40:null 41:["$","title",null,{"children":"Discover Solutions | Ethiopian Adaptation Atlas | Observable"}] 47:T88a,practiceGraph = { // Aggregate data by practice const practiceMap = new Map(); data_extendedTable2_total.forEach((d) => { if (!practiceMap.has(d.practice)) { practiceMap.set(d.practice, { practice: d.practice, observations: 0 }); } practiceMap.get(d.practice).observations += d.observations; }); const data = Array.from(practiceMap.values()); const colorFill = "#216729"; const selectedPractice = selectPracticeInterventions?.field || null; const langLook = { obs: Lang.toSentenceCase( _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) ) }; const y = (d) => _lang(td.Practice.values?.[d]); return Plot.plot({ width: 900, height: 700, marginLeft: 190, marginRight: 50, marginTop: 60, x: { tickFormat: "s", axis: "top", label: langLook.obs, labelOffset: 40, labelAnchor: "center", labelArrow: "none", grid: true }, y: { label: null, tickSize: 0 }, marks: [ // main y-axis Plot.axisY({ tickSize: 0 }), // zero point Plot.ruleX([0], { stroke: "#333", strokeDasharray: [4] }), Plot.barX(data, { x: "observations", y: (d) => y(d.practice), sort: { y: "x", reverse: true }, fill: colorFill, title: (d) => `${y(d.practice)}\n${langLook.obs}: ${d3.format(",")(d.observations)}` }), ...(selectedPractice ? [ Plot.barX( data.filter((d) => d.practice === selectedPractice), { x: "observations", y: (d) => y(d.practice), fill: "#F7D732", stroke: "#333", strokeWidth: 2, title: (d) => `${y(d.practice)}\n${langLook.obs}: ${d3.format(",")(d.observations)}` } ) ] : []), Plot.textX( data, Plot.map( { text: (v) => v.map((d) => `${d3.format(".2s")(d)} obs.`) }, { x: "observations", y: (d) => y(d.practice), text: "observations", textAnchor: "start", dx: 5, fill: "#333" } ) ) ] }); }48:Tc3d,viewof exportInterventionsDownload = { const t = nbText.export.interventions; // Grab the rendered chart from the _8 cell const chartNode = practiceGraph; // depends on the parent chart cell const svg = chartNode instanceof SVGElement ? chartNode : chartNode?.querySelector?.('svg'); if (!svg) { console.error('No SVG found in _8 output'); return html`

${_lang(t.chartNotFound)}

`; } const toSvgBlob = () => { const clone = svg.cloneNode(true); const s = new XMLSerializer(); return new Blob([s.serializeToString(clone)], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); }; const toRaster = (format) => new Promise((resolve, reject) => { const svgBlob = toSvgBlob(); const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob); const img = new Image(); const { width = 900, height = 700 } = svg.getBoundingClientRect(); const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); canvas.width = width; canvas.height = height; const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); if (format === 'jpeg') { ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); } img.onload = () => { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); URL.revokeObjectURL(url); canvas.toBlob( (blob) => (blob ? resolve(blob) : reject(new Error('No blob'))), format === 'png' ? 'image/png' : 'image/jpeg', format === 'jpeg' ? 0.92 : 1.0 ); }; img.onerror = (e) => reject(e); img.src = url; }); const downloadBlob = (blob, filename) => { const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob); const a = document.createElement('a'); a.href = url; a.download = filename; a.style.display = 'none'; document.body.appendChild(a); a.click(); document.body.removeChild(a); setTimeout(() => URL.revokeObjectURL(url), 100); }; const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (!format) return; try { const ts = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `interventions-chart-${ts}.${format}`; if (format === 'svg') { downloadBlob(toSvgBlob(), filename); } else { const blob = await toRaster(format); downloadBlob(blob, filename); } } catch (err) { console.error('Export failed:', err); } finally { event.target.value = ''; } }; return html`

${_lang(t.title)}

${select}

${_lang(t.hint)}

`; } 49:T6f6,indigenousKnowledgePanel = { const selectedPractice = selectPracticeInterventions?.field; if (!selectedPractice) { return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.title)}

${md`Select a practice from the chart above to view related indigenous knowledge and traditional practices.`}

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.title)}

${md`Indigenous knowledge for **${selectedPractice}** is not yet available.`}

`; } return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.title)}: ${_lang(knowledge.title)}

${md`${_lang(knowledge.description)}`}

`; } 4a:Tb6d,viewof selectSubspeciesMeanDiff_new = { const selectedCrop = selectCropMeanDiff_new?.field; // Only show sub-species for Maize, Wheat, and Teff const cropsWithSubspecies = ['Maize', 'Wheat', 'Teff']; if (!selectedCrop || !cropsWithSubspecies.includes(selectedCrop)) { // Return empty dropdown for crops without sub-species return Inputs.select([], { label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.variety), format: (x) => x ? _lang(x.translation) : '' }); } // Check if data is valid if (!data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_new || !Array.isArray(data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_new)) { return Inputs.select([], { label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.variety), format: (x) => x ? _lang(x.translation) : '' }); } // Get sub-species for the selected crop const allCrops = data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_new .filter((d) => d && d.Crop && typeof d.Crop === 'string') .map((d) => d.Crop); // Debug: Log all crops and filtered sub-species if (typeof console !== 'undefined') { const wheatSubspecies = allCrops.filter(c => c && c.startsWith('Wheat-')); } const uniqueSubspecies = [...new Set( data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_new .filter((d) => d && d.Crop && typeof d.Crop === 'string' && d.Crop.startsWith(selectedCrop + '-')) .map((d) => d.Crop) )]; const subspecies = uniqueSubspecies.map((d) => { const translation = td.Crop.values?.[d]; // Ensure we always have a valid translation object // Translation objects can have 'en', 'am', 'fr', etc. const finalTranslation = translation && typeof translation === 'object' && Object.keys(translation).length > 0 ? translation : { en: d, am: d }; return { field: d, translation: finalTranslation }; }).sort((a, b) => { const aText = _lang(a.translation); const bText = _lang(b.translation); return aText > bText ? 1 : aText < bText ? -1 : 0; }); // Add "None" option as default const nullValue = { field: null, translation: nbText.inputs.defaults.variety }; const inputData = [nullValue, ...subspecies]; return Inputs.select(inputData, { label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.variety), value: nullValue, format: (x) => { if (!x) { if (typeof console !== 'undefined') console.log('Format: x is null/undefined'); return ''; } // Handle null value if (x.field === null) { const result = _lang(x.translation); return result; } // Handle sub-species with translation if (x.translation && typeof x.translation === 'object') { const translated = _lang(x.translation); const result = translated || x.field || ''; return result; } // Fallback to field name const result = x.field || ''; return result; } }); } 4b:T1b13,meanDifferenceChart = { const selectedCrop = selectCropMeanDiff_new.field; const selectedSubspecies = selectSubspeciesMeanDiff_new?.field; const filterCrop = selectedSubspecies || selectedCrop; const plotData = data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_new.filter( (d) => d.Crop === filterCrop ); const marginBottom = 0; const marginTop = 60; const yHeight = 25; const height = marginTop + marginBottom + d3.group(plotData, (d) => d.Practice).size * yHeight; const _formatNum = formatNum; const _toggleCIs = toggleCIsCrop_new; const _radioSort = radioSortDotPlotCrop_new; const selectedPractice = selectPracticeMeanDiff?.field || null; // Debug: Log selected practice (visible in console) if (typeof console !== 'undefined') { console.log('_15 Debug - selectPracticeMeanDiff:', selectPracticeMeanDiff); console.log('_15 Debug - selectedPractice:', selectedPractice); } const langLookup = { xLabel: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.labels.xMeanDiff), tooltip: { aez: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.tooltips.aez), meanDiff: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.tooltips.meanDiff), meanControl: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.tooltips.meanControl), crop: Lang.toSentenceCase(_lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.crop.singular)), ciLo: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.tooltips.ciLower), ciHi: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.tooltips.ciUpper), obs: Lang.toSentenceCase(_lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural)), practice: Lang.toSentenceCase(_lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.practice.singular)) } } const y = (d) => _lang(td.Practice.values?.[d]); return Plot.plot({ height, marginBottom, marginTop, marginLeft: 200, marginRight: 70, width: 900, x: { axis: "top", nice: true, grid: true, label: langLookup.xLabel, labelAnchor: "center", labelOffset: 40, labelArrow: "none" }, y: { tickSize: 0, label: null }, color: { range: colorYellowGreen }, marks: [ // main y-axis Plot.axisY({ tickSize: 0 }), // pointer white-out Plot.axisY( Plot.pointerY({ fill: "white", textStroke: "white", textStrokeWidth: 2, tickSize: 0 }) ), // bold pointer Plot.axisY( Plot.pointerY({ fontWeight: "bold", tickSize: 0 }) ), // zero point Plot.ruleX([0], { stroke: "#333", strokeDasharray: [4] }), // span lines: CI Plot.ruleY(_toggleCIs.length > 0 ? plotData : [], { y: (d) => y(d.Practice), x1: (d) => d.Lower, x2: (d) => d.Upper, stroke: "#333" }), // mean diff dots Plot.dot(plotData.filter((d) => !selectedPractice || d.Practice !== selectedPractice), { x: "Mean_Difference", y: (d) => y(d.Practice), sort: { y: _radioSort.channel, reverse: _radioSort.reverse }, fill: (d) => d.Mean_Difference, r: 8, stroke: "#fff", strokeWidth: 0.7, channels: { nObs: { value: "N_Obs" }, prac: { value: (d) => y(d.Practice), }, crop: { value: "Crop" }, diff: { label: langLookup.tooltip.meanDiff, value: "Mean_Difference" }, control: { label: langLookup.tooltip.meanControl, value: 'Mean_Control', }, ciLow: { label: langLookup.tooltip.ciLo, value: "Lower" }, ciHigh: { label: langLookup.tooltip.ciHi, value: "Upper" } }, tip: { format: { x: false, y: false, fill: false, prac: false, crop: false, nObs: false, diff: (d) => _formatNum(d), control: (d) => _formatNum(d), ciLow: (d) => _formatNum(d), ciHigh: (d) => _formatNum(d) } } }), // selected practice highlight ...(selectedPractice ? [ Plot.dot( plotData.filter((d) => d.Practice === selectedPractice), { x: "Mean_Difference", y: (d) => y(d.Practice), fill: (d) => d.Mean_Difference, r: 10, stroke: "#F7D732", strokeWidth: 3, channels: { nObs: { value: "N_Obs" }, prac: { value: (d) => y(d.Practice), }, crop: { value: "Crop" }, diff: { label: langLookup.tooltip.meanDiff, value: "Mean_Difference" }, control: { label: langLookup.tooltip.meanControl, value: 'Mean_Control', }, ciLow: { label: langLookup.tooltip.ciLo, value: "Lower" }, ciHigh: { label: langLookup.tooltip.ciHi, value: "Upper" } }, tip: { format: { x: false, y: false, fill: false, prac: false, crop: false, nObs: false, diff: (d) => _formatNum(d), control: (d) => _formatNum(d), ciLow: (d) => _formatNum(d), ciHigh: (d) => _formatNum(d) } } } ) ] : []), // dot highlight on hover Plot.dot(plotData, Plot.pointer({ x: "Mean_Difference", y: (d) => y(d.Practice), r: 8, stroke: "#333", strokeWidth: 0.7, channels: { nObs: { label: "# Observations", value: "N_Obs" }, } })), // observation counts Plot.textY(plotData, { y: (d) => y(d.Practice), text: (d) => d.N_Obs + " obs.", frameAnchor: "right", textAnchor: "start", dx: 16 }), // counts white-out Plot.textY( plotData, Plot.pointerY({ y: (d) => y(d.Practice), text: (d) => d.N_Obs + " obs.", fill: "white", stroke: "white", strokeWidth: 2, frameAnchor: "right", textAnchor: "start", dx: 16 }) ), // counts bold hover Plot.textY( plotData, Plot.pointerY({ y: (d) => y(d.Practice), text: (d) => d.N_Obs + " obs.", fontWeight: "bold", frameAnchor: "right", textAnchor: "start", dx: 16 }) ) ] }); } 4c:Tbf5,viewof exportMeanDiffDownload = { const t = nbText.export.meanDiff; // Grab the rendered chart from the _15 cell const chartNode = meanDifferenceChart; // if your chart cell has a different name, replace _15 const svg = chartNode instanceof SVGElement ? chartNode : chartNode?.querySelector?.('svg'); if (!svg) { console.error('No SVG found in _15 output'); return html`

${_lang(t.chartNotFound)}

`; } const toSvgBlob = () => { const clone = svg.cloneNode(true); const s = new XMLSerializer(); return new Blob([s.serializeToString(clone)], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); }; const toRaster = (format) => new Promise((resolve, reject) => { const svgBlob = toSvgBlob(); const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob); const img = new Image(); const { width = 900, height = 700 } = svg.getBoundingClientRect(); const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); canvas.width = width; canvas.height = height; const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); if (format === 'jpeg') { ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); } img.onload = () => { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); URL.revokeObjectURL(url); canvas.toBlob( (blob) => (blob ? resolve(blob) : reject(new Error('No blob'))), format === 'png' ? 'image/png' : 'image/jpeg', format === 'jpeg' ? 0.92 : 1.0 ); }; img.onerror = (e) => reject(e); img.src = url; }); const downloadBlob = (blob, filename) => { const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob); const a = document.createElement('a'); a.href = url; a.download = filename; a.style.display = 'none'; document.body.appendChild(a); a.click(); document.body.removeChild(a); setTimeout(() => URL.revokeObjectURL(url), 100); }; const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (!format) return; try { const ts = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `mean-difference-chart-${ts}.${format}`; if (format === 'svg') { downloadBlob(toSvgBlob(), filename); } else { const blob = await toRaster(format); downloadBlob(blob, filename); } } catch (err) { console.error('Export failed:', err); } finally { event.target.value = ''; } }; return html`

${_lang(t.title)}

${select}

`; } 4d:T9e0,indigenousKnowledgePanelMeanDiff= { const selectedPractice = selectPracticeMeanDiff?.field; if (!selectedPractice) { return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.meanDifference?.title)}

${md`Select a practice from the chart above to view related traditional practices for yield improvement.`}

`; } // Normalize the practice name for lookup const normalizePracticeName = (name) => { if (!name) return ''; return name.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' '); }; const normalizedSelected = normalizePracticeName(selectedPractice); // Debug: Log the lookup if (typeof console !== 'undefined') { console.log('Indigenous Knowledge Panel - selectedPractice:', selectedPractice); console.log('Indigenous Knowledge Panel - normalizedSelected:', normalizedSelected); console.log('Available practice keys:', Object.keys(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.meanDifference.practices || {})); } // Try exact match first let knowledge = nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.meanDifference.practices[selectedPractice]; // If no exact match, try normalized match if (!knowledge) { const availableKeys = Object.keys(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.meanDifference.practices || {}); const matchedKey = availableKeys.find(key => { const normalizedKey = normalizePracticeName(key); return normalizedKey === normalizedSelected || key.toLowerCase() === selectedPractice.toLowerCase() || normalizedKey.toLowerCase() === normalizedSelected.toLowerCase(); }); if (matchedKey) { knowledge = nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.meanDifference.practices[matchedKey]; if (typeof console !== 'undefined') { console.log('Found match via normalization:', matchedKey); } } } if (!knowledge) { if (typeof console !== 'undefined') { console.warn('No knowledge found for practice:', selectedPractice); } return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.meanDifference.title)}

${md`Traditional knowledge for **${selectedPractice}** in the context of yield improvement is not yet available.`}

`; } return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.meanDifference.title)}: ${_lang(knowledge.title)}

${md`${_lang(knowledge.description)}`}

`; }4e:T14d0,{ const langRoot = nbText; const langBasePath = langRoot.practicalImpact.meanCropDiff.insights; // base path for language const data = data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_new; const selectedCrop = selectCropMeanDiff_new.field; const selectedSubspecies = selectSubspeciesMeanDiff_new?.field; const selection = selectedSubspecies || selectedCrop; const tl_crop = (crop) => _lang(td.Crop.values?.[crop]); const tl_crop_article = (crop) => _lang(td.Crop_with_articles.values?.[crop]); const tl_prac = (prac) => _lang(td.Practice.values?.[prac]); // top 5 crops by unique practices (exclude sub-species) const top5CropsByPractices = T.tidy( data.filter((d) => !d?.Crop?.includes('-001') && !d?.Crop?.includes('-002')), T.count(["Crop"]), T.arrange(T.desc("n")), T.sliceHead(5) ); const top5CropsByPracticesString = top5CropsByPractices .map((d, i) => { if (i == top5CropsByPractices.length - 1) return `and **${tl_crop(d.Crop)}**`; return `**${tl_crop(d.Crop)}**`; }) .join(", "); const langTop5 = _lang(langBasePath.top5); const langTop5Format = langTop5.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion("top5CropsByPracticesString"), top5CropsByPracticesString ); const insightTop5 = md`${langTop5Format}`; // crop selection const filterCrop = selection; const dataCrop = T.tidy( data, T.filter((d) => d.Crop == filterCrop) ); // crop overview const cropOverview = T.tidy( dataCrop, T.summarize({ totalObs: T.sum("N_Obs"), totalPractices: T.n() }) )?.[0]; const langCropOverview = _lang(langBasePath.cropOverview); const langCropOverviewItems = [ { insertName: "selectedCrop", value: tl_crop_article(filterCrop) }, { insertName: "totalObs", value: formatComma(cropOverview.totalObs) }, { insertName: "totalPractices", value: cropOverview.totalPractices } ]; const insightCropOverview = langCropOverviewItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langCropOverview); // positive yield const cropPositive = T.tidy( dataCrop, T.filter((d) => d.Mean_Difference > 0) )?.length; const langCropPositive = _lang(langBasePath.cropPositive.main); const langCropSubstring = `**${cropPositive}** ${ cropPositive == 1 ? _lang(langBasePath.cropPositive.singular) : _lang(langBasePath.cropPositive.plural) }`; const insightCropPositive = langCropPositive.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion("cropPositiveText"), langCropSubstring ); // top for selected crop const n = 2; // # top crops to include const topCrop = T.tidy( dataCrop, T.sliceMax(n, "Mean_Difference"), T.arrange(T.desc("Mean_Difference")) ); const diff1 = topCrop?.[0]; const diff2 = topCrop?.[1]; const langDiffFirst = _lang(langBasePath.diffFirst.main); const langDiffFirst_incDec = diff1.Mean_Difference >= 0 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.increase) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.decrease); const langDiffFirst_observations = diff1.N_Obs; const langDiffFirstItems = [ { insertName: "practice", value: tl_prac(diff1.Practice) }, { insertName: "incDec", value: diff1.Mean_Difference >= 0 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.increase) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.decrease) }, { insertName: "meanDiff", value: formatNum(diff1.Mean_Difference) }, { insertName: "observationCount", value: formatComma(diff1.N_Obs) }, { insertName: "observationString", value: diff1.N_Obs > 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.singular) } ]; const insightDiffFirst = langDiffFirstItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langDiffFirst); const langDiffSecond = _lang(langBasePath.diffSecond.main); const langDiffSecond_incDec = diff2?.Mean_Difference >= 0 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.increase) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.decrease); const langDiffSecond_observations = diff2?.N_Obs; const langDiffSecondItems = [ { insertName: "practice", value: tl_prac(diff2?.Practice) }, { insertName: "incDec", value: diff2?.Mean_Difference >= 0 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.increase) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.decrease) }, { insertName: "meanDiff", value: formatNum(diff2?.Mean_Difference) }, { insertName: "observationCount", value: formatComma(diff2?.N_Obs) }, { insertName: "observationString", value: diff2?.N_Obs > 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.singular) } ]; const insightDiffSecond = diff2 ? langDiffSecondItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langDiffSecond) : ""; return md`${insightTop5} ${insightCropOverview} ${insightCropPositive} ${insightDiffFirst} ${insightDiffSecond}`; } 4f:T90a,viewof selectSubspeciesMeanDiffAEZ = { const selectedCrop = selectCropMeanDiffAEZ?.field; // Only show sub-species for Maize, Wheat, and Teff const cropsWithSubspecies = ['Maize', 'Wheat', 'Teff']; if (!selectedCrop || !cropsWithSubspecies.includes(selectedCrop)) { // Return empty dropdown for crops without sub-species return Inputs.select([], { label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.variety), format: (x) => x ? _lang(x.translation) : '' }); } // Check if data is valid if (!data_meanDiff_aezPracticeCrop_new || !Array.isArray(data_meanDiff_aezPracticeCrop_new)) { return Inputs.select([], { label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.variety), format: (x) => x ? _lang(x.translation) : '' }); } // Get sub-species for the selected crop const uniqueSubspecies = [...new Set( data_meanDiff_aezPracticeCrop_new .filter((d) => d && d.Crop && typeof d.Crop === 'string' && d.Crop.startsWith(selectedCrop + '-')) .map((d) => d.Crop) )]; const subspecies = uniqueSubspecies.map((d) => { const translation = td.Crop.values?.[d]; // Ensure we always have a valid translation object const finalTranslation = translation && typeof translation === 'object' && Object.keys(translation).length > 0 ? translation : { en: d, am: d }; return { field: d, translation: finalTranslation }; }).sort((a, b) => { const aText = _lang(a.translation); const bText = _lang(b.translation); return aText > bText ? 1 : aText < bText ? -1 : 0; }); // Add "None" option as default const nullValue = { field: null, translation: nbText.inputs.defaults.variety }; const inputData = [nullValue, ...subspecies]; return Inputs.select(inputData, { label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.variety), value: nullValue, format: (x) => { if (!x) return ''; // Handle null value if (x.field === null) { return _lang(x.translation); } // Handle sub-species with translation if (x.translation && typeof x.translation === 'object') { const translated = _lang(x.translation); return translated || x.field || ''; } // Fallback to field name return x.field || ''; } }); }50:T228b,plotDotAEZ_new = { const baseData = data_meanDiff_aezPracticeCrop_new; // Use sub-species if selected, otherwise use parent crop const filterCrop = selectSubspeciesMeanDiffAEZ?.field || selectCropMeanDiffAEZ?.field; const plotData = baseData.filter( (d) => d.Crop === filterCrop ); const aezData = T.tidy( plotData, T.filter((d) => { if (aezSelect_new.field == null) return d; return d.AEZ_Class_FAO == aezSelect_new.field; }), T.arrange("Mean_Difference") ); const colorDomain = aezColor_new.domain; const colorRange = aezColor_new.range; const marginBottom = 0; const marginTop = 80; const yHeight = 25; const height = marginTop + marginBottom + d3.group(plotData, (d) => d.Practice).size * yHeight; const _formatNum = formatNum; const _toggleCIs = toggleCIsCropAEZ_new; const _radioSort = radioSortDotPlotCropAEZ_new; const selectedPractice = selectPracticeMeanDiffAEZ?.field || null; const langLookup = { xLabel: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.labels.xMeanDiff), tooltip: { aez: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.tooltips.aez), meanDiff: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.tooltips.meanDiff), meanControl: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.tooltips.meanControl), crop: Lang.toSentenceCase( _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.crop.singular) ), ciLo: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.tooltips.ciLower), ciHi: _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.tooltips.ciUpper), obs: Lang.toSentenceCase( _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) ), practice: Lang.toSentenceCase( _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.practice.singular) ) } }; const y = (d) => _lang(td.Practice.values?.[d]); const color = (d) => _lang(td.AEZ_Class_FAO.values?.[d]); // Filter data for selected practice highlighting const selectedPracticeData = selectedPractice ? aezData.filter((d) => d.Practice === selectedPractice) : []; const otherPracticeData = selectedPractice ? aezData.filter((d) => d.Practice !== selectedPractice) : aezData; return Plot.plot({ height, marginBottom, marginTop, marginLeft: 200, marginRight: 70, width: 900, x: { axis: "top", nice: true, grid: true, label: langLookup.xLabel, labelAnchor: "center", labelOffset: 40, labelArrow: "none" }, y: { tickSize: 0, label: null }, color: { domain: colorDomain, range: colorRange }, marks: [ // main y-axis Plot.axisY({ tickSize: 0 }), // pointer white-out Plot.axisY( Plot.pointerY({ fill: "white", textStroke: "white", textStrokeWidth: 2, tickSize: 0 }) ), // bold pointer Plot.axisY( Plot.pointerY({ fontWeight: "bold", tickSize: 0 }) ), // zero point Plot.ruleX([0], { stroke: "#333", strokeDasharray: [4] }), // base dots Plot.dot(plotData, { x: "Mean_Difference", y: (d) => y(d.Practice), sort: { y: _radioSort.channel, reverse: _radioSort.reverse }, r: 8, stroke: "#fff", strokeWidth: 0.7, fill: "#efefef", channels: { nObs: { label: "# Observations", value: "N_Obs" } } }), // selection: span lines: CI Plot.ruleY(_toggleCIs.length > 0 ? aezData : [], { y: (d) => y(d.Practice), x1: (d) => (d.Lower == "NA" ? null : d.Lower), x2: (d) => (d.Upper == "NA" ? null : d.Upper), stroke: "#333" }), // selection: mean diff dots (non-selected practices) Plot.dot(otherPracticeData, { x: "Mean_Difference", y: (d) => y(d.Practice), fill: (d) => { return color(d.AEZ_Class_FAO); }, r: 8, stroke: "#fff", strokeWidth: 0.7, channels: { aez: { label: langLookup.tooltip.aez, value: (d) => color(d.AEZ_Class_FAO) }, nObs: { label: langLookup.tooltip.obs, value: "N_Obs" }, diff: { label: langLookup.tooltip.meanDiff, value: "Mean_Difference" }, control: { label: langLookup.tooltip.meanControl, value: "Mean_Control" }, prac: { label: langLookup.tooltip.practice, value: (d) => y(d.Practice) }, crop: { label: langLookup.tooltip.crop, value: "Crop" }, ciLow: { label: langLookup.tooltip.ciLo, value: "Lower" }, ciHigh: { label: langLookup.tooltip.ciHi, value: "Upper" } }, tip: { format: { x: false, y: false, fill: false, prac: false, crop: false, aez: true, diff: (d) => _formatNum(d), control: (d) => _formatNum(d), ciLow: (d) => _formatNum(d), ciHigh: (d) => _formatNum(d), nObs: true } } }), // selected practice dots (highlighted) Plot.dot(selectedPracticeData, { x: "Mean_Difference", y: (d) => y(d.Practice), fill: colorYellowGreen, r: 10, stroke: "#333", strokeWidth: 2.5, channels: { aez: { label: langLookup.tooltip.aez, value: (d) => color(d.AEZ_Class_FAO) }, nObs: { label: langLookup.tooltip.obs, value: "N_Obs" }, diff: { label: langLookup.tooltip.meanDiff, value: "Mean_Difference" }, control: { label: langLookup.tooltip.meanControl, value: "Mean_Control" }, prac: { label: langLookup.tooltip.practice, value: (d) => y(d.Practice) }, crop: { label: langLookup.tooltip.crop, value: "Crop" }, ciLow: { label: langLookup.tooltip.ciLo, value: "Lower" }, ciHigh: { label: langLookup.tooltip.ciHi, value: "Upper" } }, tip: { format: { x: false, y: false, fill: false, prac: false, crop: false, aez: true, diff: (d) => _formatNum(d), control: (d) => _formatNum(d), ciLow: (d) => _formatNum(d), ciHigh: (d) => _formatNum(d), nObs: true } } }), // dot highlight on hover Plot.dot( aezData, Plot.pointer({ x: "Mean_Difference", y: (d) => y(d.Practice), r: 8, fill: (d) => { return d.AEZ_Class_FAO; }, stroke: "#333", strokeWidth: 0.7, channels: { nObs: { label: "# Observations", value: "N_Obs" } } }) ), // observation counts Plot.textY( aezData, Plot.map( { text: (values) => values.map((d) => d + " obs.") }, Plot.groupY( { text: "sum" }, { y: (d) => y(d.Practice), text: "N_Obs", frameAnchor: "right", textAnchor: "start", dx: 16 } ) ) ), // digital white-out Plot.textY( aezData, Plot.pointerY( Plot.map( { text: (values) => values.map((d) => d + " obs.") }, Plot.groupY( { text: "sum" }, { y: (d) => y(d.Practice), text: "N_Obs", frameAnchor: "right", textAnchor: "start", dx: 16, fill: "white", stroke: "white", strokeWidth: 2 } ) ) ) ), // observation counts bold hover Plot.textY( aezData, Plot.pointerY( Plot.map( { text: (values) => values.map((d) => d + " obs.") }, Plot.groupY( { text: "sum" }, { y: (d) => y(d.Practice), text: "N_Obs", frameAnchor: "right", textAnchor: "start", dx: 16, fontWeight: "bold" } ) ) ) ) ] }); } 51:T19a8,viewof exportAEZWithLegend = { const t = nbText.export.aezWithLegend; // Grab rendered chart const chartNode = plotDotAEZ_new; const chartSvg = chartNode instanceof SVGElement ? chartNode : chartNode?.querySelector?.('svg'); if (!chartSvg) { console.error('AEZ chart SVG not found'); return html`

