2c:null 2d:["$","title",null,{"children":"DRAFT: RhetCompromised: Papermill advertizing attacks on university websites | Chris Lindgren | Observable"}] 32:T4fb,md`# DRAFT: RhetCompromised: Papermill advertizing attacks on university websites The below draft tree diagram traces targeted domain attacks by papermills (left-side), who are unethically using university domains (right-side) to create click-through advertising channels for students to discover. Data obtained and cleaned from [Ridolfo and Hart-Davidson's spreadsheet](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cHPd7jc-VGsMMVJmi_lmLXvCDPQ7N7D9X8us731N1tk/). From Ridolfo and Hart-Davidson's [RhetCompromised report](http://www.rhetops.org/):

"For the last three years, we have noticed instances of compromised college and university websites1 that push users toward paper mills have increased exponentially.2 However, to our knowledge there has been no systematic attempt to study the scope of the problem. While many universities and the more than $2 billion dollar plagiarism detection industry have focused on scanning student work into their databases to surveil students and identify plagiarism, they unfortunately have missed a major part of the academic dishonesty picture: a low-cost and rapidly growing illicit digital infrastructure that is weaponized to exploit university systems, deceive students, and drive traffic to paper mills."

`33:T7a1,chart = { const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]); const {nodes, links} = sankey(data); svg.append("g") .attr("stroke", "#000") .selectAll("rect") .data(nodes) .join("rect") .attr("x", d => d.x0) .attr("y", d => d.y0) .attr("height", d => d.y1 - d.y0) .attr("width", d => d.x1 - d.x0) .attr("fill", color) .append("title") .text(d => `${d.name}\n${format(d.value)}`); const link = svg.append("g") .attr("fill", "none") .attr("stroke-opacity", 0.5) .selectAll("g") .data(links) .join("g") .style("mix-blend-mode", "multiply"); if (edgeColor === "path") { const gradient = link.append("linearGradient") .attr("id", d => (d.uid = DOM.uid("link")).id) .attr("gradientUnits", "userSpaceOnUse") .attr("x1", d => d.source.x1) .attr("x2", d => d.target.x0); gradient.append("stop") .attr("offset", "0%") .attr("stop-color", d => color(d.source)); gradient.append("stop") .attr("offset", "100%") .attr("stop-color", d => color(d.target)); } link.append("path") .attr("d", d3.sankeyLinkHorizontal()) .attr("stroke", d => edgeColor === "none" ? "#aaa" : edgeColor === "path" ? d.uid : edgeColor === "input" ? color(d.source) : color(d.target)) .attr("stroke-width", d => Math.max(2.5, d.width)); link.append("title") .text(d => `${d.source.name} → ${d.target.name}\n${format(d.value)}`); svg.append("g") .attr("font-family", "sans-serif") .attr("font-size", 10) .selectAll("text") .data(nodes) .join("text") .attr("x", d => d.x0 < width / 2 ? d.x1 + 6 : d.x0 - 6) .attr("y", d => (d.y1 + d.y0) / 2) .attr("dy", "0.35em") .attr("text-anchor", d => d.x0 < width / 2 ? "start" : "end") .text(d => d.name); return svg.node(); }34:[{"id":"7da448806e3090471dcd14f7ff69f02a118f89c4e254b569725df8b31ebb4b424dc8bf16be41e89225d020e8b377f232fb6b7db49842a6c14c5a25a94ddf831a","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/7da448806e3090471dcd14f7ff69f02a118f89c4e254b569725df8b31ebb4b424dc8bf16be41e89225d020e8b377f232fb6b7db49842a6c14c5a25a94ddf831a","name":"attacked-network-sorted.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1614348383398.167,"size":5040}] 30:{"id":"0a1886fd3f3d0587","slug":"draft-rhetcompromised-papermill-advertizing-attacks-on-u","title":"DRAFT: RhetCompromised: Papermill advertizing attacks on university websites","thumbnail":"56de17bcad36dc7b96782b4b73c00346ac114d17ee876ff825f2c4903a0846a5","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2021-02-25T20:04:09.388Z","update_time":"$D2021-03-03T23:16:58.607Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2021-02-26T15:15:21.073Z","fork":{"id":"99b2e903e7df3b0a","slug":"sankey-component","title":"Sankey diagram component","owner":{"id":"863951e3ebe4c0ae","login":"d3","name":"D3"}},"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"65672682fc6420ec","login":"lingeringcode","name":"Chris Lindgren","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/483a12ccaf8f88b785a04ba865ef4c1f31a0356256cb470cb116e7e9b24c2aba","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":291,"publish_version":291,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"5dd9c3e09645ea29","login":"lingeringcode","name":"Chris Lindgren","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/483a12ccaf8f88b785a04ba865ef4c1f31a0356256cb470cb116e7e9b24c2aba","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"5dd9c3e09645ea29","login":"lingeringcode","name":"Chris Lindgren","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/483a12ccaf8f88b785a04ba865ef4c1f31a0356256cb470cb116e7e9b24c2aba","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"DRAFT: RhetCompromised: Papermill advertizing attacks on university websites","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":160,"value":"viewof edgeColor = Object.assign(html``, {\n value: new URLSearchParams(html``.search).get(\"color\") || \"path\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":181,"value":"viewof align = Object.assign(html``, {\n value: new URLSearchParams(html``.search).get(\"align\") || \"justify\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":11,"value":"$33","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":22,"value":"sankey = {\n const sankey = d3.sankey()\n .nodeId(d => d.name)\n .nodeAlign(d3[`sankey${align[0].toUpperCase()}${align.slice(1)}`])\n .nodeWidth(15)\n .nodePadding(10)\n .extent([[1, 5], [width - 1, height - 5]]);\n return ({nodes, links}) => sankey({\n nodes: nodes.map(d => Object.assign({}, d)),\n links: links.map(d => Object.assign({}, d))\n });\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":13,"value":"format = {\n const format = d3.format(\",.0f\");\n return data.units ? d => `${format(d)} ${data.units}` : format;\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":16,"value":"color = {\n const color = d3.scaleOrdinal(d3.schemeCategory10);\n return d => color(d.category === undefined ? d.name : d.category);\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":249,"value":"data = {\n const links = await FileAttachment(\"attacked-network-sorted.csv\").csv({typed: true});\n const nodes = Array.from(new Set(links.flatMap(l => [l.source, l.target])), name => ({name, category: name.replace(/ .*/, \"\")}));\n return {nodes, links, units: \"TWh\"};\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":95,"value":"width = 1000","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":9,"value":"height = 800","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":7,"value":"d3 = require(\"d3@6\", \"d3-sankey@0.12\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W34","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 31:"$30:body"