2e:null 2f:["$","title",null,{"children":"(declined) - NEH Office of Digital Humanities DH Advancement Grant | Maeve Kane | Observable"}] 34:T5f09,## Project Narrative **A. Enhancing the Humanities** In the early 1740s, an illiterate Dutch woman named Anna Peek served as a godmother to almost fifty infants baptized in half a dozen churches across early New York. Although Peek herself appears in no other written records, her role as a godmother to dozens of enslaved and free Black, Indigenous, and settler children helped cement ties between the children's parents. Peek was also not unique. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania before the American Revolution were some of the most ethnically and religiously diverse colonies in North America, and many women like Peek tied together these diverse groups. Enslaved and free Black parents used these ties of godparentage to establish support networks for their children separate from their owners. Indigenous parents selected settler godparents in order to shape settler access to their communities, and selected Indigenous godparents to solidify traditional ties of clan and lineage. Settler parents used these ties to reinforce and articulate increasingly important ethnic boundaries in the years before the Revolution. Baptismal ties both created and reflected long lasting social ties: parents selected neighbors, business partners, and extended family as godparents, who were then expected to socially and financially support the baptized child up to adulthood. This project uses digital social network analysis (SNA) to examine these connections. SNA uses computational methods to measure and analyze the structure of connections between individuals in a community, and detect influential individuals with many connections between community sub-groups like Anna Peek. My preliminary work on 18 Anglican, Catholic, Dutch Reformed, Huguenot, and Lutheran congregations shows that women were important connectors between ethnic sub-communities, suggesting the importance of family and gender in defining communities before the Revolution. Recent scholarship has argued that European ethnic divisions were set aside in the years leading to the Revolution in the creation of a white American identity formed in conscious contrast to Indigenous and Black racial identities. (Parkinson 2016; Horne 2014; Kendi, 2017; Preston, 2009) This project proposes to examine the role of women in the daily lived experience of creating those identities and examine how Indigenous and Black communities navigated the shifting racial and ethnic hierarchies of the years leading to the Revolution. The long term goal of my project is to develop a process to compare baptismal networks across time and space. The work for the Level I DHAG will focus on congregations in the mid-Atlantic and New England including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, building on my own research expertise, current scholarly conversations on the formation of whiteness in this region, and the availability of a large body of records ready for analysis. Future components of the project may also expand the project to consider early Canada, Florida, or the Southwestern United States for a comparative approach. Although not all Christian denominations in early America practiced infant baptism, baptismal godparentage was practiced widely across many denominations, ethnic groups, and racial groups, and the documentary practice of recording baptisms remained fairly stable across the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, making baptismal records an ideal source for comparing community formation across time, space, and ethnic lines. Computational measures of network structure, like measures of gender segregation, detection of ethnic subcommunities, and individuals who bridged these communities, can help examine the role of women like Anna Peek. I am applying for a Level I Digital Humanities Grant to begin the work of integrating the smaller pieces of this project that I have already begun and extend the range of congregations considered. The baptismal information that I propose to work with is already scanned and available in publications printed for genealogists in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This data is not ready for social network analysis because seventeenth and eighteenth century names were spelled in many different ways even for the same person. The help of a graduate assistant is necessary to clean the data in preparation for analysis and verify that individuals with similarly spelled names are the same or different people through research. This data preparation is the longest and most labor intensive part of the project. For my related article currently under review with the William and Mary Quarterly, the data cleaning and preparation for a single baptismal register covering ten years took two