${_lang(t.chartNotFound)}

`; } // Generate legend programmatically const generateLegend = () => { const legendElement = plotDotAEZ_new.legend('color', {columns: 3}); // The legend might be an SVG or contain an SVG const legendSvg = legendElement instanceof SVGElement ? legendElement : legendElement?.querySelector?.('svg') || legendElement; return legendSvg; }; // Build a combined SVG (chart above, legend below) const buildCombinedSvg = () => { const chartClone = chartSvg.cloneNode(true); const legendSvg = generateLegend(); const legendClone = legendSvg.cloneNode(true); // Get chart dimensions from SVG attributes (more reliable) const chartWidth = chartSvg.getAttribute('width') ? parseFloat(chartSvg.getAttribute('width')) : (chartSvg.getBoundingClientRect().width || 900); const chartHeight = chartSvg.getAttribute('height') ? parseFloat(chartSvg.getAttribute('height')) : (chartSvg.getBoundingClientRect().height || 700); // Get legend dimensions - temporarily render it to measure const tempContainer = document.createElement('div'); tempContainer.style.position = 'absolute'; tempContainer.style.visibility = 'hidden'; tempContainer.style.left = '-9999px'; document.body.appendChild(tempContainer); // Clone and append legend to measure const legendMeasure = legendClone.cloneNode(true); tempContainer.appendChild(legendMeasure); // Force a reflow to get accurate measurements void tempContainer.offsetHeight; const legendRect = legendMeasure.getBoundingClientRect(); const legendWidth = legendRect.width || 400; const legendHeight = legendRect.height || 100; document.body.removeChild(tempContainer); const gap = 20; const padding = 10; const width = Math.max(chartWidth, legendWidth) + padding * 2; const height = chartHeight + gap + legendHeight + padding * 2; // Create combined SVG const combined = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg'); combined.setAttribute('xmlns', 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'); combined.setAttribute('width', width); combined.setAttribute('height', height); combined.setAttribute('viewBox', `0 0 ${width} ${height}`); // White background const bg = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'rect'); bg.setAttribute('x', '0'); bg.setAttribute('y', '0'); bg.setAttribute('width', width); bg.setAttribute('height', height); bg.setAttribute('fill', 'white'); combined.appendChild(bg); // Position chart - preserve its original viewBox/transform const chartG = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'g'); // Check if chart has a viewBox we need to preserve const chartViewBox = chartSvg.getAttribute('viewBox'); if (chartViewBox) { // If chart has viewBox, we need to account for it const [vx, vy, vw, vh] = chartViewBox.split(/\s+|,/).map(Number); chartG.setAttribute('transform', `translate(${padding}, ${padding})`); } else { chartG.setAttribute('transform', `translate(${padding}, ${padding})`); } chartG.appendChild(chartClone); combined.appendChild(chartG); // Position legend const legendG = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'g'); legendG.setAttribute('transform', `translate(${padding}, ${padding + chartHeight + gap})`); legendG.appendChild(legendClone); combined.appendChild(legendG); return combined; }; const toSvgBlob = () => { const combined = buildCombinedSvg(); const s = new XMLSerializer(); return new Blob([s.serializeToString(combined)], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); }; const toRaster = (format) => new Promise((resolve, reject) => { const svgBlob = toSvgBlob(); const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob); const img = new Image(); const combined = buildCombinedSvg(); const width = +combined.getAttribute('width'); const height = +combined.getAttribute('height'); const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); canvas.width = width; canvas.height = height; const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; // ensure white background ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); img.onload = () => { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); URL.revokeObjectURL(url); canvas.toBlob( (blob) => (blob ? resolve(blob) : reject(new Error('No blob'))), format === 'png' ? 'image/png' : 'image/jpeg', format === 'jpeg' ? 0.92 : 1.0 ); }; img.onerror = (e) => reject(e); img.src = url; }); const downloadBlob = (blob, filename) => { const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob); const a = document.createElement('a'); a.href = url; a.download = filename; a.style.display = 'none'; document.body.appendChild(a); a.click(); document.body.removeChild(a); setTimeout(() => URL.revokeObjectURL(url), 100); }; const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (!format) return; try { const ts = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `aez-dot-with-legend-${ts}.${format}`; if (format === 'svg') { downloadBlob(toSvgBlob(), filename); } else { const blob = await toRaster(format); downloadBlob(blob, filename); } } catch (err) { console.error('Export failed:', err); } finally { event.target.value = ''; } }; return html`

${_lang(t.title)}

${select}

`; } 52:T783,viewof indigenousKnowledgePanelMeanDiffAEZ = { const selectedPractice = selectPracticeMeanDiffAEZ?.field; if (!selectedPractice) { return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.meanDifference?.title)}

${md`Select a practice from the chart above to view related traditional practices for yield improvement.`}

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.meanDifference.title)}

${md`Traditional knowledge for **${selectedPractice}** in the context of yield improvement is not yet available.`}

`; } return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.meanDifference.title)}: ${_lang(knowledge.title)}

${md`${_lang(knowledge.description)}`}

`; } 53:T179e,{ const langRoot = nbText; const langBasePath = langRoot.practicalImpact.meanCropDiffAEZ.insights; // base path for language // top practice by aez // Use sub-species if selected, otherwise use parent crop const selectedCrop = selectSubspeciesMeanDiffAEZ?.field || selectCropMeanDiffAEZ?.field; // crop selection const dataCropNoAEZ = T.tidy( data_meanDiff_aezPracticeCrop_new, T.filter((d) => d.Crop === selectedCrop) ); // find aez with the largest mean diff const maxMeanDiff = T.tidy( dataCropNoAEZ, T.sliceMax(1, "Mean_Difference") )?.[0]; // use aez with max value for no highlight const selectedAEZ = aezSelect_new.field == null ? maxMeanDiff.AEZ_Class_FAO : aezSelect_new.field; const selectedAEZTranslated = _lang(td.AEZ_Class_FAO.values[selectedAEZ]); const dataCrop = T.tidy( dataCropNoAEZ, T.filter((d) => d.AEZ_Class_FAO == selectedAEZ) ); // selected aez square const aezSwatchColor = aezColor_new.range[aezColor_new.domain.indexOf(selectedAEZTranslated)]; const squareSize = 13; const aezSquare = ``; // crop overview const cropOverview = T.tidy( dataCrop, T.summarize({ totalObs: T.sum("N_Obs"), totalPractices: T.n() }) )?.[0]; const langCropOverview = _lang( langBasePath.cropOverview.main ); const langCropOverviewItems = [ { insertName: "selectedCrop", value: _lang(td.Crop_with_articles.values[selectedCrop]) }, { insertName: "selectedAEZSquare", value: aezSquare }, { insertName: "selectedAEZ", value: selectedAEZTranslated }, { insertName: "totalObs", value: formatComma(cropOverview.totalObs) }, { insertName: "totalObsString", value: cropOverview.totalObs == 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.singular) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) }, { insertName: "totalPractices", value: cropOverview.totalPractices }, { insertName: "totalPracticesString", value: cropOverview.totalPractices == 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.practice.singular) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.practice.plural) } ]; const insightCropOverview = langCropOverviewItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langCropOverview); // positive yield const cropPositive = T.tidy( dataCrop, T.filter((d) => d.Mean_Difference > 0) )?.length; const langCropPositive = _lang( nbText.practicalImpact.meanCropDiffAEZ.insights.cropPositive.main ); const langCropSubstring = `**${cropPositive}** ${ cropPositive == 1 ? _lang( nbText.practicalImpact.meanCropDiffAEZ.insights.cropPositive.singular ) : _lang( nbText.practicalImpact.meanCropDiffAEZ.insights.cropPositive.plural ) }`; const insightCropPositive = langCropPositive.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion("cropPositiveText"), langCropSubstring ); // top for selected crop const n = 2; // # top crops to include const topCrop = T.tidy( dataCrop, T.sliceMax(n, "Mean_Difference"), T.arrange(T.desc("Mean_Difference")) ); const diff1 = topCrop?.[0]; const diff2 = topCrop?.[1]; const langDiffFirst = _lang(langBasePath.diffFirst.main); const langDiffFirst_incDec = diff1.Mean_Difference >= 0 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.increase) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.decrease); const langDiffFirst_observations = diff1.N_Obs; const langDiffFirstItems = [ { insertName: "practice", value: _lang(td.Practice.values[diff1.Practice]) }, { insertName: "incDec", value: diff1.Mean_Difference >= 0 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.increase) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.decrease) }, { insertName: "meanDiff", value: formatNum(diff1.Mean_Difference) }, { insertName: "observationCount", value: formatComma(langDiffFirst_observations) }, { insertName: "observationString", value: langDiffFirst_observations > 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.singular) } ]; const insightDiffFirst = langDiffFirstItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langDiffFirst); const langDiffSecond = _lang(langBasePath.diffSecond.main); const langDiffSecond_incDec = diff2?.Mean_Difference >= 0 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.increase) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.decrease); const langDiffSecond_observations = diff2?.N_Obs; const langDiffSecondItems = [ { insertName: "practice", value: _lang(td.Practice.values[diff2?.Practice]) }, { insertName: "incDec", value: diff2?.Mean_Difference >= 0 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.increase) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.decrease) }, { insertName: "meanDiff", value: formatNum(diff2?.Mean_Difference) }, { insertName: "observationCount", value: formatComma(langDiffSecond_observations) }, { insertName: "observationString", value: langDiffSecond_observations > 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.singular) } ]; const insightDiffSecond = diff2 ? langDiffSecondItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langDiffSecond) : ""; return md`${insightCropOverview} ${insightCropPositive} ${insightDiffFirst} ${insightDiffSecond ?? ""}`; }54:T12d8,plotRiskBeeswarm = { const data = data_lclRisk; const langLook = { caption: _lang(nbText.risks.plot.caption), xLabel: _lang(nbText.risks.plot.xLabel), tooltip: { practice: Lang.toSentenceCase( _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.practice.singular) ), combo: Lang.toSentenceCase( _lang(nbText.risks.plot.tooltip.inCombination) ), crop: Lang.toSentenceCase( _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.crop.singular) ), obs: Lang.toSentenceCase( _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) ) } }; const _practice = selectPractice.field; // Filter data for selected practice highlighting const selectedPracticeData = _practice ? data.filter((d) => d.practice === _practice) : []; const otherPracticeData = _practice ? data.filter((d) => d.practice !== _practice) : data; const plot = Plot.plot({ caption: langLook.caption, height: 400, width: 800, marginTop: 60, x: { axis: "top", grid: true, domain: [0, 1], label: langLook.xLabel, labelOffset: 40, labelAnchor: "center", labelArrow: "none" }, color: { domain: [0, 1], range: colorYellowGreen, legend: false, unknown: "#efefef" }, r: { range: [2, 30] }, marks: [ // Base dots for all practices (when no selection) or non-selected practices Plot.dot( otherPracticeData, Plot.dodgeY( { anchor: "middle" }, { x: "value", r: "observations", fill: (d) => { if (_practice === null) return d.value; // show all practices return null; // hide non-selected when practice is selected }, stroke: "#fff", strokeWidth: 1, channels: { practice: { label: langLook.tooltip.practice, value: (d) => _lang(td.Practice.values[d.practice]) }, product: { label: langLook.tooltip.crop, value: (d) => d.product }, nObs: { label: langLook.tooltip.obs, value: (d) => d.observations }, combo: { label: langLook.tooltip.combo, value: (d) => d.is_combo ? Lang.toTitleCase(_lang(nbText.supportNbText.bools.yes)) : Lang.toTitleCase(_lang(nbText.supportNbText.bools.no)) } }, tip: { px: (d) => { if (_practice === null) return d.value; // show all practices // show highlighted practice only return d.practice === _practice ? d.value : null; }, maxRadius: 6, format: { x: false, y: false, fill: false, r: false, practice: true, combo: true, product: true, px: (d) => formatNum(d), nObs: true } } } ) ), // Selected practice dots (highlighted) Plot.dot( selectedPracticeData, Plot.dodgeY( { anchor: "middle" }, { x: "value", r: "observations", fill: (d) => d.value, // Use value-based color from scale stroke: "#333", strokeWidth: 2.5, channels: { practice: { label: langLook.tooltip.practice, value: (d) => _lang(td.Practice.values[d.practice]) }, product: { label: langLook.tooltip.crop, value: (d) => d.product }, nObs: { label: langLook.tooltip.obs, value: (d) => d.observations }, combo: { label: langLook.tooltip.combo, value: (d) => d.is_combo ? Lang.toTitleCase(_lang(nbText.supportNbText.bools.yes)) : Lang.toTitleCase(_lang(nbText.supportNbText.bools.no)) } }, tip: { px: (d) => d.value, maxRadius: 6, format: { x: false, y: false, fill: false, r: false, practice: true, combo: true, product: true, px: (d) => formatNum(d), nObs: true } } } ) ) ] }); return htl.html`${styling}${plot}`; }55:Tbf0,viewof exportRiskBeeswarmDownload = { const t = nbText.export.riskBeeswarm; // Grab the rendered chart from the plotRiskBeeswarm cell const chartNode = plotRiskBeeswarm; // change if your cell name differs const svg = chartNode instanceof SVGElement ? chartNode : chartNode?.querySelector?.('svg'); if (!svg) { console.error('No SVG found in plotRiskBeeswarm output'); return html`

${_lang(t.chartNotFound)}

`; } const toSvgBlob = () => { const clone = svg.cloneNode(true); const s = new XMLSerializer(); return new Blob([s.serializeToString(clone)], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); }; const toRaster = (format) => new Promise((resolve, reject) => { const svgBlob = toSvgBlob(); const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob); const img = new Image(); const { width = 900, height = 700 } = svg.getBoundingClientRect(); const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); canvas.width = width; canvas.height = height; const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; // ensure white background for PNG/JPEG ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); img.onload = () => { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); URL.revokeObjectURL(url); canvas.toBlob( (blob) => (blob ? resolve(blob) : reject(new Error('No blob'))), format === 'png' ? 'image/png' : 'image/jpeg', format === 'jpeg' ? 0.92 : 1.0 ); }; img.onerror = (e) => reject(e); img.src = url; }); const downloadBlob = (blob, filename) => { const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob); const a = document.createElement('a'); a.href = url; a.download = filename; a.style.display = 'none'; document.body.appendChild(a); a.click(); document.body.removeChild(a); setTimeout(() => URL.revokeObjectURL(url), 100); }; const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (!format) return; try { const ts = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `risk-beeswarm-${ts}.${format}`; if (format === 'svg') { downloadBlob(toSvgBlob(), filename); } else { const blob = await toRaster(format); downloadBlob(blob, filename); } } catch (err) { console.error('Export failed:', err); } finally { event.target.value = ''; } }; return html`

${_lang(t.title)}

${select}

`; } 56:T6bc,indigenousKnowledgePanelRisk = { const selectedPractice = selectPractice?.field; if (!selectedPractice) { return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText1.riskReduction.title)}

${md`Select a practice from the chart above to view related traditional practices for yield security and risk reduction.`}

`; } // Normalize the practice name for lookup const normalizePracticeName = (name) => { if (!name) return ''; return name.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' '); }; const normalizedSelected = normalizePracticeName(selectedPractice); // Try exact match first let knowledge = nbText1.riskReduction.practices[selectedPractice]; // If no exact match, try normalized match if (!knowledge) { const availableKeys = Object.keys(nbText1.riskReduction.practices || {}); const matchedKey = availableKeys.find(key => { const normalizedKey = normalizePracticeName(key); return normalizedKey === normalizedSelected || key.toLowerCase() === selectedPractice.toLowerCase() || normalizedKey.toLowerCase() === normalizedSelected.toLowerCase(); }); if (matchedKey) { knowledge = nbText1.riskReduction.practices[matchedKey]; } } if (!knowledge) { return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText1.riskReduction.title)}

${md`Traditional knowledge for **${selectedPractice}** in the context of yield security and risk reduction is not yet available.`}

`; } return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText1.riskReduction.title)}: ${_lang(knowledge.title)}

${md`${_lang(knowledge.description)}`}

`; }57:T1132,quickInsightsRiskBeeswarm = { const langRoot = nbText; const langBasePath = langRoot.risks.insights.beeswarm; // base path for language const selectedPractice = selectPractice.field; const data = T.tidy( data_lclRisk, T.filter((d) => { if (selectedPractice == null) return d; return d.practice == selectedPractice; }) ); const dataOverview = T.tidy( data, T.summarize({ totalObs: T.sum("observations"), totalPractices: T.count("practice") }) )?.[0]; const numPractices = dataOverview.totalPractices.length; const langDataOverview_selection = selectedPractice == null ? {phrase: "inTotal", template: "total"} : {phrase: "specificHas", template: "specific"}; const langDataOverview = _lang( langBasePath.dataOverview[langDataOverview_selection.template], ); const langDataOverviewItems = [ { insertName: "startString", value: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.phrases[langDataOverview_selection.phrase]) }, { insertName: "totalObs", value: formatComma(dataOverview.totalObs) }, { insertName: "observationString", value: dataOverview.totalObs == 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.singular) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) }, { insertName: "item", value: selectedPractice }, { insertName: "totalPractices", value: numPractices }, { insertName: "practicesString", value: numPractices == 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.practice.singular) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.practice.plural) } ]; const insightDataOverview = langDataOverviewItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langDataOverview); // top for selected crop const n = 2; // # top crops to include const topCrop = T.tidy( data, T.sliceMax(n, "value"), T.arrange(T.desc("value")) ); const diff1 = topCrop?.[0]; const diff2 = topCrop?.[1]; const langDiffFirst = _lang(langBasePath.diffFirst.main); const langDiffFirst_observations = diff1.observations; const langDiffFirstItems = [ { insertName: "practice", value: _lang(td.Practice.values[diff1.practice]) }, { insertName: "crop", value: _lang(td.Crop_with_articles.values[diff1.product]) }, { insertName: "comboString", value: diff1.is_combo ? _lang(langBasePath.diffGeneral.combo.plural) : _lang(langBasePath.diffGeneral.combo.singular) }, { insertName: "probYield", value: formatNum(diff1.value) }, { insertName: "totalObs", value: formatComma(langDiffFirst_observations) }, { insertName: "observationString", value: langDiffFirst_observations > 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.singular) } ]; const insightDiffFirst = langDiffFirstItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langDiffFirst); const langDiffSecond = _lang(langBasePath.diffSecond.main); const langDiffSecond_observations = diff2?.observations; const langDiffSecondItems = [ { insertName: "practice", value: _lang(td.Practice.values[diff2.practice]) }, { insertName: "crop", value: _lang(td.Crop_with_articles.values[diff2.product]) }, { insertName: "comboString", value: diff2.is_combo ? _lang(langBasePath.diffGeneral.combo.plural) : _lang(langBasePath.diffGeneral.combo.singular) }, { insertName: "probYield", value: formatNum(diff2.value) }, { insertName: "totalObs", value: formatComma(langDiffSecond_observations) }, { insertName: "observationString", value: langDiffSecond_observations > 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.singular) } ]; const insightDiffSecond = diff2 ? langDiffSecondItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langDiffSecond) : ""; return md`${insightDataOverview} ${insightDiffFirst} ${insightDiffSecond}`; }58:T21ad,adoptionFactorsChart ={ const plotData = dataAdoptionFactorsMap.get(dataAdoptionFactors_select.field); const _fillLookup = adoptionFactorsLookup; const _sorter = radioSortAdoptionFactors; const colorOrder = [ _fillLookup["Negative"], _fillLookup["Not significant"], _fillLookup["Positive"] ]; const colorRange = ["#EC5A47", "#F4BB21", "#216729"]; const y = (d) => _lang(td.adoption_factors.values?.[d]); const chartType = (adoptionFactorsChartType === "bar" || adoptionFactorsChartType === "line") ? adoptionFactorsChartType : "bar"; // Line chart implementation if (chartType === "line") { // Group data by factor and direction for line chart // Each factor should have three data points (one for each direction) const lineDataByFactor = {}; plotData.forEach(d => { if (!lineDataByFactor[d.factor]) { lineDataByFactor[d.factor] = {}; } lineDataByFactor[d.factor][d.direction] = { factor: d.factor, direction: d.direction, perc: d.perc, total: d.total, n: d.n }; }); // Sort factors based on sort option const factors = [...new Set(plotData.map(d => d.factor))]; let sortedFactors = factors; if (_sorter.channel === "y") { sortedFactors = factors.sort((a, b) => { const aLabel = y(a); const bLabel = y(b); const aStr = (aLabel && typeof aLabel === 'string') ? aLabel : String(a); const bStr = (bLabel && typeof bLabel === 'string') ? bLabel : String(b); return _sorter.reverse ? bStr.localeCompare(aStr) : aStr.localeCompare(bStr); }); } else if (_sorter.channel === "x") { // Sort by total percentage (sum of all directions) sortedFactors = factors.sort((a, b) => { const aTotal = plotData.filter(d => d.factor === a).reduce((sum, d) => sum + (Number(d.perc) || 0), 0); const bTotal = plotData.filter(d => d.factor === b).reduce((sum, d) => sum + (Number(d.perc) || 0), 0); return _sorter.reverse ? bTotal - aTotal : aTotal - bTotal; }); } // Create a mapping from factor to translated label for consistency // Do this BEFORE creating sortedLineData so we can use consistent keys const factorToLabel = new Map(); sortedFactors.forEach(f => { let translated = y(f); // Ensure translated is a string if (translated == null || typeof translated !== 'string') { translated = String(f); } else { translated = String(translated).trim(); if (translated === '') { translated = String(f); } } // Store mapping for both original factor and stringified version factorToLabel.set(f, translated); factorToLabel.set(String(f), translated); }); // Convert to array format for Plot.js, grouped by direction for proper line drawing // Each direction should have data points sorted by factor order const directions = ["Negative", "Not significant", "Positive"]; const sortedLineData = []; directions.forEach(dir => { sortedFactors.forEach(factor => { if (lineDataByFactor[factor] && lineDataByFactor[factor][dir]) { const dataPoint = lineDataByFactor[factor][dir]; // Use the translated label as the factor value const factorLabel = factorToLabel.get(factor) || String(factor); sortedLineData.push({ factor: factorLabel, // Use translated label factorKey: factor, // Keep original for reference direction: _fillLookup[dir] || dir, // Ensure direction exists directionKey: dir, perc: Number(dataPoint.perc) || 0, // Ensure perc is a number total: Number(dataPoint.total) || 0, // Ensure total is a number n: Number(dataPoint.n) || 0 // Ensure n is a number }); } }); }); // Get translated factor labels, ensuring all are strings and unique const factorLabels = Array.from(new Set(Array.from(factorToLabel.values()).filter(l => l && typeof l === 'string'))); // Validate that we have labels if (factorLabels.length === 0) { console.error('No valid factor labels found'); return null; } return Plot.plot({ width: 1000, height: 400, marginLeft: 180, marginRight: 50, marginTop: 40, marginBottom: Math.max(120, factorLabels.length * 4), // Dynamic margin based on number of factors, increased for better visibility x: { domain: factorLabels, label: null, axis: "bottom", padding: 0.15, // Increased padding for better spacing tickRotate: -45, tickSize: 6, // Add tick size for better visibility tickPadding: 8 // Add padding between ticks and labels }, y: { domain: [0, 100], label: Lang.toSentenceCase(_lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.percentage.singular)), axis: "left", grid: true, ticks: [0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100] }, color: { domain: colorOrder, range: colorRange, legend: true }, marks: [ // Lines for each direction Plot.line(sortedLineData, { x: "factor", // Use factor directly since it's already the translated label y: (d) => Number(d.perc) || 0, // Ensure perc is a number stroke: "direction", strokeWidth: 2.5, curve: "cardinal", z: "direction" }), // Points for each factor-direction combination Plot.dot(sortedLineData, { x: "factor", // Use factor directly since it's already the translated label y: (d) => Number(d.perc) || 0, // Ensure perc is a number fill: "direction", stroke: "#fff", strokeWidth: 1, r: 4, channels: { percentage: { label: Lang.toSentenceCase(_lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.percentage.singular)), value: "perc" }, total: "total", n: { label: Lang.toSentenceCase(_lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural)), value: "n" }, direction: { label: "direction", value: "direction" } }, tip: { format: { x: false, y: false, fill: false, total: false, percentage: (d) => `${d3.format("d")(d)}%`, n: true, direction: true } } }) ] }); } // Bar chart implementation (original) return Plot.plot({ width: 1000, height: 400, marginLeft: 180, marginRight: 50, x: { axis: null // label: "% Total" // labelOffset: 40, // labelAnchor: "center" }, y: { label: null, tickSize: 0, padding: 0 }, color: { domain: colorOrder, range: colorRange, legend: true }, marks: [ // main y-axis Plot.axisY({ tickSize: 0 }), // pointer white-out Plot.axisY( Plot.pointerY({ fill: "white", textStroke: "white", textStrokeWidth: 2, tickSize: 0 }) ), // bold pointer Plot.axisY( Plot.pointerY({ fontWeight: "bold", tickSize: 0 }) ), // bars Plot.barX( plotData, Plot.stackX({ x: "perc", y: (d) => y(d.factor), sort: { y: _sorter.channel, reverse: _sorter.reverse }, fill: (d) => _fillLookup[d.direction], order: colorOrder, stroke: "#fff", channels: { percentage: { label: Lang.toSentenceCase( _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.percentage.singular) ), value: "perc" }, total: "total", n: { label: Lang.toSentenceCase( _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.observation.plural) ), value: "n" } }, tip: { format: { x: false, y: false, fill: false, total: false, percentage: (d) => `${d3.format("d")(d)}%`, n: true } } }) ), markBoldSidebarText(plotData, { y: (d) => y(d.factor), text: "n", dx: 7 }) ] }); } 59:Tf5f,viewof exportAdoptionFactorsMain = { const t = nbText.export.adoptionFactors; // 1) Find the main (largest) SVG inside _38 const node = adoptionFactorsChart; // change if your adoption factors cell has a different name const svgs = node?.querySelectorAll?.('svg') || []; if (!svgs.length) { console.error('No SVGs found in _38 output'); return html`

