intermittently irrigated (LANID = 1)"], ["Intermit_NonIrr", "Intermittently irrigated (LANID = 0)"] ]); const pooledLandUse = Array.from( d3.rollup( rawLandUse, v => d3.sum(v, d => d.acres), d => d.pie, d => d.land_use ), ([pie, landUses]) => { const cultivated = landUses.get("Cultivated") ?? 0; const nonCultivated = landUses.get("Non-cultivated") ?? 0; const total = cultivated + nonCultivated; return { pie, cultivated, nonCultivated, total, cultivatedPct: total > 0 ? 100 * cultivated / total : 0, nonCultivatedPct: total > 0 ? 100 * nonCultivated / total : 0 }; } ).sort((a, b) => scenarioOrder.indexOf(a.pie) - scenarioOrder.indexOf(b.pie));39:T106f,function makeLandUseFigure(rows: typeof pooledLandUse) { const width = 1050; const height = 410; const marginTop = 112; const marginRight = 145; const marginBottom = 38; const marginLeft = 275; const cultivatedColor = "#355D50"; const nonCultivatedColor = "#D3D0C5"; const x = d3.scaleLinear() .domain([0, 100]) .range([marginLeft, width - marginRight]); const y = d3.scaleBand() .domain(rows.map(d => d.pie)) .range([marginTop, height - marginBottom]) .padding(0.28); const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height) .style("font-family", "Arial, sans-serif"); // Title svg.append("text") .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", 24) .attr("font-size", 18) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text("Figure 2. Cultivated and non-cultivated land-use composition"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", 46) .attr("font-size", 13) .attr("fill", "#555") .text("Pooled CDL observations, 2008–2025 | Five irrigation-history groups"); // Legend const legend = svg.append("g") .attr("transform", `translate(${width - 260}, 18)`); legend.append("rect") .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", -10) .attr("width", 14) .attr("height", 14) .attr("rx", 2) .attr("fill", cultivatedColor); legend.append("text") .attr("x", 22) .attr("y", 1) .attr("font-size", 12) .text("Cultivated"); legend.append("rect") .attr("x", 110) .attr("y", -10) .attr("width", 14) .attr("height", 14) .attr("rx", 2) .attr("fill", nonCultivatedColor); legend.append("text") .attr("x", 132) .attr("y", 1) .attr("font-size", 12) .text("Non-cultivated"); // Top axis const axis = d3.axisTop(x) .tickValues([0, 25, 50, 75, 100]) .tickFormat(d => `${d}%`); svg.append("g") .attr("transform", `translate(0, ${marginTop - 12})`) .call(axis) .call(g => g.select(".domain").remove()) .call(g => g.selectAll(".tick line").attr("stroke", "#cccccc")) .call(g => g.selectAll(".tick text").attr("font-size", 11)); // Total header svg.append("text") .attr("x", width - marginRight + 10) .attr("y", marginTop - 38) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#555") .text("Total"); // Rows const row = svg.append("g") .selectAll("g") .data(rows) .join("g") .attr("transform", d => `translate(0, ${y(d.pie)})`); // Left labels row.append("text") .attr("x", marginLeft - 12) .attr("y", y.bandwidth() / 2 + 4) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 12) .text(d => scenarioLabel.get(d.pie) ?? d.pie); // Background row.append("rect") .attr("x", x(0)) .attr("y", 0) .attr("width", x(100) - x(0)) .attr("height", y.bandwidth()) .attr("rx", 6) .attr("fill", "#f5f5f5"); // Cultivated segment row.append("rect") .attr("x", x(0)) .attr("y", 0) .attr("width", d => x(d.cultivatedPct) - x(0)) .attr("height", y.bandwidth()) .attr("rx", 6) .attr("fill", cultivatedColor); // Non-cultivated segment row.append("rect") .attr("x", d => x(d.cultivatedPct)) .attr("y", 0) .attr("width", d => x(100) - x(d.cultivatedPct)) .attr("height", y.bandwidth()) .attr("fill", nonCultivatedColor); // Cultivated label row.append("text") .attr("x", d => x(d.cultivatedPct / 2)) .attr("y", y.bandwidth() / 2 + 4) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", "white") .text(d => `${d.cultivatedPct.toFixed(1)}%`); // Non-cultivated label row.append("text") .attr("x", d => x(d.cultivatedPct + d.nonCultivatedPct / 2)) .attr("y", y.bandwidth() / 2 + 4) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", "#333") .text(d => `${d.nonCultivatedPct.toFixed(1)}%`); // Total labels at right row.append("text") .attr("x", width - marginRight + 10) .attr("y", y.bandwidth() / 2 + 4) .attr("font-size", 12) .text(d => `${(d.total / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M`); return svg.node(); }3a:T1471,function makeWaterStressFigure(rows: typeof wsRows) { const width = 1120; const height = 650; const x0 = 195; const x1 = 980; const y0 = 160; const rowHeight = 36; const barHeight = 26; const x = d3.scaleLinear() .domain([0, 100]) .range([x0, x1]); const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height) .attr("role", "img") .attr( "aria-label", "Distribution of continuously irrigated land across water-stress classes by CDL category" ) .style("font-family", "Arial, sans-serif"); // ----------------------------------- // Title // ----------------------------------- svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 28) .attr("font-size", 19) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text( "Figure 3. Water-stress distribution by CDL category" ); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 51) .attr("font-size", 13) .attr("fill", "#555") .text( "Continuously irrigated land · Modal CDL category, 2021–2025" ); // ----------------------------------- // Water-stress legend // ----------------------------------- const legend = svg.append("g"); wsClasses.forEach((c, i) => { const col = i % 3; const row = Math.floor(i / 3); const lx = 195 + col * 245; const ly = 78 + row * 25; legend.append("rect") .attr("x", lx) .attr("y", ly - 11) .attr("width", 14) .attr("height", 14) .attr("rx", 2) .attr("fill", c.color) .attr("stroke", "#999") .attr("stroke-width", 0.4); legend.append("text") .attr("x", lx + 22) .attr("y", ly) .attr("font-size", 12) .text(c.name); }); // ----------------------------------- // Percentage axis // ----------------------------------- const axis = d3.axisTop(x) .tickValues([0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100]) .tickFormat(d => `${d}%`); svg.append("g") .attr("transform", "translate(0,147)") .call(axis) .call(g => g.select(".domain").remove()) .call(g => g.selectAll(".tick line") .attr("stroke", "#cccccc")) .call(g => g.selectAll(".tick text") .attr("font-size", 11)); // ----------------------------------- // Column headings // ----------------------------------- svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 137) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#555") .text("CDL category"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", x1 + 14) .attr("y", 137) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#555") .text("Total acres"); // ----------------------------------- // Draw all crop rows // ----------------------------------- const cropRows = svg.append("g") .selectAll("g") .data(rows) .join("g") .attr( "transform", (d, i) => `translate(0,${y0 + i * rowHeight})` ); // Crop names cropRows.append("text") .attr("x", x0 - 12) .attr("y", barHeight / 2 + 4) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 12) .attr( "font-weight", d => d.category === "Sorghum" ? 700 : 400 ) .text(d => d.category); // Background bars cropRows.append("rect") .attr("x", x0) .attr("y", 0) .attr("width", x1 - x0) .attr("height", barHeight) .attr("fill", "#f3f3f3"); // Draw the six stress segments for each crop cropRows.each(function(d) { const row = d3.select(this); let cumulative = 0; d.pieces.forEach(p => { const pct = d.total > 0 ? 