weeks. Many of the registers proposed for addition cover more than one hundred years. Depending on the length of each baptism register, cleaning the data in preparation for analysis requires two to forty hours per register and skilled human judgement because of the wide variety in spelling of seventeenth and eighteenth century names. I have identified 54 scanned, public domain church registers with OCR-ready text that are ready to be processed and cleaned (see Appendix). **B. Environmental Scan** Social network analysis is well established as a method in early modern and early American studies, and several projects have used this method. Few projects have compared networks, most projects reconstruct historical networks from several secondary or primary sources, and most focus on well-documented elites. Early projects such as Six Degrees of Francis Bacon and Mapping the Republic of Letters were built by inferring relationships between people from existing secondary biographies to reconstruct face-to-face and correspondence networks. Projects such as Circulation of Knowledge, Manner of Belonging, and Itinera manually collected data from multiple primary sources to reconstruct relationships between travelers and correspondents in early modern Europe. These projects reconstruct networks of elites and many do offer scholarly interpretation of their networks, but these single networks are not comparable or analyzed as historical artifacts themselves. Outside of early modern studies, the NEH funded Social Networks of Athenian Potters reconstructs artistic networks based on inferences from secondary literature to compare potters' networks. Social network analysis is an increasingly visible tool in the traditionally-published scholarship of early America and early modern Europe, but most scholarly work to date has focused on single networks. Some scholarly work considers a single network in its entirety (Morrissey 2013 and 2015; Jackson 2017; Rentet 2003; Ribeiro and Ramos de Carvalho 2008), while a second group of scholarship compares sub-groups within a single network (Alfani and Munno 2012; Kennedy, Peace, and Pettigrew 2018; del Valle and Larrosa 2019; Kane under review). A smaller, but growing, group of scholarship compares similar networks (Kane 2017; Anbinder, Gráda, and Wegge 2019; Lipp 2005; Macdougall and St-Onge 2013; Wegge 2008). Scholarship which compares contemporary networks and sub-groups within networks uses computational measures like the project proposed here, but to date no project has surveyed a wide range of networks across time and space because of the lack of a body of similar source documents to compare. **C. History of the Project** So far, I have analyzed 18 congregations in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey as a proof of concept for the project. My preliminary analysis of these congregations and my preliminary visualizations are available online, as well as my analysis code. The funding provided by the NEH Digital Advancement Grant to process additional data would expand the data available for three key congregations and add 36 additional congregations across the region. For example, I currently have analyzed data hand-transcribed by volunteers for the years 1694-1723 for the Schenectady Dutch Reformed Church. With the assistance of a graduate assistant to process and clean additional data, this could be expanded to the full range of available records up to 1809 to cover the crucial years before and after the American Revolution. Additional congregations such as the Catholic church at Fort Duquesne, several Philadelphia Catholic churches, French Huguenot churches at Narragansett, RI and New Paltz, NY, and additional Dutch Reformed, German Reformed, and Lutheran congregations across the region could also be added, expanding the denominational and geographic breadth of the project to allow for more meaningful comparisons and conclusions. My preliminary work suggests that women became more prominent as connections between subcommunities even as overall networks grew less dense in the years between the Seven Years’ War and American Revolution (1763-1774). Long-lived, well-documented congregations spanning the seventeenth century through the early nineteenth century all show similar patterns of increasing and decreasing density and women’s prominence. These networks show an increasing density of connections during and immediately after the Seven Years’ War (1754-1763), a decrease in density between 1770 and 1780, and an increase in density in the early national period after 1780. The difference in network structure between the Seven Years' War and American Revolution suggests that something other than warfare affected network structure. The widespread commonality of these changes across several locations and denominations suggests that the phenomenon was not due to local documentation practices, birth