2e:null 2f:["$","title",null,{"children":"from Piketty: Capital in the 21st Century | Rini B. Mehta | Observable"}] 34:T6db, Western Europe Eastern Europe Russia (+Ukraine/ Belarus/ Moldavia) North America Latin America Northern Africa Sub-Saharan Africa China India Japan Australia/NZ Middle East (incl. Turkey) Central Asia Other Asian countries 35:T5fe,{ const xy = { x: "year", y: "value", z: "variable", offset: "expand" //order: "appearance" }; return Plot.plot({ width: 1200, height: 800, marginTop: 30, marginBottom: 80, marginLeft: 30, x: { tickRotate: 45, tickFormat: formatYear, label: "Year" }, color: { domain: [ "Western Europe", "Eastern Europe", "Russia (+Ukraine/ Belarus/ Moldavia)", "North America", "Latin America", "Northern Africa", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "China", "India", "Japan", "Australia/NZ", "Middle East (incl. Turkey)", "Central Asia", "Other Asian countries" ], range: [ "#BBE7F4", "#3C89A0", "#67C9E7", "#a2a3a4", "#1D2332", "#FCC5C2", "#95433E", "#686A23", "#D5DA58", "#008000", "#4B46D6", "#FEEE85", "#B79E01", "#FFF7C2" ] }, // x: { domain: [1757, 1947] }, y: { grid: true, label: "↑ Output of each region as percentage of World Ouput", percent: true }, marks: [ Plot.areaY( wDetailLong, Plot.stackY({ ...xy, fill: (d) => `${d.variable}`, title: (d) => `${d.variable}` }) ), Plot.lineY( wDetailLong, Plot.stackY1({ ...xy, stroke: "white", strokeWidth: 2 }) ), Plot.ruleY([0]) ] }); }36:T471,Plot.plot({ height: 800, width: 1300, marginTop: 20, marginBottom: 35, marginLeft: 250, marginRight: 250, x: { //domain: yearsyears, //domain: [1000, 1500, 1700, 1820, 1870, 1913, 1950, 1970, 1990, 2012], tickFormat: formatYear, label: null }, y: { axis: null, domain: [14.5, 1] }, color: { domain: [ "Western Europe", "Eastern Europe", "Russia (+Ukraine/ Belarus/ Moldavia)", "North America", "Latin America", "Northern Africa", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "China", "India", "Japan", "Australia/NZ", "Middle East (incl. Turkey)", "Central Asia", "Other Asian countries" ], range: [ "#BBE7F4", "#3C89A0", "#67C9E7", "#a2a3a4", "#1D2332", "#FCC5C2", "#95433E", "#686A23", "#D5DA58", "#008000", "#4B46D6", "#FEEE85", "#B79E01", "#FFF7C2" ] }, marks: [ bumpMarks(wDetailLong, { x: "year", z: "variable", order: (d) => d.value, // order: "value", reverse: true }) ] })37:T440,// bumpmarks from by Fil function bumpMarks(wDetailLong, { r = 5, curve = "bump-x", ...options }) { options = Plot.stackY2(options); return [ Plot.line(wDetailLong, { ...options, stroke: options.z, curve, fill: null }), Plot.dot(wDetailLong, { ...options, fill: options.z, r, //title: "value" title: (d) => `Output of ${d.variable} in ${d.year}: ${d.value} percent of global total.` }), Plot.text(wDetailLong, { fill: options.z, dy: -6, ...options, text: options.y }), Plot.text( wDetailLong, Plot.selectFirst({ ...options, text: options.z, dx: -(5 + (r || options.strokeWidth / 2)), textAnchor: "end", fill: "currentColor" }) ), Plot.text( wDetailLong, Plot.selectLast({ ...options, text: options.z, dx: 5 + (r || options.strokeWidth / 2), textAnchor: "start", fill: "currentColor" }) ) ]; }38:[{"id":"cebe1a368bf7533317e3ed738ca71c6e44859e06cf6dcde8b028b4d0c41862c6b81e8aecfab011e582649103aaa97ac028a93e046525ed8eddc28575fc1dda74","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/cebe1a368bf7533317e3ed738ca71c6e44859e06cf6dcde8b028b4d0c41862c6b81e8aecfab011e582649103aaa97ac028a93e046525ed8eddc28575fc1dda74","name":"pikLong.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1629154635013.165,"size":815},{"id":"950cb1d4785248d5e54aca74b44c3899224531f4de65bbb961a01c577ecfdc01b7ed4acb43ae01cc06abd6389eb54a0631699687d94bc682efaf9ffc9cfddd3c","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/950cb1d4785248d5e54aca74b44c3899224531f4de65bbb961a01c577ecfdc01b7ed4acb43ae01cc06abd6389eb54a0631699687d94bc682efaf9ffc9cfddd3c","name":"pikUSA_converted.