2b:null 2c:["$","title",null,{"children":"Flying to Kaliningrad during the Russian flight ban | Open Aviation | Observable"}] 31:T61e,Actually, the European ban of Russian flights is only implemented within the national airspaces of each country: all what is beyond the 12 nautical miles limit in **dashed lines** may be encompassed by a FIR, i.e. an area where Air traffic control (ATC) services are provided by a country, but will not be part of the ban. As a matter of fact, according to the section “Right of Transit Passage” in [Chapter 3](https://sites.tufts.edu/lawofthesea/chapter-three/) ${citations.get('lots')}: > *The right of transit passage is defined as the exercise of the freedoms of navigation and overflight, solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit through an international strait between one part of the high seas or an EEZ and another part of the high seas or an EEZ, in the normal modes of operation utilized by ships and aircraft for such passage.*

Maritime Zones Schematic — Legal Boundaries of the Oceans and Airspace, Chapter 2 ${citations.get('lots')}.

In our situation, there is a **thin strip between FIRs** where Russian aircraft are still allowed to fly to connect Kaliningrad and mainland Russia: - flight plans are still filed along this thin strip, along the navigational points on the map; - air traffic control continues to provide services and keep in constant communication with all aircraft. For comparison, here are **the same flights before February 27th**:32:T9a8,kaliningrad_map = function ( flights, { scale = 1, caption = undefined, title = undefined } ) { return Plot.carto({ projection: d3 .geoMercator() .translate([(0.9 * width) / 2, (0.7 * width) / 2]) .center([27, 58]) .scale(1800) .clipExtent([ [1, 1], [0.9 * width - 1, 0.7 * width - 1] ]), marks: [ Plot.features(firsAt(300), { fill: (d) => d.properties.designator.slice(0, 1) === "U" ? "#9ecae944" : "#005bbb44", strokeWidth: 3, stroke: "#005bbb", title: (d) => d.properties.name }), Plot.features(countries.features, { title: (d) => d.properties.sovereignt, fill: (d) => ["Russia", "Belarus"].includes(d.properties.sovereignt) ? "#ced4da" : "#005bbb99", stroke: "black" }), Plot.features( territorial.features.filter((d) => d.properties.MBLSZOTPID === 1), { stroke: "black", strokeDasharray: [5, 5], strokeWidth: 1.5 } ), Plot.features(flights, { stroke: "#ffd500", strokeWidth: 2 }), // NAVAIDs Plot.features(navaids), Plot.label(navaids, { lonLat: (d) => d.coordinates, fill: "black", text: (d) => d.properties.name, dx: -7, fontSize: 12, textAnchor: "end", halo: true }), // AIRPORTs Plot.features(airports, { fill: "red" }), Plot.label(airports, { lonLat: (d) => d.coordinates, fill: "black", text: (d) => d.properties.icao, textAnchor: "middle", fontSize: 14, dx: 25, dy: 5, halo: true }), // COUNTRY LABELs Plot.label(country_labels, { lonLat: (d) => d.coordinates, fill: "green", text: (d) => d.properties.name, textAnchor: "middle", fontSize: 16, dx: 7, dy: 16, halo: true }), Plot.features(capitals, { fill: "black", r: 2 }), Plot.label(capitals, { lonLat: (d) => d.coordinates, fill: "black", text: (d) => d.properties.name, textAnchor: "end", fontSize: 10, dx: -7, dy: 2, halo: true }) ], width: 0.9 * width, height: 0.7 * width, scale, caption, title }); }33:T53d,bibtex = [ `@book{lots, title={Law of the Sea: A Policy Primer}, author={{The Fletcher School’s LL.M. Program in International Law & Maritime Studies Program}}, year={2017}, url={https://sites.tufts.edu/lawofthesea/} } @book{sea-bund, title={Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase: Maritime Boundaries and Exclusive Economic Zones (200NM)}, note={version 11}, url = {https://www.marineregions.org/}, doi={10.14284/386}, author={{Flanders Marine Institute}}, year={2019} } @book{eea-maritime, title={Maritime Boundaries}, author={{European Environmental Agency}}, year={2005}, url={https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/maritime-boundaries} } @book{eurosion, title={D2.3.3 Eurosion Dataset Structure Description}, author={Eurosion}, url={http://www.eurosion.org/reports-online/databasestructure.pdf}, year={2003} } @inproceedings{Schaefer14a, author = "Schäfer, Matthias and Strohmeier, Martin and Lenders, Vincent and Martinovic, Ivan and Wilhelm, Matthias", title = "{Bringing Up OpenSky: A Large-scale ADS-B Sensor Network for Research}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks", series = "IPSN '14", year = 2014, address = "Berlin, Germany", pages = "83-94", month = "April", pdf = "https://opensky-network.org/files/publications/ipsn2014.pdf" } ` ]34:[{"id":"61d0aa79ac97c667461f7a5efe63246629b6142ac979f23e3aa34efc6619db43bf269169ac20e1005628a41b203a3b2f78fdef8e3c7a8d0e008a31295967f1f8","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/61d0aa79ac97c667461f7a5efe63246629b6142ac979f23e3aa34efc6619db43bf269169ac20e1005628a41b203a3b2f78fdef8e3c7a8d0e008a31295967f1f8","name":"eez-topo.json.zip","type":"application/zip","lastModified":1647287407121.124,"size":8603032},{"id":"63847edb95e8d0994d56c785cb096c35d8f8d873dd55d9018d0d598c6db4b251b8fcf9cb962e3f16397927e825215aa34950a586fa22ae20468e04917a610929","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/63847edb95e8d0994d56c785cb096c35d8f8d873dd55d9018d0d598c6db4b251b8fcf9cb962e3f16397927e825215aa34950a586fa22ae20468e04917a610929","name":"maritime_boundaries.zip","type":"application/zip","lastModified":1647287407121.124,"size":2076410},{"id":"1bb4ed21dc65826ed7950baabf18177ef6f61ddde4f90461b90686ec1ee29753a2726f69324184fd40d6593a42666d06b9a0cd6830630c5d0d2b5cd322d5caac","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/1bb4ed21dc65826ed7950baabf18177ef6f61ddde4f90461b90686ec1ee29753a2726f69324184fd40d6593a42666d06b9a0cd6830630c5d0d2b5cd322d5caac","name":"kaliningrad_trajectories.parquet","type":"application/octet-stream","lastModified":1647335493402.456,"size":3251447}] 2f:{"id":"d8011515b1d19b2d","slug":"flying-to-kaliningrad","title":"Flying to Kaliningrad during the Russian flight ban","thumbnail":"141abf2a11de63671b8c79206d49000d20e49eb1fde9ad4937582d34602939f8","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2022-03-14T19:50:07.121Z","update_time":"$D2022-03-15T12:32:07.846Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2022-03-14T20:31:44.188Z","fork":true,"stars":12,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"b72632526f8c9afb","login":"openaviation","name":"Open Aviation","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/785c72955c757d5479584b620b48d5133f1f6ac3b42119b2b2445045440f0b09","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":900,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"0b2e8d88aeec5ab4","login":"xoolive","name":"Xavier Olive","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/e055a445877c5a8ee2da134a257760536c2d1ee2fcd43f3aaf3f40db54e13733","tier":null},{"type":"individual","id":"45a379fcfcb14253","login":"fil","name":"Fil","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/d5b1777907117a2bdf2a07eb98600d7a9beb21639fde42b9753e95c88c7731a6","tier":null},{"type":"individual","id":"c2f17e4031105178","login":"espinielli","name":"Enrico Spinielli","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/2bf5259d0c49a57cec6acc725062bdc41374a518de8772a2a051315f6be64567","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"team","id":"b72632526f8c9afb","login":"openaviation","name":"Open Aviation","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/785c72955c757d5479584b620b48d5133f1f6ac3b42119b2b2445045440f0b09","tier":"starter_2024","role":"editor"},{"type":"individual","id":"0b2e8d88aeec5ab4","login":"xoolive","name":"Xavier Olive","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/e055a445877c5a8ee2da134a257760536c2d1ee2fcd43f3aaf3f40db54e13733","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":true,"trashed":false,"subscribed":null,"forks":2,"collection":{"id":"720ac08ffd66c964","slug":"open-aviation","title":"Visualizing Aviation","owner":{"id":"b72632526f8c9afb","login":"openaviation","name":"Open Aviation"}},"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"Flying to Kaliningrad during the Russian flight ban","cells":[{"id":531,"value":"

series: impact of the ukraine invasion on commercial aviation