rates, or congregation size. Women became most prominent as connectors within their networks when networks were least dense during the Revolution and importantly retained this structural prominence after the Revolution. These widespread shifts in the structural role of women suggests that women took on a more prominent role in defining their communities and American national identity as it coalesced in the Revolutionary era. For 2022-2023 I have been awarded a Digital Humanities Fellowship from the American Philosophical Society (APS) to develop a Python script to process PDFs of scanned baptismal registers into tabular data. I have also been awarded a grant from my employer, the University at Albany, to have a graduate assistant help clean tabular data and prepare some manuscript data for social network analysis for one semester. This initial seed funding from the APS and University at Albany will allow me to create a workflow for preparing data for analysis, but because cleaning and disambiguation is the most time and knowledge intensive part of the work, one semester of work with a graduate assistant will only allow us to process a handful of scanned registers obtained from the APS collections. Further, because each published baptismal register varies in format, the processing script developed with the APS needs to be manually calibrated to each PDF to be processed. Level I funding will allow me to apply the workflow developed with my APS and University at Albany grants and process additional data to scale up the project. **D. Activities and Project Team** The primary activities to be completed during the grant period are 1) processing and cleaning of data that has already been identified, 2) consultation with community stakeholders to plan a future public facing website housing interpretive analysis and content discovery and 3) scholarly dissemination of initial results through conference presentations and journal articles. For the first project goal to process and clean identified data, a graduate student assistant (GSA) will be employed and trained under the supervision of Dr. Kane. Training in data and project management, data cleaning and Python computer programming. The GSA will receive first author credit on peer reviewed open data submissions prepared as part of the position, second author credit on a methods paper to be prepared as part of the final project dissemination, and credit on all future versions of the project website. The GSA will also receive mentoring from Dr. Kane on future job and fellowship applications. For the second project goal, Dr. Kane will invite leaders from the modern descendant congregations of the historic communities considered by the project to a series of individual and group conversations, culminating in a half-day planning conversation in Spring 2023 and a full day symposium in Spring 2024 to discuss community stakeholder needs in planning a future public website for the project. For the final goal, Dr. Kane will submit conference papers related to the project to relevant conferences such as the Association for Computers and the Humanities and prepare a methods paper for submission to the journal Historical Methods or equivalent. **E. Final Products and Dissemination** The final product will consist of a collection of transcriptions with regularized spellings, csv files of timeseries analysis data, and json files formatted for displaying network visualizations. File collections for each congregation will include a metadata file and a json file encoding steps taken to clean and regularize the transcription. The complete dataset will be distributed through the University of Pennsylvania Magazine of Early American Datasets (MEAD), a specialist repository for historians of early America. Subsets of the data related to free and enslaved Black parents and godparents will be submitted for peer review with The Journal of Slavery and Data Preservation (JSDP), which makes accepted data publicly available to researchers and descendant communities through the website enslaved.org. JSDP and enslaved.org also integrate accepted data as linked open data, connecting project data with the wider field of the history of enslavement and making it discoverable for other researchers. Conversations with community stakeholders will result in a planning document for a future public website with interpretive analysis and a discovery layer for interested members of the public such as genealogists, municipal historians, and K12 teachers for local curriculum development. Future grants will be sought from the American College of Learned Societies, NEH-Mellon Fellowships for Digital Publication, NEH Public Humanities Projects, NEH Digital Projects for the Public, Humanities New York, the Pennsylvania Humanities Council, and the New Jersey Humanities Council. These future grants will be sought to support deployment