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1629159419218.445,"size":1116},{"id":"c5096b243502effc9ac2403bf0f62b214aa176ab272ebf5cc48287822212c1f2944bce4da112745f2dad73882c01aa9c07723ffb9eee1336451e75f5e6cd7039","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/c5096b243502effc9ac2403bf0f62b214aa176ab272ebf5cc48287822212c1f2944bce4da112745f2dad73882c01aa9c07723ffb9eee1336451e75f5e6cd7039","name":"pikWeuros.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1629247012703.593,"size":750},{"id":"373acc566fff69c38e5f62eed3405c73942c7a863b47927aaaabc43e6bd25372224879e17e05ae98f8299d45c547a0dbbc7ebcdcd7e559da660ef65dba337793","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/373acc566fff69c38e5f62eed3405c73942c7a863b47927aaaabc43e6bd25372224879e17e05ae98f8299d45c547a0dbbc7ebcdcd7e559da660ef65dba337793","name":"WorldOutputDetail.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1629241900879.563,"size":924},{"id":"dee6eb7953fb7f118860c8afa643e46930b2c02b606fb34ef1f9687be62b9de419b62e036f3b12a76ea61fd999bc40203162b49ba5d6048f7c2b7d827f0d56cf","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/dee6eb7953fb7f118860c8afa643e46930b2c02b606fb34ef1f9687be62b9de419b62e036f3b12a76ea61fd999bc40203162b49ba5d6048f7c2b7d827f0d56cf","name":"worldOutputDetailLongNoTotal@1.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1630115986784.131,"size":3754},{"id":"497690d9335c5ab1f6cbaa19dfa76d312aa6635e3b78b284efa741ad85a05a8b5d72ad801f2ccb063b06036f52d9089c4f372d4e84dd96b63a4bafa1395e61ee","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/497690d9335c5ab1f6cbaa19dfa76d312aa6635e3b78b284efa741ad85a05a8b5d72ad801f2ccb063b06036f52d9089c4f372d4e84dd96b63a4bafa1395e61ee","name":"worldOutputLong.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1629229114310.824,"size":687},{"id":"eb5db307c7c8c86bbf533000ad844e8c278bb12a891e148a4a3150b8b828f206c5eb1ca2b0b27afdfa506fdb706c2b7c5208ecd256f68f9dbe8bf3ec9bc11333","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/eb5db307c7c8c86bbf533000ad844e8c278bb12a891e148a4a3150b8b828f206c5eb1ca2b0b27afdfa506fdb706c2b7c5208ecd256f68f9dbe8bf3ec9bc11333","name":"worldOutputDetailLongNoTotal.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1629242557996.285,"size":3888},{"id":"bcfe66baf840b83a40a8292b08199958bf47da5604f3d8657474e5ad0a609b407269a3583a25981f601aaa7d9bfff12785ce49d6b09829d7b32d43d50001d22e","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/bcfe66baf840b83a40a8292b08199958bf47da5604f3d8657474e5ad0a609b407269a3583a25981f601aaa7d9bfff12785ce49d6b09829d7b32d43d50001d22e","name":"Ch1_worldoutputBillionEuros.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1629238069164.84,"size":345}] 32:{"id":"469487c1154d0ddb","slug":"picketty_base","title":"from Piketty: Capital in the 21st Century","thumbnail":"6e76eb09348e5c64410e8ab01e4ffed9ad60d7a601d2646737c477ed04c8e298","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2021-08-16T14:38:23.992Z","update_time":"$D2021-10-07T01:18:35.304Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2021-09-11T20:39:22.776Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"9e093f781fb276b6","login":"rbhttchr","name":"Rini B. Mehta","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/f01f45f328c8f9ea2aea4750f27c601cbe23773858fae2a02593e05c4f1796ee","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":508,"publish_version":508,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"2acec808e73ff66d","login":"rbhttchr","name":"Rini B. Mehta","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/f01f45f328c8f9ea2aea4750f27c601cbe23773858fae2a02593e05c4f1796ee","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"2acec808e73ff66d","login":"rbhttchr","name":"Rini B. Mehta","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/f01f45f328c8f9ea2aea4750f27c601cbe23773858fae2a02593e05c4f1796ee","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":1,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"from Piketty: Capital in the 21st Century","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# *from* Piketty: Capital in the 21st Century \n*Capital in the Twenty-First Century* (French: *Le Capital au XXIe siècle*) is the magnum opus of the French economist Thomas Piketty. It focuses on wealth and income inequality in Europe and the United States since the 18th century. \nThe book's central thesis is that when the rate of return on capital (r) is greater than the rate of economic growth (g) over the long term, the result is concentration of wealth, and this unequal distribution of wealth causes social and economic instability. Piketty proposes a global system of progressive wealth taxes to help reduce inequality and avoid the vast majority of wealth coming under the control of a tiny minority.