${_lang(t.chartNotFound)}

`; } const mainSvg = Array.from(svgs).reduce((best, s) => { const r = s.getBoundingClientRect(); const area = r.width * r.height; if (!best) return s; const br = best.getBoundingClientRect(); const bestArea = br.width * br.height; return area > bestArea ? s : best; }, null); if (!mainSvg) { console.error('Could not determine main SVG in _38'); return html`

${_lang(t.mainChartNotFound)}

`; } // 2) Export helpers for that main SVG const toSvgBlob = () => { const clone = mainSvg.cloneNode(true); const s = new XMLSerializer(); const svgString = s.serializeToString(clone); // inject white background if missing if (!/rect[^>]*fill=['"]white['"]/.test(svgString)) { const r = mainSvg.getBoundingClientRect(); const bg = ``; const withBg = svgString.replace(/]*)>/, `${bg}`); return new Blob([withBg], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); } return new Blob([svgString], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); }; const toRaster = (format) => new Promise((resolve, reject) => { const svgBlob = toSvgBlob(); const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob); const img = new Image(); const { width = 900, height = 700 } = mainSvg.getBoundingClientRect(); const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); canvas.width = width; canvas.height = height; const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; // ensure white background ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); img.onload = () => { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); URL.revokeObjectURL(url); canvas.toBlob( (blob) => (blob ? resolve(blob) : reject(new Error('No blob'))), format === 'png' ? 'image/png' : 'image/jpeg', format === 'jpeg' ? 0.92 : 1.0 ); }; img.onerror = (e) => reject(e); img.src = url; }); const downloadBlob = (blob, filename) => { const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob); const a = document.createElement('a'); a.href = url; a.download = filename; a.style.display = 'none'; document.body.appendChild(a); a.click(); document.body.removeChild(a); setTimeout(() => URL.revokeObjectURL(url), 100); }; // 3) UI const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (!format) return; try { const ts = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `adoption-factors-main-${ts}.${format}`; if (format === 'svg') { downloadBlob(toSvgBlob(), filename); } else { const blob = await toRaster(format); downloadBlob(blob, filename); } } catch (err) { console.error('Export failed:', err); } finally { event.target.value = ''; } }; return html`

${_lang(t.title)}

${select}

`; } 5a:T6de,indigenousKnowledgePanelAdoptionFactors = { const selectedPractice = dataAdoptionFactors_select?.field; if (!selectedPractice) { return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText1.adoptionFactors.title)}

${md`Select a practice from the dropdown above to view related traditional understanding of factors influencing practice adoption.`}

`; } // Normalize the practice name for lookup const normalizePracticeName = (name) => { if (!name) return ''; return name.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' '); }; const normalizedSelected = normalizePracticeName(selectedPractice); // Try exact match first let knowledge = nbText1.adoptionFactors.practices[selectedPractice]; // If no exact match, try normalized match if (!knowledge) { const availableKeys = Object.keys(nbText1.adoptionFactors.practices || {}); const matchedKey = availableKeys.find(key => { const normalizedKey = normalizePracticeName(key); return normalizedKey === normalizedSelected || key.toLowerCase() === selectedPractice.toLowerCase() || normalizedKey.toLowerCase() === normalizedSelected.toLowerCase(); }); if (matchedKey) { knowledge = nbText1.adoptionFactors.practices[matchedKey]; } } if (!knowledge) { return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText1.adoptionFactors.title)}

${md`Traditional understanding of factors influencing the adoption of **${selectedPractice}** is not yet available.`}

`; } return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText1.adoptionFactors.title)}: ${_lang(knowledge.title)}

${md`${_lang(knowledge.description)}`}

`; } 5b:Tcb3,data = { const langRoot = nbText; const langBasePath = langRoot.adoptionFactors.insights.percBar; // base path for language const selectedPractice = dataAdoptionFactors_select.field; const data = dataAdoptionFactorsMap.get(selectedPractice); const tl_prac = (prac) => _lang(td.practices.values?.[prac]); const tl_fact = (fact) => _lang(td.adoption_factors_with_articles.values?.[fact]); // total observations overview const total = T.tidy( data, T.groupBy( ["practice"], [ T.summarize({ totalObservations: T.sum("n"), factorCount: T.count("factor") }) ] ) )[0]; // const mdTotal = // total.practice == adoptionFactorAllLabel // ? `In total, there are` // : `**${total}** has`; const langTotal_selection = total.practice == adoptionFactorAllLabel ? "inTotal" : "specificHas"; const langTotal = _lang(langBasePath.overview); const langTotalItems = [ { insertName: "startString", value: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.phrases[langTotal_selection]) }, { insertName: "totalObs", value: formatComma(total.totalObservations) }, { insertName: "item", value: tl_prac(total.practice) }, { insertName: "totalFactors", value: total.factorCount.length } ]; const mdOverview = langTotalItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langTotal); // total significant sum (needle move) const topNeedleMove = T.tidy( data, T.filter((d) => d.direction !== "Not significant"), T.groupBy(["factor"], [T.summarize({ perc_sig: T.sum("perc") })]), T.arrange(T.desc("perc_sig")), T.sliceMax(1, "perc_sig") )[0]; const langTopNeedle = _lang(langBasePath.mostImpactfulFactor); const langTopNeedleItems = [ { insertName: "factor", value: tl_fact(topNeedleMove.factor) }, { insertName: "practice", value: tl_prac(selectedPractice) }, { insertName: "influence", value: d3.format("d")(topNeedleMove.perc_sig) } ]; const mdTopNeedle = langTopNeedleItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langTopNeedle); // high neg influence const largeNegInfluence = T.tidy( data, T.filter((d) => d.direction == "Negative"), T.sliceMax(1, "perc") )[0]; const largePosInfluence = T.tidy( data, T.filter((d) => d.direction == "Positive"), T.sliceMax(1, "perc") )[0]; const langBigInfluence = _lang(langBasePath.biggestInfluences) const langBigInfluenceItems = [ { insertName: "factorNeg", value: tl_fact(largeNegInfluence.factor) }, { insertName: "influenceNeg", value: d3.format("d")(largeNegInfluence.perc) }, { insertName: "factorPos", value: tl_fact(largePosInfluence.factor) }, { insertName: "influencePos", value: d3.format("d")(largePosInfluence.perc) }, ]; const mdBigInfluence = langBigInfluenceItems.reduce((overview, item) => { return overview.replace( Lang.getRegexForNamedInsertion(item.insertName), item.value ); }, langBigInfluence); return md`${mdOverview} ${mdTopNeedle} ${mdBigInfluence}`; }5c:T6f7,indigenousKnowledgePanelResources = { const selectedPractice = selectResourcePractice?.field; if (!selectedPractice) { return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.title)}

${md`Select a practice from the dropdown above to view related local and indigenous knowledge.`}

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.title)}

${md`Local and indigenous knowledge for **${selectedPractice}** is not yet available.`}

`; } return htl.html`

${_lang(nbText.interventions.indigenousKnowledge.title)}: ${_lang(knowledge.title)}