100 * p.acres / d.total : 0; const segment = row.append("rect") .attr("x", x(cumulative)) .attr("y", 0) .attr("width", x(cumulative + pct) - x(cumulative)) .attr("height", barHeight) .attr("fill", p.color) .style("cursor", "pointer"); // Hover tooltip segment.append("title") .text( `${d.category}\n` + `${p.name}\n` + `${d3.format(",.0f")(p.acres)} acres\n` + `${pct.toFixed(1)}% of crop area` ); // Percentage labels if (pct >= 7) { row.append("text") .attr("x", x(cumulative + pct / 2)) .attr("y", barHeight / 2 + 4) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("font-size", 10) .attr("font-weight", 600) .attr( "fill", p.code === 4 ? "white" : "#333" ) .attr("pointer-events", "none") .text(`${pct.toFixed(0)}%`); } cumulative += pct; }); }); // ----------------------------------- // Total acreage at right // ----------------------------------- cropRows.append("text") .attr("x", x1 + 14) .attr("y", barHeight / 2 + 4) .attr("font-size", 12) .text(d => d3.format(",.0f")(d.total)); // ----------------------------------- // Footnote // ----------------------------------- svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 626) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#666") .text( "Note: Percentages represent the distribution of each CDL category across Aqueduct baseline water-stress classes." ); return svg.node(); }3b:T595,const wsFindings = (() => { const stressed = wsRaw.filter( d => Number(d.bws_cat) === 3 || Number(d.bws_cat) === 4 ); const allAcres = d3.sum(wsRaw, d => d.acres); const stressedAcres = d3.sum(stressed, d => d.acres); const sorghum = wsRaw.filter( d => d.category === "Sorghum" ); const sorghumStressed = sorghum.filter( d => Number(d.bws_cat) === 3 || Number(d.bws_cat) === 4 ); const sorghumTotal = d3.sum(sorghum, d => d.acres); const sorghumHigh = d3.sum( sorghumStressed, d => d.acres ); const div = document.createElement("div"); div.style.fontFamily = "Arial, sans-serif"; div.style.border = "1px solid #ddd"; div.style.borderRadius = "12px"; div.style.padding = "18px 22px"; div.style.maxWidth = "1050px"; div.style.lineHeight = "1.6"; const heading = document.createElement("strong"); heading.textContent = "Water-stress findings"; const p1 = document.createElement("p"); p1.textContent = `${(100 * stressedAcres / allAcres).toFixed(1)}% ` + `of the mapped continuously irrigated area is classified ` + `as High or Extremely High baseline water stress.`; const p2 = document.createElement("p"); p2.textContent = `${(100 * sorghumHigh / sorghumTotal).toFixed(1)}% ` + `of the area assigned to Sorghum is in these two ` + `water-stress classes.`; div.append(heading, p1, p2); return div; })();3c:T21a6,const differenceFigureC = (() => { // ===================================================== // 1. PREPARE COMPARISON DATA // ===================================================== function getCultivatedPct(pieKey: string): number { const item = pooledLandUse.find( d => d.pie === pieKey ); if (!item) { throw new Error( `Missing irrigation scenario: ${pieKey}` ); } return item.cultivatedPct; } const comparisonData = [ { group: "Formerly irrigated", irrigated: getCultivatedPct("Former_Irrig"), nonIrrigated: getCultivatedPct("Former_NonIrr") }, { group: "Intermittently irrigated", irrigated: getCultivatedPct("Intermit_Irrig"), nonIrrigated: getCultivatedPct("Intermit_NonIrr") } ].map(d => ({ ...d, difference: d.nonIrrigated - d.irrigated })); // ===================================================== // 2. FIGURE DIMENSIONS // ===================================================== const width = 1050; const height = 420; const marginLeft = 255; const marginRight = 260; const x0 = marginLeft; const x1 = width - marginRight; const colorIrrigated = "#2E7D61"; const colorNonIrrigated = "#D77942"; // ===================================================== // 3. SCALES // ===================================================== const x = d3.scaleLinear() .domain([0, 100]) .range([x0, x1]); const y = d3.scalePoint() .domain( comparisonData.map(d => d.group) ) .range([205, 290]); // ===================================================== // 4. CREATE SVG // ===================================================== const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height) .attr("role", "img") .attr( "aria-label", "Difference in cultivated land-use share between irrigated and non-irrigated observations" ) .style("font-family", "Arial, sans-serif") .style("display", "block") .style("width", "100%") .style("height", "auto") .style("max-width", `${width}px`); // ===================================================== // 5. TITLE // ===================================================== svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 30) .attr("font-size", 19) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", "#222") .text( "Figure 4. Cultivated share by annual irrigation status" ); // Subtitle svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 55) .attr("font-size", 13) .attr("fill", "#555") .text( "Formerly and intermittently irrigated land · Pooled CDL observations, 2008–2025" ); // ===================================================== // 6. LEGEND // ===================================================== const legend = svg.append("g"); // Irrigated legend.append("circle") .attr("cx", 265) .attr("cy", 95) .attr("r", 7) .attr("fill", colorIrrigated); legend.append("text") .attr("x", 280) .attr("y", 99) .attr("font-size", 12) .text("Irrigated (LANID = 1)"); // Non-irrigated legend.append("circle") .attr("cx", 480) .attr("cy", 95) .attr("r", 7) .attr("fill", colorNonIrrigated); legend.append("text") .attr("x", 495) .attr("y", 99) .attr("font-size", 12) .text("Non-irrigated (LANID = 0)"); // ===================================================== // 7. PERCENTAGE AXIS // ===================================================== const axis = d3.axisTop(x) .tickValues([ 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ]) .tickFormat( d => `${d}%` ); const axisY = 145; svg.append("g") .attr( "transform", `translate(0,${axisY})` ) .call(axis) .call( g => g.select(".domain").remove() ) .call( g => g.selectAll(".tick text") .attr("font-size", 12) ); // Vertical gridlines svg.append("g") .selectAll("line") .data([0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100]) .join("line") .attr("x1", d => x(d)) .attr("x2", d => x(d)) .attr("y1", 155) .attr("y2", 320) .attr("stroke", "#e8e8e8") .attr("stroke-width", 1); // ===================================================== // 8. DIFFERENCE COLUMN HEADER // ===================================================== svg.append("text") .attr("x", 835) .attr("y", 128) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text("Difference"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 835) .attr("y", 146) .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#666") .text("LANID 0 − LANID 1"); // ===================================================== // 9. CREATE COMPARISON ROWS // ===================================================== const rows = svg.append("g") .selectAll("g") .data(comparisonData) .join("g") .attr( "transform", d => `translate(0,${y(d.group)})` ); // ===================================================== // 10. GROUP NAMES // ===================================================== rows.append("text") .attr("x", marginLeft - 18) .attr("y", 5) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 14) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", "#333") .text(d => d.group); // ===================================================== // 11. CONNECTING LINE // ===================================================== rows.append("line") .attr( "x1", d => x(d.nonIrrigated) ) .attr( "x2", d => x(d.irrigated) ) .attr("y1", 0) .attr("y2", 0) .attr("stroke", "#939393") .attr("stroke-width", 3) .attr("stroke-linecap", "round"); // ===================================================== // 12. NON-IRRIGATED POINT // ===================================================== rows.append("circle") .attr( "cx", d => x(d.nonIrrigated) ) .attr("cy", 0) .attr("r", 9) .attr("fill", colorNonIrrigated) .attr("stroke", "white") .attr("stroke-width", 2); // Non-irrigated percentage rows.append("text") .attr( "x", d => x(d.nonIrrigated) ) .attr("y", 29) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("font-size", 13) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", colorNonIrrigated) .text( d => `${d.nonIrrigated.toFixed(1)}%` ); // ===================================================== // 13. IRRIGATED POINT // ===================================================== rows.append("circle") .attr( "cx", d => x(d.irrigated) ) .attr("cy", 0) .attr("r", 9) .attr("fill", colorIrrigated) .attr("stroke", "white") .attr("stroke-width", 2); // Irrigated percentage rows.append("text") .attr( "x", d => x(d.irrigated) ) .attr("y", 29) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("font-size", 13) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", colorIrrigated) .text( d => `${d.irrigated.toFixed(1)}%` ); // ===================================================== // 14. DIFFERENCE LABEL // ===================================================== rows.append("text") .attr("x", 835) .attr("y", 5) .attr("font-size", 17) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", "#333") .text( d => `${d.difference < 0 ? "−" : "+"}${Math.abs(d.difference).toFixed(1)} pp` ); // ===================================================== // 15. DIVIDER // ===================================================== svg.append("line") .attr("x1", 20) .attr("x2", width - 20) .attr("y1", 335) .attr("y2", 335) .attr("stroke", "#dddddd"); // ===================================================== // 16. FOOTNOTE // ===================================================== svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 362) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("fill", "#555") .text( "Difference = non-irrigated cultivated share minus irrigated cultivated share (percentage points)." ); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 383) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("fill", "#555") .text( "Percentages describe pooled observations within each irrigation-history group, not field-level transitions." ); // ===================================================== // 17. RETURN // ===================================================== return svg.node()!; })();3d:T445,const categoryOrder = [ "Corn", "Soy", "Wheat", "Alfalfa", "Sorghum", "Cotton", "Other Crops", "Fallow/idle", "Other Hay", "Grassland", "Developed", "Other non-cropped" ]; function makeCategoryDifferenceRows( irrigatedRows: ChartRow[], nonIrrigatedRows: ChartRow[] ) { const irrigatedTotal = d3.sum(irrigatedRows, d => d.acres); const nonIrrigatedTotal = d3.sum(nonIrrigatedRows, d => d.acres); const irrigatedMap = new Map( irrigatedRows.map(d => [d.label, d]) ); const nonIrrigatedMap = new Map( nonIrrigatedRows.map(d => [d.label, d]) ); return categoryOrder.map(label => { const irr = irrigatedMap.get(label); const non = nonIrrigatedMap.get(label); const irrigatedPct = irr ? (100 * irr.acres / irrigatedTotal) : 0; const nonIrrigatedPct = non ? (100 * non.acres / nonIrrigatedTotal) : 0; const land_use = irr?.land_use ?? non?.land_use ?? ""; return { label, land_use, irrigatedPct, nonIrrigatedPct, difference: nonIrrigatedPct - irrigatedPct }; }); }3e:T263d,const differenceFigureD = (() => { // ===================================================== // 1. DATA // ===================================================== const panels = [ { title: "A. Formerly irrigated land", rows: formerDifferenceRows }, { title: "B. Intermittently irrigated land", rows: intermitDifferenceRows } ]; const allRows = panels.flatMap(d => d.rows); const maxAbs = d3.max(allRows, d => Math.abs(d.difference)) ?? 0; const limit = Math.max(10, Math.ceil(maxAbs + 1)); // ===================================================== // 2. FIGURE DIMENSIONS // ===================================================== const width = 1120; const height = 1210; const panelX = 20; const panelWidth = 1080; const panelHeight = 495; const panelTops = [125, 645]; // Difference plot const plotLeft = 275; const plotRight = 800; // Separate percentage columns const lanid1X = 920; const lanid0X = 1030; const rowHeight = 30; // ===================================================== // 3. COLORS // ===================================================== const cultivatedBg = "#F5FAF6"; const nonCultivatedBg = "#FAFAF3"; const colorIrrigated = "#2E7D61"; const colorNonIrrigated = "#D77942"; // ===================================================== // 4. CREATE SVG // ===================================================== const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height) .style("font-family", "Arial, sans-serif") .style("display", "block") .style("width", "100%") .style("height", "auto") .style("max-width", `${width}px`); // ===================================================== // 5. TITLE // ===================================================== svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 30) .attr("font-size", 20) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", "#222") .text( "Figure 5. Crop-level composition differences" ); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 20) .attr("y", 55) .attr("font-size", 13) .attr("fill", "#555") .text( "Non-irrigated share minus irrigated share · Percentage points · 2008–2025" ); // ===================================================== // 6. LEGEND // ===================================================== svg.append("rect") .attr("x", 25) .attr("y", 77) .attr("width", 14) .attr("height", 14) .attr("rx", 2) .attr("fill", cultivatedBg) .attr("stroke", "#b5c8b8"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 47) .attr("y", 89) .attr("font-size", 12) .text("Cultivated"); svg.append("rect") .attr("x", 155) .attr("y", 77) .attr("width", 14) .attr("height", 14) .attr("rx", 2) .attr("fill", nonCultivatedBg) .attr("stroke", "#d5d5c0"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 177) .attr("y", 89) .attr("font-size", 12) .text("Non-cultivated"); // ===================================================== // 7. PANEL FUNCTION // ===================================================== function drawPanel( panel: typeof panels[number], panelTop: number ) { const rows = panel.rows; const rowStart = panelTop + 102; // Background card svg.append("rect") .attr("x", panelX) .attr("y", panelTop) .attr("width", panelWidth) .attr("height", panelHeight) .attr("rx", 14) .attr("fill", "white") .attr("stroke", "#dddddd"); // Panel title svg.append("text") .attr("x", panelX + 20) .attr("y", panelTop + 32) .attr("font-size", 17) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text(panel.title); // Axis scale const x = d3.scaleLinear() .domain([-limit, limit]) .range([plotLeft, plotRight]); // ================================================= // COLUMN HEADERS // ================================================= svg.append("text") .attr("x", 240) .attr("y", panelTop + 79) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text("CDL category"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", (plotLeft + plotRight) / 2) .attr("y", panelTop + 51) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .text("Difference (percentage points)"); // Irrigated percentage column svg.append("text") .attr("x", lanid1X) .attr("y", panelTop + 79) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", colorIrrigated) .text("Irr (LANID=1)"); // Non-irrigated percentage column svg.append("text") .attr("x", lanid0X) .attr("y", panelTop + 79) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", colorNonIrrigated) .text("Non-Irr (LANID=0)"); // ================================================= // AXIS // ================================================= const ticks = d3.ticks( -limit, limit, 5 ); svg.append("g") .selectAll("text") .data(ticks) .join("text") .attr("x", d => x(d)) .attr("y", panelTop + 79) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("font-size", 11) .attr("fill", "#666") .text( d => `${d > 0 ? "+" : ""}${d}` ); // ================================================= // VERTICAL GRIDLINES // ================================================= svg.append("g") .selectAll("line") .data(ticks) .join("line") .attr("x1", d => x(d)) .attr("x2", d => x(d)) .attr("y1", rowStart - 7) .attr("y2", rowStart + rows.length * rowHeight) .attr( "stroke", d => d === 0 ? "#777" : "#e9e9e9" ) .attr( "stroke-width", d => d === 0 ? 