of the full public website, the development of K12 lesson plans which address Common Core and state requirements, and place-based community exhibitions disseminating final findings. ## Work Plan Work on creating the data set will be undertaken in Spring 2023 and Fall 2023 at the University at Albany's History Department humanities lab. This is a computing space equipped with PCs and Macs, all of which are equipped with OpenRefine and Python for data cleaning. Prior to the grant period, I will finalize and test the text extraction script developed with the American Philosophical Society. In August 2022-December 2023 I will be working with my current GSA on a grant funded by my employer UAlbany to process scans and clean data acquired from the American Philosophical Society collections. The current GSA will finish her degree in Fall 2023 and lose eligibility as a student employee. In the case of staff attrition, such as the GSA to be hired finishing their degree or otherwise leaving the program, project files are backed up to the project Github and a second GSA may be hired in their place to resume duties. Based on the previous 18 congregations already processed and cleaned for the project, a fully trained worker can clean about 500 baptisms in 2 hours. The proposed corpus of volumes to be processed and cleaned includes 3,986 pages across 54 volumes. Each volume requires individual calibration for formatted text extraction due to formatting differences in the printed volumes. On average, each register to be processed includes 20 baptisms per page, for an approximate total of 79,720 baptisms in 38 congregations across 54 volumes. In the timeline below, an average of 4 hours per 500 baptisms has been used to allow for variations between congregations and allow time for training, initial troubleshooting for a newly trained worker, breaks, and unexpected delays. UAlbany hires GSAs on semester length contracts for 16 weeks at a maximum of 20 hours per week, or 320 hours of work per semester. Using the estimates above, the proposed volumes will need about 640 hours or two full semesters to process and clean. All activities detailed in the pre-award period below are fully funded and scheduled as of June 1, 2022. *Pre-award period* - Summer 2022: Dr. Kane and American Philosophical Society (APS) finalize PDF processing script - Summer and Fall 2022: Dr. Kane conducts individual outreach to major congregations including the Schenectady First Reformed, Albany First Reformed, Albany Lutheran, Schoharie Lutheran, and other descendant congregations to discuss community needs - Fall 2022: Dr. Kane and GSA Merring-Darling process images from APS collection using APS script - Fall 2022: GSA Merring-Darling cleans resulting data under the supervision of Dr. Kane - December 2022: GSA Merring-Darling prepares and submits final version of data for submission to APS repository and MEAD - Winter 2022: Dr. Kane performs initial social network analysis on APS data and integrates into the existing project analysis *Spring 2023:* - Dr. Kane trains new GSA - Under the supervision of Dr. Kane, GSA processes and cleans data for congregations 1-21 or half of the proposed volumes (see Appendix) - Dr. Kane reviews and analyzes data for individual congregations as it is cleaned - Initial planning conversation with congregation leaders to discuss community needs for planned public website *Fall 2023:* - Under the supervision of Dr. Kane, GSA processes and cleans data for congregations 22-38 or half of the proposed volumes (see Appendix) - Dr. Kane reviews and analyzes data for individual congregations as it is cleaned - Dr. Kane conducts outreach to additional congregation leaders for individual planning conversations - GSA under the supervisions of Dr. Kane finalizes and submits open access data to MEAD, Journal of Slavery and Data Preservation, UAlbany Scholars Archive - Dr. Kane plans and prepares spring symposium *Spring 2024:* - Dr. Kane and GSA present at Association for Computers and the Humanities or Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations annual meeting, or equivalent - Dr. Kane convenes half-day planning symposium at Researching New York (April 2024) to present initial findings and finalize plans for public website - Dr. Kane prepares planning document for future public website and identifies areas of need for future grant submissions Post-Award period: - Dr. Kane prepares and submits White Paper and Historical Methods and/or Digital Humanities Quarterly articles ## Biographies *Maeve Kane* (Project Director) is Associate Professor in the Department of History at the University at Albany. Her digital scholarship publications include Shirts Powdered Red: Haudenosaunee Gender, Trade and Exchange (Cornell University Press, 2023), an article in The Journal of Early American History which was invited as an annotated reprint for a forum in The