${md`${_lang(knowledge.description)}`}

`; } 5d:T3768,nbTextFirst=({ supportNbText: { bools: { yes: {en: 'yes', am: 'አዎን', or: 'eeyyee', ti: 'እወ', so: 'haa', af: 'aawo'}, no: {en: 'no', am: "አይደለም", or: 'lakkii', ti: 'ኣይፋል', so: 'maya', af: 'mabruuk'} }, labels: { quickInsights: { en: "Quick Insights", am: "ፈጣን ግኝቶች", or: "Meeqaa Dhihoo", ti: "ንግግራት ቅልጡፍ", so: "Aragtiyada Dhaqso ah", af: "Qaada Qunxurtu" }, language: { en: "Language", am: "ቋንቋ", or: "Afaan", ti: "ቋንቋ", so: "Luqad", af: "Qafara" }, tocTitle: { en: "In this notebook", am: "በዚህ ኖትቡክ ውስጥ", or: "Kutaa barruu kana keessatti", ti: "ኣብዚ ደፍኢ", so: "Buugga qoran kaan", af: "Kaatah xalay kinniih adda" }, crop: { en: "Crop", am: "የምርት አይነት", or: "Miraa", ti: "ፍረ", so: "Beeraha", af: "Xaylo" }, sort: { en: "Sort", am: "ደርድር", or: "Hirmaawaa", ti: "ሰርድ", so: "Kala sooc", af: "Gexo" }, sortTotals: { en: "Sort totals", am: "ጠቅላላዎችን ደርድር", or: "Waliigalaa hirmaawaa", ti: "ጠቕላላታት ሰርድ", so: "Wadarta kala sooc", af: "Qasitte gexo" }, sortBars: { en: "Sort bars", am: "አሞሌዎችን ደርድር", or: "Ulee hirmaawaa", ti: "ኣሞላታት ሰርድ", so: "Baarooyinka kala sooc", af: "Misaaqa gexo" }, confidenceIntervals: { en: "Confidence intervals", am: "የመተማመን ክፍተቶች", or: "Meeqa amanuu", ti: "ክፍተት ምትእስሳር", so: "Kala duwan ee kalsoonida", af: "Raadiyya madaqli" }, highlightAez: { en: "Highlight AEZ", am: "AEZ አጉላ", or: "AEZ mul'isiisi", ti: "AEZ ኣዕራር", so: "Soo bandhig AEZ", af: "AEZ baddiilih" }, highlightPractice: { en: "Highlight a practice", am: "አንድ ልምድ አጉላ", or: "Hojiirra oolchaa tokko mul'isiisi", ti: "ልምዲ ኣዕራር", so: "Habka soo bandhig", af: "Tabta baddiilih" } }, phrases: { inTotal: { en: "In total, there are", am: "በጠቅላላው፣ አሉ", or: "Waliigalaan, jiru", ti: "ብሓፈሻ፡ ኣለዉ", so: "Wadarta guud, waxaa jira", af: "Qasittek, adda yan" }, specificHas: { en: `**:::item:::** has`, am: `**:::item:::** አለው`, or: `**:::item:::** qaba`, ti: `**:::item:::** ኣለዎ`, so: `**:::item:::** waxay leedahay`, af: `**:::item:::** le` } }, words: { toBe: { singular: { en: "is", am: "ነው", or: "dha", ti: "እዩ", so: "waa", af: "yekkeh" }, plural: { en: "are", am: "ናቸው", or: "dha", ti: "እዮም", so: "waa", af: "yan" } }, and: { en: "and", am: "እና", or: "fi", ti: "ከምኡ'ውን", so: "iyo", af: "kee" }, percentage: { singular: { en: "percentage", am: "መቶኛ", or: "dhaabbataa", ti: "ኣብ ሚእቲ", so: "boqolkiiba", af: "miisaanay" }, plural: { en: "percentages", am: "መቶኛዎች", or: "dhaabbataawwan", ti: "ኣብ ሚእቲታት", so: "boqolkiibada", af: "miisaanaay" } }, crop: { singular: { en: "crop", am: "የምርት አይነት", or: "miraa", ti: "ፍረ", so: "beeraha", af: "xaylo" }, plural: { en: "crops", am: "የምርት አይነቶች", or: "miraawwan", ti: "ፍራውት", so: "beerayaasha", af: "xaylool" } }, country: { singular: { en: "country", am: "አገር", or: "biyya", ti: "ሃገር", so: "dalka", af: "baado" }, plural: { en: "countries", am: "አገራት", or: "biyyoota", ti: "ሃገራት", so: "dalalka", af: "baadool" } }, region: { singular: { en: "region", am: "ክልል", or: "naannoo", ti: "ክልል", so: "gobolka", af: "gadda" }, plural: { en: "regions", am: "ክልሎች", or: "naannolee", ti: "ክልላት", so: "gobollada", af: "gaddaay" } }, subregion: { singular: { en: "subregion", am: "ንዑስ ክልል", or: "naannoo gadi fageenya", ti: "ንኡስ ክልል", so: "qeybta gobolka", af: "gadda gexxa" }, plural: { en: "subregions", am: "ንዑስ ክልሎች", or: "naannolee gadi fageenya", ti: "ንኡስ ክልላት", so: "qeybaha gobolka", af: "gadda gexxay" } }, commodity: { singular: { en: "commodity", am: "ሸቀጣ ሸቀጥ", or: "bittaa", ti: "ፍርያት", so: "badeecada", af: "dimmimeyta" }, plural: { en: "commodities", am: "ሸቀጦች", or: "bittaawwan", ti: "ፍርያታት", so: "badeecadaha", af: "dimmimeytitte" } }, overview: { en: "overview", am: "አጠቃላይ እይታ", or: "dhimma wal'aansa", ti: "ሓፈሻዊ መግለጺ", so: "dhammaan aragtida", af: "qunxurto" }, practice: { singular: { en: "practice", am: "ልምድ", or: "hojiirra oolchaa", ti: "ልምዲ", so: "hab", af: "tabta" }, plural: { en: "practices", am: "ልምዶች", or: "hojiirra oolchaawwan", ti: "ልምድታት", so: "hababka", af: "tabtitte" } }, observation: { singular: { en: "observation", am: "ትንታኔ", or: "ilaalcha", ti: "ትንተና", so: "dayactirka", af: "cello" }, plural: { en: "observations", am: "ትንታኔዎች", or: "ilaalchawwan", ti: "ትንተናታት", so: "dayactirada", af: "cellool" } }, variety: { en: "Variety", am: "ዝርያ", or: "Gosa", ti: "ዓይነት", so: "Kala duwanaanshaha", af: "Gexxa" }, increase: { en: "increase", am: "ጭማሪ", or: "dabalataa", ti: "ወሰኽ", so: "kordhin", af: "darri" }, decrease: { en: "decrease", am: "መቀነስ", or: "hir'isaa", ti: "ንእሽቶ", so: "yaree", af: "kutaa" } } }, inputs: { defaults: { aez: { en: "All AEZ's", am: "ሁሉም AEZ's", or: "Hunda AEZ's", ti: "ኩሎም AEZ's", so: "Dhammaan AEZ's", af: "Addak AEZ's" }, practice: { en: "All practices", am: "ሁሉም ልምዶች", or: "Hunda hojiirra oolchaawwan", ti: "ኩሎም ልምድታት", so: "Dhammaan hababka", af: "Addak tabtitte" }, variety: { en: "None", am: "ምንም", or: "Homtuu", ti: "ምንም", so: "Midna", af: "Gexxi mayan" } }, radioSort: { fields: { mean: { en: "Mean Difference", am: "አማካይ ልዩነት", or: "Waliigalcha adda ta'aa", ti: "ማእከላይ ፍልልይ", so: "Kala duwanaanta celceliska ah", af: "Gexxat oobbiya" }, observations: { en: "Observations", am: "ትንታኔዎች", or: "Ilaalchawwan", ti: "ትንተናታት", so: "Dayactirada", af: "Cellool" }, alpha: { en: "Alphabetical", am: "በአልፋቤት", or: "Alfaabetii", ti: "ብኣልፋቤት", so: "Alifbeetada", af: "Alifbeetik" } } } }, overview: { h1: { en: "Overview", am: "አጠቃላይ እይታ", or: "Dhimma wal'aansa", ti: "ሓፈሻዊ መግለጺ", so: "Dhammaan aragtida", af: "Qunxurto" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "Adapting African agriculture to climate change will require millions of small-scale producers to continually adapt to changing conditions. Modifying field management practices and adopting new technologies offer farmers practical approaches to respond. To support scaling and adoption of new technologies, we need to understand their potential impact and feasibility. This notebook explores how each of these interventions affects crop yield, the risks of implementing them, barriers to their adoption, and how to actually put them into practice.", am: "የአፍሪካ ግብርና ለአየር ንብረት ለውጥ መላመድ በሚልከው ሚሊዮኖች የሚቆጠሩ ትናንሽ ምርተኞች ለሚቀያየሩት ሁኔታዎች በተከታታይ መላመድ አለባቸው። የፊልድ አስተዳደር ልምዶችን ማስተካከል እና አዳዲስ ቴክኖሎጂዎችን መቀበል ለአርሶ አደሮች ለመልሶ ለመስጠት ተግባራዊ አቀራረቦችን ያቀርባሉ። አዳዲስ ቴክኖሎጂዎችን ለማስፋፋት እና ለማስተዋወቅ ድጋፍ ለማድረግ እምቅ ተጽዕኖዎቻቸውን እና ተግባራዊነታቸውን መረዳት አለብን። ይህ ኖትቡክ እያንዳንዳቸው እነዚህ ጣልቃገብነቶች የምርት ምርታማነትን እንዴት እንደሚነኩ፣ የመተግበሪያ አደጋዎቻቸው፣ ለማስተዋወቅ ያሉ እንቅፋቶች እና በተግባር እንዴት እንደሚተገበሩ ያስላል።", or: "Qonnaan bishaanii Afrikaa gara jijjiirrama qilleensaa geessuun lakkoofsa miriyoonaa ta'an qotee-bultoota xiqqaa ta'an yeroo hunda jijjiirramaa jiran gaafata. Hojiirra oolchaa bulchiinsa dirree jijjiiruufi teeknooloojii haaraa fudhachuun qotee-bultootaaf mala hojii dandeessaa kennu. Teeknooloojii haaraa dabarsuufi fudhachuu deeggarsuuf, dandeettii isaanii fi hojiirra oolchaa dandeettii hubachuun barbaachisaadha. Barruun kun hojiirra oolchaa hunda michuu fudhachuuf kan akka baay'ee sirrii ta'ee, dandeettii isaanii, rakkoo isaanii fi akka isaanitti hojiirra oolchaa hojjachuuf deeggarsa kenna.", ti: "ናይ ኣፍሪቃ ሕርሻ ናብ ለውጢ ኣየር ምምላስ ብሚሊዮናት ዚቑጸሩ ንእሽቶ ኣምራት ናብቲ ዚቕየር ኩነታት ቀጻሊ ምምላስ ኣለዎም። ናይ ግራውያን ምምሕዳር ልምዲታት ምቕያር ከምኡ'ውን ሓድሽ ቴክኖሎጂታት ምቕባል ንሓረድቲ ኣገባባት ምምላስ የቕርብ። ሓደሽቲ ቴክኖሎጂታት ንምዝራብን ምቕባልን ንምድጋፍ፡ ኣገዳሲነቶምን ተግባራውነቶምን ክንፈልጥ ኣሎና። እዚ ደፍኢ እዚ ነዚ ኣገባባት ከመይ ጌሮም ንውህደት ሕርሻ ዚጸልኡ፡ ሓደጋታቶም፡ ኣጋዕላቕ ምቕባሎም፡ ከምኡ'ውን ኣገባባት ምቕባል ዚግበር ከምዝኸውን ይምዕትል።", so: "Beeraha Afrikaanka ee cimilada beddelka u qalbi gelin wuxuu u baahan yahay milyannooyinka soo saarayaasha yar-yar si ay sii wadaan ugu heshiiyaan xaaladaha beddelaya. Hababka maamulka beeraha beddelidda iyo aqoonta cusub soo dhaweynta waxay bixiyaan beeraha habab wax ku ool ah. Si loogu taageero kala duwanaanta iyo soo dhaweynta aqoonta cusub, waxaan u baahanahay in aan fahanno saamaynta iyo suurtagalkooda. Buuggan qoran wuxuu baadhiyaa sida tallaabada kasta oo ka mid ah ay saameeyaan soo saarista beeraha, khatarta fulinta, caqabadaha soo dhaweynta, iyo sida loo fuliyo si dhab ah.", af: "Afrik addal tanik yeemene Qambi baguk xaylo yakkem gexxat num kee marih tan seecok kaxxamarih yan marih num keenik yeemeneh. Kaxxa xaylon kee aymaaqe axcuk qadaada gexxat kee saytunnay aymaaqe elle tan num kee marih tan gexxat abba hayta num tekkek. Aymaaqe elle tan abbah tan kee ellecuk tan seeco aban kinniih, tet abak tan kee tabuk tan keenih massakaxxem nek. Kaatah xalay kinniih adda tamaate gexxat keenik kinni tama num kee marih tan xaylo edde yaniih gexa, tabuk tamaate kee ellecuk tamaate kee ellecuk tama gexa tama elle tabuk tamaate keenih gita." } } } })5e:T1025e,nbTextPractices=({ practices: { "Inorganic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Traditional Soil Enrichment Methods", am: "የባህላዊ የአፈር ማሻሻያ ዘዴዎች", or: "Mala Dhagaa Dhiigaalee Uumamaa", ti: "ኣገባብታት ምሕያል ሓመድ ባህላው", so: "Hababka Dhaqanka ee Xamiirinta Carrada", af: "Agbiyya Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Before modern inorganic fertilizers, Ethiopian farmers used traditional methods like ash from burned crop residues, animal manure, and compost made from household waste. These methods, passed down through generations, help maintain soil fertility while being more accessible and sustainable for smallholder farmers.", am: "ከዘመናዊ አፈር ማሻሻያዎች በፊት፣ የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ከተቃጠሉ የምርት ቀሪዎች አፈር፣ የእንስሳት ፈረስ፣ እና ከቤት ቀሪዎች የተሰራ ኮምፖስት ያሉ ባህላዊ ዘዴዎችን ይጠቀሙ ነበር። እነዚህ ዘዴዎች፣ በትውልድ የተላለፉ፣ ለትንንሽ አርሶ አደሮች የበለጠ ተደራሽ እና ዘላቂ ሲሆኑ የአፈር ምርታማነትን ለመጠበቅ ይረዳሉ።", or: "Fuula dhiigaalee uumamaa haaromsa qonnaa dhiheen, qotiyoowwan Itoophiyaa mala dhaqaa fayyadamu turan akka daaraa goggoggii qoqqoodame, baala beyladaa, fi komposota qaccee manaa irraa hojjetame. Malaaleen kun, dhaloota dhalootaatti dabarfamu, sochiiwwan qonnaa xiqqaaaf carraa irraa kan fudhatamanii fi kan itti fufani ta'uun dhiiga dhagaa tiksuu gargaaru.", ti: "ቅድሚ ናይ ሕጂ ሓመድ ዘይኣካላዊ ምርድዳእ፡ ገበርቲ ኢትዮጵያ ንባህላው ኣገባብ ከም ሓመድ ካብ ተሃዊሱ ጭማሪ ዝተረኽበ፡ ፈረስ እንስሳ፡ ኮምፖስት ካብ ግዝፊ ገዛ ዝተሰርሐ ይጥቀሙ ነበሩ። እዚ ኣገባብታት እዚ፡ ብደርግዊ ዝተላለፈ፡ ንንኡስ ገበርቲ ዝያዳ ቅልጡፍን ዘለዓለማውን ኮይኑ ምርድዳእ ሓመድ ንምዕቋብ ይሕግዞም።", so: "Ka hor istiimaalka xamiirinta carrada casriga ah, beerashada Itoobiya waxay isticmaali jireen habab dhaqameed oo kale ah sida dhoobada laga helo dhibcaha dalagyada la gubay, xayirada xoolaha, iyo komboosta laga sameeyey qashinka guriga. Hababkan, oo loo gudbiyo jiray ilbaxnimada, waxay ka caawiyaan dhirir gelinta xamiirinta carrada halka ay ka heli karaan beerasho yar yar oo fudud oo ay ku sii wadi karaan.", af: "Namma qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe tekke, itoobbiya qado kee amol tet abeh yan qadaadadah tanih madqooqeh yan agbiyyaak texxemere kee burtuk texxemer geyti kinni duude weeh adda duudusaay, burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Organic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Indigenous Composting Techniques", am: "የዘርፉ ኮምፖስት ቴክኒኮች", or: "Mala Kompostii Uummamaa", ti: "ተክኒክ ምህላው ኮምፖስት", so: "Farsamooyinka Dhaqanka ee Komboosta", af: "Agbiyya Komboosta Ummatta" }, description: { en: "Ethiopian farmers have long practiced organic fertilization using locally available materials. Traditional composting methods involve layering crop residues, animal manure, and kitchen waste in pits, allowing natural decomposition. This knowledge, refined over centuries, creates nutrient-rich organic matter that improves soil structure and water retention.", am: "የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች በአካባቢ የሚገኙ ቁሶችን በመጠቀም የአስላል ማሻሻያ ልምድ ረጅም ጊዜ ነበራቸው። ባህላዊ የኮምፖስት ዘዴዎች የምርት ቀሪዎች፣ የእንስሳት ፈረስ፣ እና የማዕድን ቀሪዎችን በጉድጓዶች ውስጥ በማስቀመጥ የተፈጥሮ መበስበስን ያካትታሉ። ይህ እውቀት፣ በዘመናት ውስጥ የተጣራ፣ የአፈር መዋቅር እና የውሃ መጠባበቅን የሚያሻሽል ንጥረ ነገር የበለጠ የሆነ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር ይፈጥራል።", or: "Qotiyoowwan Itoophiyaa yeroo dheeraaf dhiigaalee uumamaa fayyadamu turan bu'aa aanaa irraa argamu fayyadamuun. Mala kompostii dhaqaa bu'aa qonnaa, baala beyladaa, fi qaccee manaa godaawwan keessatti kuufachuun uumamuu deebisuu dabalata. Beekumsi kun, waggaa kurnaanitti caamsamuu, bu'aa soorataa baay'ee qabu uumamaa kan dhiiga dhagaa fi dhiiga bishaanii daddabarsu uuma.", ti: "ገበርቲ ኢትዮጵያ ንነዊሕ ግዜ ኣገባብ ሓመድ ኣካላዊ ብጥቀም ካብ ቦታ ከባቢ ዝርከብ ንጥረ ነገር ይጥቀሙ ነበሩ። ኣገባብ ምህላው ኮምፖስት ጭማሪ ዕምባባ፡ ፈረስ እንስሳ፡ ከንፈር ገዛ ኣብ ዓውዲ ምድር ኣብ ደረጃታት ምውሳን ይጠቓልል። እዚ ፍልጠት እዚ፡ ብዓመት እተጣርፈ፡ ንሓለዋ ሓመድን ምዕቋብ ማይን ዘመሓይሽ ርቂ ምግቢ ዝመልኦ ኣካላዊ ንጥረ ነገር ይፈጥር።", so: "Beerashada Itoobiya muddo dheer waxay ku tababartay isticmaalka xamiirinta organik ah adoo adeegsanaya qalabka lagu helo gobolka. Hababka dhaqanka ee komboosta waxaa ka mid ah sida loo isku daro dhibcaha dalagyada, xayirada xoolaha, iyo qashinka jikada godad, iyadoo la ogolaaday inay u dhiman dabiiciga ah. Aqoontan, oo la hagaajiyay qarni badan, waxay abuurtaa walax organik oo nuuqul badan oo hagaajisa qaabka carrada iyo kaydinta biyaha.", af: "Itoobbiya qado kee amol tet abeh yan qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Organic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Indigenous Composting Techniques", am: "የዘርፉ ኮምፖስት ቴክኒኮች", or: "Mala Kompostii Uummamaa", ti: "ተክኒክ ምህላው ኮምፖስት", so: "Farsamooyinka Dhaqanka ee Komboosta", af: "Agbiyya Komboosta Ummatta" }, description: { en: "Ethiopian farmers have long practiced organic fertilization using locally available materials. Traditional composting methods involve layering crop residues, animal manure, and kitchen waste in pits, allowing natural decomposition. This knowledge, refined over centuries, creates nutrient-rich organic matter that improves soil structure and water retention.", am: "የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች በአካባቢ የሚገኙ ቁሶችን በመጠቀም የአስላል ማሻሻያ ልምድ ረጅም ጊዜ ነበራቸው። ባህላዊ የኮምፖስት ዘዴዎች የምርት ቀሪዎች፣ የእንስሳት ፈረስ፣ እና የማዕድን ቀሪዎችን በጉድጓዶች ውስጥ በማስቀመጥ የተፈጥሮ መበስበስን ያካትታሉ። ይህ እውቀት፣ በዘመናት ውስጥ የተጣራ፣ የአፈር መዋቅር እና የውሃ መጠባበቅን የሚያሻሽል ንጥረ ነገር የበለጠ የሆነ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር ይፈጥራል።", or: "Qotiyoowwan Itoophiyaa yeroo dheeraaf dhiigaalee uumamaa fayyadamu turan bu'aa aanaa irraa argamu fayyadamuun. Mala kompostii dhaqaa bu'aa qonnaa, baala beyladaa, fi qaccee manaa godaawwan keessatti kuufachuun uumamuu deebisuu dabalata. Beekumsi kun, waggaa kurnaanitti caamsamuu, bu'aa soorataa baay'ee qabu uumamaa kan dhiiga dhagaa fi dhiiga bishaanii daddabarsu uuma.", ti: "ገበርቲ ኢትዮጵያ ንነዊሕ ግዜ ኣገባብ ሓመድ ኣካላዊ ብጥቀም ካብ ቦታ ከባቢ ዝርከብ ንጥረ ነገር ይጥቀሙ ነበሩ። ኣገባብ ምህላው ኮምፖስት ጭማሪ ዕምባባ፡ ፈረስ እንስሳ፡ ከንፈር ገዛ ኣብ ዓውዲ ምድር ኣብ ደረጃታት ምውሳን ይጠቓልል። እዚ ፍልጠት እዚ፡ ብዓመት እተጣርፈ፡ ንሓለዋ ሓመድን ምዕቋብ ማይን ዘመሓይሽ ርቂ ምግቢ ዝመልኦ ኣካላዊ ንጥረ ነገር ይፈጥር።", so: "Beerashada Itoobiya muddo dheer waxay ku tababartay isticmaalka xamiirinta organik ah adoo adeegsanaya qalabka lagu helo gobolka. Hababka dhaqanka ee komboosta waxaa ka mid ah sida loo isku daro dhibcaha dalagyada, xayirada xoolaha, iyo qashinka jikada godad, iyadoo la ogolaaday inay u dhiman dabiiciga ah. Aqoontan, oo la hagaajiyay qarni badan, waxay abuurtaa walax organik oo nuuqul badan oo hagaajisa qaabka carrada iyo kaydinta biyaha.", af: "Itoobbiya qado kee amol tet abeh yan qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Mulch (Trees)": { title: { en: "Agroforestry Mulching Traditions", am: "የአግሮፎሬስትሪ ማሸፊያ ባህሎች", or: "Aadaa Kuufachuu Agroforestrii", ti: "ባህል ምሽፋፍ ኣግሮፎሬስትሪ", so: "Dhaqanku Kuufashada Agroforestry", af: "Agbiyya Agroforestrii Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Traditional agroforestry systems in Ethiopia incorporate tree leaves and branches as mulch. Farmers use species like Acacia, Cordia, and indigenous fruit trees, whose leaves provide excellent ground cover. This practice, deeply rooted in Ethiopian agricultural heritage, creates microclimates, reduces soil erosion, and enhances biodiversity while providing organic matter for soil improvement.", am: "በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የባህላዊ አግሮፎሬስትሪ ስርዓቶች የዛፍ ቅጠሎችን እና ቅርንጫፎችን እንደ ማሸፊያ ያካትታሉ። አርሶ አደሮች እንደ አካሲያ፣ ኮርዲያ፣ እና የዘርፉ ፍራፍሬ ዛፎች ያሉ ዝርያዎችን ይጠቀማሉ፣ ቅጠሎቻቸው በጣም ጥሩ የመሬት ሽፋን ይሰጣሉ። ይህ ልምድ፣ በኢትዮጵያ የግብርና ቅርስ ውስጥ ጥልቅ የተጣበቀ፣ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት፣ የአፈር መፍሳስን ይቀንሳል፣ እና የአፈር ማሻሻያ ለአስላል ንጥረ ነገር ሲሰጥ የባዮዲቨርስቲ ይጨምራል።", or: "Sirna agroforestrii dhaqaa Itoophiyaa keessatti baala fi naannawa mukaa kan fayyadamuuf mala kuufachuu dabalata. Qotiyoowwan akka Acacia, Cordia, fi mukaa fuduraa dhalootaa kan fayyadamu, baalaan isaanii daboo'aa gaarii dhiiga dhagaa kennu. Mala kun, hawaasa qonnaa Itoophiyaa keessatti guddaa, qilleensaa xiqqaa uuma, dhiiga dhagaa dhaabuu daddabarsu, fi beylada adda addaa dabalata halka bu'aa uumamaa dhiiga dhagaa daddabarsuuf kennu.", ti: "ስርዓት ኣግሮፎሬስትሪ ባህላው ኣብ ኢትዮጵያ ንቅጠል ኣግርባብን ጨናፍርን ከም ምሽፋፍ ይጠቃልል። ገበርቲ ከም ኣካሲያ፡ ኮርዲያ፡ ከምኡውን ዓይነት ፍረ ዝሓዝ ባህላው ዛጎላት ይጥቀሙ፡ ቅጠሎም ንጽቡቕ ሽፋን ምድሪ ይህብ። እዚ ኣገባብ እዚ፡ ኣብ ትውልዲ ሕርሻ ኢትዮጵያ ዕሙቕ ዝሰርሐ፡ ንንእሽተ ኣየር ንብረት ይፈጥር፡ ምፍሳስ ሓመድ ይንኪ፡ ከምኡውን ንኣካላዊ ንጥረ ነገር ምሕያል ሓመድ ክህብ ከሎ ዝያዳ ዓይነት ህይወት ይውስኽ።", so: "Nidaamka agroforestry ee dhaqanka Itoobiya waxaa ku jira isticmaalka caleemaha geedaha iyo laamo sida kuufasho. Beerashadu waxay isticmaalaan noocyada sida Acacia, Cordia, iyo geedaha khudaarta ku dhasan ee dhaqanka, kuwaas oo caleemahoodu bixiyaan dabool fiican oo carrada ah. Habkan, oo ku dhextaalayo dhaqanka beeraha Itoobiya, wuxuu abuuraa cimilada yar-yar, wuxuu yaraadinayaa dhaca carrada, wuxuuna kor u qaadayaa kala duwanaanta noolaha iyadoo bixinayo walax organik oo hagaajinta carrada.", af: "Namma agroforestrii agbiyya itoobbiya qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Reduced Tillage": { title: { en: "Traditional Minimum Tillage Practices", am: "ባህላዊ ዝቅተኛ ማለስ ልምዶች", or: "Mala Xiqqaa Dhiiga Dhagaa", ti: "ልምድታት ምንካይ ምህላው", so: "Hababka Dhaqanka ee Yar-yar ee Dayactirka", af: "Agbiyya Xiqqaa Dhiiga Dhagaa Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Ethiopian farmers have practiced reduced tillage for generations, using traditional tools like the Maresha (ox-drawn plow) that create minimal soil disturbance. This indigenous approach preserves soil structure, maintains beneficial microorganisms, and reduces labor while conserving soil moisture. The knowledge of when and how to till minimally has been refined through centuries of observation and adaptation to local conditions.", am: "የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች በትውልድ ዝቅተኛ ማለስ ልምድ ነበራቸው፣ እንደ ማሬሻ (የከብት የተጎተተ ማለስ) ያሉ ባህላዊ መሳሪያዎችን በመጠቀም ዝቅተኛ የአፈር መዛባት ይፈጥራሉ። ይህ የዘርፉ አቀራረብ የአፈር መዋቅርን ይጠብቃል፣ ጠቃሚ ማይክሮኦርጋኒዝሞችን ይጠብቃል፣ እና የአፈር ውሃን በመጠበቅ የጉልበትን ይቀንሳል። መቼ እና እንዴት ቢያንስ ማለስ እንዳለብን የእውቀት በዘመናት ውስጥ በአካባቢ ሁኔታዎች በመገናኘት ተጣርቷል።", or: "Qotiyoowwan Itoophiyaa waggaa dheeraaf mala xiqqaa dhiiga dhagaa fayyadamu turan, meeshaa dhaqaa akka Maresha (qorii sa'a) fayyadamuun dhiiga dhagaa xiqqaa jijjiiramu uumu. Karaa dhalootaa kun qaama dhiiga dhagaa tiksuu, microorganisms barbaachisoo tiksuu, fi hojii xiqqeessuun dhiiga bishaanii tiksuu gargaara. Beekumsi yeroo fi akkaataa dhiiga dhagaa xiqqaa jijjiiru kan waggaa kurnaan xiinxala fi garaagarummaa aanaa wajjin caamsame.", ti: "ገበርቲ ኢትዮጵያ ንደርግዊ ግዜ ኣገባብ ምንካይ ምሕያል ሓመድ ኣገልጊሎም ነይሮም፡ ከም ማሬሻ (በሬ ዝሰርሐ መሕጸቢ) ዝኣመሰሉ ባህላው መሳርሒታት ብጥቀም ንንእሽተ ምቕያር ሓመድ ይፈጥሩ። እዚ ኣገባብ ባህላው እዚ ንቅጸት ሓመድ ይዕቀብ፡ ንጠቃሚ ንእሽተ ኣካላት ይዕቀብ፡ ከምኡውን ብምዕቋብ ርእሲ ማይ ሓመድ ንሰራሕ ይንኪ። ፍልጠት መጠንን ኣገባብን ምንካይ ሓመድ ብዘመናት መጠን ብምርኣይን ምምላስ ኣብ ከባቢ ከባቢ ተማህሮ።", so: "Beerashada Itoobiya muddo dheer waxay ku tababartay dayactirka yar-yar, adoo adeegsanaya qalabka dhaqanka sida Maresha (ceelka loo adeegsado dibi) kuwaas oo abuura kharash yar oo carrada ah. Habkan dhaqanka wuxuu ilaaliyaa qaabka carrada, wuxuu ilaaliyaa microorganismska faa'iidada leh, wuxuuna yaraadinayaa shaqada iyadoo la kaydinayo dareeraha carrada. Aqoonta marka iyo sidii loo dayactiro si yar-yar ah ayaa la hagaajiyay qarni badan iyadoo la arki karo iyo la habaynayo xaaladaha gobolka.", af: "Itoobbiya qado kee amol tet abeh yan qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Water Harvesting": { title: { en: "Traditional Water Conservation Methods", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ ጥበቃ ዘዴዎች", or: "Mala Tiksaa Bishaanii Dhaqaa", ti: "ኣገባብታት ምዕቋብ ማይ ባህላው", so: "Hababka Dhaqanka ee Kaydinta Biyaha", af: "Agbiyya Tiksaa Biyaha Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Indigenous water harvesting techniques in Ethiopia include constructing traditional ponds (Hafirs), terracing on hillsides, and using stone bunds to capture and store rainwater. These methods, developed over millennia, help farmers manage water scarcity during dry seasons. The knowledge of optimal placement, sizing, and maintenance