29:null 2a:["$","title",null,{"children":"France seen by Spilhaus | Nicolas Lambert | Observable"}] 2f:Td85,The ***#WorldOceansDay*** is an initiative from the Rio Summit. It takes place every June 8th since 1992. So what better than this interactive map to remind us today of the central place of the oceans in our environment? **How to draw the World ?** In their daily work, cartographers are faced with a tricky problem. How to represent a spherical world in three dimensions on a two-dimensional screen? To solve this question, which allows to make the immensity of the world visible at a glance (which is not possible on a globe), many mathematical processes have been used since antiquity, gathered under the name of cartographic projections (or projection systems). The existing methods are multiple. They are based on planes, cylinders or cones which, once unrolled, give particular shape to the planispheres (i.e. flat spheres) thus formed. As you can see, each of these transformations has a concrete impact on the shape of the map thus produced and inevitably leads to deformations. Some maps will therefore tend to faithfully respect the shape of the different countries, while others, on the contrary, will favor the surface ratios. This is the famous opposition between the Mercator map and the Gall-Peters map described [here](https://observablehq.com/@neocartocnrs/the-organization-of-cartographers-for-social-equality). In the end, there are a thousand and one ways to draw the world and the choice of a particular projection is always a function of the cartographer's communication intentions. Let's also note that these are almost always designed to privilege the representation of land. But other choices are possible. **The Spilhaus World Ocean** The map presented here was imagined in 1942 by the South African oceanographer Athelstan Frederick Spilhaus. Initially presented as a square, it pushes the countries to the edges of the map while a single massive ocean surface is enthroned in its center. The Pacific Ocean alone covers an area of more than 150 million km², which is as much as the entire land mass. The oceans also produce at least 50% of the planet's oxygen and are home to a considerable biodiversity representing half of the living species on our planet. Finally, unlike the continents, the oceans are all connected to each other to form a single world ocean on this map. The Spilhaus map therefore aims to put back in the center of the game these oceanic masses that are often cut off and relegated, insignificant, to the edges of the map as if they were a simple element of the stage. **Another map of France** Taking into account maritime spaces also means not considering our own territory only in its land dimension. Here on this map, all the French territories throughout the world are represented, in their terrestrial component but also maritime (exclusive economic zones and territorial waters). What do we see? First of all, that 94% of the French territory is composed of water against only 6% of dry land. It is the largest maritime area in the world. Moreover, this "decentered" and "distorted" map shows a France that is not located mainly in Europe. Indeed, 92% of its territory is located elsewhere in the world. One can see in this the trace of a not very glorious colonial past but also, why not, the fact that France is, in all its extent, a universal and mainly non-Western maritime power. In summary, another way of looking at things that invites us to think differently about our place in the world.30:T170a,map = { const svg = d3 .create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]) .style("width", "100%") .style("height", "auto"); svg .append("g") .append("path") .datum(sphere) .attr("class", "graticuleOutline") .attr("d", path) .style('fill', "#9ACBE3"); // Graticule svg .append("g") .append("path") .datum(d3.geoGraticule10()) .attr("class", "graticule") .attr("d", path) .attr("clip-path", "url(#clip)") .style('fill', "none") .style('stroke', "white") .style('stroke-width', 0.7) .style('stroke-opacity', .9) .style('stroke-dasharray', 2); svg .append("path") .datum(land) .attr("fill", "white") .attr("d", path); // svg // .append("g") // .selectAll("path") // .data(cables.features) // .join("path") // .attr("stroke", "#d977a6") // .attr("stroke-width", 1.5) // .attr("fill", "none") // .attr("d", path); svg .append("g") .selectAll("path") .data(EEZ.features) .join("path") .attr("fill", "#f07dc2") .attr("fill-opacity", .5) .attr("d", path) .on("touchmove mousemove", function(event, d) { let infos = description.filter((dd) => dd.name == d.properties.name)[0]; d3.select(this) .style("cursor", "pointer") .transition() .duration(400) .attr("fill-opacity", 0.8) .attr("transform", d => transform(d, 2)); d3.select("#info") .transition() .attr("fill-opacity", 1); d3.select("#info_name").text(infos["namefr"]); d3.select("#info_desc1").text("Coordonnées : " + infos["coordonnées"]); d3.select("#info_desc2").text("Superficie : " + infos["superficie"]); d3.select("#info_desc3").text("Population : " + infos["population"]); d3.select("#info_desc4").text(infos["note"]); }) .on("touchend mouseleave", function() { d3.select(this) .transition() .attr("fill-opacity", .5) .attr("transform", d => transform(d, 1)); d3.select("#info") .transition() .attr("fill-opacity", 0); }); // Mask var mask = svg.append("g"); mask .append("rect") .attr("x", 365) .attr("y", 0) .attr("width", 250) .attr("height", 30) .attr("fill", "white"); mask .append("rect") .attr("x", 310) .attr("y", 0) .attr("width", 30) .attr("height", 8) .attr("fill", "white"); mask .append("rect") .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", 540) .attr("width", 15) .attr("height", 50) .attr("fill", "white"); mask .append("rect") .attr("x", 689) .attr("y", height - 29) .attr("width", 100) .attr("height", 50) .attr("fill", "white"); mask .append("rect") .attr("x", 666) .attr("y", height - 5) .attr("width", 10) .attr("height", 5) .attr("fill", "white"); // Tooltip let info = svg .append("g") .attr("id", "info") .attr("font-family", "sans-serif") .attr("fill-opacity", 0); info .append("rect") .attr("x", 430) .attr("y", 40) .attr("height", 80) .attr("width", 2) .attr("fill", "#cccccc"); info .append("rect") .attr("x", 420) .attr("y", 50) .attr("height", 2) .attr("width", 180) .attr("fill", "#cccccc"); info .append("text") .attr("id", "info_name") .attr("x", 450) .attr("y", 100) .attr("fill", "#f07dc2") .attr("font-weight", "bold") .style("font-size", "35px"); info .append("text") .attr("id", "info_desc1") .attr("x", 450) .attr("y", 130) .attr("fill", "#888c99") .style("font-size", "15px"); info .append("text") .attr("id", "info_desc2") .attr("x", 450) .attr("y", 150) .attr("fill", "#888c99") .style("font-size", "15px"); info .append("text") .attr("id", "info_desc3") .attr("x", 450) .attr("y", 170) .attr("fill", "#888c99") .style("font-size", "15px"); info .append("text") .attr("id", "info_desc4") .attr("x", 450) .attr("y", 200) .attr("fill", "#888c99") .style("font-size", "15px"); // Layout svg .append("text") .attr("x", 10) .attr("y", 990) .attr("fill", "#9ACBE3") .style("font-size", "17px") .text("D'après Athelstan Frederick Spilhaus, 1942."); svg .append("rect") .attr("x", 720) .attr("y", 957) .attr("height", 25) .attr("width", 35) .attr("fill", "#f07dc2") .attr("fill-opacity", .5); let a = 953; svg .append("text") .attr("x", 765) .attr("y", a + 15) .attr("fill", "#888c99") .style("font-size", "13px") .text("Surfaces terrestres, zones économiques"); svg .append("text") .attr("x", 765) .attr("y", a + 25) .attr("fill", "#888c99") .style("font-size", "13px") .text("exclusives (ZEE) et eaux territoriales."); svg .append("g") .append("rect") .attr("x", 10) .attr("y", 468) .attr("height", 500) .attr("width", 8) .attr("fill", "#9ACBE3"); svg .append("g") .selectAll('rect') .data(title) .join('rect') .