Journal of Social History, and an edited collection chapter forthcoming with Cornell University Press. During 2022-2024, she will be the director of the UAlbany Institute for History and Public Engagement, which sponsors the annual regional conference Researching New York. She has served as an invited commentator for network analysis workshops at the American Philosophical Society and as a reviewer for The Journal of Historical Network Research, The William and Mary Quarterly, Early American Studies, Current Research in Digital History, and Adam Matthew/SAGE digital humanities. *Graduate Student Assistant to be hired, job description below* Under the supervision of Dr. Kane, the graduate assistant will format primary source material for digital analysis and assist in preparing metadata for submissions of peer-reviewed open data. The graduate assistant will receive first-author credit on any open data submissions prepared as part of the position, and second-author credit on a peer-reviewed methods paper to be prepared in collaboration with Dr. Kane. The project analyzes the role of women, Indigenous, and Black godparents in forming ethnic and racial communities in early America, but no background in early American history is required. For more information about the project, see https://observablehq.com/@mkane2/baptismal-network-comparison-statistics. *Position Details and Responsibilities:* • Includes student health insurance, stipend, and full time tuition remission for two semesters • Reformat historical data and regularize historical spellings under Dr. Kane's supervision • Manually compare quality of machine readable text generated from print sources to original • Manage data backups to project repository • Prepare and describe data for submission to peer-reviewed open data archives (first author credit for any data submitted) *Requirements:* • Some familiarity with spreadsheets and data entry. Training will be provided if necessary. • If working remote, consistent internet access and ability to receive and return university-owned laptop for work. • If working on campus, availability to schedule working hours during 9-4PM weekdays while the History Department office is open. Training will be provided for any additional necessary skills. The below are helpful but not required to apply: • Familiarity with OpenRefine, Python, and/or Github • Some reading ability in German, Dutch, French, or Latin • Some experience reading archival manuscript handwriting ## Data Management Plan This project will collect data recorded about births and baptisms before 1815, and as such, none of the data collected will directly relate to living persons. I therefore do not believe there are any ethical issues with collecting or sharing this data. Data will be collected from print sources published before 1927 and considered public domain pursuant to chapter 3 of the US Copyright Act of 1976. This data will be reformatted into tabular, machine-readable text and personal names will be regularized before publication as .csv files for maximum future interoperability, and a .json file of the steps taken to regularize and format the data will be archived along with the data itself to make the cleaning steps transparent and reproducible. The data for this project will be archived in specialist open access repositories. The data in process is publicly available in the project's Github repo in order to keep a public changelog of data cleaning. When the data has been fully cleaned and manually reviewed, it will be archived in its final state with the University of Pennsylvania's Magazine of Early American Datasets and with the University at Albany Scholar's Archive Institutional Repository. Subsets of the data related to enslaved people or enslavers will be submitted for review and publication in the joint Journal of Slavery and Data Preservation/Enslaved.org linked open data project, which makes genealogical data available to the public and descendants. The python analysis code to process the network data will be archived on the project's Github repo while the project is being actively updated, and archived on the eventual project website for transparency and reuse by other scholars. University at Albany Data Management and Retention Statement Scholars Archive, the University at Albany’s institutional repository, collects, preserves, and provides online access to scholarly research and resources created by University at Albany faculty, staff and students. The goals of this open access repository are to increase discoverability and ensure long-term, reliable access to the University’s scholarly output.35:T293b,## Appendix **Volumes to be processed** Volumes marked with a star (*) will expand the data available for congregations already analyzed for the project. Many congregations' records were published across multiple volumes of different publications and are grouped by congregation below. All page numbers have been verified to include clean OCR ready text including the kind of godparentage information necessary for analysis. 