of these structures has been passed down through generations, adapted to local topography and climate patterns.", am: "በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የዘርፉ የውሃ ማሰባሰብ ቴክኒኮች ባህላዊ ጉድጓዶችን (ሀፊሮች) መገንባት፣ በተራራዎች ላይ ደረጃዎችን መገንባት፣ እና የዝናብ ውሃን ለመሰብሰብ እና ለመከማቸት የድንጋይ ግድግዳዎችን መጠቀምን ያካትታሉ። እነዚህ ዘዴዎች፣ በሺዎች ዓመታት ውስጥ የተገነቡ፣ አርሶ አደሮችን በደረቅ ወቅቶች ውስጥ የውሃ እጥረትን ለመቆጣጠር ይረዳሉ። የእነዚህ መዋቅሮች ጥሩ አቀማመጥ፣ መጠን፣ እና ጥበቃ እውቀት በትውልድ ተላልፏል፣ በአካባቢ የመሬት አቀማመጥ እና የአየር ንብረት ቅይጦች ተገንብቷል።", or: "Mala dhalootaa bishaanii qabuu Itoophiyaa keessatti godaawwan dhaqaa (Hafirs) ijaaru, garaagaraa gaarichaa irratti ijaaru, fi dhoqqeen dhagaa fayyadamuun bishaan rooba qabuu fi kuufachuu dabalata. Malaaleen kun, waggaa kumaanaan ijaarame, qotiyoowwan yeroo gogaa bishaan hin qabne keessatti bishaan xiqqeessuu gargaaru. Beekumsi iddoo gaarii, guddina, fi tiksuu ijaarsaa kan kun dhaloota dhalootaatti dabarfame, garaagarummaa lafaafi qilleensaa aanaa wajjin gargaaramu.", ti: "ተክኒክ ምሕያል ማይ ባህላው ኣብ ኢትዮጵያ ንሓጺን ማይ (ሓፊር) ምህናጽ፡ ኣብ ጎቦታት መደርደር፡ ከምኡውን ንማይ ዝናብ ምምላስን ምኽማንን ንድንጋይ መጋር ጥቕሚ ይገብር። እዚ ኣገባብታት እዚ፡ ብኣሽሓት ዓመት እተማዕበለ፡ ንገበርቲ ኣብ ዓመታት ድርቂ ምሕዛዝ ማይ ይሕግዞም። ፍልጠት ምርጫ፡ መጠን፡ ከምኡውን ምዕቃብ እዞም መዋቕራት ብደርግዊ መጠን ተላሊፉ፡ ኣብ ከባቢ ከባቢ ንምምላስ ምድርን ኣየር ንብረትን ተማህሮ።", so: "Farsamada dhaqanka ee ururinta biyaha Itoobiya waxaa ka mid ah dhismaha godad dhaqameed (Hafirs), dhismaha jaranjarooyinka buuraha, iyo isticmaalka daarta dhagaxa si loo qabto loona kaydiyo biyaha roobka. Hababkan, oo lagu horumariyay qarni badan, waxay ka caawiyaan beerashada inay maamulaan biyo yarida xilliyada qallalis. Aqoonta ku saabsan meelaha ugu fiican, cabbirka, iyo dayactirka dhismahan ayaa loo gudbiyay ilbaxnimada, iyadoo loo habaynayo joomatariyadda iyo qaababka cimilada ee gobolka.", af: "Agbiyya itoobbiya qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Intercropping": { title: { en: "Traditional Mixed Cropping Systems", am: "ባህላዊ የተቀላቀለ የምርት ስርዓቶች", or: "Sirna Qonnaa Walitti Qabaa Dhaqaa", ti: "ስርዓት ዕምባባ ዝተቐላቀለ ባህላው", so: "Nidaamka Dhaqanka ee Beerista Isku-darka", af: "Agbiyya Qonnaa Walitti Qabaa Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Ethiopian farmers have practiced intercropping for centuries, combining complementary crops like maize with beans, or teff with legumes. This indigenous knowledge includes understanding which crop combinations work best together, optimal spacing, and timing of planting. Traditional intercropping maximizes land use, reduces pest pressure, and provides dietary diversity while maintaining soil fertility through nitrogen fixation from legume partners.", am: "የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ለዘመናት የተቀላቀለ ምርት ልምድ ነበራቸው፣ እንደ ዱቄት ከፋገር፣ ወይም ጤፍ ከመለስ ያሉ ተጣምሮ የምርት አይነቶችን በማጣመር። ይህ የዘርፉ እውቀት የትኞቹ የምርት ጥምረቶች በተሻለ ሁኔታ እንደሚሰሩ፣ ጥሩ ክፍተት፣ እና የመትከል ጊዜን ያካትታል። ባህላዊ የተቀላቀለ ምርት የመሬት አጠቃቀምን ያሳድጋል፣ የጉዳት ጫናን ይቀንሳል፣ እና ከመለስ አጋሮች በናይትሮጅን ማስተካከል በአፈር ምርታማነት ላይ የአመጋገብ ድርሻን ይሰጣል።", or: "Qotiyoowwan Itoophiyaa waggaa dheeraaf sirna qonnaa walitti qabaa fayyadamu turan, akka boqqolloo fi atar, yookiin taafiifi midhaan qonnaa walitti qabatanii. Beekumsi dhalootaa kun akkaataa qonnaa walitti qabaa gaarii, iddoo gaarii, fi yeroo qonnaa dabalata. Sirna qonnaa walitti qabaa dhaqaa qonnaa lafa baay'inaan fayyadamu, dhibaa qonnaa xiqqeessu, fi soorata adda addaa kennu halka dhiiga dhagaa tiksuu qonnaa midhaan wajjin nitrogen fix gargaaru.", ti: "ገበርቲ ኢትዮጵያ ንዘመናት ኣገባብ ዕምባባ ዝተቐላቀለ ሕርሻ ኣገልጊሎም ነይሮም፡ ከም ዕጽላይ ምስ ባቄላ፡ ወይ ጤፍ ምስ ኣተኽልቲ ምስ ዝተኣላለዩ ዕምባባታት ብምስሓብ። እዚ ፍልጠት ባህላው እዚ ኣብ ውሽጡ ዝተሻለ ጥምረት ዕምባባታት፡ ጥሩ መጠን ርቕይቲ፡ ከምኡውን ግዜ መትከል ይጠቓልል። ኣገባብ ዕምባባ ዝተቐላቀለ ባህላው ንምጥቃም ምድሪ ከቢድ ይገብር፡ ሽቃቕ ሕማም ይንኪ፡ ከምኡውን ብናይትሮጅን ምስሓብ ኣተኽልቲ ኣብ ምርድዳእ ሓመድ ምግቢ ዝያዳ ዓይነት ይህብ።", so: "Beerashada Itoobiya qarni badan waxay ku tababartay beerista isku-darka, iyagoo isku daraya dalagyo isku dhafan sida galley with digir, ama teff with digir. Aqoontan dhaqanka waxaa ka mid ah fahamka weedha dalagyo isku dhafan ee ugu wanaagsan, meelaha ugu fiican, iyo waqtiga beerista. Beerista isku-darka ee dhaqanka waxay kor u qaadayaa isticmaalka dhulka, waxay yaraadisaa cadaadiska cayayaanka, waxayna bixisaa kala duwanaanta cuntada iyadoo la ilaalinayo xamiirinta carrada iyadoo la adeegsanayo fixation nitrogenka ee laga helo digirta.", af: "Itoobbiya qado kee amol tet abeh yan qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Crop Rotation": { title: { en: "Indigenous Crop Rotation Knowledge", am: "የዘርፉ የምርት ማዞሪያ እውቀት", or: "Beekumsa Dhalootaa Qonnaa Jijjiiramuu", ti: "ፍልጠት ዕምባባ ምዝዋር ባህላው", so: "Aqoonta Dhaqanka ee Wareegta Dalagga", af: "Agbiyya Qonnaa Jijjiiramuu Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Traditional crop rotation systems in Ethiopia follow seasonal patterns and soil restoration principles passed down through generations. Farmers rotate between cereals, legumes, and fallow periods, understanding which sequences maintain soil health. This indigenous knowledge includes recognizing soil fertility indicators, optimal rotation cycles, and the importance of rest periods for land recovery.", am: "በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የባህላዊ የምርት ማዞሪያ ስርዓቶች ወቅታዊ ቅይጦችን እና የአፈር ዳግም መመለስ መርሆዎችን በትውልድ ይከተላሉ። አርሶ አደሮች በእህሎች፣ መለሶች፣ እና የምርት አለመትከል ጊዜዎች መካከል ይዞራሉ፣ የትኞቹ ቅደም ተከተሎች የአፈር ጥራትን እንደሚጠብቁ ይረዳሉ። ይህ የዘርፉ እውቀት የአፈር ምርታማነት አመላካቾችን መገንዘብ፣ ጥሩ የማዞሪያ ዑደቶች፣ እና ለመሬት መመለስ የእረፍት ጊዜዎችን አስፈላጊነት ያካትታል።", or: "Sirna qonnaa jijjiiramuu dhaqaa Itoophiyaa keessatti qaama yeroofi qajeelfama dhiiga dhagaa deebisuu dhaloota dhalootaatti dabarfamu hordofu. Qotiyoowwan gosa qonnaa, midhaan, fi yeroo qonnaa hin ta'ne gidduu jijjiiramu, akkaataa jijjiiramuu dhiiga dhagaa gaarii tiksu beeku. Beekumsi dhalootaa kun mallattoo dhiiga dhagaa, cycle jijjiiramuu gaarii, fi barbaachisummaa yeroo boqonnaa lafa deebisuu dabalata.", ti: "ስርዓት ዕምባባ ምዝዋር ባህላው ኣብ ኢትዮጵያ ንወቅታዊ ቅድመትን ስርዓት ምሕያል ሓመድን ብደርግዊ መጠን ይስዕብ። ገበርቲ ኣብ መንጎ እህል፡ ኣተኽልቲ፡ ከምኡውን ግዜ ዘይትክል ይዞሩ፡ ኣየናይ ተኸታታል ንጥራት ሓመድ ከም ዝዕቀብ ይፈልጡ። እዚ ፍልጠት ባህላው እዚ ኣብ ውሽጡ ንምልክት ምርድዳእ ሓመድ፡ ጥሩ ዑደት ምዝዋር፡ ከምኡውን ኣገዳሲነት ግዜ ምዕረፍ ንምሕያል ምድሪ ይጠቓልል።", so: "Nidaamka dhaqanka ee wareegta dalagga Itoobiya waxay raacaan qaababka xilliyeed iyo mabaadi'da soo celinta carrada ee loo gudbiyo ilbaxnimada. Beerashadu waxay ku wareegaan dhexdooda cereals, legumes, iyo xilliyada aan la beerin, iyagoo fahamsanaya taxanahaas oo ilaaliya caafimaadka carrada. Aqoontan dhaqanka waxaa ka mid ah aqoonsashada astaamaha xamiirinta carrada, wareegyada wareegta ee ugu fiican, iyo muhiimada xilliyada nasashada ee soo celinta dhulka.", af: "Agbiyya itoobbiya qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Improved Varieties": { title: { en: "Traditional Seed Selection and Preservation", am: "ባህላዊ የዘር ምርጫ እና ጥበቃ", or: "Filannoo fi Tiksaa Iddoo Dhaqaa", ti: "ምርጫ ዘርን ምዕቃብን ባህላው", so: "Doorashada iyo Ilaalinta Midhaha Dhaqanka", af: "Agbiyya Filannoo fi Tiksaa Iddoo Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "For generations, Ethiopian farmers have practiced careful seed selection, choosing the best-performing seeds from each harvest to plant the following season. This traditional method of varietal improvement, passed down through families, has led to locally adapted crop varieties that perform well under specific environmental conditions.", am: "በትውልድ፣ የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ጥንቃቄ ያለው የዘር ምርጫ ልምድ ነበራቸው፣ ከእያንዳንዱ ምርት ምርት ላይ ከጣሉት ዘሮች ውስጥ ምርጥ የሆኑትን ምርጫ በማድረግ በሚቀጥለው ወቅት ለመትከል። ይህ ባህላዊ የዝርያ ማሻሻያ ዘዴ፣ በቤተሰቦች ውስጥ የተላለፈ፣ በተወሰኑ የአካባቢ ሁኔታዎች ስር በተሻለ ሁኔታ የሚሰሩ በአካባቢ የተገነቡ የምርት ዝርያዎችን አስከትሏል።", or: "Dhaloota dhalootaaf, qotiyoowwan Itoophiyaa filannoo idoo eeggataa fayyadamu turan, idoo gaarii hojjataa qoqqoodama irraa filatanii waggaa itti aanu qonnaa turan. Karaa dhaqaa garaagarina iddoo kun, maatii wajjin dabarfame, garaagarina qonnaa aanaa garaagarummaa qilleensaa wajjin gaarii hojjatu uume.", ti: "ብደርግዊ መጠን፡ ገበርቲ ኢትዮጵያ ንጥንቃቄ ምርጫ ዘር ኣገልጊሎም ነይሮም፡ ካብ ነፍሲ ወከፍ ዓወት ዓወት ካብ ዘር ዝተረኽቡ ንጽቡቕ ዘር ብምምራጽ ንዝመጽእ ወቅት ንምትከል። እዚ ኣገባብ ምሕያል ዓይነት ዘር ባህላው እዚ፡ ብስድራቤት እተላለፈ፡ ኣብ ተወሰነ ከባቢ ከባቢ ኣብ ጽቡቕ መጠን ዝሰርሕ ዓይነት ዕምባባ ኣብ ከባቢ ከባቢ እተማዕበለ ኣምጺኡ።", so: "Ilbaxnimada, beerashada Itoobiya waxay ku tababartay doorashada midhaha si taxaddar leh, iyagoo dooranaya midhaha ugu wanaagsan ee laga soo saaro harvest kasta si loo beero xilliga soo socda. Habkan dhaqanka ee hagaajinta noocyada, oo loo gudbiyay qoysaska, wuxuu keelay noocyada dalagga ee la habaynay gobolka kuwaas oo si fiican ugu shaqeeya xaaladaha deegaanka gaar ah.", af: "Agbiyya itoobbiya qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Alleycropping": { title: { en: "Traditional Alley Cropping Systems", am: "ባህላዊ የመንገድ ምርት ስርዓቶች", or: "Sirna Qonnaa Karaa Dhaqaa", ti: "ስርዓት ዕምባባ መንገድ ባህላው", so: "Nidaamka Dhaqanka ee Beerista Waddooyinka", af: "Agbiyya Qonnaa Karaa Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Traditional alley cropping, where rows of trees are planted between crop rows, has been practiced in various forms across Ethiopia. This system provides multiple benefits: trees offer shade and wind protection, their leaves add organic matter to the soil, and the combination often results in improved overall yields compared to sole cropping.", am: "የዛፎች ረድፎች በምርት ረድፎች መካከል የሚተከሉበት ባህላዊ የመንገድ ምርት፣ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ በተለያዩ ቅርጾች ተግብሯል። ይህ ስርዓት ብዙ ጥቅሞችን ያቀርባል፡ ዛፎች ጥላ እና የነፋስ ጥበቃ ይሰጣሉ፣ ቅጠሎቻቸው አስላል ንጥረ ነገርን ወደ አፈር ይጨምራሉ፣ እና ጥምረቱ ብዙ ጊዜ ከአንድ ምርት ጋር ሲነፃፀሩ የተሻሻለ አጠቃላይ ምርታማነትን ያስከትላል።", or: "Sirna qonnaa karaa dhaqaa, eessa mukaa qonnaa gidduu kan qonnaa ta'e, akkaataa adda addaatti Itoophiyaa keessatti fayyadamamaa ture. Sirni kun gaarii baay'ee kennu: mukaan gaaddisa fi tiksuma qilleensaa kennu, baalaan isaanii bu'aa uumamaa dhiiga dhagaa dabalatu, fi walitti qabaan baay'inaan qonnaa tokko qofa irra gaarii ta'a.", ti: "ኣገባብ ዕምባባ መንገድ ባህላው፡ መንገዲ ዛጎላት ኣብ መንጎ መንገዲ ዕምባባታት ዝተኸልከለሉ፡ ብዝተፈላለየ ኣገባባት ኣብ ኢትዮጵያ ተግብሮ ነይሩ። እዚ ስርዓት እዚ ሓያሎ ጥቕሚታት ይህብ፡ ዛጎላት ጽላሎትን ምክልኻል ንፋስን ይህቡ፡ ቅጠሎም ንኣካላዊ ንጥረ ነገር ናብ ሓመድ ይውስኽ፡ ከምኡውን እቲ ምስሓብ መብዛሕትኡ ግዜ ካብ ሓደ ዓይነት ዕምባባ ጋር ምስ እተወዳደረ ዝሓሸ ኣጠቓላዊ ፍረ-ፍረ የምጽእ።", so: "Beerista waddooyinka ee dhaqanka, halkaas oo safaf geed ah lagu beero dhexdooda safafka dalagga, ayaa lagu dhaqmayaa qaabab kala duwan Itoobiya oo dhan. Nidaamkan wuxuu bixiyaa faa'iidooyin badan: geeduhu waxay bixiyaan hooska iyo difaaca dabaysha, caleemahooduna waxay ku dari karaan walaxda organik ee carrada, isku-darkana inta badan waxay keentaa soo saarista wadarta oo la hagaajiyay marka loo barbar dhigo beerista hal dalag.", af: "Agbiyya itoobbiya qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Crop Residue Incorporation": { title: { en: "Traditional Crop Residue Management", am: "ባህላዊ የምርት ቀሪዎች አስተዳደር", or: "Mala Dhiigaalee Qonnaa Dhaqaa", ti: "መምርሒ ቀሪ ዕምባባ ባህላው", so: "Maamulka Dhaqanka ee Hadhyada Dalagga", af: "Agbiyya Dhiigaalee Qonnaa Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Traditional farmers incorporate crop residues back into the soil rather than burning or removing them. This practice returns nutrients to the soil, improves soil structure, and enhances water retention. The knowledge of which residues to incorporate and when has been refined over generations.", am: "ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የምርት ቀሪዎችን ከመቃጠል ወይም ከመወጣት ይልቅ ወደ አፈር ይጨምራሉ። ይህ ልምድ ንጥረ ነገሮችን ወደ አፈር ይመልሳል፣ የአፈር መዋቅርን ያሻሽላል፣ እና የውሃ መጠባበቅን ያሻሽላል። የትኞቹ ቀሪዎችን እና መቼ ማካተት እንዳለብን የእውቀት በትውልድ ተጣርቷል።", or: "Qotiyoowwan dhaqaa dhiigaalee qonnaa dhiiga dhagaa keessatti dabalatu gubuu yookiin facaasu irra. Mala kun soorata dhiiga dhagaa deebisu, qaama dhiiga dhagaa daddabarsu, fi dhiiga bishaanii daddabarsu. Beekumsi dhiigaalee kamiifi yeroon kamiif dabalatu kan dhaloota dhalootaatti caamsame.", ti: "ገበርቲ ባህላው ቀሪ ዕምባባ ናብ ሓመድ ይውስኽዎ ኣብ ክንዲ ምምቃጥል ወይ ምላሽ። እዚ ኣገባብ እዚ ንጥረ ነገር ናብ ሓመድ ይምለስ፡ ንቅጸት ሓመድ ይሕስስ፡ ከምኡውን ምዕቋብ ማይ ይሕስስ። ፍልጠት ኣየናይ ቀሪታትን መጠንን ምውሳን ብደርግዊ መጠን ተማህሮ።", so: "Beerashada dhaqanka waxay ku dari karaan hadhyada dalagga carrada halkii ay gubaan ama ka saaraan. Habkan wuxuu celiyaa nuuqulka carrada, wuxuu hagaajiyaa qaabka carrada, wuxuuna kor u qaadayaa kaydinta biyaha. Aqoonta ku saabsan hadhyada loo daro iyo goorta loo daro ayaa la hagaajiyay ilbaxnimada.", af: "Agbiyya itoobbiya qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Green Manure": { title: { en: "Traditional Green Manure Practices", am: "ባህላዊ የአረንጓዴ ፈረስ ልምዶች", or: "Mala Baala Bilchaataa Dhaqaa", ti: "ልምድታት ፈረስ ኣረንጓዴ ባህላው", so: "Hababka Dhaqanka ee Xayiraadda Cagaaran", af: "Agbiyya Baala Bilchaataa Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Traditional green manure practices involve growing specific plants, often legumes, and then incorporating them into the soil while still green. This method adds nitrogen and organic matter to the soil, significantly improving fertility. Ethiopian farmers have long used local legume species like vetch and clover for this purpose.", am: "ባህላዊ የአረንጓዴ ፈረስ ልምዶች የተወሰኑ እጽዋትን (ብዙ ጊዜ መለሶች) ማድጋትን እና ከዚያም አሁንም አረንጓዴ ሲሆኑ ወደ አፈር ማካተትን ያካትታሉ። ይህ ዘዴ ናይትሮጅን እና አስላል ንጥረ ነገርን ወደ አፈር ይጨምራል፣ የአፈር ምርታማነትን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ያሻሽላል። የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ለዚህ ዓላማ እንደ ቬች እና ክሎቨር ያሉ አካባቢ የመለስ ዝርያዎችን ረጅም ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ አውለዋል።", or: "Mala baala bilchaataa dhaqaa beylada dabalatanii, baay'ee midhaan, dhiiga dhagaa keessatti dabalatu yoo inni bilchaataa ta'ee. Karaa kun nitrogen fi bu'aa uumamaa dhiiga dhagaa dabalatu, dhiiga dhagaa baay'ee daddabarsu. Qotiyoowwan Itoophiyaa yeroo dheeraaf beylada aanaa akka vetch fi clover fayyadamu turan kanaaf.", ti: "ልምድታት ፈረስ ኣረንጓዴ ባህላው ንጥል ኣተክልቲ፡ መብዛሕትኡ ግዜ ኣተኽልቲ፡ ምቕጻልን ካብኡ ድማ ክሳዕ ዝኾነ ኣረንጓዴ ከም ዘሎ ናብ ሓመድ ምውሳንን ይጠቓልል። እዚ ኣገባብ እዚ ናይትሮጅንን ኣካላዊ ንጥረ ነገርን ናብ ሓመድ ይውስኽ፡ ምርድዳእ ሓመድ ብዙሕ ከም ዝሕስስ ይገብር። ገበርቲ ኢትዮጵያ ንነዊሕ ግዜ ኣብ ከባቢ ከባቢ ከም ቬችን ክሎቨርን ዝኣመሰሉ ዓይነት ኣተኽልቲ ነዚ ዓላማ ጥቕሚ ኣበርክቶም ነይሮም።", so: "Hababka dhaqanka ee xayiraadda cagaaran waxaa ka mid ah beerista geedo gaar ah, inta badan legumes, ka dibna lagu daro carrada iyadoo weli cagaaran. Habkan wuxuu ku dari karaa nitrogen iyo walax organik carrada, si weyn u hagaajinaya xamiirinta. Beerashada Itoobiya muddo dheer waxay isticmaali jireen noocyada legumes ee maxalliga ah sida vetch iyo clover ujeeddadan.", af: "Agbiyya itoobbiya qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Deficit Irrigation": { title: { en: "Traditional Water-Saving Irrigation Methods", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ ቆጠባ የመራብት ዘዴዎች", or: "Mala Bishaanii Qusannaa Dhaqaa", ti: "ኣገባብታት መራብቲ ማይ ምዕቋብ ባህላው", so: "Hababka Dhaqanka ee Waraabinta Kaydinta Biyaha", af: "Agbiyya Bishaanii Qusannaa Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Traditional deficit irrigation strategies involve applying water strategically during critical growth stages while reducing water use during less critical periods. This approach, refined through generations of observation, helps farmers maximize yields with limited water resources.", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ እጥረት የመራብት ስትራቴጂዎች በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ደረጃዎች ውስጥ ውሃን በስትራቴጂ ማመላለስን እና በአነስተኛ አስፈላጊ ጊዜያት የውሃ አጠቃቀምን በመቀነስ ያካትታሉ። ይህ አቀራረብ፣ በትውልድ የመመልከት በኩል የተጣራ፣ አርሶ አደሮችን በተገደበ የውሃ ሀብቶች ምርታማነትን ከፍ ለማድረግ ይረዳል።", or: "Sirna bishaanii qusannaa dhaqaa bishaanii yeroo gaarii guddina keessatti sirnaan dhiyeessuun yeroo xiqqaa gaarii bishaanii xiqqeessu dabalata. Karaa kun, dhaloota dhalootaatti xiinxala wajjin caamsame, qotiyoowwan bishaan xiqqaa qaban yoo ta'e baay'ina qonnaa guddisuuf gargaara.", ti: "ስትራቴጂ መራብቲ ማይ ባህላው ኣብ ኣገዳሲ ደረጃታት ዕብየት ንማይ ብስትራቴጂ ምሃብን ኣብ ንእሽተ ኣገዳሲ ግዜታት ንጥቀመት ማይ ምንካይን ይጠቓልል። እዚ ኣገባብ እዚ፡ ብደርግዊ መጠን ብምርኣይ ተማህሮ፡ ንገበርቲ ብተመቕለ ሀብቲ ማይ ንፍረ-ፍረ ከቢድ ንምግባር ይሕግዞም።", so: "Istaraatiijiyadaha dhaqanka ee waraabinta biyaha yar yar waxaa ka mid ah dhiirigelinta biyaha si istaraatiiji ah xilliyada muhiimka ah ee koritaanka halka la yaraadinayo isticmaalka biyaha xilliyada aan sidaas u muhiim ahayn. Habkan, oo la hagaajiyay ilbaxnimada oo la arki karo, wuxuu ka caawiyaa beerashada inay kor u qaadaan soo saarista iyagoo leh khayraadka biyaha ee xadidan.", af: "Agbiyya itoobbiya qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "Supplemental Irrigation": { title: { en: "Traditional Supplemental Water Management", am: "ባህላዊ የመጨረሻያ ውሃ አስተዳደር", or: "Mala Dhiyeessaa Bishaanii Dhaqaa", ti: "መምርሒ መጨረሻት ማይ ባህላው", so: "Maamulka Dhaqanka ee Biyaha Dheeraadka ah", af: "Agbiyya Dhiyeessaa Bishaanii Namma Burtuk Amol Tet Abe Baaxô Bagul" }, description: { en: "Traditional supplemental irrigation practices involve providing additional water during dry spells or critical growth periods to ensure crop survival and maintain yields. Farmers use traditional water storage methods like ponds and small reservoirs to capture and store water for these critical periods.", am: "ባህላዊ የመጨረሻያ መራብት ልምዶች በደረቅ ጊዜያት ወይም በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ጊዜያት ውስጥ ተጨማሪ ውሃ ማቅረብን ያካትታሉ ምርትን ለመጠበቅ እና ምርታማነትን ለመጠበቅ። አርሶ አደሮች እንደ ጉድጓዶች እና ትናንሽ የውሃ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ያሉ ባህላዊ የውሃ ማከማቸት ዘዴዎችን ይጠቀማሉ።", or: "Mala dhiyeessaa bishaanii dhaqaa yeroo gogaa yookiin yeroo gaarii guddina keessatti bishaan dabalataa kennuun qonnaa jiraachuuf fi baay'ina qonnaa tiksuuf dabalata. Qotiyoowwan mala dhaqaa kuufachuu bishaanii akka godaawwan fi kuufachaa xiqqaa fayyadamu yeroo gaarii kan kun keessatti bishaan qabuu fi kuufachuuf.", ti: "ልምድታት መራብቲ መጨረሻት ባህላው ኣብ ዓመታት ድርቂ ወይ ኣብ ኣገዳሲ ግዜታት ዕብየት ተወሳኺ ማይ ምሃብን ዕምባባ ምዕቋብን ምርድዳእ ምዕቋብን ይጠቓልል። ገበርቲ ከም ሓጺን ማይን ንእሽተ ማሕደር ማይን ዝኣመሰሉ ባህላው ኣገባብታት ምክማን ማይ ነዚ ኣገዳሲ ግዜታት ንማይ ምምላስን ምክማንን ይጥቀሙ።", so: "Hababka dhaqanka ee waraabinta dheeraadka ah waxaa ka mid ah bixinta biyaha dheeraadka ah xilliyada qallalis ama xilliyada muhiimka ah ee koritaanka si loo hubiyo badbaadada dalagga iyo ilaalinta soo saarista. Beerashadu waxay isticmaalaan hababka dhaqanka ee kaydinta biyaha sida godad iyo kaydho yar-yar si ay u qabtaan ugu kaydiyaan biyaha xilliyadan muhiimka ah.", af: "Agbiyya itoobbiya qadaadadah tan yani duudusaay kee amaqem madqooqeh yan burtuk amol tet abe texxemere kee burtuk texxemer luk, namma qadaadadah tan kee burtuk texxemer luk, duude weeh adda duudusaay yan qadaadadah tan madqooqeh yan, burtuk amol tet abe kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tan kee duudusaay yan texxemere geyti kinni." } }, "pH Control": { title: { en: "Traditional Soil pH Management", am: "ባህላዊ የአፈር pH አስተዳደር", or: "Misooma Saala pH Lafa Falaa", ti: "ባህላዊ ምዕተ-ቆሻ ማዕቀብ ምዕተ-ቆሻ pH ምሕደራ", so: "Maamulka Caadiga ah ee pH ee Carrada", af: "Uggumuk Caro pH Caddoowa" }, description: { en: "Traditional farmers manage soil acidity and alkalinity through methods like adding ash from burned crop residues or using specific organic materials. While they may not measure pH scientifically, generations of experience have taught them which amendments improve soil conditions and crop performance.", am: "ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የአፈር አሲድነትን እና አልካላይኒቲን በእንደ ከተቃጠሉ የምርት ቀሪዎች አፈር ማከል ወይም የተወሰኑ አስላል ቁሶችን በመጠቀም ዘዴዎችን ያስተዳድራሉ። ሳይንሳዊ ሁኔታ ውስጥ pHን ሳይለኩ፣ የትውልድ ልምድ የትኞቹ ማሻሻያዎች የአፈር ሁኔታዎችን እና የምርት አፈጻጸምን እንደሚያሻሽሉ አስተማርቷቸዋል።", or: "Qottonni aadaa acidii fi alkaline lafaa garaagarummaa akka boca adda addaa bahan dhoqqee irraa bahan yookiin meeshaalee orgaanikii adda addaa fayyadamuun bulchiisu. pH sirriitti hin lakkaa'anii garuu, jireenya dhalootaa irraa bahan beekumsaan waa'ee waan hojiin lafaa fi qonnaa fooyya'isu hubatanii.", ti: "ሰብ ሃብቲ ኣተሓሳስባ ኣሲዳዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ ከምኡ'ውን ኣልካላይን ብኸመይ ከም ተቐማጦ ዝተቃጸለ ዕምባባ ሓመድ ወይ ድማ ፍሉይ ኦርጋኒክ ንጥረ ነገር ብምጥቃም ይቈጻጸር። ሳይንሳዊ መለክዒ pH የለን እንተኾነ ፣ ትውልድ ተመኩሮ እንታይ ምምሕያሽ ኣገባብ ኣገልግሎት ምዕተ-ቆሻ ከምኡ'ውን ናይ ምርት ኣፈጻጸም ከም ዝሓይሽ ኣስተምህሮ ሂብዎም።", so: "Beerayaasha caadiga ah waxay maamulaan isku-darka carrada iyo alkaline-ka iyadoo la isticmaalayo hababo sida ku darida daaxada laga helo xaashida beeraha la gubay ama isticmaalka qalabka u gaarka ah. In kastaan aysan cabbirin pH si cilmiyeysan, waayo-aragnimo qarniyeed ayaa waxbarisay wixii wax ka beddelka ah ee wanaajiya xaalada carrada iyo wax soo saarka beeraha.", af: "Uggugutit Caddo Qaaddi Caro Leexoocaay Garma Xiyyiitiitih Anuuk Gaddalih Coox Sariitah Coox Ukkut Qadu Muddiiyih Hee Keenih Cayya Qado Caddo Qoodaa Bayih. pH Siintifikih Anuuk Namma Qaada, Cayya Inni Is Tamaate Lakal Bayen Keenih Hee Qaadii Bayenih Coox Caro Bayis Qado Bayenih Ceelal Bayis Qadu Bayenih." } }, "Improved Fallow": { title: { en: "Traditional Fallow Management