\n# Flying to Kaliningrad during the Russian flight ban","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":759,"value":"1. [How flights between Europe and Eastern Asia got disrupted](https://observablehq.com/@espinielli/war-in-ukraine-airspace-blockade)\n2. **[Flying to Kaliningrad during the Russian flight ban](https://observablehq.com/@xoolive/flying-to-kaliningrad)**\n3. [GPS jamming around Kaliningrad](https://observablehq.com/@xoolive/gps-jamming)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":791,"value":"kaliningrad_map(flights_28, {\n caption: \"After February 28th, trajectory data by The OpenSky Network\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":617,"value":"Following the invasion of Ukraine, most European countries banned Russian aircraft from flying their airspace. This raised the question of Kaliningrad exclave being isolated from the rest of the country. It seems that after February 27, commercial flights between mainland Russia and Kaliningrad have been flying on the thin border between Finland, Sweden and Baltic states [Flight Information Regions (FIR)](https://observablehq.com/@xoolive/flight-information-regions).","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":499,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":812,"value":"kaliningrad_map(flights_27, {\n caption: \"Before February 27th, trajectory data by The OpenSky Network\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":553,"value":"## Data sources\n\nShapefiles for maritime boundaries adapted from ${citations.get('sea-bund')}, territorial waters from ${citations.get('eea-maritime')}.\n\nThe definition of **MBLSZOTPID** (**M**aritime **B**oundaries **L**aw of the **S**ea **ZO**ne **T**y**P**e **ID**entifier) is the following ${citations.get('eurosion')}:\n\n* TYPE = 0: Baseline\n* TYPE = 1: Territory sea (12 nm)\n* TYPE = 2: Exclusive Economic Zone (200 nm), EEZ\n* TYPE = 3: Delimitation line between states\n* TYPE = 4: Continental shelf\n* TYPE = 5: Contiguous zone (24 nm)\n* TYPE = 6: Fishery zone\n* TYPE = 7: Other\n\nFlight trajectories from [The OpenSky Network](https://opensky-network.org/) historical data ${citations.get('Schaefer14a')}.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":362,"value":"## References","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":370,"value":"viewof citations = genBibliography(bibtex, { reftype: \"indexed\" })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":448,"value":"-----\n_Boring zone_","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":165,"value":"territorial = FileAttachment(\"maritime_boundaries.zip\")\n .zip()\n .then(async (mb) =>\n shapefile.read(\n await mb.file(mb.filenames.find((d) => d.endsWith(\".shp\"))).stream(),\n await mb.file(mb.filenames.find((d) => d.endsWith(\".dbf\"))).stream()\n )\n )","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":169,"value":"mb = FileAttachment(\"maritime_boundaries.zip\").zip()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":166,"value":"shapefile = require(\"shapefile\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":45,"value":"eez = FileAttachment(\"eez-topo.json.zip\")\n .zip()\n .then((d) => d.file(\"eez-topo.json\").json())","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":858,"value":"data = aq.fromArrow(\n await pq.readParquet(\n new Uint8Array(\n await FileAttachment(\"kaliningrad_trajectories.parquet\").arrayBuffer()\n )\n )\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":273,"value":"navaids = [ // Flightplan points\n //[\"UTETA\", 59.73, 29.02],\n //[\"ATLUM\", 59.77, 27.67],\n [\"PISIS\", 60.05, 26.98],\n [\"ARANS\", 59.94, 26.03],\n [\"PIDIN\", 59.75, 24.45],\n [\"PISIM\", 59.55, 23.17],\n [\"PIRUX\", 59.05, 21.17],\n [\"PINIX\", 58.33, 20.67],\n [\"PIVAX\", 57.0, 19.92],\n [\"GARSO\", 56.15, 20.08],\n [\"AGONA\", 55.4, 20.55],\n // [\"TURIP\",55.31, 20.56]\n].map((x)=>Object({type: \"Point\", coordinates: [x[2], x[1]], properties: {'name': x[0]}}))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":316,"value":"airports = [\n [\"ULLI\", 59.8003, 30.2625, \"Pulkovo Airport\", \"Saint Petersburg\"],\n [\"UUEE\", 55.9726, 37.4146, \"Sheremetyevo International Airport\", \"Moscow\"],\n [\"UMKK\", 54.89, 20.5926, \"Khrabrovo Airport\", \"Kaliningrad\"],\n [\"UMMS\", 53.888071, 