1.5 : 1 ); // ================================================= // CATEGORY ROWS // ================================================= rows.forEach((d, i) => { const y = rowStart + i * rowHeight; const barHeight = 22; const centerY = y + barHeight / 2; // Background shading svg.append("rect") .attr("x", panelX + 12) .attr("y", y) .attr("width", panelWidth - 24) .attr("height", barHeight) .attr( "fill", d.land_use === "Cultivated" ? cultivatedBg : nonCultivatedBg ); // Category label svg.append("text") .attr("x", 240) .attr("y", centerY + 4) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 12) .attr( "font-weight", d.label === "Sorghum" ? 700 : 400 ) .attr("fill", "#333") .text(d.label); // Difference bar const barX = Math.min( x(0), x(d.difference) ); const barWidth = Math.abs( x(d.difference) - x(0) ); svg.append("rect") .attr("x", barX) .attr("y", y) .attr("width", barWidth) .attr("height", barHeight) .attr("rx", 2) .attr("fill", color(d.label)); // Difference label svg.append("text") .attr( "x", d.difference >= 0 ? x(d.difference) + 8 : x(d.difference) - 8 ) .attr("y", centerY + 4) .attr( "text-anchor", d.difference >= 0 ? "start" : "end" ) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("font-weight", 700) .attr("fill", "#333") .text( `${d.difference > 0 ? "+" : ""}${d.difference.toFixed(1)}` ); // LANID = 1 percentage svg.append("text") .attr("x", lanid1X) .attr("y", centerY + 4) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("fill", colorIrrigated) .text( `${d.irrigatedPct.toFixed(1)}%` ); // LANID = 0 percentage svg.append("text") .attr("x", lanid0X) .attr("y", centerY + 4) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("fill", colorNonIrrigated) .text( `${d.nonIrrigatedPct.toFixed(1)}%` ); }); // ================================================= // CULTIVATED / NON-CULTIVATED DIVIDER // ================================================= const dividerY = rowStart + 7 * rowHeight - 5; svg.append("line") .attr("x1", panelX + 12) .attr("x2", panelX + panelWidth - 12) .attr("y1", dividerY) .attr("y2", dividerY) .attr("stroke", "#cccccc") .attr("stroke-width", 1.2); } // ===================================================== // 8. DRAW PANELS // ===================================================== drawPanel( panels[0], panelTops[0] ); drawPanel( panels[1], panelTops[1] ); // ===================================================== // 9. FOOTNOTE // ===================================================== svg.append("text") .attr("x", 25) .attr("y", 1165) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("fill", "#555") .text( "Positive differences indicate higher shares during non-irrigated observations." ); svg.append("text") .attr("x", 25) .attr("y", 1186) .attr("font-size", 12) .attr("fill", "#555") .text( "Percentages describe pooled composition, not field-level land-use transitions." ); return svg.node()!; })();3f:T2f3f,function makeTwoLevelDonutDirectLabels( rows: ChartRow[], title: string, subtitle: string ) { // ===================================================== // 1. FIGURE DIMENSIONS // ===================================================== const width = 1080; const height = 660; const cx = 525; const cy = 335; const innerRingInnerRadius = 82; const innerRingOuterRadius = 120; const outerRingInnerRadius = 120; const outerRingOuterRadius = 185; const total = d3.sum(rows, d => d.acres); if (total <= 0) throw new Error(`No positive acreage available for ${title}`); // ===================================================== // 2. CATEGORY ORDER // ===================================================== const categoryOrder = [ "Corn", "Soy", "Wheat", "Alfalfa", "Sorghum", "Cotton", "Other Crops", "Fallow/idle", "Other Hay", "Grassland", "Developed", "Other non-cropped" ]; const landUseOrder = ["Cultivated", "Non-cultivated"]; const orderedRows = [...rows].sort((a, b) => { const lu = landUseOrder.indexOf(a.land_use) - landUseOrder.indexOf(b.land_use); if (lu !== 0) return lu; return categoryOrder.indexOf(a.label) - categoryOrder.indexOf(b.label); }); // ===================================================== // 3. INNER RING DATA // ===================================================== const innerRows = landUseOrder.map(label => ({ label, acres: d3.sum(orderedRows.filter(d => d.land_use === label), d => d.acres) })); const cultivatedPct = 100 * innerRows[0].acres / total; const nonCultivatedPct = 100 * innerRows[1].acres / total; // ===================================================== // 4–5. PIE + ARC GENERATORS // ===================================================== const outerPie = d3.pie() .sort(null) .value(d => d.acres) .startAngle(-Math.PI / 2) .endAngle(1.5 * Math.PI); const innerPie = d3.pie<{ label: string; acres: number }>() .sort(null) .value(d => d.acres) .startAngle(-Math.PI / 2) .endAngle(1.5 * Math.PI); const outerArc = d3.arc>() .innerRadius(outerRingInnerRadius) .outerRadius(outerRingOuterRadius); const innerArc = d3.arc>() .innerRadius(innerRingInnerRadius) .outerRadius(innerRingOuterRadius); // ===================================================== // 6–7. SVG + TITLE // ===================================================== const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height) .attr("role", "img") .attr("aria-label", `${title}: crop composition and land-use proportions`) .style("font-family", "Arial, sans-serif") .style("display", "block") .style("width", "100%") .style("height", "auto") .style("max-width", `${width}px`); svg.append("text").attr("x", 32).attr("y", 38) .attr("font-size", 21).attr("font-weight", 700).attr("fill", "#222") .text(title); svg.append("text").attr("x", 32).attr("y", 64) .attr("font-size", 14).attr("fill", "#555") .text(subtitle); // ===================================================== // 8–11. DONUT // ===================================================== const g = svg.append("g").attr("transform", `translate(${cx},${cy})`); const outerArcs = outerPie(orderedRows); const innerArcs = innerPie(innerRows); g.selectAll("path.outer").data(outerArcs).join("path") .attr("class", "outer") .attr("d", outerArc) .attr("fill", d => color(d.data.label)) .attr("stroke", "white").attr("stroke-width", 0.5); g.selectAll("path.inner").data(innerArcs).join("path") .attr("class", "inner") .attr("d", innerArc) .attr("fill", d => landUseColor(d.data.label)) .attr("stroke", "white").attr("stroke-width", 0.5); g.append("text").attr("text-anchor", "middle").attr("y", -8) .attr("font-size", 27).attr("font-weight", 700).attr("fill", "#222") .text(`${(total / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M`); g.append("text").attr("text-anchor", "middle").attr("y", 19) .attr("font-size", 14).attr("fill", "#666") .text("acre-years"); // ===================================================== // 12. LABEL LAYOUT SETTINGS // ===================================================== const R = outerRingOuterRadius; const labelOffsetX = 262; // text distance from centre, both sides const labelTop = -228; // labels may sit above / below the ring const labelBottom = 215; const labelGap = 21; // ≈ 1.5 × font size const edgeR = R + 2; // leader starts just outside the slice const stubR = R + 10; // short radial stub const railBase = R + 20; // innermost vertical lane const laneStepMax = 6; // spacing between vertical lanes type Lbl = { label: string; pct: number; side: "left" | "right"; ux: number; // unit vector of slice mid-angle uy: number; desiredY: number; // stub height (where the label wants to be) y: number; // final label height dir: "down" | "up"; // which way the label was displaced lane: number; // 1 = innermost }; // ===================================================== // 13. PREPARE LABEL DATA // ===================================================== const labelData: Lbl[] = outerArcs.map((d): Lbl => { const a = (d.startAngle + d.endAngle) / 