for Soil Restoration", am: "ለአፈር ዳግም መመለስ ባህላዊ የምርት አለመትከል አስተዳደር", or: "Bulchiinsa Fallow Fooyya'ifamuuf Lafti Deebi'uuf", ti: "ባህላዊ ምዕተ-ቆሻ ምምሕያሽ ንምምሕያሽ ምዕተ-ቆሻ", so: "Maamulka Caadiga ah ee Fallow ee Dib-u-habaynta Carrada", af: "Uggumuk Caddoowa Fallow Caro Cusboonaysiinta" }, description: { en: "Traditional fallow management involves leaving land uncultivated for periods to allow natural soil restoration. Farmers have long practiced improved fallow by planting specific cover crops or allowing natural vegetation to regenerate, which restores soil fertility and leads to significantly improved yields when cultivation resumes.", am: "ባህላዊ የምርት አለመትከል አስተዳደር መሬትን ለጊዜያት ያለ ምርት ማስተዋልን የተፈጥሮ የአፈር ዳግም መመለስን ለመፍቀድ ያካትታል። አርሶ አደሮች የተወሰኑ የሽፋን ምርቶችን በመትከል ወይም የተፈጥሮ እጽዋት እንዲዳግም በመፍቀድ የተሻሻለ ምርት አለመትከል ረጅም ጊዜ ተግብረዋል፣ ይህም የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያስመልሳል እና ምርት ሲቀጥል በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ የተሻሻለ ምርታማነትን ያስከትላል።", or: "Bulchiinsa fallow aadaa lafaa yeroo tokkoon hin qonnaanfanneef dhiyeessuu, akka lafti uumamaatti deebi'uuf dha. Qottonni fallow fooyya'ifamuu dhiigaaf, biqiloota cufa adda addaa beektota yookiin biqiloota uumamaa akka dhalatan dhiisuun qonnaanfatan. Kunis hojiin lafaa deebisa, qonnaanfannaa yeroo itti aanu immoo fooyya'aa ta'uun guddate.", ti: "ምምሕያሽ ፋሎው ባህላዊ መሬት ንግዜ ሓደ ክንዲ ኣይትከልን ንምግባር ምግባር ንተፈጥሮኣዊ ምምሕያሽ ምዕተ-ቆሻ ይገብር። ሰብ ሃብቲ ንቡር ፋሎው ብምምሕያሽ ፍሉይ ክፍሊታት ምርት ወይ ተፈጥሮኣዊ ባተን ንምንብባር ብዙሕ ግዜ ተጠቒሞም ኣለዉ፣ እዚ ድማ ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ የመልስ እምበር ምርት ምስ ቀጸለ ድማ ኣዝዩ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት የምጽእ።", so: "Maamulka fallow ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah in la iska daayo dhulka muddo ah si carradu u soo noqoto dabiiciga ahaan. Beerayaasha waxay dheer ku dhaqmeen fallow hagaagsan adigoo ku beera geedo gaar ah ama u ogolaada in dhirta dabiiciga ah ay dib u soo baxdo, taasoo soo celinaysa nafaqada carrada oo horseedaysa soo saar hagaagsan marka beeradu dib u bilowdo.", af: "Uggumuk Fallow Caddoowa Hee Keenih Coox Ukkut Lakal Bayih Anuuk Kaadi Caddo Caro Bayis Namma Bayih. Uggugutiti Fallow Cusboonaysiisan Bayih Ceelal Is Ku Dhaqmaa Hee Qaadii Ceelal Ukkut Qadu Bayenih Anuuk Coox Ukkut Diriqsaan Bayenih Hee Coox Caro Bayis Cusboonaysiisan Bayih." } }, "Agroforestry Fallow": { title: { en: "Traditional Tree-Based Fallow Systems", am: "ባህላዊ የዛፍ ምርት አለመትከል ስርዓቶች", or: "Sirna Fallow Mukkeen Irratti Hundaawu", ti: "ባህላዊ ኣግሮፎረስትሪ ፋሎው ስርዓታት", so: "Nidaamyada Caadiga ah ee Fallow ee ku Saleysan Geedaha", af: "Nidamkitte Caddoowa Fallow Geeditte Qada" }, description: { en: "Traditional agroforestry fallow systems combine tree planting with fallow periods, where trees are allowed to grow during the fallow phase. This approach provides multiple benefits: trees improve soil fertility through leaf litter and root systems, provide additional products like fuelwood, and when the land is returned to cultivation, the improved soil conditions lead to significantly better crop yields.", am: "ባህላዊ የአግሮፎሬስትሪ ምርት አለመትከል ስርዓቶች የዛፍ መትከልን ከምርት አለመትከል ጊዜያት ጋር ያጣምራሉ፣ ዛፎች በምርት አለመትከል ደረጃ ውስጥ እንዲያድጉ ይፈቀዳሉ። ይህ አቀራረብ ብዙ ጥቅሞችን ያቀርባል፡ ዛፎች በቅጠል ቅሪዎች እና የሥር ስርዓቶች በኩል የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያሻሽላሉ፣ እንደ ነዳጅ እንጨት ተጨማሪ ምርቶችን ይሰጣሉ፣ እና መሬት ወደ ምርት ሲመለስ፣ የተሻሻለው የአፈር ሁኔታ ወደ በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነት ያመራል።", or: "Sirna agroforestry fallow aadaa dhigumsa mukaatiin walitti fufuudha, yeroo fallow irratti mukkeen akka guddatan dhiisu. Kanaan fayyadamuun bu'aa baay'ee fidu: mukkeen baala isaaniifi sirna sanyiitiin hojiin lafaa fooyya'isu, qopheessota dabalataa akka qoraan isiniif kennu, lafti yeroo qonnaanfannaan deebi'ame immoo, hojiin lafaa fooyya'ateen kan qonnaan bultoota guddate ta'u.", ti: "ስርዓታት ኣግሮፎረስትሪ ፋሎው ባህላዊ ንዛመት ምርት ኣብ ግዜ ፋሎው ዝተፈልጡ ምርት ኣብ ዝዀነሉ ግዜ ዘሎ ዛመት ምርት ይጥቀሙ። እዚ ኣገባብ እዚ ብዙሕ ጠቕሚታት የቕርብ: ዛመት ብበለስ ብርሳን ከምኡ'ውን ብስር ስርዓታት ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ የሓይሽ፣ ከም ናጽዋን ዝኣመሰሉ ተወሳኺ ፍርያት የቕርብ፣ እምበር መሬት ምስ ናብ ምርት ተመልሰ ድማ እቲ ዝሓሸ ሁኔታ ምዕተ-ቆሻ ናብ ኣዝዩ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት ምርት የመሓላልፍ።", so: "Nidaamyada agroforestry fallow ee caadiga ah waxay isku darkaan ku beerta geedaha iyo muddada fallow, halkaas oo geeduhu u ogolaadaan inay korayaan inta lagu jiro fallow. Habkani wuxuu bixiyaa faa'iidooyin badan: geeduhu waxay wanaajiyaan nafaqada carrada iyadoo la isticmaalayo cawska caleemooyinka iyo nidaamyada xiddidda, waxay bixiyaan wax soo saar dheeri ah sida xaabo, marka dhulkuna dib ugu noqdo beeridda, xaaladaha carrada ee hagaagsan waxay horseedaan soo saar hagaagsan oo geedaha.", af: "Nidamkitte Agroforestry Fallow Caddoowa Hee Keenih Ku Beera Geeditte Nidamkitte Fallow, Lakal Geeditte Bayenih Anuuk Kaadi Cora Bayih Inta Fallow Bayenih. Hee Keenih Bayenih Cusboonaysiiyo Hee Qaadii Bayenih: Geeditte Wanaajiyaan Caro Qado Ceelal Ukkut Qadu Bayenih Anuuk Coox Xidho Bayenih, Bixiyaan Ceelal Sariitah Coox Sariitah Sari Sari Bayenih, Ukkut Lakal Caro Dib Ugu Bayis Beeridda, Caro Bayis Cusboonaysiisan Bayenih Bayis Soo Saar Hagaagsan Oo Geedaha." } }, "Parklands": { title: { en: "Traditional Parkland Agroforestry", am: "ባህላዊ የፓርክላንድ አግሮፎሬስትሪ", or: "Agroforestry Parkland Aadaa", ti: "ባህላዊ ፓርክላንድ ኣግሮፎረስትሪ", so: "Agroforestry Parkland Caadiga ah", af: "Agroforestry Parkland Caddoowa" }, description: { en: "Traditional parkland systems, where scattered trees are maintained in crop fields, have been practiced across Ethiopia for centuries. These systems create favorable microclimates, improve soil fertility through organic matter inputs, and often result in improved crop yields compared to treeless fields.", am: "በተበታተኑ ዛፎች በምርት እርሻዎች ውስጥ የሚጠበቁበት ባህላዊ የፓርክላንድ ስርዓቶች፣ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ለዘመናት ተግብረዋል። እነዚህ ስርዓቶች ጥሩ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራሉ፣ በአስላል ንጥረ ነገር ግቤቶች በኩል የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያሻሽላሉ፣ እና ብዙ ጊዜ ከዛፍ የሌሉ እርሻዎች ጋር ሲነፃፀሩ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነትን ያስከትላሉ።", or: "Sirna parkland aadaa, kan mukkeen faca'aan qonnaan bultoota keessa tajaajilan, waggaa dheeraaf Itiyoophiyaa keessa hojjetamaa ture. Sirni kun microclimate gaariifi uumu, meeshaalee orgaanikii kennuudhaan hojiin lafaa fooyya'isu, qonnaan bultoota mukkeen hin qabne wajjin wal bira qabatan immoo, baay'inaan qonnaan fooyya'aa ta'u.", ti: "ስርዓታት ፓርክላንድ ባህላዊ ኣብ መሬት ምርት ዘለዉ ዛመት ዝተበታተኑ ኣብ ኢትዮጵያ ንዘመናት ተጠቒሙ ኣሎ። እዚ ስርዓት እዚ ጽቡቕ ማይክሮክሊማት ይፈጥር፣ ብኦርጋኒክ ንጥረ ነገር ኣበርክቶ ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ የሓይሽ፣ እምበር መብዛሕትኡ ግዜ ካብ መሬት ዘይብሉ ዛመት ካብ ዝበሃል ምርት ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት የምጽእ።", so: "Nidaamyada parkland ee caadiga ah, halkaas oo geedaha faaruqa ah lagu hayo beeraha, waxaa laga dhaqmaa Itoobiya qarniyo badan. Nidaamyadan waxay abuuraan microclimates wanaagsan, waxay wanaajiyaan nafaqada carrada iyadoo la isticmaalayo waxyaabaha dabiiciga ah, waxayna badanaa keenaan soo saar beeraha oo hagaagsan marka lagu daro beeraha aan geed lahayn.", af: "Nidamkitte Parkland Caddoowa, Lakal Geeditte Faaruqa Bayenih Laguu Bayis Beeraha, Bayenih Laga Dhaqmaa Itoobiya Qarni Bayenih. Nidamkitte Hee Keenih Abuurayaan Microclimates Wanaagsan, Wanaajiyaan Caro Qado Ceelal Ukkut Qadu Bayenih Anuuk Coox Dabiiciga Bayenih, Bayenih Badanaa Keenaan Soo Saar Beeraha Oo Hagaagsan Marka Lagu Daro Beeraha Aan Geed Lahayn." } }, "Biochar": { title: { en: "Traditional Charcoal and Ash Application", am: "ባህላዊ የከሰል እና አፈር አጠቃቀም", or: "Fayyadamumsa Qoraa fi Dhoqqee Aadaa", ti: "ባህላዊ ምጥቃም ከሰል ከምኡ'ውን ሓመድ", so: "Isticmaalka Caadiga ah ee Dhuxusha iyo Daaqada", af: "Isticmaalka Caddoowa Dhuxusha iyo Daaqada" }, description: { en: "While modern biochar production is relatively new, traditional farmers have long used charcoal and ash from cooking fires and crop residue burning to improve soil fertility. These materials, when incorporated into soil, can improve pH, increase water retention, and enhance nutrient availability, contributing to improved crop yields.", am: "ዘመናዊ የባዮቻር ምርት በአንጻራዊነት አዲስ ቢሆንም፣ ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የአፈር ምርታማነትን ለማሻሻል ከመብሰል እሳቶች እና ከምርት ቀሪዎች ማቃጠል የተገኘ ከሰል እና አፈር ረጅም ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ አውለዋል። እነዚህ ቁሶች፣ ወደ አፈር ሲጨመሩ፣ pHን ሊያሻሽሉ፣ የውሃ መጠባበቅን ሊጨምሩ፣ እና የንጥረ ነገሮች ተገኝነትን ሊያሻሽሉ ይችላሉ፣ ይህም ወደ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነት ያግዛል።", or: "Odeeffannoo biochar har'aa haalaan kan haaraa yoo ta'u, qottonni aadaa qoraa fi dhoqqee ibidda nyaataaf fayyadamaniifi qorannoo qonnaan bahan irraa bahanii, waggaa dheeraaf hojiin lafaa fooyya'isuuf fayyadamu. Meeshaaleen kun, yeroo lafaa keessa seenan, pH fooyya'isu, dhangala'aa dhaabbachuu dabalatu, meeshaa nyaataa argachuu dabalatus, kan qonnaan fooyya'aa ta'uuf gumaacha godhu.", ti: "ምስ ዘመናዊ ባዮቻር ምምሕያሽ ብኣንጻርነት ሓድሽ እንተኾነ ፣ ሰብ ሃብቲ ኣተሓሳስባ ንምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ ንምሕያሽ ካብ ምብስል ሓዊ ከምኡ'ውን ካብ ምቃጠል ዕምባባ ዝተረኽቡ ከሰል ከምኡ'ውን ሓመድ ንዙሕ ግዜ ተጠቒሞም ኣለዉ። እዚ ንጥረ ነገር እዚ ምስ ምዕተ-ቆሻ ተተኪኡ ፣ pH ክሕይሽ ይኽእል ፣ ምጽሓፍ ማይ ክውስኽ ይኽእል ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ንጥረ ነገር ምርካብ ክሕይሽ ይኽእል ፣ እዚ ድማ ናብ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት ምርት የግብር።", so: "In kastoo soo saarista biochar casriga ah ay tahay mid cusub, beerayaasha caadiga ah waxay dheer ku isticmaaleen dhuxulka iyo daaqada laga helo dabka karin-ka iyo gubashada xaashida beeraha si ay u wanaajiyaan nafaqada carrada. Alaabadan, marka lagu daro carrada, waxay kari karaan inay wanaajiyaan pH, ay kordhiyaan ilaaliska biyaha, ayna wanaajiyaan helitaanka nafaqada, taasoo ka gudbaysa soo saarka beeraha ee hagaagsan.", af: "Inkastoo Soo Saarista Biochar Casriga Ah Ay Tahay Mid Cusub, Uggugutiti Caddoowa Bayenih Dheer Ku Isticmaaleen Dhuxulka Iyo Daaqada Laga Helo Dabka Karin-ka Iyo Gubashada Xaashida Beeraha Si Ay U Wanaajiyaan Caro Qado. Alaabadan, Marka Lagu Daro Carrada, Bayenih Kari Karaan Inay Wanaajiyaan pH, Ay Kordhiyaan Ilaaliska Biyaha, Ayna Wanaajiyaan Helitaanka Coox Qado, Taasoo Ka Gudbaysa Soo Saarka Beeraha Ee Hagaagsan." } }, "Boundary Planting": { title: { en: "Traditional Boundary Tree Planting", am: "ባህላዊ የድንበር ዛፍ መትከል", or: "Dhigumsa Mukka Daanga Aadaa", ti: "ባህላዊ ምትካል ዛመት ዶብ", so: "Beerista Caadiga ah ee Geedaha Xuduudaha", af: "Beerista Caddoowa Geedaha Xuduudaha" }, description: { en: "Traditional boundary planting involves establishing trees or shrubs along field boundaries. This practice provides windbreaks, reduces soil erosion, and creates microclimates that benefit crops. The organic matter from fallen leaves and prunings enriches the soil, while the trees themselves can provide additional products.", am: "ባህላዊ የድንበር መትከል በእርሻ ድንበሮች ላይ ዛፎችን ወይም ቁጥቋጦዎችን ማቋቋምን ያካትታል። ይህ ልምድ የነፋስ ግድግዳዎችን ይሰጣል፣ የአፈር መፍሳስን ይቀንሳል፣ እና ምርቶችን የሚጠቅሙ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራል። ከወደቁ ቅጠሎች እና ከተቆረጡ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር አፈርን ያሻሽላል፣ በሌላ በኩል ዛፎቹ እራሳቸው ተጨማሪ ምርቶችን ሊሰጡ ይችላሉ።", or: "Dhigumsa daangaa aadaa daangaa qonnaan bultoota irratti mukkaa fi margaa dhaabbachuu dha. Dalagaan kun daandii qilleensa deemsisu, lafa dhiiguu hir'isu, microclimate kan qonnaa fayyadu uumudha. Meeshaa orgaanikii baala dhidhimaa fi margaa irraa bahan lafaa hojiisu, mukkeen immoo qopheessota dabalataa kennuu danda'a.", ti: "ምትካል ዶብ ባህላዊ ኣብ ዶብ መሬት ምርት ዛመት ወይ ቍጥቋጦ ምትካል የጠቓልል። እዚ ልምዲ እዚ መጋር ንፋስ የቕርብ፣ ምፍሳስ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የንኡስ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ማይክሮክሊማት ንምርት ዝጠቅም የፈጥር። ኦርጋኒክ ንጥረ ነገር ካብ ዝወደቀ በለስ ከምኡ'ውን ካብ ዝተቘረጸ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የሕያል፣ እምበር ዛመት ገዛእቲ ተወሳኺ ፍርያት ክቕርብ ይኽእል እዩ።", so: "Beerista xuduudaha ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah dejinta geedaha ama dhirmaha ee ku yaal xuduudaha beeraha. Habkani wuxuu bixiyaa dabagalka dabaysha, wuxuu yaraadinayaa burburka carrada, wuxuuna abuurayaa microclimates ee u faa'iidaysa beeraha. Waxyaabaha dabiiciga ah ee ka soo baxa caleemooyinka da'aya iyo goynta waxay hormariyaan carrada, halka geeduhu naftoodu ay bixi karaan wax soo saar dheeri ah.", af: "Beerista Xuduudaha Caddoowa Hee Keenih Dejinta Geedaha Ama Dhirmaha Ee Ku Yaal Xuduudaha Beeraha. Hee Keenih Bayenih Bixiyaan Dabagalka Dabaysha, Yaraadiyaan Burkurka Carrada, Abuurayaan Microclimates Ee U Faa'iidaysa Beeraha. Coox Dabiiciga Ee Ka Soo Baxa Caleemooyinka Da'aya Iyo Goynta Bayenih Hormariyaan Carrada, Lakal Geeduhu Naftoodu Ay Bixi Karaan Ceelal Sariitah Coox Sariitah Sari Sari." } } } })5f:T113df,nbTextMeanDifference=({ meanDifference: { title: { en: "Traditional Practices for Yield Improvement", am: "ለምርታማነት ማሻሻያ ባህላዊ ልምዶች", or: "Dalagaa Aadaa Fooyya'ina Qonnaa", ti: "ልምዲ ባህላዊ ንምምሕያሽ ምርታዊነት", so: "Hababka Caadiga ah ee Korinta Soo Saarka", af: "Uggug Caddoowa Ceelal Korinta Soo Saarka" }, description: { en: "The following traditional practices have been used by Ethiopian farmers for generations to improve crop yields. These methods are adapted to local conditions and have proven effective in various agro-ecological zones.", am: "የሚከተሉት ባህላዊ ልምዶች በኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች በትውልድ ለምርታማነት ማሻሻያ ጥቅም ላይ ውለዋል። እነዚህ ዘዴዎች በአካባቢ ሁኔታዎች ተገንብተው በተለያዩ አግሮ-ኢኮሎጂካል ዞኖች ውጤታማ ሆነው ተገኝተዋል።", or: "Dalagoota aadaa armaan gadii qottonni Itiyoophiyaa dhalootaa dhalootaan qonnaa fooyya'isuuf fayyadamu turan. Malaaleen kun iddoo adda addaatiin kan mijaawe yoo ta'u, godinaalee agro-ekoloojii adda addaatti bu'aalee qaban.", ti: "እቲ ዝስዕብ ልምዲ ባህላዊ ብሰብ ሃብቲ ኢትዮጵያ ብትውልድ ንምምሕያሽ ምርታዊነት ምርት ተጠቒሙ ኣሎ። እዚ ሜላታት እዚ ኣብ ቦታዊ ኩነታት ተሰሊፉ ኣብ ዝተፈላለየ ኣግሮ-ኢኮሎጂ ዞናት ውጽኢታዊ ምዃኑ ተራእዩ ኣሎ።", so: "Hababka caadiga ah ee soo socda waxaa dhaqmaa beerayaasha Itoobiya qarniyeed si ay u wanaajiyaan soo saarka beeraha. Hababkani waxaa loo habeyay xaaladaha maxaliga ah waxayna ku filan yihiin gobollada kala duwan ee agro-ecological.", af: "Uggugitte Caddoowa Hee Xiga Bayenih Dhaqmaa Uggugutiti Itoobiya Qarniyeed Si Ay U Wanaajiyaan Soo Saarka Beeraha. Hee Keenih Bayenih Loo Habeyay Xaaladaha Maxaliga Ah Bayenih Ku Filan Yihiin Gobollada Kala Duvan Ee Agro-Ecological." }, practices: { "Inorganic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Traditional Soil Fertility Management", am: "ባህላዊ የአፈር ምርታማነት አስተዳደር", or: "Bulchiinsa Hojiin Lafaa Aadaa", ti: "ባህላዊ ምሕደራ ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ", so: "Maamulka Caadiga ah ee Nafaqada Carrada", af: "Uggumuk Caddoowa Caro Qado" }, description: { en: "Before modern fertilizers, farmers used ash from crop residues, animal manure, and household compost to enrich soil. These traditional methods improve soil structure and nutrient availability, often showing positive yield impacts comparable to modern approaches when properly applied.", am: "ከዘመናዊ ማሻሻያዎች በፊት፣ አርሶ አደሮች ከምርት ቀሪዎች አፈር፣ የእንስሳት ፈረስ፣ እና የቤት ኮምፖስት የአፈር ምርታማነትን ለማሻሻል ይጠቀሙ ነበር። እነዚህ ባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የአፈር መዋቅርን እና የንጥረ ነገሮች ተገኝነትን ያሻሽላሉ፣ በትክክል ሲተገበሩ ብዙ ጊዜ ከዘመናዊ አቀራረቦች ጋር ሲነፃፀሩ አወንታዊ የምርት ተጽዕኖዎችን ያሳያሉ።", or: "Siyaasa moderniin dura, qottonni dhoqqee qorannoo qonnaa, baala lixa, fi kompostii manaatiin lafaa hojiisu turan. Malaaleen aadaan kunuunsaa lafaa fi argamsa meeshaa nyaataa fooyya'isu, yeroo sirriitti hojjataman, bu'aa qonnaa gaarii kan mala moderniin wal qixaa ta'e argisiisu.", ti: "ቅድሚ ምምሕያሽ ዘመናዊ ዝተመልአ ተቐማጦ ዝተቃጸለ ዕምባባ ሓመድ፣ ፈረስ እንስሳ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ኮምፖስት ቤት ንምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ ንምሕያሽ ይጥቀሙ ነበሩ። እዚ ሜላታት ባህላዊ እዚ መዋቕር ምዕተ-ቆሻ ከምኡ'ውን ንጥረ ነገር ምርካብ የሓይሽ፣ ብግቡእ ምስ ተጠቒሙ ፣ ብዙሕ ግዜ ካብ ኣገባብ ዘመናዊ ጋር ምስ ተነፃፀረ ኣወንታዊ ጽልዋ ምርታዊነት የርእይ።", so: "Kahor burcadinta casriga ah, beerayaasha waxay isticmaali jireen daaqada laga helo xaashida beeraha, xayawaanka, iyo compostka guriga si ay u hormariyaan carrada. Hababkani caadiga ah waxay wanaajiyaan qaab dhismeedka carrada iyo helitaanka nafaqada, inta badan waxay muujiyaan saameyn wanaagsan oo soo saarka ah oo la mid ah hababka casriga ah marka si sax ah loo adeego.", af: "Kahor Burcadinta Casriga Ah, Uggugutiti Bayenih Isticmaali Jireen Daaqada Laga Helo Xaashida Beeraha, Xayawaanka, Iyo Compostka Guriga Si Ay U Hormariyaan Carrada. Hee Keenih Caddoowa Bayenih Wanaajiyaan Qaab Dhismeedka Carrada Iyo Helitaanka Coox Qado, Inta Badan Bayenih Muujiyaan Saameyn Wanaagsan Oo Soo Saarka Ah Oo La Mid Ah Hababka Casriga Ah Marka Si Sax Ah Loo Adeego." } }, "Organic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Indigenous Composting for Yield Enhancement", am: "ለምርታማነት ማሻሻያ የዘርፉ ኮምፖስት", or: "Kompostii Dhalootaa Qonnaa Fooyya'isuuf", ti: "ኮምፖስቲንግ ባህላዊ ንምምሕያሽ ምርታዊነት", so: "Komposting Maxaliga ah ee Korinta Soo Saarka", af: "Komposting Maxaliga Ah Ee Korinta Soo Saarka" }, description: { en: "Traditional composting techniques create nutrient-rich organic matter that significantly improves crop yields. Farmers layer crop residues, manure, and kitchen waste in pits, allowing natural decomposition. This method enhances soil water retention and provides sustained nutrient release throughout the growing season.", am: "ባህላዊ የኮምፖስት ቴክኒኮች የንጥረ ነገር የበለጠ የሆነ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር ይፈጥራሉ ይህም የምርት ምርታማነትን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ያሻሽላል። አርሶ አደሮች የምርት ቀሪዎች፣ ፈረስ፣ እና የማዕድን ቀሪዎችን በጉድጓዶች ውስጥ በማስቀመጥ የተፈጥሮ መበስበስን ይፈቅዳሉ። ይህ ዘዴ የአፈር ውሃ መጠባበቅን ያሻሽላል እና በአድጎ ወቅት ሁሉ ዘላቂ የንጥረ ነገር መለቀቅን ያቀርባል።", or: "Teeknikii kompostii aadaa meeshaa orgaanikii baay'ee nuutiriitiin qopheessaa kan qonnaa guddate fooyya'isu. Qottonni qorannoo qonnaa, baala, fi qorannoo manaatiin goda keessatti dar baasanii, akka uumamaan seenu dhiisu. Malaan kun dhangala'aa lafaa dhaabbachuu dabalataa, yeroo guddinaa guutu meeshaa nyaataa dhiyeessuu ni kennita.", ti: "ተክኒክ ኮምፖስቲንግ ባህላዊ ኦርጋኒክ ንጥረ ነገር ዝበዝሕ ንጥረ ነገር የፈጥር እምበር ምርታዊነት ምርት ብዙሕ ግዜ የሓይሽ። ሰብ ሃብቲ ዕምባባ ዝተቀረወ፣ ፈረስ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ዕጸ-ጉድጓድ ኣብ ጉድጓድ ውሽጢ ብሓባር የደርብዩ ፣ ተፈጥሮኣዊ ምባስባስ ይፍቀዱ። እዚ ሜላ እዚ ምጽሓፍ ማይ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የሓይሽ እምበር በቲ ወቕቲ ዕምሮ ንጥረ ነገር ዘላቂ ምፍሳስ የቕርብ።", so: "Farsamada komposting ee caadiga ah waxay abuuraan walax dabiici ah oo nafaqo badan leh oo si weyn u wanaajiya soo saarka beeraha. Beerayaasha waxay ku dhejiyaan xaashida beeraha, xayawaanka, iyo qashinka jikada godadka, iyagoo u ogolaaya inay u kala baxaan dabiiciga ahaan. Habkani wuxuu wanaajiyaa ilaaliska biyaha ee carrada, wuxuuna bixiyaa sii deynta nafaqada inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka.", af: "Farsamada Komposting Ee Caddoowa Bayenih Abuuraan Walax Dabiici Ah Oo Coox Qado Badan Leh Oo Si Weyn U Wanaajiya Soo Saarka Beeraha. Uggugutiti Bayenih Ku Dhejiyaan Xaashida Beeraha, Xayawaanka, Iyo Qashinka Jikada Godadka, Iyagoo U Ogolaaya Inay U Kala Baxaan Dabiiciga Ahaan. Hee Keenih Wanaajiyaa Ilaaliska Biyaha Ee Carrada, Bayenih Bixiyaa Sii Deynta Coox Qado Inta Lagu Jiro Xilliga Koritaanka." } }, "Mulch (Herbs)": { title: { en: "Traditional Mulching for Moisture Conservation", am: "ለውሃ ጥበቃ ባህላዊ ማሸፊያ", or: "Mulkii Aadaa Dhangala'aa Ilaaluuf", ti: "ማልቺንግ ባህላዊ ንጥበቃ ውሃ", so: "Mulching Caadiga ah ee Ilaalinta Dhaxalka Biyaha", af: "Mulching Caddoowa Ee Ilaalinta Dhaxalka Biyaha" }, description: { en: "Using local herbs and grasses as mulch helps conserve soil moisture, which directly contributes to improved crop yields, especially in semi-arid regions. Traditional mulching with species like Desho grass provides long-term soil cover and gradually enriches the soil as it decomposes.", am: "አካባቢ እንጨቶችን እና ሳርን እንደ ማሸፊያ መጠቀም የአፈር ውሃን ለመጠበቅ ይረዳል፣ ይህም በቀጥታ ወደ የምርት ምርታማነት ማሻሻያ ያግዛል፣ በተለይም በከፊል ደረቅ ክልሎች። እንደ ደሾ ሳር ያሉ ዝርያዎች ባህላዊ ማሸፊያ ረጅም ጊዜ የአፈር ሽፋን ይሰጣል እና ሲበስብስ አፈርን በዝግታ ያሻሽላል።", or: "Fayyadamumsa uwwisa fi margaa iddoo mulkiin akka fayyadamuu dhangala'aa lafaa ilaaluuf gargaara, kan qonnaa fooyya'aa ta'uuf gumaacha to'attu godhu, gaaffii godinaalee goggogaa keessatti. Mulkii aadaan akka margaa Desho qopheessuun lafaa yeroo dheeraaf cuufti, yeroo seenu immoo lafaa tilmaamaan hojiisu.", ti: "ምጥቃም ስሩዕ ኣካባቢ ከምኡ'ውን ሳር ከም ማልች ምጥቃም ምጽሓፍ ማይ ምዕተ-ቆሻ ንምጥበቃ ይሕግዝ ፣ እዚ ድማ ብቐጥታ ናብ ምምሕያሽ ምርታዊነት ምርት የግብር ፣ ብፍላይ ኣብ ከፊል ደረቅ ዞናት። ማልቺንግ ባህላዊ ምስ ዝርያ ከም ሳር ደሾ ንዝተፈላለየ ግዜ ሽፋን ምዕተ-ቆሻ የቕርብ እምበር ምስ ይበስብስ ብዝሒ ግዜ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የሕያል።", so: "Isticmaalka cawska maxaliga ah iyo doogada sida mulch ay ka caawisaa ilaalinta dhaxalka