2c:null 2d:["$","title",null,{"children":"Parliament of Singapore Productivity Review | Yin Shanyang | Observable"}] 32:T4cd,md` ## Bills Introduced

	Start	End	% of Votes (Majority Party)	Bills Introduced
11th Parliament	Nov 2006	Apr 2011	66.6%	${ data.filter(({ parliament }) => parliament === '11th').length }
12th Parliament	Oct 2011	Aug 2015	60.1%	${ data.filter(({ parliament }) => parliament === '12th').length }
13th Parliament	Jan 2016	Jun 2020	69.9%	${ data.filter(({ parliament }) => parliament === '13th').length }

`33:T4ed,md` ## Constitutional Amendments Introduced

	Constitution Amendments Introduced
11th Parliament	${ data .filter(({ parliament }) => parliament === '11th') .filter( ({ title }) => title === 'Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill' ).length }
12th Parliament	${ data .filter(({ parliament }) => parliament === '12th') .filter( ({ title }) => title === 'Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill' ).length }
13th Parliament	${ data .filter(({ parliament }) => parliament === '13th') .filter( ({ title }) => title === 'Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill' ).length }

`34:Te71,{ // If I Had More Time, I Would Have Written a Shorter Program // dimensions const _width = Math.min(width, 640); const height = 480; const margin = { top: 16, right: 8, bottom: 24, left: 8 }; // data and scales const x = d3 .scaleLinear() .domain(d3.extent(data.map(({ sittings }) => sittings))) .nice() .range([margin.left, _width - margin.right]); const bins = billsIntroducedByParliaments.map(({ id, bills }) => ({ id, average: bills.reduce((memo, { sittings }) => memo + sittings, 0) / bills.length, bin: d3 .histogram() .domain(x.domain()) .thresholds(x.ticks(x.domain()[1]))(bills.map(({ sittings }) => sittings)) })); const y = d3 .scaleLinear() .domain([0, 80]) .nice() .range([height - margin.bottom, margin.top]); const c = id => { const colors = { '11th': '#5C7080', '12th': '#30404D', '13th': '#182026' }; return colors[id]; }; // axes const xAxis = function(g) { return ( g // .attr("transform", `translate(${x(1) / 2},${height - 10})`) .attr("transform", `translate(0,${height - 16})`) .attr("class", "x axis") .call(d3.axisBottom(x).tickSize(-height + 30)) .call(g => g .append("text") .attr("x", _width - margin.right) .attr("y", -4) .attr("fill", "currentColor") .attr("font-weight", "bold") .attr("text-anchor", "end") .text('Sittings to Pass Bill') ) ); }; // plot const svg = d3.create("svg").attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]); // plot: axes svg.append("g").call(xAxis); svg .selectAll(".axis line") .attr("stroke", "grey") .attr("stroke-dasharray", "1,3"); svg.selectAll(".axis path").style("display", "none"); // plot: average bins.forEach(({ id, average }, index) => { svg .append("g") .append('line') .attr( 'transform', `translate(${x(average)}, ${(index * (height - margin.top - margin.bottom)) / bins.length})` ) .attr('x1', -1) .attr('x2', -1) .attr('y1', 12) .attr('y2', height / 3 - 12) .attr('stroke', '#BFCCD6') .attr('stroke-width', 2) .attr('shape-rendering', 'crispEdges'); svg .append("g") .append('text') .attr( 'transform', `translate(${x(average)}, ${(index * (height - margin.top - margin.bottom)) / bins.length})` ) .attr('dx', 4) .attr('dy', 22) .attr('fill', '#5C7080') .style('font-family', 'sans-serif') .style('font-size', '10px') .text(`avg: ${average.toFixed(2)}`); }); // plot: distribution bins.forEach(({ id, bin }, index) => { svg .append("g") .attr("fill", c(id)) .attr( 'transform', `translate(0, ${(index * (height - margin.top - margin.bottom)) / bins.length})` ) .selectAll("rect") .data(bin) .join("rect") .attr("x", d => x(d.x0) + 1) .attr("width", d => Math.max(0, x(d.x1) - x(d.x0) - 1)) .attr("y", d => y(d.length) / bins.length / 2) .attr("height", d => (y(0) - y(d.length)) / bins.length); }); // plot: parliament labels bins.forEach(({ id }, index) => { svg .append("text") .attr("class", "label") .attr("x", _width - margin.right - 4) .attr( "y", ((index + 0.5) * (height - margin.top - margin.bottom)) / bins.length - 4 ) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("fill", c(id)) .text(id); }); return svg.node(); }35:T129c,{ // If I Had More Time, I Would Have Written a Shorter Program // dimensions const _width = Math.min(640, width); const height = 480; const margin = { top: 16, right: 8, bottom: 24, left: 8 }; // data and scales const x = d3 .scaleLinear() .domain([0, 100]) .nice() .clamp(true) .range([margin.left, _width - margin.right]); const bins = billsIntroducedByParliaments.map(({ id, bills }) => ({ id, average: bills.reduce((memo, { pages, sittings }) => memo + pages / sittings, 0) / bills.length, averagePages: bills.reduce((memo, { pages }) => memo + pages, 0) / bills.length, bin: d3 .histogram() .domain([0, 150]) .thresholds(x.ticks(90))( bills.map(({ pages, sittings }) => pages / sittings) ) })); const y = d3 .scaleLinear() .domain([0, 60]) .nice() .range([height - margin.bottom, margin.top]); const c = id => { const colors = { '11th': '#5C7080', '12th': '#30404D', '13th': '#182026' }; return colors[id]; }; // axes const xAxis = function(g) { return ( g // .attr("transform", `translate(${x(1) / 2},${height - 10})`) .attr("transform", `translate(0,${height - 16})`) .attr("class", "x axis") .call(d3.axisBottom(x).tickSize(-height + 30)) .call(g => g .append("text") .attr("x", _width - margin.right) .attr("y", -4) .attr("fill", "currentColor") .attr("font-weight", "bold") .attr("text-anchor", "end") .text('Pages of Bill Read, per Sitting') ) ); }; // plot const svg = d3.create("svg").attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, height]); // plot: axes svg.append("g").call(xAxis); svg .selectAll(".axis line") .attr("stroke", "grey") .attr("stroke-dasharray", "1,3"); svg.selectAll(".axis path").style("display", "none"); // plot: average bins.forEach(({ id, average, averagePages }, index) => { // average: pages per sitting svg .append("g") .append('line') .attr( 'transform', `translate(${x(average)}, ${(index * (height - margin.top - margin.bottom)) / bins.length})` ) .attr('x1', -1) .attr('x2', -1) .attr('y1', 12) .attr('y2', height / 3 - 12) .attr('stroke', '#BFCCD6') .attr('stroke-width', 2) .attr('shape-rendering', 'crispEdges'); svg .append("g") .append('text') .attr( 'transform', `translate(${x(average)}, ${(index * (height - margin.top - margin.bottom)) / bins.length})` ) .attr('dx', 4) .attr('dy', 22) .attr('fill', '#5C7080') .style('font-family', 'sans-serif') .style('font-size', '10px') .text(`avg. speed: ${average.toFixed(2)}`); // average: pages per bill svg .append("g") .append('line') .attr( 'transform', `translate(${x(averagePages)}, ${(index * (height - margin.top - margin.bottom)) / bins.length})` ) .attr('x1', -1) .attr('x2', -1) .attr('y1', 12) .attr('y2', height / 3 - 12) .attr('stroke', '#BFCCD6') .attr('stroke-width', 2) .attr('shape-rendering', 'crispEdges'); svg .append("g") .append('text') .attr( 'transform', `translate(${x(averagePages)}, ${(index * (height - margin.top - margin.bottom)) / bins.length + 10})` ) .attr('dx', 4) .attr('dy', 22) .attr('fill', '#5C7080') .style('font-family', 'sans-serif') .style('font-size', '10px') .text(`avg. length: ${averagePages.toFixed(2)}`); }); // plot: distribution bins.forEach(({ id, bin }, index) => { svg .append("g") .attr("fill", c(id)) .attr( 'transform', `translate(0, ${(index * (height - margin.top - margin.bottom)) / bins.length})` ) .selectAll("rect") .data(bin) .join("rect") .attr("x", d => x(d.x0) + 1) .attr("width", d => Math.max(0, x(d.x1) - x(d.x0) - 1)) .attr("y", d => y(d.length) / bins.length / 2) .attr("height", d => (y(0) - y(d.length)) / bins.length); }); // plot: parliament labels bins.forEach(({ id }, index) => { svg .append("text") .attr("class", "label") .attr("x", _width - margin.right - 4) .attr( "y", ((index + 0.5) * (height - margin.top - margin.bottom)) / bins.length - 4 ) .attr("text-anchor", "end") .attr("fill", c(id)) .text(id); }); return svg.node(); }36:[{"id":"6c792ec0dc9ea0bcbb9ff53c183c157d9a6cce8230a108d5ac5237b706bffa96487983797e95175e84fe713817f74071bb04ae31ccf40abac8a85386bf4cc981","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/6c792ec0dc9ea0bcbb9ff53c183c157d9a6cce8230a108d5ac5237b706bffa96487983797e95175e84fe713817f74071bb04ae31ccf40abac8a85386bf4cc981","name":"sittings@1.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1594127047335.442,"size":4679},{"id":"da9eff5ac13cf256379e2d7ef90bea0f323a438e83b6f847327d8ffe1fecb76abe0a4505319a98c30b5585f35372860e6d34793d3c9fe94a1d656e5932a8ca78","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/da9eff5ac13cf256379e2d7ef90bea0f323a438e83b6f847327d8ffe1fecb76abe0a4505319a98c30b5585f35372860e6d34793d3c9fe94a1d656e5932a8ca78","name":"bills@1.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1594127048062.425,"size":101231},{"id":"19d378b75549ff3301b794d78e146f32b962c1999220424d67ccc1856c523210d71525384c439f2c4a236bdfd64df6f83ae75e228675b5b9311067877ef5aa39","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/19d378b75549ff3301b794d78e146f32b962c1999220424d67ccc1856c523210d71525384c439f2c4a236bdfd64df6f83ae75e228675b5b9311067877ef5aa39","name":"parliaments@1.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1594127048031.036,"size":94}] 30:{"id":"f3a5104d52cec941","slug":"parliament-of-singaporeproductivity-review","title":"Parliament of Singapore Productivity Review","thumbnail":"a2511f0517ebb487f329d160d23f3659be88305c3183b363cfff9c267c7ba0f0","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2020-07-07T13:02:36.209Z","update_time":"$D2020-07-08T09:37:57.677Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2020-07-08T07:23:00.707Z","fork":false,"stars":1,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"b42ac8f55e8d78d5","login":"yinshanyang","name":"Yin Shanyang","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/8f9792778aa7da8974c2b5d32ed6619496c1a4877e1474e9c1b1e6f9649e10a7","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":1081,"publish_version":1081,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"3492c6abc44dfe72","login":"yinshanyang","name":"Yin Shanyang","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/8f9792778aa7da8974c2b5d32ed6619496c1a4877e1474e9c1b1e6f9649e10a7","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"3492c6abc44dfe72","login":"yinshanyang","name":"Yin Shanyang","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/8f9792778aa7da8974c2b5d32ed6619496c1a4877e1474e9c1b1e6f9649e10a7","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"subscribed":null,"forks":1,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"Parliament of Singapore Productivity Review","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`\n# **Parliament of Singapore**
*Productivity Review*\n\nFacing the challenge of global competition and the everchanging global landscape, Singapore seeks to maintain its edge through the gospel of productivity. With the 13th Parliament of Singapore dissolved, it is an opportune time between parliaments to present the productivity review of the outgoing parliament, and its predecessors. \n\nSurveying bills introduced and passed by the 11th, 12th and 13th Parliaments, we will assess and review the trends and shifts in productivity between the three parliaments. \n\n*All data sourced from [Parliamentary Business, Parliament of Singapore](https://www.parliament.gov.sg/parliamentary-business/).*\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":463,"value":"md`

