3f:null 40:["$","title",null,{"children":"Political Ideologies Mapview | Chris Sabb | Observable"}] 46:T670,## About Data ELI5: NOMINATE is like a game that helps us understand how politicians in a group vote and how they are similar or different from each other. It's like having a big coffee party with lots of biscotti and seeing who likes which cookies the most. Rosenthal and Poole created a way to measure how much politicians like certain cookies (e.g. how much they agree on certain issues) and then put them in a line from the most cookie-loving to the least cookie-loving. The DW-NOMINATE algorithm, which stands for Dynamic Weighted Nominal Three-Step Estimation, is a method used to analyze congressional voting patterns. The algorithm compares congressional role-call votes to determine how similarly members of Congress vote to each other, and quantifies the difference between members' voting patterns using a distance measurement. Members with similar voting patterns are closer together, while those with very different voting patterns are farther away. To visually represent these distances between members, the algorithm uses a technique called multidimensional scaling, which places each member as a point on a two-dimensional plane. Members who share similar ideology will cluster together on this plane, with one dimension roughly corresponding to the traditional left-right political axis and another dimension reflecting differences on more subtle issues, although the first dimension is often more informative than the second. This data is sourced from: Lewis, Jeffrey B., Keith Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Adam Boche, Aaron Rudkin, and Luke Sonnet (2023). *Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database.* https://voteview.com/47:Te55,{ let w = 800; let h = 500; let svg = d3 .create("svg") .attr("width", "100%") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, w, h]); let bins = d3 // and now bin the data .bin() .value((o) => o.ideology) .thresholds(10)(congress); // return bins; let ymax = d3.max(bins, (a) => a.length); let [xmin, xmax] = d3.extent(congress, (o) => o.ideology); let xwidth = xmax - xmin; xmin = xmin - 0.1 * xwidth; xmax = xmax + 0.1 * xwidth; let pad = 50; let x_scale = d3 .scaleLinear() .domain([xmin, xmax]) .range([pad, w - pad]); let y_scale = d3 .scaleLinear() .domain([0, ymax]) .range([h - pad, pad]); let dx = bins[1].x1 - bins[1].x0; svg .append("g") .attr("transform", `translate(${pad})`) .call(d3.axisLeft(y_scale).tickSizeOuter(0)) .call((g) => g .selectAll(".tick line") .clone() .attr("x2", width) .attr("stroke-opacity", 0.2) ); let rect_group = svg .append("g") .attr("stroke", "white") .attr("stroke-width", 3); let politicians = new Map(); rect_group .selectAll("rect") .data(bins) .join("rect") .attr("x", (b) => x_scale(b.x0)) .attr("width", (b) => x_scale(b.x1) - x_scale(b.x0)) .attr("y", (b) => y_scale(b.length)) .attr("height", (b) => y_scale(0) - y_scale(b.length)) .attr("fill", (b) => (b.x0 > 0.0 ? "#D50000" : "darkblue")) // display politician name .on("pointerenter", function (event, b) { d3.select(this).attr("stroke", "black").raise(); // check if a politician has already been assigned to this bar let politician = politicians.get(b); if (!politician) { politician = data.find( (o) => (selected_ideology == "Economic" ? o.nominate_dim1 : o.nominate_dim2) >= b.x0 && (selected_ideology == "Economic" ? o.nominate_dim1 : o.nominate_dim2) <= b.x1 && o.congress === "118" && (selected_chamber === "Both" || o.chamber === selected_chamber) && [ "CA", "TX", "FL", "NY", "PA", "IL", "OH", "GA", "NC", "MI" ].includes(o.state_abbrev) ); if (typeof politician === "undefined") { politician = data.find( (o) => (selected_ideology == "Economic" ? o.nominate_dim1 : o.nominate_dim2) >= b.x0 && (selected_ideology == "Economic" ? o.nominate_dim1 : o.nominate_dim2) <= b.x1 && o.congress === "118" && (selected_chamber === "Both" || o.chamber === selected_chamber) && !politicians.includes(o) ); } politicians.set(b, politician); } let name = format_name(politician.bioname); tippy(this, { content: `${name}`, theme: "light-border", allowHTML: true, maxWidth: 250 }); }) .on("pointerleave", function () { d3.select(this).attr("stroke", "white"); }); let axes_labels = svg.append("g").style("font-size", "12px"); axes_labels .append("text") .attr("x", 1.2 + 20) .attr("y", 1.2 + 25) .text("↑ Frequency"); axes_labels .append("text") .attr("x", w - 4 - 110) .attr("y", h - 1.3 - 15) .text("Ideology →"); svg .append("g") .attr("transform", `translate(0, ${y_scale(0)})`) .call(d3.axisBottom(x_scale).tickSizeOuter(0)); return svg.node(); }48:T570,map = { let w = width; let h = 0.6 * w; let pad = 10; let svg = d3 .create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, w, h]) .style("max-width", `${w}px`); let projection = d3.geoAlbersUsa(); projection.fitExtent( [ [pad, pad], [w - pad, h - pad] ], states ); let path = d3.geoPath().projection(projection); //let color_scale = d3 //.scaleDiverging() //.domain([-1, 0, 1]) //.range([d3.schemeBlues[8][0], d3.schemeBlues[8][4], d3.schemeReds[8][4]]); let color_scale = d3 .scaleDiverging() .domain([-0.3, -0.15, 0.2, 0.35, 0.65]) // darkblue, blue, purple, red, darkred .range(["blue", "blue", "purple", "#C40000", "#C40000"]); svg .append("g") .selectAll("path") .data(states.features) .join("path") .attr("d", path) .attr("fill", "lightgrey") .attr("fill", (d) => color_scale(mapped_ideologies.get(d.properties.STATEFP)) ) .attr("stroke", "black") .attr("stroke-width", 1) .each(function (d) { let state = d.properties.STUSPS; let ideology = mapped_ideologies.get(d.properties.STATEFP); tippy(this, { content: `

${state}: ${ideology}

`, allowHTML: true, theme: "light-border" }); }); svg.node().scale = color_scale; return svg.node(); }49:[{"id":"c0917466006822b00b2e6412e8039e908cc59892651dcfb68d302b56f453a8e73defa11c86b9227183bfebbf5ed2d24144b3246fdc4b49380fc719d48292ae1b","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/c0917466006822b00b2e6412e8039e908cc59892651dcfb68d302b56f453a8e73defa11c86b9227183bfebbf5ed2d24144b3246fdc4b49380fc719d48292ae1b","name":"states.json","type":"application/json","lastModified":1681758789131.004,"size":164626},{"id":"66d69f0c255a42ccfcf15f9fe1892f2853b62f8bf331f40987cd33cb707aec7a381d20d442443a85efbc3af26d34c6f14857db7335985ca6c38fa9c646fbdb29","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/66d69f0c255a42ccfcf15f9fe1892f2853b62f8bf331f40987cd33cb707aec7a381d20d442443a85efbc3af26d34c6f14857db7335985ca6c38fa9c646fbdb29","name":"2023_congress_legislative_idealogies.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681758839769.781,"size":61259},{"id":"8f911ed51659ef0f3487a66665523011189cf338f9efe0721e21be8cebbeb3976bfb3f27bb0eefd93deb1cbdcd459b09d83b7366c4379d1cce0bd8704b0e353f","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/8f911ed51659ef0f3487a66665523011189cf338f9efe0721e21be8cebbeb3976bfb3f27bb0eefd93deb1cbdcd459b09d83b7366c4379d1cce0bd8704b0e353f","name":"1935_congress_legislative_idealogies.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681758839777.356,"size":67048}] 44:{"id":"f318751be649b1fd","slug":"political-ideologies-mapview","title":"Political Ideologies Mapview","thumbnail":"9cc9a29a7b6ca984292df0db1d9e5fa2744912b3de07564bf2f9af4aa7814bc2","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2023-04-17T19:01:23.990Z","update_time":"$D2023-04-20T18:40:38.103Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2023-04-17T19:01:23.990Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":false,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"d3b145490e6bde7c","login":"real-csabb","name":"Chris Sabb","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/12a6cc7102572f5a4ead1fba23d54d2ae89f9cabc8a5b1c7154fead63e01d287","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"CS & Stats student at UNC Asheville. Graduating May 2024 & pursuing data or machine learning engineering. I like big data viz.","following":false},"version":581,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"2264c79b680a4ed7","login":"real-csabb","name":"Chris Sabb","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/12a6cc7102572f5a4ead1fba23d54d2ae89f9cabc8a5b1c7154fead63e01d287","tier":null,"bio":"CS & Stats student at UNC Asheville. Graduating May 2024 & pursuing data or machine learning engineering. I like big data viz.","following":false}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"2264c79b680a4ed7","login":"real-csabb","name":"Chris Sabb","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/12a6cc7102572f5a4ead1fba23d54d2ae89f9cabc8a5b1c7154fead63e01d287","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":{"id":"5c59c479c09e9442","slug":"notable-ddv-assignments","title":"Notable DDV Visualizations","owner":{"id":"d3b145490e6bde7c","login":"real-csabb","name":"Chris Sabb"}},"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"Political Ideologies Mapview","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# Political Ideologies Mapview\n## Created by Chris Sabb","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":10,"value":"$46","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":19,"value":"## Implementation","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":24,"value":"viewof selected_congress = Inputs.select(\n [\"74th Congress (1935-1937)\", \"Current Congress (2023-2025)\"],\n {\n label: \"Congress: \"\n }\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":27,"value":"viewof selected_ideology = Inputs.select([\"Economic\", \"Social\"], {\n label: \"Ideology: \"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":30,"value":"viewof selected_chamber = Inputs.radio([\"House\", \"Senate\", \"Both\"], {\n value: \"Both\",\n label: \"Chamber: \"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":306,"value":"Known issues:\n1. It requires a re-render whenever congress, ideology, or chamber changes.\n2. Has issues reassigning bars to new politicians.\n3. 118th Congress is hardcoded in.\n4. Use API to get data instead so it's up-to-date","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":41,"value":"$47","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":59,"value":"$48","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":291,"value":"## Filter Fields","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":408,"value":"viewof filtered_name = Inputs.text({\n label: \"Name\",\n placeholder: 'E.g. \"Thomas Tillis\" or \"Tillis, Thomas\"'\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":312,"value":"viewof filtered_congress = Inputs.select(\n [\"\", \"74th Congress (1935-1937)\", \"Current Congress (2023-2025)\"],\n {\n value: \"\",\n label: \"Congress: \"\n }\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":329,"value":"viewof filtered_chamber = Inputs.radio([\"House\", \"Senate\", \"Both\"], {\n value: \"Both\",\n label: \"Chamber: \"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":333,"value":"viewof filtered_state = Inputs.text({\n label: \"State\",\n placeholder: 'E.g. \"NC\" or \"NY\"'\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":498,"value":"viewof table = Inputs.table(filtered_results)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":14,"value":"## Dependencies","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":55,"value":"data = {\n let newDealCongress = await FileAttachment(\n \"1935_congress_legislative_idealogies.csv\"\n ).csv();\n\n let currentCongress = await FileAttachment(\n \"2023_congress_legislative_idealogies.csv\"\n ).csv();\n\n return [...newDealCongress, ...currentCongress];\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":51,"value":"states = {\n let states = await FileAttachment(\"states.json\").json();\n states = topojson.feature(states, states.objects.states);\n return states;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":49,"value":"state_fips = new Map(\n states.features.map((d) => {\n return [d.properties.STUSPS, d.properties.STATEFP];\n })\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":83,"value":"function format_name(name) {\n let formattedName = name\n .toLowerCase()\n .replace(/\\b(\\w)/g, (match) => match.toUpperCase())\n .replace(/-(\\w)/g, (match, letter) => `-${letter.toUpperCase()}`);\n\n const words = formattedName.split(\" \");\n for (let i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {\n if (words[i].startsWith(\"Mc\")) {\n words[i] =\n \"Mc\" + words[i].substring(2, 3).toUpperCase() + words[i].substring(3);\n }\n }\n\n formattedName = words.join(\" \");\n\n const [last, ...firstMiddle] = formattedName.split(\", \");\n const firstMiddleString = firstMiddle.join(\" \");\n const [first, ...middle] = firstMiddleString.split(\" \");\n const flippedName = `${first} ${last}`;\n if (middle.length > 0) {\n flippedName += ` ${middle.join(\" \")}`;\n }\n return flippedName;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":516,"value":"function validate_name_input(name) {\n // Split the name into individual words\n const words = name.trim().split(\" \");\n\n // Extract the last name and convert it to uppercase\n const lastName = words.pop().toUpperCase();\n\n // Combine the remaining words with spaces\n const firstName = words.join(\" \");\n\n // Combine the last name and first name with a comma\n const formattedName = `${lastName}, ${firstName}`;\n\n return formattedName;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":47,"value":"congress = {\n return data\n .filter((o) => {\n return selected_congress === \"74th Congress (1935-1937)\"\n ? o.congress == \"74\"\n : o.congress == \"118\";\n })\n .map((o) => {\n return {\n chamber: o.chamber,\n state: o.state_abbrev,\n stateFP: state_fips.get(o.state_abbrev),\n ideology:\n selected_ideology === \"Economic\"\n ? parseFloat(o.nominate_dim1)\n : parseFloat(o.nominate_dim2)\n };\n })\n .filter((o) => {\n return (\n o.chamber !== \"President\" && o.ideology >= -1.0 && o.ideology <= 0.99\n );\n })\n .filter((o) => {\n return selected_chamber === \"Both\"\n ? true\n : o.chamber === selected_chamber;\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":61,"value":"mapped_ideologies = {\n // group congress by stateFP\n const congressByState = d3.group(congress, (d) => d.stateFP);\n //return congressByState;\n\n // compute average ideology for each stateFP\n const ideologyData = new Map(\n Array.from(congressByState.entries()).map(([stateFP, members]) => {\n const totalIdeology = members.reduce(\n (sum, member) => sum + member.ideology,\n 0\n );\n const averageIdeology = (totalIdeology / members.length).toFixed(3);\n return [stateFP, averageIdeology];\n })\n );\n\n return ideologyData;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":44,"value":"tippy = require(\"tippy.js@6\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":420,"value":"filtered_results = {\n let results = data.filter((o) => {\n return (\n (filtered_congress === \"74th Congress (1935-1937)\"\n ? o.congress == \"74\"\n : o.congress == \"118\") &&\n (filtered_chamber === \"Both\" || o.chamber === filtered_chamber) &&\n (filtered_state === \"\" || o.state_abbrev === filtered_state) &&\n (filtered_name === \", \" ||\n o.bioname.includes(validate_name_input(filtered_name)))\n );\n });\n\n return results.map((o) => ({\n name: o.bioname,\n congress: o.congress,\n chamber: o.chamber,\n state: o.state_abbrev,\n district: o.district_code,\n economic_ideology: o.nominate_dim1,\n social_ideology: o.nominate_dim2,\n birth_year: o.born,\n death_year: o.died,\n total_votes: o.nominate_number_of_votes,\n errors: o.nominate_number_of_errors\n }));\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W49","stdlib":"1"}} 45:"$44:body"