3,986 pages to be processed total. | | | | --- | --- | | Volumes expanding existing congregations | 4 | | Volumes adding new congregations | 50 | | Total volumes to be processed | 54 | | Congregations to be expanded (some records across multiple volumes) | 2 | | New congregations to be added (some records across multiple volumes) | 36 | | Total congregations | 38 | 1. Deerpark NJ Dutch Reformed (1) *"Records of the Deerpark, NJ Dutch Reformed Church." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1911. 42: 229-239 and 369-379. (2) *"Records of the Deerpark, NJ Dutch Reformed Church." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1912. 43: 12-22, 141-151, 225-235, 249-259. (3) *"Records of the Deerpark, NJ Dutch Reformed Church." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1913. 44: 37-47, 158-168, 379-389. 2. Schenectady NY Dutch Reformed (1) *Extracts from the doop-boek, or, Baptismal register of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of Schenectady. Albany: Joel Munsell, 1864. 5-38. 3. Hackensack and Schraalenburgh, NJ Dutch Reformed (1) Records of the Reformed Dutch Churches of Hackensack and Schraalenburgh, New Jersey. New York: Holland Society, 1891. 73-289. 4. Shawagunk, NY Dutch Reformed (1) "Shawagunk Dutch Reformed Records." The Year Book of the Holland Society of New York for 1925. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1927. 13-133. 5. Brooklyn NY Dutch Reformed (1) "Records of the First Dutch Reformed Church in Brooklyn, 1660-1710." The Year Book of the Holland Society of New York for 1897. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1899. 144-197. 6. New York City Dutch Reformed (1) "New York City Dutch Lutheran Church Records, 1703-1723." The Year Book of the Holland Society of New York for 1903. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1905. 38-93. 7. Port Richmond NY Dutch Reformed (1) "Records of the Dutch Reformed Church at Port Richmond, Staten Island." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1905. 36: 177-184 and 267-277. (2) "Records of the Dutch Reformed Church at Port Richmond, Staten Island." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1906. 37: 27-37, 122-132, 189-199, and 284-294. 8. Harlingen NY Dutch Reformed (1) "Records of the Harlingen Dutch Reformed Church." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1909. 40: 281-291. 9. Stone Ridge NY Dutch Reformed (1) Records of the Marbletown Dutch Church, Stone Ridge, Ulster County, New York, 1746-1769. Typescript copy, Library of Congress, nd. 10. Oak Hill NY Dutch Reformed (1) Records of the Reformed Dutch Church in Oak Hill. New York: NYGBS, 1920. 3-45. 11. New Paltz NY Dutch Reformed (1) Records of the Reformed Dutch church of New Paltz. New York: Holland Society, 1896. 62-85. 12. Minisink Valley NY Dutch Reformed (1) Minisink Valley Reformed Dutch Church records. New York: NYGBRS, 1913. 97-230. 13. Warwarsing Dutch Reformed (1) "Records of the Warwarsing Dutch Reformed Church." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1919. 50: 7-17, 160-170, 243-244, and 365-375. (2) "Records of the Warwarsing Dutch Reformed Church." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1919. 51: 27-37, 138-148, and 233-243. 14. Oyster Bay NY Dutch Reformed (1) Baptismal Record of the Reformed Dutch Church at Oyster Bay, Long Island, 1741-1846. Typescript copy, Library of Congress, 1913. 1-106. 15. Newtown NY Dutch Reformed (1) Baptismal Record of the Reformed Dutch Church at Newtown, Long Island, 1736-1846. Typescript copy, Library of Congress, 1913. 1-82. 16. Success NY Dutch Reformed (1) Baptismal Record of the Reformed Dutch Church at Success, Long Island, 1742-1793. Typescript copy, Library of Congress, 1913. 1-47. 17. Kakiat NY Dutch Reformed (1) Baptismal Record of the Reformed Dutch Church at Kakiat, Long Island, 1774-1864. Typescript copy, Library of Congress, 1913. 3-14 and 54-58. 18. Jamaica NY Dutch Reformed (1) Baptismal Record of the Reformed Dutch Church at Jamaica, Long Island, 1702-1732. Typescript copy, Library of Congress, 1913. 3-93. 19. New Hackensack NY Dutch Reformed (1) Records of the Reformed Dutch Church of New Hackensack, Dutchess County. Collections of the Dutchess County Historical Society, vol. 5. Poughkeepsie: Dutchess County Historical Society, 1922. 5-97. 20. Germantown NY German Reformed (1) Records of the German Reformed Church of The Camp, now Germantown, 1729-1846. Poughkeepsie: Dutchess County Historical Society, 1887. 3-142. 21. Katsbaan NY Dutch Reformed (1) "Records of the Dutch Reformed Church at Katsbaan." Olde Ulster. Kingston: RW Anderson and Son, 1911. 7: 111-116, 151-158, 184-190, 215-220, 245-250, 272-278, 310-315, 342-347, 372-378. (2) "Records of the Dutch Reformed Church at Katsbaan." Olde Ulster. Kingston: RW Anderson and Son, 1912. 