2c:null 2d:["$","title",null,{"children":"Visualizing Air Raid Sirens in Ukraine | Volodymyr Agafonkin | Observable"}] 32:Tc46,viewof areas = html``33:T111c,{ const cellHeight = 3; const marginTop = 11; const marginLeft = 25; const height = cellHeight * numDays + marginTop; const innerWidth = width - marginLeft; const ctx = DOM.context2d(width, height); ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); ctx.fillStyle = 'black'; ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'top'; ctx.font = `9px Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif`; for (let i = 0; i < 24; i++) { ctx.fillText(String(i)/*.padStart(2, '0')*/, marginLeft + i * innerWidth / 24, 2) } ctx.textBaseline = 'middle'; for (let i = 0; i < numDays; i += 1) { const date = new Date((minDate + (i + 0.5) * secondsPerDay) * 1000); if (date.getDate() === 1) { const dateStr = date.toLocaleString('en-US', {timeZone: 'Europe/Kiev', month: 'short'}); const y = marginTop + Math.round((i + 0.5) * cellHeight) + 10; ctx.fillText(dateStr, 2, y); ctx.fillText(date.getFullYear(), 2, y + cellHeight * 3); } } function drawBg(day, date0, date1) { const date = minDate + secondsPerDay * day; if (isNaN(date0)) date0 = date * 1000; if (isNaN(date1)) date1 = (date + secondsPerDay) * 1000; const x0 = Math.floor((date0 / 1000 - date) / secondsPerDay * innerWidth) + 0.5; const x1 = Math.floor((date1 / 1000 - date) / secondsPerDay * innerWidth) + 0.5; ctx.fillRect(marginLeft + x0, marginTop + day * cellHeight, x1 - x0, cellHeight); } const location = locations[areas.split(', ')[0]]; for (let day = 0; day < numDays; day++) { ctx.fillStyle = '#74add1'; ctx.fillRect(marginLeft, marginTop + day * cellHeight, innerWidth, cellHeight); if (location) { const times = suncalc.getTimes(new Date((minDate + secondsPerDay * (day + 0.5)) * 1000), location[0], location[1]); ctx.fillStyle = '#abd9e9'; // drawBg(day, times.nightEnd, times.night); /* ctx.fillStyle = '#e0f3f8'; */ drawBg(day, times.dawn, times.dusk); ctx.fillStyle = '#FFE8A8'; drawBg(day, times.sunrise, times.sunset); ctx.fillStyle = '#ffffdd'; drawBg(day, times.goldenHourEnd, times.goldenHour); } } function drawRanges(ranges) { for (let i = 0; i < ranges.length; i += 2) { const date0 = ranges[i]; const date1 = ranges[i + 1]; const day0 = Math.floor((date0 - minDate) / secondsPerDay); const day1 = Math.floor((date1 - minDate) / secondsPerDay); const x0 = ((date0 - minDate) % secondsPerDay) * innerWidth / secondsPerDay; const x1 = ((date1 - minDate) % secondsPerDay) * innerWidth / secondsPerDay; const w = (date1 - date0) * innerWidth / secondsPerDay; ctx.fillRect(marginLeft + x0, marginTop + day0 * cellHeight, w, cellHeight); if (day1 !== day0) { for (let d = day0 + 1; d < day1; d++) { ctx.fillRect(marginLeft, marginTop + d * cellHeight, innerWidth, cellHeight); } ctx.fillRect(marginLeft, marginTop + day1 * cellHeight, x1, cellHeight); } } } const colors = ['#fb6a4a', '#cb181d']; for (const [i, area] of Object.entries(areas.split(', '))) { ctx.fillStyle = colors[1]; drawRanges(data.locations[area]); } ctx.fillStyle = '#ccc'; const secondsMax = data.updated - minDate; ctx.fillRect(marginLeft + (secondsMax % secondsPerDay) * innerWidth / secondsPerDay, marginTop + Math.floor(secondsMax / secondsPerDay) * cellHeight, innerWidth, cellHeight); ctx.fillRect(marginLeft, marginTop, ((minEventDate - minDate) % secondsPerDay) * innerWidth / secondsPerDay, cellHeight); ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(0,0,0,0.03)'; ctx.beginPath(); for (let i = 1; i < 24; i++) { const x = Math.floor(i * innerWidth / 24) + 0.5; ctx.moveTo(marginLeft + x, marginTop); ctx.lineTo(marginLeft + x, height); } ctx.stroke(); for (let i = 1; i < numDays; i++) { const date = new Date((minDate + secondsPerDay * (i + 0.5)) * 1000); const firstDay = date.getDate() === 1; const y = marginTop + i * cellHeight + 0.5; ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(firstDay ? 2 : marginLeft, y); ctx.lineTo(marginLeft + innerWidth, y); const strokeStyle = firstDay ? (date.getMonth() === 0 ? 'rgba(0,0,0,1)' : 'rgba(0,0,0,0.2)') : (firstWeekDay + i) % 7 === 1 ? 