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":79,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":871,"value":"md`\nWith a central role of parliament being to make new laws as well as making changes to existing legislation, it is but natural that we start the productivity review with the time tested measure of bills introduced.\n\nAt the conclusion of its term, the 13th Parliament has definitively outperformed previous parliaments in the number of bills introduced, displaying a 31.0% increase over the 11th Parliament and a whopping 41.5% increase over its immedidate predecessor the 12th Parliament, which incidentally also had the lowest mandate of the three parliaments reviewed.\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":704,"value":"md`

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":707,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":882,"value":"md`\nWhilst ordinary bills only require the approval of at least a simple majority of all MPs present and voting, bills amending the Constitution of Singapore require a supermajority of at least two-thirds of all elected MPs, thus upholding the rigidity of Singapore’s Constitution.\n\nUnfortunately, the 13th Parliament was unable to translate its stellar performance to the department of constitutional amendments. Only slightly outperforming the 12th Parliament, and performing on par with the 11th Parliament.\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":469,"value":"md`

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":92,"value":"md`\n## Time in Parliament\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":48,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":398,"value":"viewof include2020 = checkbox({\n options: [{ value: 'toggle', label: 'Include bills introduced in 2020' }],\n value: 'toggle'\n // description:\n // 'We might want to exclude bills introduced in 2020 due the increased number of urgent bills as a result of COVID-19.'\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":845,"value":"md`\nDespite the underwhelming performance in introducing constitutional amendments, the 13th Parliament smashes expectations when it comes to the productivity and efficiency of passing bills.\n\nTypically requiring a second and third hearing before a bill is passed, the 13th Parliament has brought the average number of sittings per bill passed down to a low of 4.34, an outstanding 11.8% improvement over the 12th Parliament which took an average of 4.92 sittings to pass a bill.\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":674,"value":"md`

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":671,"value":"md`\n## Reading Speed\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":589,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":848,"value":"md`\nA survey across the three parliaments reveals a trend towards lengthier bills, notably a growth of 21.3% in average pages per bill passed between the 11th and 12th Parliaments, and a further 24.3% growth between the 12th and 13th Parliaments. Resulting in an overall growth of 50.7% between the 11th and 13th Parliaments.\n\nAdapting to this changing landscape, the 13th Parliament has displayed phenomenal productivity gains. Compared against the 11th Parliament, the 13th Parliament has increased its reading speeds by an exceptional 72.2%, up from 8.95 pages read per sitting to 15.41 pages read per sitting. This growth rate in reading speed even outpaces the growth rate of average bill page count over the same period of time.\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":893,"value":"md`

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":896,"value":"md`\n## Summary\n\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n

	vs. 11th Parliament	vs. 12th Parliament
Bill Introduced	31.0%	41.5%
Constitutional Amendments Introduced	0.0%	50.0%
Time Taken to Pass Bills	7.5%	11.8%
Reading Speed	72.2%	49.8%

\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":1023,"value":"md`\nFacing the pressure of global competition and the uncertainty brought forth by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative for Singapore to maintain a constant growth in its productivity levels.\n\nIn this regard, the 13th Parliament has demonstrated the way forward. Displaying remarkable productivity growth over its predecessors in almost every measure.\n\nLooking forward, we speculate that a strengthening mandate would likely result in a proportional increase in productivity from future parliaments.\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":580,"value":"md`