8: 23-30, 56-63, 118-127, 148-158, 180-190, 211-222, 245-253, 280-287, 305-318, 342-351, 372-382, (3) "Records of the Dutch Reformed Church at Katsbaan." Olde Ulster. Kingston: RW Anderson and Son, 1913. 9: 20-29, 51-61, 83-93, 112-123, 153-189, 219-222. 22. Rochester NY Dutch Reformed (1) "Records of the Dutch Reformed Church at Rochester." Olde Ulster. Kingston: RW Anderson and Son, 1914. 10: 91-95, 115-123, 151-159, 183-190, 212-223, 280-287, 309-317, 341-351, 374-383. 23. Paterson NJ Dutch Reformed (1) History of the Old Dutch Church at Totowa, Paterson, New Jersey, 1755-1827. Paterson: Press Printing and Publishing, 1892. 61-131. 24. Kingston NY Dutch Reformed (1) "Records of the Dutch Reformed Church at Kingston." Olde Ulster. Kingston: RW Anderson and Son, 1906. 1: 122-126, 217-220, 278-280. (2) "Records of the Dutch Reformed Church at Kingston." Olde Ulster. Kingston: RW Anderson and Son, 1906. 2: 61-63, 86-88, 188-189, 311-312. (3) Baptismal and marriage registers of the old Dutch church of Kingston. New York: De Vinne Press, 1891. 1-498. 25. Multiple Lutheran and German Reformed congregations, Pennsylvania (1) Records of Rev. John Casper Stoever, 1730-1779. Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing, 1896. 4-53. 26. Derry PA Lutheran Church (1) Records of the Hill Lutheran Church at Derry, PA, 1757-1817. Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing, 1892. 3-14. 27. Goshenhoppen PA German Reformed (1) "Records of the Goshenhoppen Reformed Church, 1731-1833." The Pennsylvania-German Society Annual Report. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania-German Society, 1922. 28: 272-469. (2) "Records of the Goshenhoppen Reformed Church, 1745-1869." The Pennsylvania-German Society Annual Report. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania-German Society, 1920. 31: 65-210 and 257-435. 28. Trappe PA Lutheran (1) "Records of the Trappe Lutheran Church, 1730-1793." The Pennsylvania-German Society Annual Report. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania-German Society, 1896. 7: 159-283. 29. Bucks County PA, multiple German Reformed and Lutheran congregations (1) Bucks County Church Records. Typescript, Library of Congress. 1927. 1-30. 30. Lower Heidelberg PA German Reformed (1) History of St. John's (Hain's) Reformed church in Lower Heidelberg Township, 1757-1810. Reading: I.M. Beaver, 1916. 50-306. 31. New Hanover PA Lutheran (1) The Lutheran Church in New Hanover, 1740-1825. Lancaster: Pennsylvania-German Society, 1911. 198-344. 32. Walpeck NJ Congregational (1) "Records of the Walpeck NJ Congregational Church." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1909. 40: 193-203 and 264-274. (2) "Records of the Walpeck NJ Congregational Church." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1910. 41: 28-38, 83-93, 200-210, and 345-355 33. Pittsburgh PA Catholic (1) The baptismal register of Fort Duquesne. Pittsburg: Myers, Shinkle and Co, 1885. 38-88. 34. Philadelphia PA, multiple Catholic congregations (1) Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: ACHSP, 1887. 1: 246-368. (2) Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: ACHSP, 1887. 1: 225-333. 35. Narragansett RI, Huguenot (1) Records of the French Church at Narragansett, 1686-1691. New York: Huguenot Society of America, 1927. 20-62. 36. Scituate MA Episcopal (1) History and records of St. Andrew's Protestant Episcopal Church, of Scituate, Mass., 1725-1811. Boston: Wallace Spooner, 1905. 92-116. 37. Rye NY Episcopal (1) "Records of Christ Church, Rye, Westchester, NY." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1906. 37: 4-14, 146-156, and 257-267. (2) "Records of Christ Church, Rye, Westchester, NY." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1907. 38: 17-27, 145-155, 208-218, and 278-288. (3) "Records of Christ Church, Rye, Westchester, NY." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1915. 46: 234-244 and 403-413. (4) "Records of Christ Church, Rye, Westchester, NY." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1916. 47: 14-24, 128-138, 297-307, and 395-405. (5) "Records of Christ Church, Rye, Westchester, NY." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1917. 48: 63-73, 124-134, 228-238, and 330-340. 38. New Dorp NY Moravian (1) "Records of the New Dorp Moravian Church." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1908. 39: 17-27, 93-103, 167-177, and 253-263. (2) "Records of the New Dorp Moravian Church." The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record. New York: NYGBRS, 1909. 