2; const ux = Math.sin(a); const uy = -Math.cos(a); return { label: d.data.label, pct: 100 * d.data.acres / total, side: ux >= 0 ? "right" : "left", ux, uy, desiredY: uy * stubR, y: uy * stubR, dir: "down", lane: 1 }; }); // ===================================================== // 14. COLLISION AVOIDANCE (preserves angular order) // ===================================================== function spreadLabels(items: Lbl[]) { const s = [...items].sort((a, b) => a.desiredY - b.desiredY); if (!s.length) return s; s[0].y = Math.max(labelTop, s[0].desiredY); for (let i = 1; i < s.length; i++) { s[i].y = Math.max(s[i].desiredY, s[i - 1].y + labelGap); } if (s[s.length - 1].y > labelBottom) { s[s.length - 1].y = labelBottom; for (let i = s.length - 2; i >= 0; i--) { s[i].y = Math.min(s[i].y, s[i + 1].y - labelGap); } } return s; } // ===================================================== // 15. LANE ASSIGNMENT (no crossings) // ===================================================== // Each leader: stub → horizontal run at stub height → vertical run on its // lane → horizontal run to the label. Lines only interfere when their // vertical runs overlap; within such a group, the line whose slice is // furthest from the label direction must take the OUTERMOST lane. function assignLanes(sideLabels: Lbl[]) { // sorted top → bottom const eps = 0.5; const down = sideLabels.filter(d => d.y >= d.desiredY - eps); // top → bottom const up = sideLabels.filter(d => d.y < d.desiredY - eps).reverse(); // bottom → top down.forEach(d => (d.dir = "down")); up.forEach(d => (d.dir = "up")); const cluster = (items: Lbl[], overlaps: (prev: Lbl, next: Lbl) => boolean) => { let group: Lbl[] = []; const flush = () => { group.forEach((d, j) => (d.lane = group.length - j)); // first = outermost group = []; }; for (const d of items) { if (group.length && !overlaps(group[group.length - 1], d)) flush(); group.push(d); } flush(); }; cluster(down, (p, n) => n.desiredY < p.y + 4); cluster(up, (p, n) => n.desiredY > p.y - 4); } const leftLabels = spreadLabels(labelData.filter(d => d.side === "left")); const rightLabels = spreadLabels(labelData.filter(d => d.side === "right")); assignLanes(leftLabels); assignLanes(rightLabels); const placedLabels = [...leftLabels, ...rightLabels]; const maxLane = d3.max(placedLabels, d => d.lane) ?? 1; const laneStep = Math.min( laneStepMax, (labelOffsetX - 12 - railBase) / Math.max(1, maxLane - 1) ); const stubPush = Math.min(5, laneStep); // separates parallel runs of tiny slices // ===================================================== // 16. LEADER LINES // ===================================================== // Shortest distance from the donut centre to segment A→B function distToCentre(ax: number, ay: number, bx: number, by: number) { const dx = bx - ax, dy = by - ay; const len2 = dx * dx + dy * dy || 1; const t = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, -(ax * dx + ay * dy) / len2)); return Math.hypot(ax + t * dx, ay + t * dy); } function leaderPoints(d: Lbl) { const s = d.side === "right" ? 1 : -1; const edge = [d.ux * edgeR, d.uy * edgeR]; const stub = [d.ux * stubR, d.uy * stubR]; const endX = s * (labelOffsetX - 6); const kneeX = s * (R + 30); // where the slant meets the horizontal // Preferred: stub → slanted segment to label height → horizontal to text if (distToCentre(stub[0], stub[1], kneeX, d.y) > R + 4) { return [edge, stub, [kneeX, d.y], [endX, d.y]] .map(p => p.join(",")).join(" "); } // Fallback: right-angled rail route (only when a slant would cut the ring) const pushOK = (d.dir === "down" && d.uy < 0) || (d.dir === "up" && d.uy > 0); const r = stubR + (pushOK ? (d.lane - 1) * stubPush : 0); const hy = d.uy * r; const railX = s * (railBase + (d.lane - 1) * laneStep); return [edge, [d.ux * r, hy], [railX, hy], [railX, d.y], [endX, d.y]] .map(p => p.join(",")).join(" "); } g.append("g") .selectAll("polyline") .data(placedLabels) .join("polyline") .attr("fill", "none") .attr("stroke", "#999") .attr("stroke-width", 0.8) .attr("stroke-linejoin", "round") .attr("points", leaderPoints); // ===================================================== // 17. DIRECT CROP LABELS // ===================================================== g.append("g") .selectAll("text") .data(placedLabels) .join("text") .attr("x", d => (d.side === "right" ? labelOffsetX : -labelOffsetX)) .attr("y", d => d.y) .attr("dy", "0.35em") // centre text on the line .attr("text-anchor", d => (d.side === "right" ? "start" : "end")) .attr("font-size", 14) .attr("fill", "#222") .attr("font-weight", d => (d.label === "Sorghum" ? 700 : 400)) .text(d => `${d.label} ${d.pct.toFixed(1)}%`); // ===================================================== // 18. INNER-RING SUMMARY // ===================================================== const summary = svg.append("g").attr("transform", "translate(325,600)"); summary.append("rect") .attr("x", 0).attr("y", -12).attr("width", 15).attr("height", 15).attr("rx", 2) .attr("fill", landUseColor("Cultivated")); summary.append("text") .attr("x", 23).attr("y", 0) .attr("font-size", 16).attr("font-weight", 700).attr("fill", "#333") .text(`Cultivated: ${cultivatedPct.toFixed(1)}%`); summary.append("rect") .attr("x", 260).attr("y", -12).attr("width", 15).attr("height", 15).attr("rx", 2) .attr("fill", landUseColor("Non-cultivated")) .attr("stroke", "#aaa").attr("stroke-width", 0.5); summary.append("text") .attr("x", 283).attr("y", 0) .attr("font-size", 16).attr("font-weight", 700).attr("fill", "#333") .text(`Non-cultivated: ${nonCultivatedPct.toFixed(1)}%`); // ===================================================== // 19. FOOTNOTE // ===================================================== svg.append("text") .attr("x", 32).attr("y", 642) .attr("font-size", 12).attr("fill", "#666") .text("Inner ring: broad land-use groups. Outer ring: 12 CDL categories. 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Crop and land-use composition across irrigation-history groups\n\nThis figure compares the composition of 12 CDL categories across\nfive irrigation-history groups:\n\n- Continuously irrigated land.\n- Formerly irrigated land during irrigated years (LANID = 1).\n- Formerly irrigated land during non-irrigated years (LANID = 0).\n- Intermittently irrigated land during irrigated years (LANID = 1).\n- Intermittently irrigated land during non-irrigated years (LANID = 0).\n\nThe charts pool annual CDL observations from 2008–2025.\n\nEach donut represents the percentage distribution of the\n12 land-use categories within the corresponding irrigation-history group.\n\n**Hover over individual segments to examine crop area and percentage.**","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":30,"value":"display(fullFigure);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":110,"value":"**Figure 1A.** Two-level donuts for each of five irrigation-history groups, pooled over 2008–2025. The inner ring splits each group into cultivated and non-cultivated land; the outer ring shows the 12 CDL categories. Percentages are shares of pooled acre-years within each group; the total under each panel title is the pooled area for that group. Hover over either ring to see acreage and share. The summary box reports sorghum’s share in each group. Each panel also shows the group's average annual area (acres/yr = acre-years of both irrigated and non-irrigated panels ÷ 18 years); tooltips give each category's acres/yr as its share × that area, so the irrigated and non-irrigated panels of a group are on the same land base.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":123,"value":"display(stackedCompositionFigure);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":124,"value":"**Figure 1B.