3f:null 40:["$","title",null,{"children":"Marks | VisCourse | Observable"}] 46:T4b4,Next we import the data set. **Citation** When referencing the GISTEMP v4 data provided here, please cite both this webpage and also our most recent scholarly publication about the data. In citing the webpage, be sure to include the date of access. GISTEMP Team, 2023: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 20YY-MM-DD at https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/. Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522. Tables of Global and Hemispheric Monthly Means and Zonal Annual Means Combined Land-Surface Air and Sea-Surface Water Temperature Anomalies (Land-Ocean Temperature Index, L-OTI) The following are plain-text files in tabular format of temperature anomalies, i.e. deviations from the corresponding 1951-1980 means. Global-mean monthly, seasonal, and annual means, 1880-present, updated through most recent month: https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/ Based on an example by Andrzej Leszkiewicz @avatorl: https://vega.github.io/vega/examples/warming-stripes/47:T45a,Let's try a range of encodings including:

x: This encoding channel controls the horizontal position of the mark, giving us a quantitative axis scale automatically.
y: The y-channel determines the vertical position of the mark. It's useful for ordinal data types too.
size: Size encoding lets us vary the size of the mark.
color: The color channel brings vibrancy to our visuals by mapping data values to colors.
opacity: Opacity encoding controls the transparency of the marks, helping us manage over-plotting.
shape: Shape encoding lets us choose symbols for point marks.
tooltip: Tooltip encoding offers interactivity by providing information when hovering over a mark.
order: Order encoding influences the drawing order and point connections.
column and row : These channels enable data facets, allowing us to create multiple sub-plots within our visual.

48:T4c9,In Vega-Lite, the interpolate property specifies the interpolation method used for smoothing lines and curves. Here are some of the available interpolate options: - **linear**: Uses linear interpolation between data points. This produces straight line segments between points. - **basis**: Uses cubic basis spline interpolation for smoothing. It tends to create a smoother curve compared to linear interpolation. - **cardinal**: Uses a cardinal spline interpolation that also considers tension. The tension property can be adjusted to control the tightness of the curve. - **monotone**: Uses a monotonic cubic interpolation that ensures the curve is non-decreasing or non-increasing between points. It's often used for data that has a natural ordering, like time series data. - **step-before**: Creates a step-like interpolation, where the value changes at the start of each interval. - **step-after**: Similar to "step-before", but the value changes at the end of each interval. - **basis-open** and **basis-closed**: Variants of the basis spline interpolation for open and closed curves, respectively. - **bundle**: A variant of the basis interpolation that smooths out the curve while maintaining local features.49:[{"id":"6fce59f0f1910d9df0203206ea33ae0dc0f9be2751ed7e83d07f3829a75fa3defd2237791585c0d898b91addb08b943bc4ee45bdb53f56f09c8d813e56d013aa","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/6fce59f0f1910d9df0203206ea33ae0dc0f9be2751ed7e83d07f3829a75fa3defd2237791585c0d898b91addb08b943bc4ee45bdb53f56f09c8d813e56d013aa","name":"Temperature_Anomaly@1.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1692140535307.877,"size":26886}] 44:{"id":"b8b346dbd0fbcc66","slug":"marks","title":"Marks","thumbnail":"0d5669e015909f3c67c7c918bb3f05496fb5b8828704866afd09789562a225fd","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2023-08-15T23:02:15.307Z","update_time":"$D2023-08-16T04:48:39.945Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2023-09-08T16:04:19.697Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":{"id":"5d21541cb8b89536","slug":"encodings","title":"Encodings","owner":{"id":"911f88a404433e08","login":"viscourse","name":"VisCourse"}},"stars":3,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"911f88a404433e08","login":"viscourse","name":"VisCourse","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/a066633218ef6bd4c0e650b7f1f72ec6da49de22f34b42b7585c6ee85b9298f9","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"","following":false},"version":641,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"443971f6948f4234","login":"lacepadilla","name":"Lace Padilla","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9e70ded93d1383211fe69d5551aa0ce50bacdc1a7ad7cf42b7e6b013e4cda60c","tier":null,"bio":"","following":false}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"443971f6948f4234","login":"lacepadilla","name":"Lace Padilla","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9e70ded93d1383211fe69d5551aa0ce50bacdc1a7ad7cf42b7e6b013e4cda60c","tier":null,"role":"editor"},{"type":"team","id":"911f88a404433e08","login":"viscourse","name":"VisCourse","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/a066633218ef6bd4c0e650b7f1f72ec6da49de22f34b42b7585c6ee85b9298f9","tier":"starter_2024","role":"viewer"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":5,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"Marks","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# Marks","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"First we import Vega-lite.