2b:null 2c:["$","title",null,{"children":"Genocides | labvegas | Observable"}] 31:Ta05,List from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genocides. (The format of the Wikipedia article was changed and this page uses this old revision from before the change. ) Deaths in Gaza from the 2023-2025 Gaza war added for comparison. From the List of genocides Wikipedia page (as of Dec, 2023 - it has been changed since): >The term genocide is contentious and as a result its definition varies. This list only considers acts which are recognised in significant scholarship as genocides by the legal definition of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The definition of the word "genocide" in the UN's Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) is a legal definition within the CPPCG to encourage international cooperation in the prosecution of genocidal acts. It included acts in situations which would not necessarily fall under the original definition of genocide, and excluded some situations (such as genocide of political groups) from the definition. - UN web page for the **Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide** (CPPCG) https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cppcg/cppcg.html - English pdf of the CPPCG text: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2078/volume-78-I-1021-English.pdf - Chronological list of genocide definitions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_definitions - Wikipedia Genocides in History page - Longer list of Genocides, ethnic cleansing, and religious persecutions - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022002719896405 In the plot, the boxes represent the range of estimations for the number killed. The range of estimations for the proportion of population killed would be similar, but it is not shown to keep the plot simpler. I have attempted to estimate proportions where they were not included in the Wikipedia list. Estimating proportions is challenging and potentially a source of bias. The total targeted population is not clear in many situations. For example, should all European Jews and only European Jews be counted as the target population of the Holocaust, or Jews in territories that Germany took over, or Jews worldwide? 32:T895,{ let x = d=>d["Proportion of group killed"]; let y1 = d=>d["Estimated killings lowest"] ; let y2 = d=>d["Estimated killings highest"] ; let y = d=>Math.sqrt(y1(d)*y2(d)) ; let yAxesType = yAxisLog ? "log" : "linear"; let href = d=>d.href; let target = "_blank"; let plotData = data.filter(d=>x(d)).map(d=>({ ...d, "Estimated killings highest":d["Estimated killings highest"]||d["Estimated killings lowest"] })); let unusedData = data.filter(d=>!x(d)).sort((a,b)=>y(b)-y(a)); let textOptionsStart = {x, y, text: d=>d.Event,textAnchor:"start", dx: 5, dy: 0, fill:"Period to", href, target}; let textOptionsEnd = {...textOptionsStart,textAnchor:"end", dx: -5, dy: 0}; console.log(unusedData); return html`${Plot.plot({ width, height: width*0.6, y: { type: yAxesType, grid: true, }, x: { grid: true, }, color: { legend: true, type: "threshold", //scheme: "sinebow", tickFormat: d=>d, //range: d3.quantize(d3.interpolateHcl("#60c96e", "#4d4193"), 40), //range: d3.quantize(d3.interpolateHcl("#0000ff","#ff0000"), 7), //range: d3.quantize(d3.interpolateHcl("#d66000", "#a9a9b4"), 7), //range: ["orange", "#9700ff"], range:["black","#800080","#0000c0","#0070c0","#00c000","#c08000","#c00000"], domain: [1700,1800,1900,1950,2000,2023], label:"To Year", }, marginLeft: 90, // space to the left of the chart marks: [ Plot.rect(plotData,{x1:d=>x(d)-0.01,x2:d=>x(d)+0.01,y1,y2,fill:"#eee",stroke:"#aaa",fillOpacity:0.25,strokeOpacity:0.5,width:1}), Plot.dot(plotData, {x, y, stroke:d=>d["Period to"]}), Plot.text(plotData.filter(d=>x(d)<0.9 && d.Location!=="Gaza"), textOptionsStart), Plot.text(plotData.filter(d=>x(d)>=0.9 || d.Location==="Gaza"), textOptionsEnd), Plot.line(Array.from({length:100}).map((_,i)=> ({x:i/100,y:i/100*2.4e6})),{x:"x",y:"y",stroke:"#c0000080"}), ] })} Not included (missing proportion data):

" + d.Event + ": "+ y1(d).toLocaleString() + "-" + y2(d).toLocaleString() + "