** The same data as Figure 1A shown as 100% stacked bars, one per irrigation-history group; segments show the share of pooled acre-years (2008–2025) in each of the 12 CDL categories, with cultivated categories first. The thin strip above each bar splits the group into cultivated and non-cultivated land (as in Figure 2). Sorghum is outlined, and the right-hand column gives the cultivated share, sorghum share and pooled area. Hover over a segment or legend entry to highlight that category in every group. The right-hand column and tooltips also give average annual acres (acres/yr), calculated as in Figure 1A.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":109,"value":"display(figure1dFinal);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":111,"value":"**Figure 1C.** Static version of Figure 1A for print and export, with each CDL category labelled directly with its percentage share.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":59,"value":"### Interpretation\n\nSorghum represents a relatively small proportion of the total\nmapped crop and land-use composition across all five irrigation\nscenarios.\n\nIts share is lower on continuously irrigated land than in the\nformerly and intermittently irrigated groups.\n\nThese comparisons provide a baseline for examining whether\nwater-constrained agricultural areas may offer opportunities\nfor alternative crop production, including bioenergy sorghum.\n\nThe percentages describe differences in crop composition\nbetween irrigation-history groups. They do not independently\nestablish crop transitions at individual fields.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":60,"value":"## Figure 2. Cultivated and non-cultivated land-use composition\n\nThis figure summarizes the broader land-use composition\nof the five irrigation-history groups.\n\nThe 12 CDL categories are aggregated into two groups:\n\n**Cultivated:** Corn, Soy, Wheat, Alfalfa, Sorghum,\nCotton, and Other Crops.\n\n**Non-cultivated:** Fallow/idle, Other Hay, Grassland,\nDeveloped, and Other non-cropped.\n\nPercentages are calculated from pooled crop-area observations\nacross 2008–2025.\n\nThe figure highlights differences in the relative composition\nof cultivated and non-cultivated land between irrigation\nconditions.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":44,"value":"display(landUseFigure);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":112,"value":"**Figure 2.** Share of pooled acre-years (2008–2025) classified as cultivated (7 crop categories) or non-cultivated (5 categories) in each irrigation-history group. Each bar sums to 100%.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":61,"value":"### Key observation\n\nThe cultivated share differs between irrigated and\nnon-irrigated observations in both the formerly and\nintermittently irrigated groups.\n\nOn formerly irrigated land, the cultivated share is\n77.3% during irrigated observations and 61.3% during\nnon-irrigated observations.\n\nOn intermittently irrigated land, the corresponding\nshares are 90.1% and 75.3%.\n\nThese results describe differences in land-use composition\nassociated with annual irrigation status within the\nrespective irrigation-history groups.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":62,"value":"## Figure 3. Water-stress distribution by crop category on continuously irrigated land\n\nThis figure examines the distribution of continuously\nirrigated land across Aqueduct baseline water-stress\nclasses for each of the 12 CDL categories.\n\nContinuously irrigated land is defined as land classified\nas irrigated in at least 26 of 29 years during 1997–2025.\n\nEach pixel is assigned its modal CDL category using\nobservations from 2021–2025.\n\nThe area associated with each crop category is then\ndistributed across six baseline water-stress classes:\n\n- Arid and Low Water Use\n- Low\n- Low-Medium\n- Medium-High\n- High\n- Extremely High\n\nEach horizontal bar represents 100% of the mapped area\nassigned to the corresponding CDL category.\n\nHover over a segment to examine its water-stress\nclassification, acreage, and percentage.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":54,"value":"display(waterStressFigure);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":113,"value":"**Figure 3.** Each bar is one CDL category (modal class, 2021–2025) on continuously irrigated land, divided across six Aqueduct baseline water-stress classes. Bars sum to 100% of that category’s physical area; totals at right are in acres. Unlike Figures 1–2, values are physical acres rather than acre-years.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":57,"value":"display(wsFindings);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":114,"value":"## Figure 4. Cultivated share by annual irrigation status\n\nFormerly and intermittently irrigated land is observed in both irrigated (LANID = 1) and non-irrigated (LANID = 0) years. This figure compares the share of pooled observations classified as cultivated in each case, and the difference between them.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":85,"value":"display(differenceFigureC);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":115,"value":"**Figure 4.** Cultivated share of pooled observations (2008–2025) in irrigated (LANID = 1) and non-irrigated (LANID = 0) years for formerly and intermittently irrigated land. The difference column gives LANID 0 − LANID 1 in percentage points; negative values mean a lower cultivated share in non-irrigated years.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":87,"value":"### Cultivated-share comparison\n\nThe cultivated share is lower during non-irrigated observations\nthan during irrigated observations in both irrigation-history groups.\n\nOn formerly irrigated land, cultivated share is approximately\n77.3% during irrigated observations and 61.3% during\nnon-irrigated observations, a difference of −16.0 percentage points.\n\nOn intermittently irrigated land, the corresponding shares are\n90.1% and 75.3%, a difference of −14.8 percentage points.\n\nThese differences characterize the pooled composition of land\nunder different irrigation conditions. They do not represent\nlongitudinal estimates of land-use change at individual fields.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":116,"value":"## Figure 5. Crop-level composition differences between irrigated and non-irrigated years\n\nThis figure breaks the difference in Figure 4 down by CDL category, showing which categories gain or lose share when formerly or intermittently irrigated land is not irrigated.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":97,"value":"display(differenceFigureD);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":117,"value":"**Figure 5.** Difference in each CDL category’s share between non-irrigated (LANID = 0) and irrigated (LANID = 1) observations, in percentage points, for (A) formerly and (B) intermittently irrigated land. Positive values indicate a higher share in non-irrigated years. Values describe pooled composition over 2008–2025, not field-level transitions.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":66,"value":"$30","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":127,"value":"## Validation\n\nThese checks address reviewer questions on acre-years and pie sizes.\n\n**Why totals differ between irrigated and non-irrigated panels.** The analysis is a panel. For formerly and intermittently irrigated land, the irrigated (LANID = 1) and non-irrigated (LANID = 0) panels cover the same pixels, split by year. Their acre-year totals differ only because the same land spends a different number of years in each status. Percentages are calculated within each panel, so shares are comparable across panels, but totals are not. Figure 1B shows the shares on a common 0–100% scale, and the table below converts totals to average annual area.\n\n**Reconciliation with Xie et al. (2021).** Dividing pooled acre-years by the 18 CDL years (2008–2025) gives the average annual area of each irrigation-history group, which can be compared with LANID Table 3 (1997–2017).","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":128,"value":"display(validationTable);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":129,"value":"- Areas are of the same magnitude as the published values. Differences may reflect the longer record (through 2025) and/or the thresholds used for the updated masks, which are being confirmed.