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":805,"value":"md`

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":809,"value":"md`

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":584,"value":"md`\n## *Appendix*
Bills in Detail\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":568,"value":"viewof filterParliaments = checkbox({\n title: 'Filter by Parliament',\n options: [\n { value: '11th', label: '11th Parliament' },\n { value: '12th', label: '12th Parliament' },\n { value: '13th', label: '13th Parliament' }\n ],\n value: ['11th', '12th', '13th']\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":740,"value":"viewof filterSittings = rangeSlider({\n title: 'Filter by Number of Sittings',\n min: 1,\n max: 19,\n value: this ? this.value : [1, 19],\n step: 1\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":515,"value":"{\n const rows = data\n .filter(({ passed }) => passed)\n .filter(({ parliament }) => filterParliaments.includes(parliament))\n .filter(\n ({ sittings }) =>\n filterSittings[0] <= sittings && filterSittings[1] >= sittings\n )\n .map(({ title, source, parliament, pages, sittings }) => ({\n parliament,\n title: `${title.trim()}|${source}`,\n pages,\n sittings\n }));\n\n return rows.length\n ? table(rows, {\n style: 'compact',\n sortable: true,\n paged: 50,\n columns: {\n parliament: {\n title: '',\n formatter: value =>\n html`${value}`\n },\n title: {\n title: 'Bill',\n formatter(value) {\n const [title, source] = value.split('|');\n return html`${title}`;\n }\n }\n }\n })\n : md`No results.`;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":812,"value":"md`

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":102,"value":"md`---`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":815,"value":"md`

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":20,"value":"md`\nDATA\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":160,"value":"billsIntroducedByParliaments = include2020\n ? parliaments.map(({ id }) => ({\n id,\n bills: data\n .filter(({ passed }) => passed)\n .filter(({ parliament }) => parliament === id)\n }))\n : parliaments.map(({ id }) => ({\n id,\n bills: data\n .filter(({ passed }) => passed)\n .filter(\n ({ date_introduced }) => date_introduced.format('YYYY') < '2020'\n )\n .filter(({ parliament }) => parliament === id)\n }))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":53,"value":"data = bills.map(bill => {\n const { date_introduced, date_passed } = bill;\n const passed = !!bill.date_passed;\n const parliament = (\n parliaments.find(\n ({ start, end }) => +date_introduced >= +start && +date_introduced <= +end\n ) || { id: null }\n ).id;\n const days = date_passed ? date_passed.diff(date_introduced, 'days') : null;\n const _sittings = date_passed\n ? sittings.filter(\n ({ date }) => +date >= +date_introduced && +date <= +date_passed\n ).length\n : null;\n return {\n ...bill,\n passed,\n parliament,\n days,\n sittings: _sittings\n };\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":24,"value":"bills = d3\n .csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"bills@1.csv\").text())\n .map(({ date_introduced, date_passed, pages, ...rest }) => ({\n ...rest,\n date_introduced: moment(date_introduced),\n date_passed: date_passed && moment(date_passed),\n pages: +pages\n }))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":34,"value":"sittings = d3\n .csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"sittings@1.csv\").text())\n .map(({ date }) => ({ date: moment(date) }))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":37,"value":"parliaments = d3\n .csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"parliaments@1.csv\").text())\n .map(({ id, start, end }) => ({\n id,\n start: moment(start),\n end: moment(end)\n }))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":2,"value":"md`\nIMPORTS\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":16,"value":"d3 = require('d3')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":40,"value":"moment = require('moment')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":394,"value":"import { checkbox } from '@jashkenas/inputs'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":512,"value":"import { table } from \"@tmcw/tables@513\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":737,"value":"import { rangeSlider } from '@mootari/range-slider'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W36","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 31:"$30:body"