`; }33:T53f,function fixProportions(d) { let fixes = { Holodomor:4.5/32.3, "Rwandan":0.65, "1804 Haiti massacre": 0.95, "Assyrian":0.5, "Iraqi Turkmen":8400/600000, 'Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State':0.01, "Darfur":0.5, "Isaaq":100000/1000000, "Anfal":110000/200000, "Albigensian Crusade\n(Cathar)":0.90, // Guess "The Holocaust in Croatia including the Serbian": 3.5e5/1.9e6, // Serbian population in Croatia was 1.8M, plus Jews and Roma "Armenian massacres of 1894–1896":250000/2.4e6, // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Armenian_population#Samuel_Cox_(1880%E2%80%9386) "Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War":216000/10e6, // Should we use total Hutu population, or limit it to a country/region? "Armenian": 0.6, "Genocide of Acholi and Lango people under Idi Amin":200000/4e6, //Gukurahundi: Zimbabwe Ndebele and Kalanga peoples // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanga_people "Gukurahundi":20000/3.3e6, "Genocide against Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks":0, "Rohingya":25000/1.2e6, "Circassian":1.75e6/2.75e6, }; return d.map(r=>{ let r2 = {...r}; let p = fixes[r.Event]; if (p) { r2["Proportion of group killed"] = p; } return r2; }); }34:[{"id":"12d7b60d097db959e9491e25b7af3943fbd2638b4557a2855becb9fd67090ec4dfbdc1024c43c572ffd8a0f16e8714a8b000ac10b9b6a44cb6ed3ce507cee378","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/12d7b60d097db959e9491e25b7af3943fbd2638b4557a2855becb9fd67090ec4dfbdc1024c43c572ffd8a0f16e8714a8b000ac10b9b6a44cb6ed3ce507cee378","name":"wikipedia-api-result.json","type":"application/json","lastModified":1709172149766.387,"size":444880}] 2f:{"id":"ceee58ceb40a85fa","slug":"genocides","title":"Genocides","thumbnail":"d5be0c530c79a0b3a449a0436a9ba449b31a700a3c326158ccf9c8eab88e1595","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2023-12-27T07:45:30.889Z","update_time":"$D2025-10-02T03:50:36.755Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2024-02-29T01:30:49.095Z","fork":false,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"b794b2a370470800","login":"labvegas","name":"labvegas","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/3f23b759a7e39d099f056a4002147115cbdbafa386c929d06781c6891947e24e","tier":"pro_2024"},"version":400,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"32eb0f53cf971b80","login":"andy-bloch","name":"Andy Bloch","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/f8d4001bdab27a3cfa956d8e8ce42e845944efa3f199456264dad93d7d00a47a","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"32eb0f53cf971b80","login":"andy-bloch","name":"Andy Bloch","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/f8d4001bdab27a3cfa956d8e8ce42e845944efa3f199456264dad93d7d00a47a","tier":null,"role":"editor"},{"type":"team","id":"b794b2a370470800","login":"labvegas","name":"labvegas","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/3f23b759a7e39d099f056a4002147115cbdbafa386c929d06781c6891947e24e","tier":"pro_2024","role":"viewer"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"Genocides","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# Genocides","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":7,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":389,"value":"viewof yAxisLog = Inputs.toggle({label: \"Y axis logarithmic\", value: true})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":88,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":295,"value":"-----\n## Code Appendix","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"wikipediaURL = `https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?format=json&origin=*&action=parse&prop=text§ion=2&oldid=1217024240`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":374,"value":"wikipediaURL1 = `https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?format=json&origin=*&action=parse&prop=text&page=List_of_genocides§ion=2`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":10,"value":"json = (await fetch(wikipediaURL).then(response => response.json())).parse","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":24,"value":"wikipediaTitle = json.title","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":27,"value":"wikipediaHTML = json.text['*']","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":51,"value":"columns0 = [...table.querySelectorAll(\"tr:first-child th\")].map(c=>c.innerText)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":57,"value":"columns1 = [...table.querySelectorAll(\"tr:nth-child(2) th\")].map(c=>c.innerText)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":63,"value":"columnNames = [\n \"Event\",\n \"Location\",\n \"Period from\",\n \"Period to\",\n \"Estimated killings lowest\",\n \"Estimated killings highest\",\n \"Proportion of group killed\",\n]","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":68,"value":"function extractEstimates(s) {\n let est = Number(s.split(\"–\")[0].replaceAll(\",\",\"\").replaceAll(\"+\",\"\"));\n if (!est) {\n console.warn(\"Unable to extract estimate\",{s,est});\n }\n return est;\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":80,"value":"function extractProportion(s) {\n if (!s) {\n return s;\n }\n let m = s.match(/([\\d.]*)%/);\n if (!m) {\n let m2 = s.match(/(\\d+)\\/(\\d+)/);\n if (m2) {\n console.log(\"Found fraction\",m2);\n return Number(m2[1])/Number(m2[2]);\n }\n console.warn(\"Unable to extract proportion\",{s});\n return m;\n }\n return Number(m[1])/100;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":120,"value":"$33","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":138,"value":"function fixKillingsHigh(d) {\n let fixes = {\n \"Rwandan\":800000,\n \"Rohingya\":43000,\n };\n return d.map(r=>{\n let r2 = {...r};\n let p = fixes[r.Event];\n if (p) {\n r2[\"Estimated killings highest\"] = p; \n }\n return r2;\n });\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":304,"value":"function fixKillingsLow(d) {\n let fixes = {\n \"Rwandan\":491000,\n \"Rohingya\":25000,\n };\n return d.map(r=>{\n let r2 = {...r};\n let p = fixes[r.Event];\n if (p) {\n r2[\"Estimated killings lowest\"] = p; \n }\n return r2;\n });\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":65,"value":"data = fixKillingsLow(fixKillingsHigh(fixProportions(rows.map((r,i) => {\n return {\n \"Event\":r[0].replaceAll(\" genocide\",\"\").replace(\"Greek\\nPontic\",\"Greek Pontic\"),\n \"href\":hrefs[i],\n \"Location\":r[1],\n \"Period from\":Number(r[2]),\n \"Period to\": (r[3] === \"Present\" ? new Date().getFullYear() : Number(r[3].slice(0,4))) || Number(r[2]),\n \"Estimated killings lowest text\":r[4],\n \"Estimated killings lowest\":extractEstimates(r[4]),\n \"Estimated killings highest text\":r[5],\n \"Estimated killings highest\":extractEstimates(r[5]),\n \"Proportion of group killed\":extractProportion(r[6]),\n \"Proportion of group killed text\":r[6],\n };\n})).concat([gaza])));\n","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":174,"value":"gaza = ({\n \"Event\":\"2023-25 Gaza war\",\n \"Location\":\"Gaza\",\n \"Period from\":2023,\n \"Period to\":2025,\n \"Estimated killings lowest\":60000,\n \"Estimated killings highest\":80000,\n \"Proportion of group killed\":70000/2.4e6,\n dx:-100,\n})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":42,"value":"rows = [...table.querySelectorAll(\"tr\")].slice(2).map(r=>[...r.querySelectorAll(\"td\")].map(c=>{\n return c.innerText.split(\"[\")[0];\n}).map(r=>(r.length===6 && r[5].includes(\"%\")) ? r.slice(0,3).concat(r.slice(2)): r));","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":317,"value":"hrefs = [...table.querySelectorAll(\"tr\")].slice(2).map(r=>r.querySelector(\"td\")).map(r=>{\n let a = r.querySelector(\"a\");\n a.hostname = \"en.wikipedia.org\";\n return a.href;\n});","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":143,"value":"rows.filter(r=>r.length === 6)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":37,"value":"table = {\n const parser = new DOMParser();\n const external = parser.parseFromString(wikipediaHTML, \"text/html\");\n const table = document.adoptNode(external.querySelector(\"table\"));\n table.style = `\n display: block;\n position: relative;\n max-width: none;\n max-height: 600px;\n overflow-y: auto;\n -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\n `;\n return table;\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W34","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 30:"$2f:body"