\n- The share of years irrigated for intermittently irrigated land can be compared with the median of 67% reported by Xie et al. (2021).\n- **Open item: formerly irrigated land, non-irrigated years.** The LANID = 0 panel currently includes every non-irrigated year in 2008–2025, including dry years before the last irrigated year. Restricting it to years after the last irrigated year requires reprocessing the annual rasters.\n- **Open item: mask thresholds.** The formerly and intermittently irrigated masks were provided as static rasters. Their thresholds will be checked empirically from the annual LANID layers: the number of irrigated years per pixel within each mask, the last irrigated year of formerly irrigated pixels, and irrigation in the first and last three years for intermittently irrigated pixels.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":133,"value":"**Crop-level average annual acres.** Each category's share within a panel is multiplied by the group's average annual area. The irrigated and non-irrigated columns of a group therefore add up to the same area and can be compared directly, for example sorghum on formerly irrigated land in irrigated vs. non-irrigated years.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":134,"value":"display(cropAnnualTable);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":118,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":119,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":67,"value":"## Questions for review\n\nAppreciate feedback on the following:\n\n1. Are the definitions of continuous, former, and\n intermittent irrigation sufficiently clear?\n\n2. Is the 12-category CDL classification appropriate\n for the study objectives?\n\n3. Is the cultivated/non-cultivated grouping\n scientifically appropriate?\n\n4. Are the pooled crop-composition figures useful\n for interpreting crop allocation under different\n irrigation conditions?\n\n5. Does the water-stress cross-tabulation provide\n useful context for identifying potential areas\n of interest for bioenergy sorghum transitions?\n\n6. Are additional spatial or temporal comparisons\n needed before developing the manuscript?\n\nComments on figure design, analysis, and\ninterpretation are welcome.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":68,"value":"---\n\n## Reproducible code and data\n\nThe analyses and visualizations above were generated\nusing ArcGIS Pro, Python, D3.js, and Observable.\n\nThe attached datasets include:\n\n- CDL_composition_12cat.csv\n- CDL_composition_12cat_CONTINUOUS.csv\n- CDL_landuse_summary.csv\n- CDL_landuse_summary_CONTINUOUS.csv\n- waterstress_by_crop_continuous.csv\n\nThe TypeScript cells below reproduce the data\naggregation and interactive visualizations.\n\nThe original raster-processing workflows were\ndeveloped separately in ArcGIS Pro using Python\nand Spatial Analyst.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":120,"value":"### Code: data loading and Figure 1A","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2,"value":"const baseData = await FileAttachment(\"CDL_composition_12cat.csv\")\n .csv({typed: true});\n\nconst continuousData = await FileAttachment(\"CDL_composition_12cat_CONTINUOUS.csv\")\n .csv({typed: true});\n\nconst rawData = [\n ...baseData,\n ...continuousData\n];","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4,"value":"const pooledData = Array.from(\n d3.rollup(\n rawData,\n v => ({\n pie: v[0].pie,\n category_id: v[0].category_id,\n category: v[0].category,\n land_use: v[0].land_use,\n acres: d3.sum(v, d => d.acres)\n }),\n d => d.pie,\n d => d.category_id\n ),\n ([pie, categories]) =>\n Array.from(\n categories,\n ([category_id, row]) => row\n )\n).flat();","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":130,"value":"// Average annual area of each irrigation-history group.\n// Irrigated and non-irrigated panels of the same group share one land base,\n// so a category's acres/yr = its share within the panel × the group's average annual area.\nconst nCdlYears = 18; // CDL years pooled, 2008–2025\n\nconst groupPies = new Map([\n [\"Continuous\", [\"Continuous\"]],\n [\"Former_Irrig\", [\"Former_Irrig\", \"Former_NonIrr\"]],\n [\"Former_NonIrr\", [\"Former_Irrig\", \"Former_NonIrr\"]],\n [\"Intermit_Irrig\", [\"Intermit_Irrig\", \"Intermit_NonIrr\"]],\n [\"Intermit_NonIrr\", [\"Intermit_Irrig\", \"Intermit_NonIrr\"]]\n]);\n\nfunction groupAnnualAcres(pieKey: string): number {\n const pies = groupPies.get(pieKey) ?? [pieKey];\n return d3.sum(pooledData.filter(d => pies.includes(d.pie)), d => d.acres) / nCdlYears;\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"display(pooledData);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":14,"value":"type ChartRow = {\n pie: string;\n category_id: number;\n category: string;\n land_use: string;\n acres: number;\n label: string;\n};\n\nfunction preparePieData(pieKey: string): ChartRow[] {\n return pooledData\n .filter(d => d.pie === pieKey)\n .sort((a, b) => a.category_id - b.category_id)\n .map(d => ({\n ...d,\n label: d.category\n }));\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":15,"value":"const color = d3.scaleOrdinal()\n .domain([\n \"Corn\",\n \"Soy\",\n \"Wheat\",\n \"Alfalfa\",\n \"Sorghum\",\n \"Cotton\",\n \"Other Crops\",\n \"Fallow/idle\",\n \"Other Hay\",\n \"Grassland\",\n \"Developed\",\n \"Other non-cropped\"\n ])\n .range([\n \"#FFD300\", // Corn\n \"#267000\", // Soy\n \"#A57000\", // Wheat\n \"#FFA5E2\", // Alfalfa\n \"#FF9E0A\", // Sorghum\n \"#FF2626\", // Cotton\n \"#6BA368\", // Other Crops\n \"#BFBF77\", // Fallow/idle\n \"#A5F28C\", // Other Hay\n \"#E8FFBF\", // Grassland\n \"#9C9C9C\", // Developed\n \"#B0C4DE\" // Other non-cropped\n ]);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":16,"value":"$33","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":17,"value":"const formerIrrigRows = preparePieData(\"Former_Irrig\");\nconst formerNonIrrRows = preparePieData(\"Former_NonIrr\");\nconst intermitIrrigRows = preparePieData(\"Intermit_Irrig\");\nconst intermitNonIrrRows = preparePieData(\"Intermit_NonIrr\");\nconst continuousRows = preparePieData(\"Continuous\");","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":18,"value":"const pie1 = makeDonutChart(\n formerIrrigRows,\n \"Pie 1: Formerly irrigated land\",\n \"Irrigated years (LANID = 1)\"\n);\n\nconst pie2 = makeDonutChart(\n formerNonIrrRows,\n \"Pie 2: Formerly irrigated land\",\n \"Non-irrigated years (LANID = 0)\"\n);\n\nconst pie3 = makeDonutChart(\n intermitIrrigRows,\n \"Pie 3: Intermittently irrigated land\",\n \"Irrigated years (LANID = 1)\"\n);\n\nconst pie4 = makeDonutChart(\n intermitNonIrrRows,\n \"Pie 4: Intermittently irrigated land\",\n \"Non-irrigated years (LANID = 0)\"\n);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":33,"value":"const pie5 = makeDonutChart(\n continuousRows,\n \"Continuously irrigated land\",\n \"Irrigated ≥26 of 29 years (1997–2025)\"\n);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":24,"value":"function cropShare(rows: ChartRow[], crop: string) {\n const total = d3.sum(rows, d => d.acres);\n const row = rows.find(d => d.label === crop);\n return row ? 100 * row.acres / total : 0;\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":25,"value":"$34","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":36,"value":"const sorghumComparison = [\n {\n scenario: \"Continuous\",\n rows: continuousRows\n },\n {\n scenario: \"Formerly irrigated — LANID 1\",\n rows: formerIrrigRows\n },\n {\n scenario: \"Formerly irrigated — LANID 0\",\n rows: formerNonIrrRows\n },\n {\n scenario: \"Intermittently irrigated — LANID 1\",\n rows: intermitIrrigRows\n },\n {\n scenario: \"Intermittently irrigated — LANID 0\",\n rows: intermitNonIrrRows\n }\n].map(d => ({\n scenario: d.scenario,\n sorghum_pct: cropShare(d.rows, \"Sorghum\").toFixed(2)\n}));\n\ndisplay(sorghumComparison);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":26,"value":"const figureTitle = (() => {\n const div = document.createElement(\"div\");\n div.style.fontFamily = \"Arial, sans-serif\";\n div.style.marginBottom = \"4px\";\n\n div.innerHTML = `\n

\n Figure 1A. Crop and land-use composition across irrigation-history groups\n

\n Inner ring = cultivated vs. non-cultivated · Outer ring = 12 CDL categories · Pooled CDL observations, 2008–2025\n

\n `;\n\n return div;\n})();","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":28,"value":"const fullFigure = (() => {\n const container = document.createElement(\"div\");\n container.style.display = \"flex\";\n container.style.flexDirection = \"column\";\n container.style.gap = \"18px\";\n container.style.maxWidth = \"1160px\";\n\n const grid = document.createElement(\"div\");\n grid.style.display = \"grid\";\n grid.style.gridTemplateColumns = \"repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr))\";\n grid.style.gap = \"18px\";\n grid.style.alignItems = \"start\";\n\n grid.append(pie5, pie1, pie2, pie3, pie4);\n\n pie5.style.gridColumn = \"1 / -1\";\n pie5.style.justifySelf = \"center\";\n\n container.append(figureTitle, grid, keyFindings);\n return container;\n})();","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":29,"value":"const FIGURE_FONT = \"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\";\nconst TITLE_SIZE = 18;\nconst PANEL_TITLE_SIZE = 14;\nconst SUBTITLE_SIZE = 11;\nconst LEGEND_SIZE = 11;\nconst BORDER_COLOR = \"#d6d6d6\";","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":121,"value":"### Code: Figure 1B (stacked-bar composition)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":122,"value":"$35","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":125,"value":"### Code: Validation table","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":126,"value":"$36","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":131,"value":"### Code: Crop-level average annual acres","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":132,"value":"$37","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":45,"value":"### Code: Figure 2 (cultivated vs. non-cultivated land use)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":38,"value":"const baseLandUse = await FileAttachment(\"CDL_landuse_summary.csv\")\n .csv({typed: true});\n\nconst continuousLandUse = await FileAttachment(\"CDL_landuse_summary_CONTINUOUS.csv\")\n .csv({typed: true});\n\nconst rawLandUse = [\n ...baseLandUse,\n ...continuousLandUse\n];","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":40,"value":"$38","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":41,"value":"display(pooledLandUse);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":42,"value":"$39","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":43,"value":"const landUseFigure = makeLandUseFigure(pooledLandUse);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":46,"value":"### Code: Figure 3 (water stress by CDL category)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":47,"value":"const wsRaw = await FileAttachment(\"waterstress_by_crop_continuous.csv\")\n .csv({typed: true});","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":49,"value":"const wsClasses = [\n {\n code: -1,\n name: \"Arid & Low Water Use\",\n short: \"Arid & LWU\",\n color: \"#A7ADB4\"\n },\n {\n code: 0,\n name: \"Low (<10%)\",\n short: \"Low\",\n color: \"#D9E7D6\"\n },\n {\n code: 1,\n name: \"Low-Medium (10–20%)\",\n short: \"Low-Med\",\n color: \"#A9D3B0\"\n },\n {\n code: 2,\n name: \"Medium-High (20–40%)\",\n short: \"Med-High\",\n color: \"#E5CA7B\"\n },\n {\n code: 3,\n name: \"High (40–80%)\",\n short: \"High\",\n color: \"#D88942\"\n },\n {\n code: 4,\n name: \"Extremely High (>80%)\",\n short: \"Extremely High\",\n color: \"#B54E3E\"\n }\n];","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":50,"value":"const wsRows = Array.from(\n d3.group(wsRaw, d => d.category_id),\n ([id, records]) => {\n const total = d3.sum(records, d => d.acres);\n\n return {\n category_id: Number(id),\n category: records[0].category,\n land_use: records[0].land_use,\n total,\n pieces: wsClasses.map(c => ({\n ...c,\n acres: d3.sum(\n records.filter(d => Number(d.bws_cat) === c.code),\n d => d.acres\n )\n }))\n };\n }\n).sort((a, b) => a.category_id - b.category_id);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":51,"value":"display(wsRows);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":52,"value":"$3a","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":53,"value":"const waterStressFigure = makeWaterStressFigure(wsRows);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":55,"value":"$3b","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":65,"value":"display(waterStressFigure);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":69,"value":"const landUseColor = d3.scaleOrdinal()\n .domain([\n \"Cultivated\",\n \"Non-cultivated\"\n ])\n .range([\n \"#355D50\",\n \"#D3D0C5\"\n ]);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":86,"value":"### Code: Figure 4 (cultivated share by annual irrigation status)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":84,"value":"$3c","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":91,"value":"### Code: Figure 5 (crop-level composition differences)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":90,"value":"$3d","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":92,"value":"const formerDifferenceRows = makeCategoryDifferenceRows(\n formerIrrigRows,\n formerNonIrrRows\n);\n\nconst intermitDifferenceRows = makeCategoryDifferenceRows(\n intermitIrrigRows,\n intermitNonIrrRows\n);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":93,"value":"display(formerDifferenceRows);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":94,"value":"$3e","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":98,"value":"### Code: Figure 1C (two-level donuts with direct labels)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":99,"value":"$3f","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":100,"value":"const pie1DirectLabels = makeTwoLevelDonutDirectLabels(\n formerIrrigRows,\n \"Pie 1: Formerly irrigated land\",\n \"Irrigated years (LANID = 1)\"\n);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":102,"value":"const pieContinuousDirectLabels = makeTwoLevelDonutDirectLabels(\n continuousRows,\n \"Continuously irrigated land\",\n \"Irrigated ≥26 of 29 years (1997–2025)\"\n);\n\nconst pie2DirectLabels = makeTwoLevelDonutDirectLabels(\n formerNonIrrRows,\n \"Pie 2: Formerly irrigated land\",\n \"Non-irrigated years (LANID = 0)\"\n);\n\nconst pie3DirectLabels = makeTwoLevelDonutDirectLabels(\n intermitIrrigRows,\n \"Pie 3: Intermittently irrigated land\",\n \"Irrigated years (LANID = 1)\"\n);\n\nconst pie4DirectLabels = makeTwoLevelDonutDirectLabels(\n intermitNonIrrRows,\n \"Pie 4: Intermittently irrigated land\",\n \"Non-irrigated years (LANID = 0)\"\n);","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":107,"value":"const figure1dFinal = (() => {\n const wrap = html`

`;\n\n const heading = html`

\n Figure 1C. Two-level crop composition across irrigation-history groups\n

\n Inner ring = cultivated vs. non-cultivated · Outer ring = 12 CDL categories · Pooled observations, 2008–2025\n

`;\n\n wrap.appendChild(heading);\n wrap.appendChild(pieContinuousDirectLabels);\n wrap.appendChild(pie1DirectLabels);\n wrap.appendChild(pie2DirectLabels);\n wrap.appendChild(pie3DirectLabels);\n wrap.appendChild(pie4DirectLabels);\n\n return wrap;\n})();","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ts","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W40","stdlib":"2","titling":"auto"}} 2e:"$2d:body"