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":18,"value":"import {vl} from '@vega/vega-lite-api-v5'","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":20,"value":"$46","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":45,"value":"abTemp = FileAttachment(\"Temperature_Anomaly@1.csv\").csv()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":30,"value":"$47","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":59,"value":"**x and y:** Starting with the x and y encoding channels, these control the position of our marks along the horizontal and vertical axes respectively. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":40,"value":"vl.markPoint()\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly'),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month')\n )\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":205,"value":"vl.markPoint()\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly'),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month'),\n vl.shape().fieldN('Month') //\n )\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":220,"value":"vl.markCircle() //\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly'),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month')\n )\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":243,"value":"vl.markSquare() //\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly'),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month')\n )\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":245,"value":"vl.markTick()//\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly'),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month')\n )\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":247,"value":"vl.markTick({size: 200, thickness: 2})\n .data(abTemp)\n .encode(\n vl.color().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly').scale({\n \"domain\": [-1,0,.05, 1.8],\n \"range\": [\"#0000ff\",\"#88ccff\",\"#f98d5d\", \"#ff0000\"]}),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year')\n )\n .height(200)\n .render()\n","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":277,"value":"Looks a bit like this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warming_stripes","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":215,"value":"vl.markLine()\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly'),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month')\n )\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":228,"value":"$48","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":218,"value":"vl.markLine({interpolate: 'bundle'})\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly'),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month')\n )\n\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":279,"value":"vl.markBar()//\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly'),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month')\n )\n\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":292,"value":"vl.markBar()\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly').stack(null),//\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month'),\n vl.opacity().value(.5)//\n )\n\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":281,"value":"vl.markArea()\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly').stack(null),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month'),\n vl.opacity().value(.5)\n )\n\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":301,"value":"vl.markArea()\n .data(abTemp)\n .transform(\n vl.filter(\"datum.Month == 'Feb' || datum.Month == 'Aug'\"))\n .encode(\n vl.y().fieldQ('Temperature_Anomaly').stack(null),\n vl.x().fieldT('Year'),\n vl.color().fieldN('Month'),\n vl.opacity().value(.5)\n )\n\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":587,"value":"Example from: https://vega.github.io/vega-lite/examples/arc_pie_pyramid.html","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":524,"value":"data = [\n {\"category\": \"Sky\", \"value\": 75, \"order\": 3},\n {\"category\": \"Shady side of a pyramid\", \"value\": 10, \"order\": 1},\n {\"category\": \"Sunny side of a pyramid\", \"value\": 15, \"order\": 2}\n ]","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":548,"value":"vl.markArc()\n .data(data)\n .encode(\n vl.theta().fieldQ('value'),\n vl.color().fieldN('category')\n )\n.render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":559,"value":"vl.markArc()\n .data(data)\n .encode(\n vl.theta().fieldQ('value').scale({\"range\": [2.35619449, 8.639379797]}),\n vl.color().fieldN('category').scale({\n \"domain\": [\"Sky\", \"Shady side of a pyramid\", \"Sunny side of a pyramid\"],\n \"range\": [\"#416D9D\", \"#674028\", \"#DEAC58\"]}),\n vl.order().fieldO('order')\n )\n.render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":591,"value":"vl.markBar()\n .data(data)\n .encode(\n vl.x().fieldQ('value'),\n vl.y().fieldO('order').sort('-x'),\n vl.color().fieldN('category').scale({\n \"domain\": [\"Sky\", \"Shady side of a pyramid\", \"Sunny side of a pyramid\"],\n \"range\": [\"#416D9D\", \"#674028\", \"#DEAC58\"]})\n )\n.render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":608,"value":"vl.markBar()//\n .data(data)\n .encode(\n vl.x().fieldQ('value'),\n vl.color().fieldN('category').scale({\n \"domain\": [\"Sky\", \"Shady side of a pyramid\", \"Sunny side of a pyramid\"],\n \"range\": [\"#416D9D\", \"#674028\", \"#DEAC58\"]}),\n vl.size().value(100), //\n vl.tooltip().fieldN('category') //\n \n )\n .height(110)\n .render()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W49","stdlib":"1"}} 45:"$44:body"