28.039964, \"National Airport\", \"Minsk\"]\n].map((x) =>\n Object({\n type: \"Point\",\n coordinates: [x[2], x[1]],\n properties: { icao: x[0], name: x[3], city: x[4] }\n })\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":355,"value":"capitals = [\n [\"Moscow\", 55.755833, 37.617222],\n [\"Saint Petersburg\", 59.9375, 30.308611],\n [\"Kaliningrad\", 54.700278, 20.453056],\n [\"Minsk\", 53.9024716, 27.5618225]\n].map((x) =>\n Object({\n type: \"Point\",\n coordinates: [x[2], x[1]],\n properties: { name: x[0] }\n })\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":347,"value":"country_labels = [\n [\"Estonia\", 25.720882,58.788955],\n [\"Latvia\", 24.860902,56.973568],\n [\"Lithuania\", 23.859301,55.508246],\n [\"Belarus\", 28.163753,54.557008],\n [\"Russia\", 30.088763,57.056650],\n [\"Finland\", 24.820690,60.986535],\n [\"Sweden\", 15.055561,57.971610],\n [\"Poland\", 20.153990,53.791018]\n].map((x)=>Object({type: \"Point\", coordinates: [x[1], x[2]], properties: {'name': x[0]}}))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":598,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":252,"value":"flights_28 = {\n const time0 = new Date(2022, 1, 28); /* months start at 0=January ^^*/\n return Array.from(\n d3\n .rollup(\n data.filter(aq.escape((d) => d.timestamp >= time0)),\n (v) => ({\n type: \"Feature\",\n properties: { flight_id: v[0].flight_id },\n geometry: {\n type: \"LineString\",\n coordinates: v\n .map((d) => [d.longitude, d.latitude])\n .filter((d) => d[0]) //.notnull()\n }\n }),\n (d) => d.flight_id\n )\n .values()\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":586,"value":"flights_27 = {\n const time0 = new Date(2022, 1, 27); /* months start at 0=January ^^*/\n return Array.from(\n d3\n .rollup(\n data.filter(aq.escape((d) => d.timestamp <= time0)),\n (v) => ({\n type: \"Feature\",\n properties: { flight_id: v[0].flight_id },\n geometry: {\n type: \"LineString\",\n coordinates: v\n .map((d) => [d.longitude, d.latitude])\n .filter((d) => d[0]) //.notnull()\n }\n }),\n (d) => d.flight_id\n )\n .values()\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":225,"value":"countries = d3.json(\n \"https://unpkg.com/visionscarto-world-atlas@0.0.6/world/50m_countries.geojson\"\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":358,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":221,"value":"*libs*","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":395,"value":"function genBibliography(bibliography, opt = {}) {\n let { reftype, style, output } = { output: 'html', reftype: 'indexed', style: 'citation-apa', ...opt}\n const cite = new Cite()\n for (const b of bibliography) {\n cite.add(b);\n }\n const authorObj = cite.get().sort((a,b) => a.author[0].family > b.author[0].family ? 1 : -1);\n const authormap = [];\n for (const [i, o] of Object.entries(authorObj)) {\n authormap.push([o.id, reftype == \"indexed\" ? `\\[${+i+1}\\]` : `(${o.author[0].family})`])\n }\n const bibcontainer = cite.get({type: output, style: style})\n if (reftype == \"indexed\") {\n bibcontainer.querySelectorAll('.csl-entry').forEach((e,i) => {\n e.innerHTML = `[${i + 1}] ${e.innerHTML}`;\n })\n }\n const result = html`${bibcontainer}`;\n result.value = new Map(authormap);\n return result;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":360,"value":"Cite = require('https://bundle.run/citation-js@0.5.1')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":58,"value":"topojson = require(\"topojson-server@3\", \"topojson-simplify@3\", \"topojson-client@3\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":125,"value":"pako = require(\"https://unpkg.com/pako@1.0.6/dist/pako.min.js\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":860,"value":"pq = import(\"https://unpkg.com/parquet-wasm@0.1.1/web.js\").then(\n async (d) => (await d.default(), d)\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":9,"value":"import { Plot } from \"@fil/plot-carto-0-5\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":428,"value":"import {firsAt} from \"@xoolive/flight-information-regions\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W34","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 30:"$2f:body"