40: 33-34.36:[] 32:{"id":"16316132e19f87f0","slug":"pending-neh-office-of-digital-humanities-dh-advancement-gr","title":"(declined) - NEH Office of Digital Humanities DH Advancement Grant","thumbnail":"6966038d97cf72bafc09141eb696359c25846cb93c5d49ecb47a39708f6abb7b","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2022-06-18T00:46:02.312Z","update_time":"$D2023-01-13T19:15:39.365Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2022-06-18T01:06:49.186Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"aa9e7a8a29012c93","login":"mkane2","name":"Maeve Kane","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/10f27e44a96d5e36afe9f72cf1af8b5efa3b0f668929d6850e6e7d05867b630c","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":53,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"c33c0c6945323f32","login":"mkane2","name":"Maeve Kane","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/10f27e44a96d5e36afe9f72cf1af8b5efa3b0f668929d6850e6e7d05867b630c","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"c33c0c6945323f32","login":"mkane2","name":"Maeve Kane","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/10f27e44a96d5e36afe9f72cf1af8b5efa3b0f668929d6850e6e7d05867b630c","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":{"id":"7118932ea791ed5a","slug":"grant-proposals","title":"Grant proposals","owner":{"id":"aa9e7a8a29012c93","login":"mkane2","name":"Maeve Kane"}},"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"(declined) - NEH Office of Digital Humanities DH Advancement Grant","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# (declined) - NEH Office of Digital Humanities DH Advancement Grant","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":46,"value":"https://www.neh.gov/grants/odh/digital-humanities-advancement-grants\n\nStatus: declined\n\nAward sought: $49,247\n\nDate: Summer 2022\n\n*This proposal's goal was to pay a graduate assistant to clean data from published registers and hold a planning conversation with modern descendant congregations of the historical congregations considered in the project.*\n\n---","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":16,"value":"Sample of New York Dutch Lutheran records, image and OCR text without processing, Year Book of the Holland Society for 1903, 38.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":18,"value":"

","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":28,"value":"1704, April 17th, in our church at New York, Antje, y. d. of Pieter and Trintje Van Boschkerk, b. Dec. 26, 1703, at Constapels Hoeck. Witnesses: Major De Bruyn and Gertje, wife of Bernt Christiaensen Van Hoorn. \n\n1704, May ist, in our church at New York, Sophia, y. d. of Johannes Buttinscher and wife EUsabeth, b. at the River Raritons, Dec. 9, 1702. Witnesses: The child's mother, Pieter Woglem and his wife Margareta.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":32,"value":"---\nSample of the Totowa register, image with OCR text before processing or cleaning. 61.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":26,"value":"

","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":34,"value":"Ouders 1 Hendrick Francisco I Marytje Snyer I getuygen I Jacob Francisco Antje Snyer\nNaem Elizabeth gebore den 9 July gedoopt den 8 ang: 1756","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":36,"value":"---\nAlthough scans for many of the registers like the NYC Lutheran and Totowa Dutch Reformed ones above have text appropriate for high quality OCR that only needs to be formatted and regularized, off the shelf OCR products often do not capture the structure of the text in such a way that relationships between parents and godparents can be detected. After processing with the APS script, text can be extracted in a structured way that can be extracted and cleaned for analysis. The time of a graduate assistant is necessary to calibrate the APS script for each individual document, check the structure, and reformat and clean the data for analysis.\n\nSample of the Port Richmond Dutch Reformed records, image with OCR text before and after processing, NYGBR 36: 177.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":24,"value":"

","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":38,"value":"| Port Richmond OCR text | Text |\n| --- | --- |\n| Before processing | May 5- 5- 5- 5- 5. 5- 5- 5. Sept. Ephraim Thealer Derek Kroessen Thomas Morgen Lambert Janzen Lambert Gerritzer1 Jores Hooghlandt Johan Staats Hendrick Van Pelt Annetie Mattheus De Decker Hendrick Van Dyck Thomas Possel Pieter Praal Lambert Janzen Thomas Morgen Annetie , Jan Arent C. Aafye Martha WITNESSES Jan Van Pelt Marritie Parat Jan Pieterszen Wog- gelom Hendricka Stroekelf Margrietie SegerGerrissen Eliesabet Ariesmet Nickasa Abraham Winnifret |\n| After processing | 5. Ephraim Thealer Margrietie Seger Gerrissen Eliesabet Ariesmet \\n5. Derck Kroessen Nickasa Cornelis Vielen Caatje Bogardus \\n5. Thomas Morgen Abraham Arent Praal Tryntie Barents \\n5. Lambert Janzen Winnifret Jan Wauterzen Tryntie Hendricksen |","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W36","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 33:"$32:body"