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", (d, i) => 490 + i * 80) .attr("height", 60) .attr("width", d => 20 + d.length * 40) .attr("fill", "#9ACBE3"); svg .append("g") .selectAll('text') .data(title) .join('text') .attr('transform', (d, i) => `translate(${20},${i * 80})`) .attr('dy', 540) .style('font-family', 'sans-serif') .text(d => d) .attr("font-family", "sans-serif") .attr("font-weight", "bold") .attr("fill", "white") .style("font-size", "55px") .attr("fill-opacity", 0.5); svg .append("path") .attr("d", signature) .attr("transform", "translate(375,920) scale(1.3) ") .attr("fill", "white") .attr("fill-opacity", 0.5); return svg.node(); }31:T1197,description = [ { name: "", namefr: "", gentilé: "", coordonnées: "", superficie: "", population: "", langues: "", note: "", url: "" }, { name: "Mayotte", namefr: "Mayotte", coordonnées: "12°50′35″S, 45°08′18″E", superficie: "376 km²", population: "256 518 habitants" }, { name: "Bassas da India", namefr: "Bassas da India", coordonnées: "21°29′10″S, 39°40′51″E", superficie: "0,2 km²", population: "Aucun habitant", note: "Territoire revendiqué aussi par Madagascar" }, { name: "Matthew and Hunter Islands", namefr: "Île Matthew et île Hunter", coordonnées: "22°22′S, 171°43′E", superficie: "1.3 km²", population: "Aucun habitant" }, { name: "Tromelin Island", namefr: "Île Tromelin", coordonnées: "15°53′31″S, 54°31′23″E", superficie: "1 km²", population: "3 habitants", note: "Territoire revendiqué aussi par Maurice" }, { name: "French Guiana", namefr: "Guyane", coordonnées: "3°59′56″N, 53°00′00″O", superficie: "83 846 km²", population: "276 128 habitants" }, { name: "Crozet Islands", namefr: "Archipel Crozet", coordonnées: "46°24′41″S, 51°45′22″E", superficie: "352 km²", population: "Aucun habitant" }, { name: "New Caledonia", namefr: "Nouvelle-Calédonie", coordonnées: "21°15′S, 165°18′E", superficie: "18 575,5 km²", population: "271 407 habitants" }, { name: "Wallis and Futuna", namefr: "Wallis-et-Futuna", coordonnées: "14°18′07″S, 178°06′34″O", superficie: "124,2 km²", population: "11 558 habitants" }, { name: "Réunion", namefr: "La Réunion", coordonnées: "21°06′52″S, 55°31′57″E", superficie: "2 512 km²", population: "855 961 habitants" }, { name: "Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands", namefr: "Îles Saint-Paul et Nouvelle-Amsterdam", coordonnées: "38°16′10″S, 77°32′30″E", superficie: "66 km²", population: "25 habitants" }, { name: "Guadeloupe", namefr: "Guadeloupe", coordonnées: "16°N, 62°O", superficie: "1 628,43 km²", population: "387 629 habitants" }, { name: "Saint-Barthélemy", namefr: "Saint-Barthélemy ", coordonnées: "17°32′S, 149°34′O", superficie: "24 km²", population: "9 793 habitants" }, { name: "French Polynesia", namefr: "Polynésie française", coordonnées: "17°32′S, 149°34′O", superficie: "4 167 km²", population: "290 218 habitants" }, { name: "Martinique", namefr: "Martinique", coordonnées: "14°40′00″N, 61°00′00″O", superficie: "1 128 km²", population: "368 783 habitants" }, { name: "France", namefr: "France métropolitaine", coordonnées: "46°00′N, 2°00′E", superficie: "552 000 km²", population: "64 513 242 habitants" }, { name: "Europa Island", namefr: "Île Europa", coordonnées: "22°22′S, 40°22′E", superficie: "28 km²", population: "Aucun habitant", note: "Territoire renvendiqué aussi par Madagascar" }, { name: "Collectivity of Saint Martin", namefr: "Saint-Martin", coordonnées: "18°04′31″N, 63°03′36″O", superficie: "53,2 km²", population: "34 065 habitants" }, { name: "Kerguélen", namefr: "Îles Kerguelen", coordonnées: "49°20′00″S, 69°20′00″E", superficie: "7 215 km²", population: "120 habitants" }, { name: "Juan de Nova Island", namefr: "Île Juan de Nova", coordonnées: "17°03′16″S, 42°43′30″E", superficie: " 4,80 km²", population: "Aucun habitant", note: "Territoire renvendiqué aussi par