'rgba(0,0,0,0.03)' : null; if (!strokeStyle) continue; ctx.strokeStyle = strokeStyle; ctx.stroke(); } return ctx.canvas; }34:Ta12,_Last updated on ${new Date(data.updated * 1000).toLocaleString('en-GB', {dateStyle: 'long', timeStyle: 'short'})}_. Columns represent hours of the day, and rows represent days, in UTC+3 time zone. Red blocks are ongoing air raid sirens, with blue–yellow backgrounds showing the day/night cycle. Even though missiles and bombs started falling on Ukrainian civilians on February 24 of 2022, reliable and consistent digital siren data started coming on March 15, so that's where the chart begins. I also limited the choice of regions to only the ones that had a significant number of air raid alerts. Note that the sirens don't correlate with actual air attacks — they merely indicate a possible threat whenever a Russian missile, an explosive drone or a bomber jet is coming in the general direction of an area (under Ukrainian control). For example, there are no alerts for Mariupol, even though this large magnificent industrial city [has been nearly razed to the ground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol) with air bombs, with thousands of civilians killed and others starving to death with no way to escape. At first, sirens also didn't warn about artillery bombings, which were the source of most of the destruction in many frontline areas, including Kharkiv, Mykolaiv and Chernihiv. One of the minor, less discussed aspects of air raid sirens is how they severely disrupt sleep, which has notable health implications, especially among children. To make this visualization a little more real, here's a collection of photos of my twin daughters and wife sleeping in a bomb shelter during night air raid sirens in the first few weeks of the invasion, before they evacuated to safety in Poland. ${await FileAttachment("collage.jpg").image()} **Edit:** It's been 8 months since I published the first version of this article. Back then, it helped me make the decision to come back home to Kyiv, and my wife and kids returned not long afterwards. I'll keep updating this viz as long as the sirens happen. Also, check out my other visualization about [blackouts at home in Kyiv](https://observablehq.com/@mourner/blackouts). Thanks for reading and sharing, and feel free to reach out to me [on Twitter](https://twitter.com/mourner) if you have any questions or comments. If you want to help Ukraine, see options following this link:

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of war. One of them, a constant presence in our daily lives, is Air Raid Sirens — a loud sound indicating the threat of imminent attack from the air and a call to take shelter immediately.\n\nIn the digital age, instead of loudspeakers, most people rely on mobile apps like [Air Alert](https://www.ukrainealarm.com/), which allows you to choose a region and get emergency alerts for it. It also has a [Telegram channel](https://t.me/air_alert_ua) which doubles the alerts. To explore alert patterns and estimate air threat across regions, I scraped this data and visualized it on a global timeline. Choose a region below:","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":292,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":13,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":506,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":617,"value":"## Data\n\nThe air raid data has been collected from [Air Alert Ukraine](https://t.me/air_alert_ua) Telegram channel with a Node.js script using [@mtproto/core](https://mtproto-core.js.org/) Telegram API client. The source code [is here](https://gist.github.com/mourner/73abfed774920142a4bf0395e2129b0b).","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9,"value":"data = {\n const data = await FileAttachment(\"sirens@144.json\").json();\n for (const ranges of Object.values(data.locations)) {\n // delta-decode the timestamp pairs\n for (let i = 1; i < ranges.length; i++) {\n ranges[i] += ranges[i - 1];\n }\n }\n return data;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":371,"value":"## Appendix","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":703,"value":"minEventDate = {\n let minDate = Infinity;\n for (const ranges of Object.values(data.locations)) {\n minDate = Math.min(minDate, ...ranges);\n }\n return minDate;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":598,"value":"minDate = Math.floor(minEventDate / secondsPerDay) * secondsPerDay - 3 * secondsPerHour; // adjust to UTC+3","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":14,"value":"maxDate = {\n let maxDate = -Infinity;\n for (const ranges of Object.values(data.locations)) {\n maxDate = Math.max(maxDate, ...ranges);\n }\n return maxDate;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":748,"value":"firstWeekDay = new Date((minDate + 43200) * 1000).getUTCDay()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":23,"value":"numDays = Math.ceil((maxDate - minDate) / secondsPerDay)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":379,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":164,"value":"suncalc = import('suncalc')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":45,"value":"secondsPerHour = 60 * 60","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":48,"value":"secondsPerDay = secondsPerHour * 24","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W36","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 31:"$30:body"