\n[Source: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century)]\n\n*This notebook is based on data and graphs from the English translation of the book. I have adhered to the original styles of graphs in Piketty's book and website as much as possible.*","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":175,"value":"md`\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":207,"value":" \nThe top decile share in U.S. national income dropped from 45-50% in the 1910s-1920s to less than 35% in the 1950s. It then rose from less than 35% in the 1970s to 45-50% in the 2000s-2010s.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":138,"value":"Plot.plot({\n width: 1000,\n height: 600,\n marginBottom: 80,\n marginTop: 50,\n marginLeft: 50,\n marginRight: 30,\n y: {\n grid: true,\n domain: [25, 50],\n ticks: 6,\n label: \"Share of top decile in percentage of national income\"\n },\n x: {\n ticks: [1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010],\n tickFormat: formatYear,\n //domain: [1910, 2010],\n //ticks: [11],\n // domain: usa.map((d) => d.year),\n tickRotate: 45,\n label:\n \"The top decile income share in the United States (included capital gains) , 1910-2010\"\n },\n\n marks: [\n Plot.lineY(usa, { x: \"year\", y: \"percent\", stroke: \"#000000\" }),\n Plot.dot(usa, {\n x: \"year\",\n y: \"percent\",\n r: 5,\n fill: \"#000000\",\n title: (d) => `USA,\\n${d.year},\\n${d.percent}%`\n })\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":216,"value":"md`\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":219,"value":"--------------------","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":212,"value":" \nAggregate private wealth was worth about 6-7 years of national income in Europe in 1910, between 2 and 3 years in 1950, and between 4 and 6 years in 2010. \nSources and series: see piketty.pse.ens.fr/capital21c. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":285,"value":" Britain \n France \n Germany ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":53,"value":"Plot.plot({\n width: 1000,\n height: 600,\n marginBottom: 80,\n marginTop: 25,\n marginLeft: 50,\n y: {\n grid: true,\n domain: [100, 800],\n ticks: 8,\n label: \"Market value of private capital ( as % of national income)\"\n },\n x: {\n domain: data.map((d) => d.year),\n tickRotate: 45,\n label:\n \"The top decile income share in the United States (included capital gains) , 1910-2010\"\n },\n\n marks: [\n Plot.lineY(data, { x: \"year\", y: \"value\", stroke: \"country\" }),\n Plot.dot(data, {\n x: \"year\",\n y: \"value\",\n r: 5,\n fill: \"country\",\n title: (d) => `${d.country}\\n${d.year}\\n${d.value}\\%`\n })\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":98,"value":"md`\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":434,"value":"md`\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":234,"value":" \nPiketty based his calculations on Angus Maddison's historical series, \"Historical statistics of the world economy 1-2008\" (February 2010) and on official series from the UN and the World Bank for the period 1990-2012 (October 2012). Russia was included in Europe and former Central Asian Republiques and Oceania in Asia. \nSources and series: see piketty.pse.ens.fr/capital21c. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":267,"value":" Europe \n America \n Africa \n Asia","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":241,"value":"Plot.plot({\n marginBottom: 50,\n marginTop: 30,\n marginLeft: 50,\n width: 1000,\n height: 500,\n\n x: {\n tickFormat: formatYear,\n tickRotate: 45,\n label: \"Year\"\n },\n color: {\n domain: [\"Europe\", \"America\", \"Africa\", \"Asia\"],\n range: [\"#57C4E5\", \"#212738\", \"#F97068\", \"#D1D646\"]\n },\n y: {\n grid: true,\n label: \"Percentage of World Output\"\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.areaY(wOutputPercent, {\n x: \"year\",\n y: \"output\",\n fill: (d) => d.country,\n title: (d) => d.country\n }),\n Plot.lineY(\n wOutputPercent,\n Plot.stackY1({\n x: \"year\",\n y: \"output\",\n z: \"country\",\n stroke: \"white\",\n strokeWidth: 2\n })\n ),\n Plot.ruleY([0])\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":311,"value":"Here is the above dataset in tabular form, and in **billion of euros**.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":308,"value":"Inputs.table(wOutpuBillionEuros, {\n format: {\n Year: (d) => `${d}`\n }\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":386,"value":"md`\n\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":389,"value":"------------------------","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":378,"value":" \nPiketty based his calculations on Angus Maddison's historical series, \"Historical statistics of the world economy 1-2008\" (February 2010) and on official series from the UN and the World Bank for the period 1990-2012 (October 2012). \nSources and series: see piketty.pse.ens.fr/capital21c. \n\n*The colors are coded according to Piketty's grouping of regions. *\n ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":411,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":350,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":499,"value":" \nNote how the order of the regions in terms of their percentage share of world's total output keep changing. \nOn the left, the order in 0 C.E.\nOn the right, the order in 2012 C.E.\nSources and series: see piketty.pse.ens.fr/capital21c. \n\n*The colors are coded according to Piketty's grouping of regions. *\n ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":450,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":397,"value":"Here is the above dataset in tabular form, and in **billion of euros**.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":341,"value":"Inputs.table(wOutputDetail, {\n format: {\n Year: (d) => `${d}`\n }\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":277,"value":"md`\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":282,"value":"md`\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":100,"value":"---------------------","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":315,"value":"md`\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":318,"value":"md`\n\n\n\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":50,"value":"data = FileAttachment(\"pikLong.csv\").csv({ typed: true })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":108,"value":"usa = FileAttachment(\"pikUSA_converted.csv\").csv({ typed: true })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":232,"value":"wOutputPercent = FileAttachment(\"worldOutputLong.csv\").csv({ typed: true })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":306,"value":"wOutpuBillionEuros = FileAttachment(\"Ch1_worldoutputBillionEuros.csv\").csv({\n typed: true\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":336,"value":"wOutputDetail = FileAttachment(\"WorldOutputDetail.csv\").csv({ typed: true })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":344,"value":"wDetailLong = FileAttachment(\"worldOutputDetailLongNoTotal@1.csv\").csv({\n typed: true\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":427,"value":"wContinentsEuros = FileAttachment(\"pikWeuros.csv\").csv({ typed: true })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":67,"value":"fmt = (n) => d3.format(\",d\")(n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":69,"value":"formatYear = (year) => `${year}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":80,"value":"html`