Madagascar" }, { name: "Clipperton Island", namefr: "Île Clipperton", coordonnées: "10°18′14″N, 109°13′04″O", superficie: "1,7 km²", population: "Aucun habitant" }, { name: "Saint-Pierre and Miquelon", namefr: "Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon", coordonnées: "46°49′30″N, 56°16′30″O", superficie: "242 km²", population: "6 274 habitants" }, { name: "Terre Adélie", namefr: "Terre Adélie", coordonnées: "Entre 136° et 142° de longitude E ; 90° et 67° de latitude S", superficie: "432 000 km²", population: "38 habitants" } ]32:T214f,signature = "M 49.710938 0 C 45.280658 -0.10068817 40.846014 0.20070526 36.507812 1.0078125 A 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 36.109375 1.5917969 A 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 36.691406 1.9921875 C 40.953205 1.1992947 45.319733 0.90068817 49.689453 1 A 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 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18.695312 C 1.33207 18.756884 1.3007812 18.781162 1.3007812 18.900391 A 0.50005 0.50005 0 0 0 2.2558594 19.107422 C 2.4973566 18.576128 2.694766 18.23065 2.8613281 17.828125 C 3.0278902 17.4256 3.1460687 16.979597 3.1992188 16.341797 A 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 2.7421875 15.800781 A 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 2.6816406 15.800781 z "33:T559,/* * Computes the elliptic integral of the first kind. * Algorithm from Bulirsch(1965), the implementation follows Snyder(1989), p. 239. * A faster alternative for m = 0.5 is presented in: * Gerald I. Evenden (2008), libproj4: A Comprehensive Library of * Cartographic Projection Functions (Preliminary Draft), p. 123. */ ellipticF = function (phi, m) { const { abs, atan, ln, PI: pi, sin, sqrt } = Math; const C1 = 10e-4, C2 = 10e-10, TOL = 10e-6; const sp = sin(phi); let k = sqrt(1 - m), h = sp * sp; // "complete" elliptic integral if (h >= 1 || abs(phi) === pi / 2) { if (k <= TOL) return sp < 0 ? -Infinity : Infinity; (m = 1), (h = m), (m += k); while (abs(h - k) > C1 * m) { k = sqrt(h * k); (m /= 2), (h = m), (m += k); } return sp < 0 ? -pi / m : pi / m; } // "incomplete" elliptic integral else { if (k <= TOL) return ln((1 + sp) / (1 - sp)) / 2; let g, n, p, r, y; (m = 1), (n = 0), (g = m), (p = m * k), (m += k); y = sqrt((1 - h) / h); if (abs((y -= p / y)) <= 0) y = C2 * sqrt(p); while (abs(g - k) > C1 * g) { (k = 2 * sqrt(p)), (n += n); if (y < 0) n += 1; (p = m * k), (g = m), (m += k); if (abs((y -= p / y)) <= 0) y = C2 * sqrt(p); } if (y < 0) n += 1; r = (atan(m / y) + pi * n) / m; return sp < 0 ? -r : r; } }34:[] 2d:{"id":"da689335d4f4b6fe","slug":"france-seen-by-spilhaus","title":"France seen by Spilhaus","thumbnail":"bdf09eb08561d941a559f9e61e2489b7ef217c7a2beee7920268a2175c4c6c70","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2020-12-02T08:14:04.195Z","update_time":"$D2022-07-01T14:18:09.055Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2021-06-08T10:43:01.210Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":{"id":"f546aa0764b3720e","slug":"spilhaus-world-ocean-map-in-a-square","title":"Spilhaus World Ocean Map in a Square","owner":{"id":"03836a98946da550","login":"toja","name":"Torben Jansen"}},"stars":7,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"6457aadd156df119","login":"neocarto","name":"Nicolas 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Lambert"}},"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"France seen by Spilhaus","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`# France seen by Spilhaus`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1153,"value":"$2f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1179,"value":"The text in french is avaiable [here](https://www.humanite.fr/la-france-cest-94-deau-la-preuve-avec-notre-carte-interactive-709949)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":162,"value":"$30","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1148,"value":"md`**Data**`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1151,"value":"EEZ = d3\n .json(\n \"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/neocarto/resources/master/datasets/outremer/ZEE_France.topojson\"\n )\n .then((r) => topojson.feature(r, r.objects.ZEE_France))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":360,"value":"md`**Textes**`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":364,"value":"title = \"CECI\\nEST\\nUNE\\nCARTE\\nDE\\nFRANCE\".split(\"\\n\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":762,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":362,"value":"md`**Athelstan Frederick Spilhaus Projection**`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":701,"value":"md`In 1942, the oceanographer and geophysicist Athelstan Frederick Spilhaus made a map where the oceans are at the center of the game... https://observablehq.com/@joewdavies/spilhaus-map`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":106,"value":"projection = spilhausSquare().fitExtent([[0, 0], [width, height]], sphere)\n//.scale(100)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":158,"value":"path = d3.geoPath(projection)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":46,"value":"spilhausSquare = {\n const { abs, max, min, sin, cos, asin, acos, tan } = Math;\n\n const spilhausSquareRaw = function(lambda, phi) {\n let a, b, sm, sn, xy;\n const sp = tan(0.5 * phi);\n a = cos(asin(sp)) * sin(0.5 * lambda);\n sm = sp + a < 0;\n sn = sp - a < 0;\n b = acos(sp);\n a = acos(a);\n\n return ellipticFactory(a, b, sm, sn);\n };\n\n return () =>\n d3\n .geoProjection(spilhausSquareRaw)\n .rotate([-66.94970198, 49.56371678, 40.17823482]);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":713,"value":"md`**Other stuffs for cartography**`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":23,"value":"height = width","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":440,"value":"width = 1000","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":21,"value":"sphere = ({ type: \"Sphere\" })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":18,"value":"graticule = d3.geoGraticule10()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":15,"value":"land = topojson.feature(world, world.objects.land)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":12,"value":"world = d3.json(\n \"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/neocarto/resources/master/geometries/World/ne_50m_admin_0_land.topojson\"\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":661,"value":"function transform(d, val) {\n const [x, y] = path.centroid(d);\n return `\n translate(${x},${y})\n scale(${val})\n translate(${-x},${-y})\n `;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":576,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1122,"value":"md`**Helpers**`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1129,"value":"md` The code below was written by @toja. See: https://observablehq.com/@toja/adams-world-in-a-square-i-ii#ellipticFactory`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1124,"value":"ellipticFactory = function (a, b, sm, sn) {\n let m = Math.asin(Math.sqrt(1 + Math.min(0, Math.cos(a + b))));\n if (sm) m = -m;\n\n let n = Math.asin(Math.sqrt(Math.abs(1 - Math.max(0, Math.cos(a - b)))));\n if (sn) n = -n;\n\n return [ellipticF(m, 0.5), ellipticF(n, 0.5)];\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1126,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":571,"value":"md`**Imports**`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2,"value":"topojson = require(\"topojson-client@3\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7,"value":"d3 = require(\"d3@6\", \"d3-geo-projection@2\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W34","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 2e:"$2d:body"