biyaha ee carrada, taasoo si toos ah ugu gudbaysa soo saarka beeraha ee hagaagsan, gaar ahaan gobollada qalalan. Mulching caadiga ah iyo noocyada sida doogada Desho waxay bixiyaan daboolidda carrada muddo dheer, waxayna si tartiib ah u hormariyaan carrada markay u kala baxaan.", af: "Isticmaalka Cawska Maxaliga Ah Iyo Doogada Sida Mulch Ay Ka Caawisaa Ilaalinta Dhaxalka Biyaha Ee Carrada, Taasoo Si Toos Ah Ugu Gudbaysa Soo Saarka Beeraha Ee Hagaagsan, Gaar Ahaan Gobollada Qalalan. Mulching Caddoowa Iyo Noocyada Sida Doogada Desho Bayenih Bixiyaan Daboolidda Carrada Muddo Dheer, Bayenih Si Tartiib Ah U Hormariyaan Carrada Markay U Kala Baxaan." } }, "Mulch (Trees)": { title: { en: "Agroforestry Mulching for Yield Stability", am: "ለምርታማነት የመረጋጋት አግሮፎሬስትሪ ማሸፊያ", or: "Mulkii Agroforestry Xumura Qonnaa Ilaaluuf", ti: "ማልቺንግ ኣግሮፎረስትሪ ንርግኣት ምርታዊነት", so: "Mulching Agroforestry ee Xasiloonida Soo Saarka", af: "Mulching Agroforestry Ee Xasiloonida Soo Saarka" }, description: { en: "Tree-based mulching systems create microclimates that protect crops from extreme weather, leading to more stable and improved yields. Traditional use of Acacia, Cordia, and fruit tree leaves provides excellent ground cover while gradually improving soil fertility through organic matter decomposition.", am: "የዛፍ ማሸፊያ ስርዓቶች ከከፋ አየር ንብረት እንዲጠብቁ ምርቶችን የሚጠብቁ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራሉ፣ ይህም ወደ የበለጠ የተረጋጋ እና የተሻሻለ ምርታማነት ያመራል። አካሲያ፣ ኮርዲያ፣ እና የፍራፍሬ ዛፎች ቅጠሎች ባህላዊ አጠቃቀም በጣም ጥሩ የመሬት ሽፋን ይሰጣል በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ በአስላል ንጥረ ነገር መበስበስ በአፈር ምርታማነት ላይ በዝግታ ያሻሽላል።", or: "Sirna mulkii mukaatiin microclimate uumuu kan qonnaa qilleensa garmalee irraa tiksiisu, qonnaa xumura qabanii fooyya'aa ta'uun guddatu. Fayyadamumsa aadaa Acacia, Cordia, fi baala mukka fuduraa qopheessuun lafaa bareedaa cuufti, yeroo seenu immoo hojiin lafaa meeshaa orgaanikii irraa bahan tilmaamaan fooyya'isa.", ti: "ስርዓት ማልቺንግ ብዛመት ማይክሮክሊማት የፈጥር እምበር ንምርት ካብ ከባድ ኩነታት ኣየር የዕቁብ ፣ ናብ ዝያዳ ውሑድ ከምኡ'ውን ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት የመሓላልፍ። ኣጠቓቀም ባህላዊ ኣካሲያ፣ ኮርዲያ፣ ከምኡ'ውን በለስ ዛመት ፍሩት ኣጽቢቕ ሽፋን መሬት የቕርብ እምበር በቲ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ ብምባስባስ ኦርጋኒክ ንጥረ ነገር ብዝሒ ግዜ የሓይሽ።", so: "Nidaamyada mulching ee ku saleysan geedaha waxay abuuraan microclimates oo ilaaliya beeraha cimilada xun, taasoo horseedaysa soo saar adag oo hagaagsan. Isticmaalka caadiga ah ee caleemooyinka Acacia, Cordia, iyo geedaha miraha waxay bixiyaan daboolidda carrada ee fiican, iyagoo si tartiib ah u wanaajinaya nafaqada carrada iyadoo la isticmaalayo kala baxa walaxaha dabiiciga ah.", af: "Nidamkitte Mulching Ee Ku Saleysan Geedaha Bayenih Abuuraan Microclimates Oo Ilaaliya Beeraha Cimilada Xun, Taasoo Horseedaysa Soo Saar Adag Oo Hagaagsan. Isticmaalka Caddoowa Ee Caleemooyinka Acacia, Cordia, Iyo Geedaha Miraha Bayenih Bixiyaan Daboolidda Carrada Ee Fiican, Iyagoo Si Tartiib Ah U Wanaajinaya Caro Qado Iyadoo La Isticmaalayo Kala Baxa Walaxaha Dabiiciga Ah." } }, "Reduced Tillage": { title: { en: "Traditional Minimum Tillage for Soil Health", am: "ለአፈር ጥራት ባህላዊ ዝቅተኛ ማለስ", or: "Marii'a Sanyii Dhiigaa Aadaa Fayyaa Lafaa Ilaaluuf", ti: "ምልኣት ውሑድ ባህላዊ ንጥዕና ምዕተ-ቆሻ", so: "Qodobka Yar ee Caadiga ah ee Caafimaadka Carrada", af: "Qodobka Yar Ee Caddoowa Ee Caafimaadka Carrada" }, description: { en: "Traditional reduced tillage practices using tools like the Maresha preserve soil structure and beneficial microorganisms, leading to improved water retention and ultimately better crop yields. This approach reduces soil erosion while maintaining soil fertility.", am: "እንደ ማሬሻ ያሉ መሳሪያዎችን በመጠቀም ባህላዊ ዝቅተኛ ማለስ ልምዶች የአፈር መዋቅርን እና ጠቃሚ ማይክሮኦርጋኒዝሞችን ይጠብቃሉ፣ ይህም ወደ የውሃ መጠባበቅ ማሻሻያ እና በመጨረሻም የተሻለ የምርት ምርታማነት ያመራል። ይህ አቀራረብ የአፈር መፍሳስን ይቀንሳል በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ የአፈር ምርታማነትን ይጠብቃል።", or: "Dalagaa marrii'a sanyii dhiigaa aadaa meeshaalee akka Maresha fayyadamuun qaama lafaa fi mikroorgaanizimoota fayyaa lafaa eegu, kan dhangala'aa dhaabbachuu fooyya'isee qonnaa fooyya'aa ta'uun guddatu. Malaan kun lafa dhiiguu hir'isa, hojiin lafaa immoo eegaa jira.", ti: "ልምዲ ምልኣት ውሑድ ባህላዊ ምስ መሳርሒ ከም ማሬሻ መዋቕር ምዕተ-ቆሻ ከምኡ'ውን ተጠቃሚ ማይክሮኦርጋኒዝም የዕቁብ ፣ ናብ ምምሕያሽ ምጽሓፍ ማይ ከምኡ'ውን በታሕቲ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት ምርት የመሓላልፍ። እዚ ኣገባብ እዚ ምፍሳስ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የንኡስ እምበር ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ የዕቁብ።", so: "Hababka qodobka yar ee caadiga ah ee loo isticmaalayo qalabka sida Maresha waxay ilaaliyaan qaab dhismeedka carrada iyo microorganismska faa'iidada leh, taasoo horseedaysa ilaaliska biyaha ee hagaagsan iyo ugu dambeyn soo saarka beeraha ee wanaagsan. Habkani wuxuu yaraadinayaa burburka carrada iyadoo loo ilaalinayo nafaqada carrada.", af: "Hababka Qodobka Yar Ee Caddoowa Ee Loo Isticmaalayo Qalabka Sida Maresha Bayenih Ilaaliyaan Qaab Dhismeedka Carrada Iyo Microorganismska Faa'iidada Leh, Taasoo Horseedaysa Ilaaliska Biyaha Ee Hagaagsan Iyo Ugu Dambeyn Soo Saarka Beeraha Ee Wanaagsan. Hee Keenih Yaraadinayaa Burkurka Carrada Iyadoo Loo Ilaalinayo Caro Qado." } }, "Water Harvesting": { title: { en: "Traditional Water Management for Yield Security", am: "ለምርታማነት ዋስትና ባህላዊ የውሃ አስተዳደር", or: "Bulchiinsa Bishaanii Aadaa Miidiyaa Qonnaa Ilaaluuf", ti: "ባህላዊ ምሕደራ ማይ ንርግኣት ምርታዊነት", so: "Maamulka Caadiga ah ee Biyaha ee Aaminaadda Soo Saarka", af: "Uggumuk Caddoowa Biyaha Ee Aaminaadda Soo Saarka" }, description: { en: "Indigenous water harvesting techniques like traditional ponds (Hafirs), terracing, and stone bunds ensure water availability during critical growth periods, directly contributing to improved and more reliable crop yields. These methods help farmers manage water scarcity and maintain production even during dry spells.", am: "እንደ ባህላዊ ጉድጓዶች (ሀፊሮች)፣ ደረጃዎች፣ እና የድንጋይ ግድግዳዎች ያሉ የዘርፉ የውሃ ማሰባሰብ ቴክኒኮች በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ጊዜያት ውስጥ የውሃ ተገኝነትን ያረጋግጣሉ፣ ይህም በቀጥታ ወደ የተሻሻለ እና የበለጠ አስተማማኝ የምርት ምርታማነት ያግዛል። እነዚህ ዘዴዎች አርሶ አደሮችን የውሃ እጥረትን ለመቆጣጠር እና በደረቅ ጊዜያት እንኳን ምርትን ለመጠበቅ ይረዳሉ።", or: "Teeknikii bishaanii dhalootaa akka godaa aadaa (Hafirs), terracing, fi daandii dhagaa bishaan argamsa yeroo guddinaa muraasa keessatti kan mirkaneeffatu, qonnaa fooyya'aa fi kaka'umsa qabanii ta'uuf gumaacha to'attu godhu. Malaaleen kun qottonni bishaan hinqabne bulchuuf fi soorata yeroo goggogaa keessattis ittisuuf gargaaru.", ti: "ተክኒክ ምእካብ ማይ ባህላዊ ከም ጉድጓድ ባህላዊ (ሀፊሮች)፣ ቴራሲንግ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ግድግዳ ድንጋይ ኣብ ኣገዳሲ ግዜ ዕምሮ ማይ ምርካብ የረጋግጽ ፣ ብቐጥታ ናብ ዝሓሸ ከምኡ'ውን ዝያዳ ርግኣት ምርታዊነት ምርት የግብር። እዚ ሜላታት እዚ ሰብ ሃብቲ ንሕማቕ ማይ ምሕደራ ከምኡ'ውን ኣብ ግዜ ደረቅ እኳ ምርት ንምጥበቃ ይሕግዝ።", so: "Farsamada ku dhaqanka biyaha maxaliga ah sida godadka caadiga ah (Hafirs), terrace, iyo darbiyada dhagaxa waxay hubiyaan helitaanka biyaha inta lagu jiro xilliyada muhiimka ah ee koritaanka, taasoo si toos ah ugu gudbaysa soo saarka beeraha ee hagaagsan iyo adkeysiga leh. Hababkani waxay caawiyaan beerayaasha inay maamulaan biyo yarida, waxayna ilaaliyaan wax soo saarka xitaa inta lagu jiro xilliyada qalalan.", af: "Farsamada Ku Dhaqanka Biyaha Maxaliga Ah Sida Godadka Caddoowa (Hafirs), Terrace, Iyo Darbiyada Dhagaxa Bayenih Hubiyaan Helitaanka Biyaha Inta Lagu Jiro Xilliyada Muhiimka Ah Ee Koritaanka, Taasoo Si Toos Ah Ugu Gudbaysa Soo Saarka Beeraha Ee Hagaagsan Iyo Adkeysiga Leh. Hee Keenih Caawiyaan Uggugutiti Inay Maamulaan Biyo Yarida, Bayenih Ilaaliyaan Ceelal Soo Saarka Xitaa Inta Lagu Jiro Xilliyada Qalalan." } }, "Intercropping": { title: { en: "Traditional Mixed Cropping for Yield Optimization", am: "ለምርታማነት ማመቻቸት ባህላዊ የተቀላቀለ ምርት", or: "Qonnaa Walitti Fufaa Aadaa Qonnaa Fooyya'isuuf", ti: "ምርት ተቀላቅላል ባህላዊ ንምምሕያሽ ምርታዊነት", so: "Beerista Isku-darka ah ee Caadiga ah ee Hagaajinta Soo Saarka", af: "Beerista Isku-darka Ah Ee Caddoowa Ee Hagaajinta Soo Saarka" }, description: { en: "Traditional intercropping systems maximize land productivity and often result in higher total yields compared to monocropping. Combinations like maize with beans or teff with legumes provide complementary benefits: legumes fix nitrogen while cereals provide structure, leading to improved overall production.", am: "ባህላዊ የተቀላቀለ ምርት ስርዓቶች የመሬት ምርታማነትን ያሳድጋሉ እና ብዙ ጊዜ ከአንድ የምርት ስርዓት ጋር ሲነፃፀሩ ከፍተኛ ጠቅላላ ምርታማነት ያስከትላሉ። እንደ ዱቄት ከፋገር ወይም ጤፍ ከመለስ ያሉ ጥምረቶች ተጣምሮ ጥቅሞችን ያቀርባሉ፡ መለሶች ናይትሮጅንን ያስተካክላሉ በሌላ በኩል እህሎች መዋቅርን ይሰጣሉ፣ ይህም ወደ አጠቃላይ ምርት ማሻሻያ ያመራል።", or: "Sirna qonnaa walitti fufaa aadaan sochii lafaa maksimiziisuu, qonnaa tokko qofa wajjin wal bira qabatan immoo, baay'inaan baay'ina guddate ta'u. Walitti fufiinsa akka baqqalee wajjin adangaa yookiin taaffii wajjin midhaan niitiroojinii qaban qopheessuun bu'aa walitti maku: midhaan niitiroojinii qaban niitiroojiinii lafaa keessatti dhaabbatu, midhaan immoo qaama lafaa kennu, kan qonnaa guutuu fooyya'aa ta'uun guddatu.", ti: "ስርዓት ምርት ተቀላቅላል ባህላዊ ምርታዊነት መሬት የማክሲም ፣ ብዙሕ ግዜ ካብ ምርት ሓደ ጋር ምስ ተነፃፀረ ዝለዓለ ጠቕላላ ምርታዊነት የምጽእ። ምትእስሳር ከም ዱቄት ምስ ፋገር ወይ ጤፍ ምስ ምስላ ተጣማሚ ጠቕሚታት የቕርብ: ምስላ ናይትሮጅን የረግፍ እምበር ዕምሮ መዋቕር የቕርብ ፣ እዚ ድማ ናብ ምምሕያሽ ጠቕላላ ምርት የመሓላልፍ።", so: "Nidaamyada beerista isku-darka ah ee caadiga ah waxay ku kordhiyaan wax soo saarka dhulka, inta badan waxay keenaan wadarta soo saarka oo sarreysa marka lagu daro beerista hal nooc ah. Isku-darka sida galleyada iyo digirta ama tafta iyo midho miraga ah waxay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin dheeri ah: midho miraga ah waxay xajinayaan nitrogen halka cereals-ku ay bixiyaan qaab dhismeed, taasoo horseedaysa wax soo saarka guud ee hagaagsan.", af: "Nidamkitte Beerista Isku-darka Ah Ee Caddoowa Bayenih Ku Kordhiyaan Ceelal Soo Saarka Dhulka, Inta Badan Bayenih Keenaan Wadarta Soo Saarka Oo Sarreysa Marka Lagu Daro Beerista Hal Nooc Ah. Isku-darka Sida Galleyada Iyo Digirta Ama Tafta Iyo Midho Miraga Ah Bayenih Bixiyaan Faa'iidooyin Dheeri Ah: Midho Miraga Ah Bayenih Xajinayaan Nitrogen Lakal Cereals-ku Ay Bixiyaan Qaab Dhismeed, Taasoo Horseedaysa Ceelal Soo Saarka Guud Ee Hagaagsan." } }, "Crop Rotation": { title: { en: "Traditional Rotation for Sustained Yields", am: "ለተከታታይ ምርታማነት ባህላዊ ማዞሪያ", or: "Gurmuu Aadaa Qonnaa Ittisaaf", ti: "ምዞራ ምርት ባህላዊ ንርግኣት ምርታዊነት", so: "Wareeg Caadiga ah ee Soo Saarka Joogtada ah", af: "Wareeg Caddoowa Ee Soo Saarka Joogtada Ah" }, description: { en: "Traditional crop rotation maintains soil fertility over multiple seasons, ensuring sustained and often improved yields year after year. Farmers rotate between cereals, legumes, and fallow periods, understanding which sequences optimize production while preserving soil health for future generations.", am: "ባህላዊ የምርት ማዞሪያ በበርካታ ወቅቶች የአፈር ምርታማነትን ይጠብቃል፣ ይህም በዓመት በዓመት ዘላቂ እና ብዙ ጊዜ የተሻሻለ ምርታማነትን ያረጋግጣል። አርሶ አደሮች በእህሎች፣ መለሶች፣ እና የምርት አለመትከል ጊዜዎች መካከል ይዞራሉ፣ የትኞቹ ቅደም ተከተሎች ምርትን ያመቻቻሉ በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ ለወደፊት ትውልዶች የአፈር ጥራትን ይጠብቃሉ።", or: "Gurmuu qonnaa aadaan hojiin lafaa yeroo dheeraaf eegu, qonnaa ittisaa fi baay'ee fooyya'aa ta'uun waaga waagaatti mirkaneeffata. Qottonni gidduu midhaan, midhaan niitiroojinii qaban, fi yeroo fallow gurmuu, waan gamaaleen kun qonnaa maksimiziisuufi fayyaa lafaa dhaloota itti aanuuf eegu hubatanii.", ti: "ምዞራ ምርት ባህላዊ ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ ንዝተፈላለየ ወቕቲ የዕቁብ ፣ ዘላቂ ከምኡ'ውን ብዙሕ ግዜ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት ዓመት ዓመት የረጋግጽ። ሰብ ሃብቲ ኣብ መንጎ ዕምሮ፣ ምስላ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ግዜ ፋሎው ይዞሩ ፣ እቲ ኣየናይ ቅደም ተኸተል ምርት የመቕበል እምበር ንወዲ ወለድ ጥዕና ምዕተ-ቆሻ የዕቁብ እዩ።", so: "Wareegga beerista caadiga ah wuxuu ilaaliyaa nafaqada carrada muddo dheer, taasoo hubinaysa soo saarka joogtada ah iyo inta badan hagaagsan sannadka ka dib sannadka. Beerayaasha waxay wareegaan udhaxeeya cereals, midho miraga ah, iyo xilliyada fallow, iyagoo fahmayaa safafka ugu wanaagsan ee korinta wax soo saarka iyagoo ilaalinaya caafimaadka carrada mustaqbalka.", af: "Wareegga Beerista Caddoowa Bayenih Ilaaliyaa Caro Qado Muddo Dheer, Taasoo Hubinaysa Soo Saarka Joogtada Ah Iyo Inta Badan Hagaagsan Sannadka Ka Dib Sannadka. Uggugutiti Bayenih Wareegaan Udhaxeeya Cereals, Midho Miraga Ah, Iyo Xilliyada Fallow, Iyagoo Fahmayaa Safafka Ugu Wanaagsan Ee Korinta Ceelal Soo Saarka Iyagoo Ilaalinaya Caafimaadka Carrada Mustaqbalka." } }, "Improved Varieties": { title: { en: "Traditional Seed Selection for Better Yields", am: "ለተሻሻለ ምርታማነት ባህላዊ የዘር ምርጫ", or: "Filannoo Baala Aadaa Qonnaa Fooyya'isuuf", ti: "ምርጫ ዘር ባህላዊ ንምምሕያሽ ምርታዊነት", so: "Doorashada Mirada Caadiga ah ee Soo Saarka Wanaagsan", af: "Doorashada Mirada Caddoowa Ee Soo Saarka Wanaagsan" }, description: { en: "For generations, Ethiopian farmers have practiced careful seed selection, choosing the best-performing seeds from each harvest to plant the following season. This traditional method of varietal improvement, passed down through families, has led to locally adapted crop varieties that perform well under specific environmental conditions, contributing to improved and more reliable yields.", am: "በትውልድ፣ የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ጥንቃቄ ያለው የዘር ምርጫ ልምድ ነበራቸው፣ ከእያንዳንዱ ምርት ምርት ላይ ከጣሉት ዘሮች ውስጥ ምርጥ የሆኑትን ምርጫ በማድረግ በሚቀጥለው ወቅት ለመትከል። ይህ ባህላዊ የዝርያ ማሻሻያ ዘዴ፣ በቤተሰቦች ውስጥ የተላለፈ፣ በተወሰኑ የአካባቢ ሁኔታዎች ስር በተሻለ ሁኔታ የሚሰሩ በአካባቢ የተገነቡ የምርት ዝርያዎችን አስከትሏል፣ ይህም ወደ የተሻሻለ እና የበለጠ አስተማማኝ ምርታማነት ያግዛል።", or: "Dhalootaa dhalootaan, qottonni Itiyoophiyaa filannoo baalaa eeggataa turan, baala fooyya'aa qonnaa irraa bahanii walakkaa isaaniitiin filatanii, waggaa itti aanu immoo dhiiganii turan. Mala kanaan fooyya'ina baalaa aadaan, maatii keessatti darbame, baala qonnaa iddoo adda addaatiin mijaawe kan qilleensa adda addaa keessatti gaariin hojjetu uumee ture, kan qonnaa fooyya'aa fi kaka'umsa qabanii ta'uuf gumaacha godhu.", ti: "ብትውልድ፣ ሰብ ሃብቲ ኢትዮጵያ ምርጫ ዘር ኣጽቢቕ ልምዲ ነበሮም ፣ ካብ ነፍሲ ወከፍ ምርት ምርት ካብ ዝተቐትሉ ዘር እቲ ዝሓሸ ዝተመርጸ ብምርጫ ንሚዛረብ ወቕቲ ንምትካል። እዚ ሜላ ባህላዊ ምምሕያሽ ዘር እዚ ፣ ብስድራ ቤት ዝተሓላለፈ ፣ ኣብ ተወሰነ ኩነታት ኣካባቢ ብጣዕሚ ዝሰርሕ ኣብ ኣካባቢ ዝተሰርሐ ዘር ምርት ኣምጺኡ ኣሎ። እዚ ድማ ናብ ዝሓሸ ከምኡ'ውን ዝያዳ ርግኣት ምርታዊነት የግብር።", so: "Qarniyeed, beerayaasha Itoobiya waxay ku dhaqmeen doorashada mirada si taxadar leh, doorashada miradu ugu fiican ee laga helo soo saarka kasta si loogu beero xilli soo socda. Habkan caadiga ah ee hagaajinta noocyada, oo la wadaagay qoysaska, waxa uu horseeday noocyada beeraha ee loo habeynay maxaliga ahaan kuwa si fiican u shaqeeya xaaladaha deegaanka gaarka ah, taasoo ka gudbaysa soo saarka hagaagsan iyo adkeysiga leh.", af: "Qarniyeed, Uggugutiti Itoobiya Bayenih Ku Dhaqmeen Doorashada Mirada Si Taxadar Leh, Doorashada Miradu Ugu Fiican Ee Laga Helo Soo Saarka Kasta Si Loogu Beero Xilli Soo Socda. Hee Keenih Caddoowa Ee Hagaajinta Noocyada, Oo La Wadaagay Qoysaska, Bayenih Horseeday Noocyada Beeraha Ee Loo Habeynay Maxaliga Ahaan Kuwa Si Fiican U Shaqeeya Xaaladaha Deegaanka Gaarka Ah, Taasoo Ka Gudbaysa Soo Saarka Hagaagsan Iyo Adkeysiga Leh." } }, "Alleycropping": { title: { en: "Traditional Alley Cropping Systems", am: "ባህላዊ የመንገድ ምርት ስርዓቶች", or: "Sirna Qonnaa Karaa Aadaa", ti: "ስርዓታት ምርት መንገዲ ባህላዊ", so: "Nidaamyada Beerista Alley Caadiga ah", af: "Nidamkitte Beerista Alley Caddoowa" }, description: { en: "Traditional alley cropping, where rows of trees are planted between crop rows, has been practiced in various forms across Ethiopia. This system provides multiple benefits: trees offer shade and wind protection, their leaves add organic matter to the soil, and the combination often results in improved overall yields compared to sole cropping. Farmers have long understood the complementary relationship between trees and crops.", am: "የዛፎች ረድፎች በምርት ረድፎች መካከል የሚተከሉበት ባህላዊ የመንገድ ምርት፣ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ በተለያዩ ቅርጾች ተግብሯል። ይህ ስርዓት ብዙ ጥቅሞችን ያቀርባል፡ ዛፎች ጥላ እና የነፋስ ጥበቃ ይሰጣሉ፣ ቅጠሎቻቸው አስላል ንጥረ ነገርን ወደ አፈር ይጨምራሉ፣ እና ጥምረቱ ብዙ ጊዜ ከአንድ ምርት ጋር ሲነፃፀር የተሻሻለ አጠቃላይ ምርታማነትን ያስከትላል። አርሶ አደሮች በዛፎች እና ምርቶች መካከል ያለውን ተጣምሮ ግንኙነት ረጅም ጊዜ አስተውለዋል።", or: "Sirna qonnaa karaa aadaa, kan mukkeen gidduu safa qonnaa dhiqaman, Itiyoophiyaa guutuutti garaagarummaan hojjetamaa ture. Sirni kun bu'aa baay'ee kennu: mukkeen gaaddisa fi tiksina qilleensa kennu, baala isaanii meeshaa orgaanikii lafaa dabalatu, walitti fufiinsaan immoo qonnaa tokko qofa wajjin wal bira qabatan, baay'inaan qonnaa guutuu fooyya'aa ta'u. Qottonni dheerawaa gidduu mukkaa fi qonnaa walitti maku ta'uu addaan hubatanii turan.", ti: "ምርት መንገዲ ባህላዊ ፣ ኣብ መንጎ ረድፍ ምርት ዘሎ ረድፍ ዛመት እተትከለ ፣ ኣብ ኢትዮጵያ ብዝተፈላለየ መልክዕ ተጠቒሙ ኣሎ። እዚ ስርዓት እዚ ብዙሕ ጠቕሚታት የቕርብ: ዛመት ጽላል ከምኡ'ውን ጥበቃ ንፋስ የቕርብ ፣ በለሶም ኦርጋኒክ ንጥረ ነገር ናብ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የውስኽ ፣ እምበር ምትእስሳሩ ብዙሕ ግዜ ካብ ምርት ሓደ ጋር ምስ ተነፃፀረ ዝሓሸ ጠቕላላ ምርታዊነት የምጽእ። ሰብ ሃብቲ ንዙሕ ግዜ ኣብ መንጎ ዛመት ከምኡ'ውን ምርት ዘሎ ተጣማሚ ርክብ ኣጽኒዖም ኣለዉ።", so: "Beerista alley caadiga ah, halkaas oo safafka geedaha lagu beero udhaxeeya safafka beeraha, waxaa lagu dhaqmaa Itoobiya qaabab kala duwan. Nidaamkan wuxuu bixiyaa faa'iidooyin badan: geeduhu waxay bixiyaan hoos iyo dabagal dabaysha, caleemooyinkooda waxay ku darayaan walaxaha dabiiciga ah ee carrada, isku-darkana badanaa waxay keenaan wadarta soo saarka ee hagaagsan marka lagu daro beerista hal nooc ah. Beerayaasha muddo dheer ayay fahmi jireen xiriirka isku-darka ah ee udhaxeeya geedaha iyo beeraha.", af: "Beerista Alley Caddoowa, Lakal Safafka Geedaha Bayenih Ku Beero Udhaxeeya Safafka Beeraha, Bayenih Lagu Dhaqmaa Itoobiya Qaabab Kala Duvan. Nidamkan Bayenih Bixiyaa Faa'iidooyin Badan: Geeduhu Bayenih Bixiyaan Hoos Iyo Dabagal Dabaysha, Caleemooyinkooda Bayenih Ku Darayaan Walaxaha Dabiiciga Ah Ee Carrada, Isku-darkana Badanaa Bayenih Keenaan Wadarta Soo Saarka Ee Hagaagsan Marka Lagu Daro Beerista Hal Nooc Ah. Uggugutiti Muddo Dheer Ayay Fahmi Jireen Xiriirka Isku-darka Ah Ee Udhaxeeya Geedaha Iyo Beeraha." } }, "Crop Residue Incorporation": { title: { en: "Traditional Crop Residue Management", am: "ባህላዊ የምርት ቀሪዎች አስተዳደር", or: "Bulchiinsa Qorannoo Qonnaa Aadaa", ti: "ባህላዊ ምሕደራ ዕምባባ ምርት", so: "Maamulka Caadiga ah ee Xaashida Beeraha", af: "Uggumuk Caddoowa Xaashida Beeraha" }, description: { en: "Traditional farmers incorporate crop residues back into the soil rather than burning or removing them. This practice returns nutrients to the soil, improves soil structure, and enhances water retention, all contributing to better yields in subsequent seasons. The knowledge of which residues to incorporate and when has been refined over generations.", am: "ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የምርት ቀሪዎችን ከመቃጠል ወይም ከመወጣት ይልቅ ወደ አፈር ይጨምራሉ። ይህ ልምድ ንጥረ ነገሮችን ወደ አፈር ይመልሳል፣ የአፈር መዋቅርን ያሻሽላል፣ እና የውሃ መጠባበቅን ያሻሽላል፣ እነዚህም ሁሉ በሚቀጥሉት ወቅቶች ውስጥ ወደ የተሻሻለ ምርታማነት ያግዛሉ። የትኞቹ ቀሪዎችን እና መቼ ማካተት እንዳለብን የእውቀት በትውልድ ተጣርቷል።", or: "Qottonni aadaa qorannoo qonnaa lafaa keessatti dabalatu, gubuu yookiin baasuu irra. Dalagaan kun meeshaa nyaataa lafaa deebisa, qaama lafaa fooyya'isa, dhangala'aa dhaabbachuus dabalata, kan qonnaa waggaa itti aanu keessatti fooyya'aa ta'uuf hundinuu gumaacha godhu. Beekumsi waan qorannoo dabalachuu fi yoom dabalachuu dhalootaa dhalootaan mijaawe ture.", ti: "ሰብ ሃብቲ ባህላዊ ዕምባባ ምርት ናብ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የውስኽ ፣ ምቃጠል ወይ ምውጻእ ዘይኮነስ። እዚ ልምዲ እዚ ንጥረ ነገር ናብ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የመልስ ፣ መዋቕር ምዕተ-ቆሻ የሓይሽ ፣ ምጽሓፍ ማይ የሓይሽ ፣ ኵሉ እዚ ኣብ ወቕቲ ዝመጽእ ናብ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት የግብር። እቲ ኣየናይ ዕምባባ ከምኡ'ውን መወ ክውስኽ ከም ዘለና እውቀት ብትውልድ ተጣራ።", so: "Beerayaasha caadiga ah waxay ku darayaan xaashida beeraha carrada ka dib markii laga reebo in la gubo ama laga saaro. Habkani wuxuu soo celinayaa nafaqada carrada, wuxuu wanaajiyaa qaab dhismeedka carrada, wuxuuna wanaajiyaa ilaaliska biyaha, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ka gudbayso soo saarka beeraha ee wanaagsan xilliyada soo socda. Aqoonta ku saabsan xaashida loo darayo iyo goorta la dharayo waxaa lagu horumariyay qarniyo badan.", af: "Uggugutiti Caddoowa Bayenih Ku Darayaan Xaashida Beeraha Carrada Ka Dib Markii Laga Reebo In La Gubo Ama Laga Saaro. Hee Keenih Soo Celinayaa Coox Qado Carrada, Bayenih Wanaajiyaa Qaab Dhismeedka Carrada, Bayenih Wanaajiyaa Ilaaliska Biyaha, Kuwaas Oo Dhammaantood Ka Gudbayso Soo Saarka Beeraha Ee Wanaagsan Xilliyada Soo Socda. Aqoonta Ku Saabsan Xaashida Loo Darayo Iyo Goorta La Dharayo Bayenih Lagu Horeeyay Qarniyeed." } }, "Green Manure": { title: { en: "Traditional Green Manure Practices", am: "ባህላዊ የአረንጓዴ ፈረስ ልምዶች", or: "Dalagaa Baala Dhadhaa Aadaa", ti: "ልምዲ ፈረስ ኣረንጓዴ ባህላዊ", so: "Hababka Caadiga ah ee Xayawaanka Cagaaran", af: "Hababka Caddoowa Ee Xayawaanka Cagaaran" }, description: { en: "Traditional green manure practices involve growing specific plants, often legumes, and then incorporating them into the soil while still green. This method adds nitrogen and organic matter to the soil, significantly improving fertility and subsequent crop yields. Ethiopian farmers have long used local legume species like vetch and clover for this purpose.", am: "ባህላዊ የአረንጓዴ ፈረስ ልምዶች የተወሰኑ እጽዋትን (ብዙ ጊዜ መለሶች) ማድጋትን እና ከዚያም አሁንም አረንጓዴ ሲሆኑ ወደ አፈር ማካተትን ያካትታሉ። ይህ ዘዴ ናይትሮጅን እና አስላል ንጥረ ነገርን ወደ አፈር ይጨምራል፣ የአፈር ምርታማነትን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ያሻሽላል እና በሚቀጥሉት የምርት ምርታማነት ላይ። የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ለዚህ ዓላማ እንደ ቬች እና ክሎቨር ያሉ አካባቢ የመለስ ዝርያዎችን ረጅም ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ አውለዋል።", or: "Dalagaa baala dhadhaa aadaan biqiloota adda addaa, baay'ee midhaan niitiroojinii qaban, dhadhaa ta'anii lafaa keessatti dabalatu dha. Malaan kun niitiroojiinii fi meeshaa orgaanikii lafaa dabalata, hojiin lafaa guddate fooyya'isee qonnaa itti aanus fooyya'isa. Qottonni Itiyoophiyaa waggaa dheeraaf midhaan niitiroojinii qaban iddoo adda addaa akka vetch fi clover fayyadamuun turan.", ti: "ልምዲ ፈረስ ኣረንጓዴ ባህላዊ ኣጽቢቕ እጽዋት ምዕባለ የጠቓልል ፣ ብዙሕ ግዜ ምስላ ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ክሳዕ ድሕሪኡ ኣረንጓዴ ክኸውን ናብ ምዕተ-ቆሻ ምእታው የጠቓልል። እዚ ሜላ እዚ ናይትሮጅን ከምኡ'ውን ኦርጋኒክ ንጥረ ነገር ናብ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የውስኽ ፣ ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ ብዙሕ ግዜ የሓይሽ ከምኡ'ውን ኣብ ምርታዊነት ምርት ዝመጽእ። ሰብ ሃቤ ኢትዮጵያ ንዚ ዕላማ ኣብ ኣካባቢ ዘሎ ዘር ምስላ ከም ቬች ከምኡ'ውን ክሎቨር ንዙሕ ግዜ ተጠቒሞም ኣለዉ።", so: "Hababka xayawaanka cagaaran ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah korista geedo gaar ah, inta badan midho miraga ah, ka dibna lagu daro carrada iyagoo weli cagaaran. Habkani wuxuu ku daraa nitrogen iyo walaxaha dabiiciga ah carrada, si weyn u wanaajinaya nafaqada iyo soo saarka beeraha ee soo socda. Beerayaasha Itoobiya muddo dheer ayay isticmaali jireen noocyada midho miraga ah maxaliga ah sida vetch iyo clover ujeeddadan.", af: "Hababka Xayawaanka Cagaaran Ee Caddoowa Bayenih Ka Mid Ah Korista Geedo Gaar Ah, Inta Badan Midho Miraga Ah, Ka Dibna Lagu Daro Carrada Iyagoo Weli Cagaaran. Hee Keenih Ku Daraa Nitrogen Iyo Walaxaha Dabiiciga Ah Carrada, Si Weyn U Wanaajinaya Caro Qado Iyo Soo Saarka Beeraha Ee Soo Socda. Uggugutiti Itoobiya Muddo Dheer Ayay Isticmaali Jireen Noocyada Midho Miraga Ah Maxaliga Ah Sida Vetch Iyo Clover Ujeeddadan." } }, "Deficit Irrigation": { title: { en: "Traditional Water-Saving Irrigation Methods", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ ቆጠባ የመራብት ዘዴዎች", or: "Mala Irigeeshinii Bishaan Tirsuu Aadaa", ti: "ሜላታት ምራብ ማይ ቆጠባ ባህላዊ", so: "Hababka Caadiga ah ee Waraabinta Biyaha ee Kaydsan", af: "Hababka Caddoowa Ee Waraabinta Biyaha Ee Kaydsan" }, description: { en: "Traditional deficit irrigation strategies involve applying water strategically during critical growth stages while reducing water use during less critical periods. This approach, refined through generations of observation, helps farmers maximize yields with limited water resources. Traditional methods like furrow irrigation and timing water applications based on crop growth stages have been practiced for centuries.", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ እጥረት የመራብት ስትራቴጂዎች በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ደረጃዎች ውስጥ ውሃን በስትራቴጂ ማመላለስን እና በአነስተኛ አስፈላጊ ጊዜያት የውሃ አጠቃቀምን በመቀነስ ያካትታሉ። ይህ አቀራረብ፣ በትውልድ የመመልከት በኩል የተጣራ፣ አርሶ አደሮችን በተገደበ የውሃ ሀብቶች ምርታማነትን ከፍ ለማድረግ ይረዳል። እንደ ጉድጓድ መራብት እና በምርት አድጎ ደረጃዎች ላይ በመመርኮዝ የውሃ አጠቃቀም ሰዓት የባህላዊ ዘዴዎች ለዘመናት ተግብረዋል።", or: "Ilaalcha irigeeshinii bishaan dhiigaa aadaan bishaan yeroo guddinaa muraasa keessatti ilaalchaan kennuun, yeroo dhiigaa kamillee keessatti immoo hir'isuun dha. Malaan kun, dhalootaa dhalootaan ilaaluun mijaawe, qottonni bishaan xiqqaa qabanii qonnaa maksimiziisuuf gargaara. Malaalee aadaa akka irigeeshinii furrowii fi yeroo bishaan kennuu adda addaa yeroo guddinaa qonnaa irratti hundaa'uun waggaa dheeraaf hojjetamaa ture.", ti: "ስትራቴጂ ምራብ ማይ እጥረት ባህላዊ ማይ ኣብ ኣገዳሲ ደረጃ ዕምሮ ብስትራቴጂ ምሃብ የጠቓልል ፣ ኣብ ደረጃ እጥረት ኣነስተኛ ኣበርክቶ ማይ ምንኡስ የጠቓልል። እዚ ኣገባብ እዚ ፣ ብትውልድ መጠንቀቕታ ተጣራ ፣ ሰብ ሃቤ ብተፈላለየ ሀብት ማይ ምርታዊነት ንምንክሻን ይሕግዝ። ሜላታት ባህላዊ ከም ምራብ ፉሩ ከምኡ'ውን ሰዓት ምሃብ ማይ ኣብ ደረጃ ዕምሮ ምርት ላይ ተመርኮሰ ንዘመናት ተጠቂሙ ኣሎ።", so: "Hababka waraabinta biyaha ee kaydsan ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah bixinta biyaha si qorsheysan xilliyada muhiimka ah ee koritaanka, iyadoo la yareeyayo isticmaalka biyaha xilliyada aan sidaas u muhiimayn. Habkani, oo lagu horumariyay qarniyo badan oo daawan, wuxuu ka caawiyaa beerayaasha inay ku kordhiyaan soo saarka iyagoo leh kheyraadka biyaha ee yar. Hababka caadiga ah sida waraabinta furrow iyo waqtiga bixinta biyaha ee ku salaysan xilliyada koritaanka beeraha waxaa la dhaqmaa qarniyo badan.", af: "Hababka Waraabinta Biyaha Ee Kaydsan Ee Caddoowa Bayenih Ka Mid Ah Bixinta Biyaha Si Qorsheysan Xilliyada Muhiimka Ah Ee Koritaanka, Iyadoo La Yareeyayo Isticmaalka Biyaha Xilliyada Aan Sidaas U Muhiimayn. Hee Keenih, Oo Lagu Horeeyay Qarniyeed Oo Daawan, Bayenih Ka Caawiyaa Uggugutiti Inay Ku Kordhiyaan Soo Saarka Iyagoo Leh Kheyraadka Biyaha Ee Yar. Hababka Caddoowa Sida Waraabinta Furrow Iyo Waqtiga Bixinta Biyaha Ee Ku Salaysan Xilliyada Koritaanka Beeraha Bayenih Lagu Dhaqmaa Qarniyeed." } }, "Supplemental Irrigation": { title: { en: "Traditional Supplemental Water Management", am: "ባህላዊ የመጨረሻያ ውሃ አስተዳደር", or: "Bulchiinsa Bishaanii Dabalataa Aadaa", ti: "ባህላዊ ምሕደራ ማይ መጨረሻያ", so: "Maamulka Caadiga ah ee Biyaha ee Dheeraadka ah", af: "Uggumuk Caddoowa Biyaha Ee Dheeraadka Ah" }, description: { en: "Traditional supplemental irrigation practices involve providing additional water during dry spells or critical growth periods to ensure crop survival and maintain yields. Farmers use traditional water storage methods like ponds and small reservoirs to capture and store water for these critical periods, directly contributing to improved and more reliable crop production.", am: "ባህላዊ የመጨረሻያ መራብት ልምዶች በደረቅ ጊዜያት ወይም በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ጊዜያት ውስጥ ተጨማሪ ውሃ ማቅረብን ያካትታሉ ምርትን ለመጠበቅ እና ምርታማነትን ለመጠበቅ። አርሶ አደሮች እንደ ጉድጓዶች እና ትናንሽ የውሃ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ያሉ ባህላዊ የውሃ ማከማቸት ዘዴዎችን ይጠቀማሉ ለእነዚህ አስፈላጊ ጊዜያት ውሃን ለመሰብሰብ እና ለመከማቸት፣ ይህም በቀጥታ ወደ የተሻሻለ እና የበለጠ አስተማማኝ የምርት ምርት ያግዛል።", or: "Dalagaa irigeeshinii dabalataa aadaan bishaan dabalataa yeroo goggogaa yookiin yeroo guddinaa muraasa keessatti kennuun, qonnaa jiraachuufi qonnaa ittisuuf. Qottonni malaalee aadaa bishaan dhaabuufi kuusuu akka godaa fi kuusuu xiqqaa fayyadamuun bishaan yeroo muraasa sanaaf qophaa'u, kan qonnaa fooyya'aa fi kaka'umsa qabanii ta'uuf gumaacha to'attu godhu.", ti: "ልምዲ ምራብ መጨረሻያ ባህላዊ ማይ መጨረሻያ ኣብ ግዜ ደረቅ ወይ ኣብ ኣገዳሲ ግዜ ዕምሮ ምሃብ የጠቓልል ፣ ምርት ንምጥበቃ ከምኡ'ውን ምርታዊነት ንምጥበቃ። ሰብ ሃቤ ሜላታት ባህላዊ ምኽማር ማይ ከም ጉድጓድ ከምኡ'ውን ንእሽቶ ማሕበር ማይ ይጥቀሙ ንእቲ ኣገዳሲ ግዜ ማይ ንምእካብ ከምኡ'ውን ምኽማር ፣ እዚ ድማ ብቐጥታ ናብ ዝሓሸ ከምኡ'ውን ዝያዳ ርግኣት ምርት ምርት የግብር።", so: "Hababka waraabinta dheeraadka ah ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah bixinta biyaha dheeraadka ah inta lagu jiro xilliyada qalalan ama xilliyada muhiimka ah ee koritaanka si loo hubiyo badbaadada beeraha iyo ilaalinta soo saarka. Beerayaasha waxay isticmaalaan hababka caadiga ah ee kaydinta biyaha sida godadka iyo meelaha yar ee biyaha ku kaydsan si ay ugu soo ururiyaan oo kaydiyaan biyaha xilliyada muhiimka ah, taasoo si toos ah ugu gudbaysa soo saarka beeraha ee hagaagsan iyo adkeysiga leh.", af: "Hababka Waraabinta Dheeraadka Ah Ee Caddoowa Bayenih Ka Mid Ah Bixinta Biyaha Dheeraadka Ah Inta Lagu Jiro Xilliyada Qalalan Ama Xilliyada Muhiimka Ah Ee Koritaanka Si Loo Hubiyo Badbaadada Beeraha Iyo Ilaalinta Soo Saarka. Uggugutiti Bayenih Isticmaalaan Hababka Caddoowa Ee Kaydinta Biyaha Sida Godadka Iyo Meelaha Yar Ee Biyaha Ku Kaydsan Si Ay Ugu Soo Ururiyaan Oo Kaydiyaan Biyaha Xilliyada Muhiimka Ah, Taasoo Si Toos Ah Ugu Gudbaysa Soo Saarka Beeraha Ee Hagaagsan Iyo Adkeysiga Leh." } }, "pH Control": { title: { en: "Traditional Soil pH Management", am: "ባህላዊ የአፈር pH አስተዳደር", or: "Bulchiinsa pH Lafaa Aadaa", ti: "ባህላዊ ምዕተ-ቆሻ pH ምሕደራ", so: "Maamulka Caadiga ah ee pH ee Carrada", af: "Uggumuk Caddoowa pH Ee Carrada" }, description: { en: "Traditional farmers manage soil acidity and alkalinity through methods like adding ash from burned crop residues or using specific organic materials. While they may not measure pH scientifically, generations of experience have taught them which amendments improve soil conditions and crop performance, leading to better yields through improved nutrient availability.", am: "ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የአፈር አሲድነትን እና አልካላይኒቲን በእንደ ከተቃጠሉ የምርት ቀሪዎች አፈር ማከል ወይም የተወሰኑ አስላል ቁሶችን በመጠቀም ዘዴዎችን ያስተዳድራሉ። ሳይንሳዊ ሁኔታ ውስጥ pHን ሳይለኩ፣ የትውልድ ልምድ የትኞቹ ማሻሻያዎች የአፈር ሁኔታዎችን እና የምርት አፈጻጸምን እንደሚያሻሽሉ አስተማርቷቸዋል፣ ይህም በንጥረ ነገሮች ተገኝነት ማሻሻያ በኩል ወደ የተሻሻለ ምርታማነት ያመራል።", or: "Qottonni aadaa acidii fi alkaline lafaa dhoqqee qorannoo qonnaa gubaa irraa bahan yookiin meeshaalee orgaanikii adda addaa fayyadamuun bulchiisu. pH sirriitti hin lakkaa'anii garuu, jireenya dhalootaa irraa bahan waan hojiin lafaa fi qonnaa fooyya'isu hubatanii, kan qonnaa fooyya'aa ta'uuf gumaacha godhu, kunis argamsa meeshaa nyaataa fooyya'isee ta'u.", ti: "ሰብ ሃቤ ባህላዊ ኣሲዳዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ ከምኡ'ውን ኣልካላይን ብኸመይ ከም ተቐማጦ ዝተቃጸለ ዕምባባ ሓመድ ወይ ፍሉይ ኦርጋኒክ ንጥረ ነገር ብምጥቃም ይቈጻጸር። pH ሳይንሳዊ መለክዒ የለን እንተኾነ ፣ ትውልድ ተመኩሮ እንታይ ምምሕያሽ ኣገባብ ኣገልግሎት ምዕተ-ቆሻ ከምኡ'ውን ናይ ምርት ኣፈጻጸም ከም ዝሓይሽ ኣስተምህሮ ሂብዎም ፣ እዚ ድማ ብንጥረ ነገር ምርካብ ምምሕያሽ በኩል ናብ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት የመሓላልፍ።", so: "Beerayaasha caadiga ah waxay maamulaan isku-darka carrada iyo alkaline-ka iyadoo la isticmaalayo hababo sida ku darida daaxada laga helo xaashida beeraha la gubay ama isticmaalka qalabka u gaarka ah. In kastaan aysan cabbirin pH si cilmiyeysan, waayo-aragnimo qarniyeed ayaa waxbarisay wixii wax ka beddelka ah ee wanaajiya xaalada carrada iyo wax soo saarka beeraha, taasoo u horseedaysa soo saarka wanaagsan iyadoo la wanaajinayo helitaanka nafaqada.", af: "Uggugutiti Caddoowa Bayenih Maamulaan Isku-darka Carrada Iyo Alkaline-ka Iyadoo La Isticmaalayo Hababo Sida Ku Darida Daaqada Laga Helo Xaashida Beeraha La Gubay Ama Isticmaalka Qalabka U Gaarka Ah. In Kastaan Aysan Cabbirin pH Si Cilmiyeysan, Waayo-arag Nimo Qarniyeed Ayay Waxbarisay Wixii Ceelal Ka Beddelka Ah Ee Wanaajiya Xaalada Carrada Iyo Ceelal Soo Saarka Beeraha, Taasoo U Horseedaysa Soo Saarka Wanaagsan Iyadoo La Wanaajinayo Helitaanka Coox Qado." } }, "Improved Fallow": { title: { en: "Traditional Fallow Management for Soil Restoration", am: "ለአፈር ዳግም መመለስ ባህላዊ የምርት አለመትከል አስተዳደር", or: "Bulchiinsa Fallow Aadaa Lafti Deebi'uuf", ti: "ባህላዊ ምሕደራ ፋሎው ንምምሕያሽ ምዕተ-ቆሻ", so: "Maamulka Caadiga ah ee Fallow ee Dib-u-habaynta Carrada", af: "Uggumuk Caddoowa Fallow Caro Cusboonaysiinta" }, description: { en: "Traditional fallow management involves leaving land uncultivated for periods to allow natural soil restoration. Farmers have long practiced improved fallow by planting specific cover crops or allowing natural vegetation to regenerate, which restores soil fertility and leads to significantly improved yields when cultivation resumes. This knowledge of optimal fallow duration and management has been passed down through generations.", am: "ባህላዊ የምርት አለመትከል አስተዳደር መሬትን ለጊዜያት ያለ ምርት ማስተዋልን የተፈጥሮ የአፈር ዳግም መመለስን ለመፍቀድ ያካትታል። አርሶ አደሮች የተወሰኑ የሽፋን ምርቶችን በመትከል ወይም የተፈጥሮ እጽዋት እንዲዳግም በመፍቀድ የተሻሻለ ምርት አለመትከል ረጅም ጊዜ ተግብረዋል፣ ይህም የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያስመልሳል እና ምርት ሲቀጥል በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ የተሻሻለ ምርታማነትን ያስከትላል። ይህ የጥሩ የምርት አለመትከል ቆይታ እና አስተዳደር እውቀት በትውልድ ተላልፏል።", or: "Bulchiinsa fallow aadaa lafaa yeroo tokkoon hin qonnaanfanneef dhiyeessuu, akka lafti uumamaatti deebi'uuf dha. Qottonni fallow fooyya'ifamuu dhiigaaf, biqiloota cufa adda addaa beektota yookiin biqiloota uumamaa akka dhalatan dhiisuun waggaa dheeraaf qonnaanfatan. Kunis hojiin lafaa deebisa, qonnaanfannaa yeroo itti aanu immoo guddate fooyya'aa ta'uun guddatu. Beekumsi yeroo fallow sirriitiifi bulchiinsa isaa dhalootaa dhalootaan darbamaa ture.", ti: "ምሕደራ ፋሎው ባህላዊ መሬት ንግዜ ሓደ ክንዲ ኣይትከልን ንምግባር ምግባር ንተፈጥሮኣዊ ምምሕያሽ ምዕተ-ቆሻ ይገብር። ሰብ ሃቤ ንቡር ፋሎው ብምምሕያሽ ፍሉይ ክፍሊታት ምርት ወይ ተፈጥሮኣዊ ባተን ንምንብባር ብዙሕ ግዜ ተጠቒሞም ኣለዉ፣ እዚ ድማ ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ የመልስ እምበር ምርት ምስ ቀጸለ ድማ ኣዝዩ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት የምጽእ። እዚ እውቀት እዚ ውሕስነት ፋሎው ግቡእ ከምኡ'ውን ምሕደራ ብትውልድ ተሓላለፈ።", so: "Maamulka fallow ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah in la iska daayo dhulka muddo ah si carradu u soo noqoto dabiiciga ahaan. Beerayaasha waxay dheer ku dhaqmeen fallow hagaagsan adigoo ku beera geedo gaar ah ama u ogolaada in dhirta dabiiciga ah ay dib u soo baxdo, taasoo soo celinaysa nafaqada carrada oo horseedaysa soo saar hagaagsan marka beeradu dib u bilowdo. Aqoontan ku saabsan muddada ugu fiican ee fallow iyo maamulkeeda waxaa la wadaagay qarniyo badan.", af: "Uggumuk Fallow Caddoowa Hee Keenih Coox Ukkut Lakal Bayih Anuuk Kaadi Caddo Caro Bayis Namma Bayih. Uggugutiti Fallow Cusboonaysiisan Bayenih Ceelal Is Ku Dhaqmaa Hee Qaadii Ceelal Ukkut Qadu Bayenih Anuuk Coox Ukkut Diriqsaan Bayenih Hee Coox Caro Bayis Cusboonaysiisan Bayih. Aqoontan Ku Saabsan Muddada Ugu Fiican Ee Fallow Iyo Maamulkeeda Bayenih La Wadaagay Qarniyeed." } }, "Agroforestry Fallow": { title: { en: "Traditional Tree-Based Fallow Systems", am: "ባህላዊ የዛፍ ምርት አለመትከል ስርዓቶች", or: "Sirna Fallow Mukkeen Irratti Hundaawu Aadaa", ti: "ስርዓታት ፋሎው ብዛመት ባህላዊ", so: "Nidaamyada Caadiga ah ee Fallow ee ku Saleysan Geedaha", af: "Nidamkitte Caddoowa Fallow Geeditte Qada" }, description: { en: "Traditional agroforestry fallow systems combine tree planting with fallow periods, where trees are allowed to grow during the fallow phase. This approach provides multiple benefits: trees improve soil fertility through leaf litter and root systems, provide additional products like fuelwood, and when the land is returned to cultivation, the improved soil conditions lead to significantly better crop yields.", am: "ባህላዊ የአግሮፎሬስትሪ ምርት አለመትከል ስርዓቶች የዛፍ መትከልን ከምርት አለመትከል ጊዜያት ጋር ያጣምራሉ፣ ዛፎች በምርት አለመትከል ደረጃ ውስጥ እንዲያድጉ ይፈቀዳሉ። ይህ አቀራረብ ብዙ ጥቅሞችን ያቀርባል፡ ዛፎች በቅጠል ቅሪዎች እና የሥር ስርዓቶች በኩል የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያሻሽላሉ፣ እንደ ነዳጅ እንጨት ተጨማሪ ምርቶችን ይሰጣሉ፣ እና መሬት ወደ ምርት ሲመለስ፣ የተሻሻለው የአፈር ሁኔታ ወደ በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነት ያመራል።", or: "Sirna agroforestry fallow aadaa dhigumsa mukaatiin walitti fufuudha, yeroo fallow irratti mukkeen akka guddatan dhiisu. Kanaan fayyadamuun bu'aa baay'ee fidu: mukkeen baala isaaniifi sirna sanyiitiin hojiin lafaa fooyya'isu, qopheessota dabalataa akka qoraan isiniif kennu, lafti yeroo qonnaanfannaan deebi'ame immoo, hojiin lafaa fooyya'ateen kan qonnaan bultoota guddate ta'u.", ti: "ስርዓታት agroforestry fallow ባህላዊ ምርት ዛመት ምስ ግዜ ፋሎው ይጥምር ፣ ዛመት ኣብ ደረጃ ፋሎው ንምዕባለ ይፍቀድ። እዚ ኣገባብ እዚ ብዙሕ ጠቕሚታት የቕርብ: ዛመት ብበለስ ብርሳን ከምኡ'ውን ብስር ስርዓታት ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ የሓይሽ፣ ከም ናጽዋን ዝኣመሰሉ ተወሳኺ ፍርያት የቕርብ፣ እምበር መሬት ምስ ናብ ምርት ተመልሰ ድማ እቲ ዝሓሸ ሁኔታ ምዕተ-ቆሻ ናብ ኣዝዩ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት ምርት የመሓላልፍ።", so: "Nidaamyada agroforestry fallow ee caadiga ah waxay isku darkaan ku beerta geedaha iyo muddada fallow, halkaas oo geeduhu u ogolaadaan inay korayaan inta lagu jiro fallow. Habkani wuxuu bixiyaa faa'iidooyin badan: geeduhu waxay wanaajiyaan nafaqada carrada iyadoo la isticmaalayo cawska caleemooyinka iyo nidaamyada xiddidda, waxay bixiyaan wax soo saar dheeri ah sida xaabo, marka dhulkuna dib ugu noqdo beeridda, xaaladaha carrada ee hagaagsan waxay horseedaan soo saar hagaagsan oo geedaha.", af: "Nidamkitte Agroforestry Fallow Caddoowa Hee Keenih Ku Beera Geeditte Nidamkitte Fallow, Lakal Geeditte Bayenih Anuuk Kaadi Cora Bayih Inta Fallow Bayenih. Hee Keenih Bayenih Cusboonaysiiyo Hee Qaadii Bayenih: Geeditte Wanaajiyaan Caro Qado Ceelal Ukkut Qadu Bayenih Anuuk Coox Xidho Bayenih, Bixiyaan Ceelal Sariitah Coox Sariitah Sari Sari Bayenih, Ukkut Lakal Caro Dib Ugu Bayis Beeridda, Caro Bayis Cusboonaysiisan Bayenih Bayis Soo Saar Hagaagsan Oo Geedaha." } }, "Parklands": { title: { en: "Traditional Parkland Agroforestry", am: "ባህላዊ የፓርክላንድ አግሮፎሬስትሪ", or: "Agroforestry Parkland Aadaa", ti: "ኣግሮፎረስትሪ ፓርክላንድ ባህላዊ", so: "Agroforestry Parkland Caadiga ah", af: "Agroforestry Parkland Caddoowa" }, description: { en: "Traditional parkland systems, where scattered trees are maintained in crop fields, have been practiced across Ethiopia for centuries. These systems create favorable microclimates, improve soil fertility through organic matter inputs, and often result in improved crop yields compared to treeless fields. The knowledge of which tree species to maintain and how to manage them has been refined through generations of experience.", am: "በተበታተኑ ዛፎች በምርት እርሻዎች ውስጥ የሚጠበቁበት ባህላዊ የፓርክላንድ ስርዓቶች፣ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ለዘመናት ተግብረዋል። እነዚህ ስርዓቶች ጥሩ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራሉ፣ በአስላል ንጥረ ነገር ግቤቶች በኩል የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያሻሽላሉ፣ እና ብዙ ጊዜ ከዛፍ የሌሉ እርሻዎች ጋር ሲነፃፀሩ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነትን ያስከትላሉ። የትኞቹን የዛፍ ዝርያዎች ማጠበቅ እና እንዴት ማስተዳደር እንዳለብን የእውቀት በትውልድ ልምድ ተጣርቷል።", or: "Sirna parkland aadaa, kan mukkeen faca'aan qonnaan bultoota keessa tajaajilan, Itiyoophiyaa guutuutti waggaa dheeraaf hojjetamaa ture. Sirni kun microclimate gaariifi uumu, meeshaalee orgaanikii kennuudhaan hojiin lafaa fooyya'isu, qonnaan bultoota mukkeen hin qabne wajjin wal bira qabatan immoo, baay'inaan qonnaan fooyya'aa ta'u. Beekumsi waan gosa mukkaa tajaajiluu fi akkamitti bulchuuf dhalootaa dhalootaan mijaawe ture.", ti: "ስርዓታት ፓርክላንድ ባህላዊ ኣብ መሬት ምርት ዘለዉ ዛመት ዝተበታተኑ ኣብ ኢትዮጵያ ንዘመናት ተጠቒሙ ኣሎ። እዚ ስርዓት እዚ ጽቡቕ ማይክሮክሊማት ይፈጥር፣ ብኦርጋኒክ ንጥረ ነገር ኣበርክቶ ምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ የሓይሽ፣ እምበር መብዛሕትኡ ግዜ ካብ መሬት ዘይብሉ ዛመት ካብ ዝበሃል ምርት ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት የምጽእ። እቲ ኣየናይ ዘር ዛመት ከምኡ'ውን ከመይ ጌርና ንምሕደራ እውቀት ብትውልድ ልምዲ ተጣራ።", so: "Nidaamyada parkland ee caadiga ah, halkaas oo geedaha faaruqa ah lagu hayo beeraha, waxaa laga dhaqmaa Itoobiya qarniyo badan. Nidaamyadan waxay abuuraan microclimates wanaagsan, waxay wanaajiyaan nafaqada carrada iyadoo la isticmaalayo waxyaabaha dabiiciga ah, waxayna badanaa keenaan soo saar beeraha oo hagaagsan marka lagu daro beeraha aan geed lahayn. Aqoonta ku saabsan noocyada geedaha loo haya iyo sida loo maamulo waxaa lagu horumariyay qarniyo badan oo waayo-aragnimo.", af: "Nidamkitte Parkland Caddoowa, Lakal Geeditte Faaruqa Bayenih Laguu Bayis Beeraha, Bayenih Laga Dhaqmaa Itoobiya Qarni Bayenih. Nidamkitte Hee Keenih Abuuraan Microclimates Wanaagsan, Wanaajiyaan Caro Qado Ceelal Ukkut Qadu Bayenih Anuuk Coox Dabiiciga Bayenih, Bayenih Badanaa Keenaan Soo Saar Beeraha Oo Hagaagsan Marka Lagu Daro Beeraha Aan Geed Lahayn. Aqoonta Ku Saabsan Noocyada Geedaha Loo Haya Iyo Sida Loo Maamulo Bayenih Lagu Horeeyay Qarniyeed Oo Waayo-arag Nimo." } }, "Biochar": { title: { en: "Traditional Charcoal and Ash Application", am: "ባህላዊ የከሰል እና አፈር አጠቃቀም", or: "Fayyadamumsa Qoraa fi Dhoqqee Aadaa", ti: "ኣጠቓቀም ከሰል ከምኡ'ውን ሓመድ ባህላዊ", so: "Isticmaalka Caadiga ah ee Dhuxusha iyo Daaqada", af: "Isticmaalka Caddoowa Dhuxusha Iyo Daaqada" }, description: { en: "While modern biochar production is relatively new, traditional farmers have long used charcoal and ash from cooking fires and crop residue burning to improve soil fertility. These materials, when incorporated into soil, can improve pH, increase water retention, and enhance nutrient availability, contributing to improved crop yields. The traditional knowledge of using these carbon-rich materials has been practiced for generations.", am: "ዘመናዊ የባዮቻር ምርት በአንጻራዊነት አዲስ ቢሆንም፣ ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የአፈር ምርታማነትን ለማሻሻል ከመብሰል እሳቶች እና ከምርት ቀሪዎች ማቃጠል የተገኘ ከሰል እና አፈር ረጅም ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ አውለዋል። እነዚህ ቁሶች፣ ወደ አፈር ሲጨመሩ፣ pHን ሊያሻሽሉ፣ የውሃ መጠባበቅን ሊጨምሩ፣ እና የንጥረ ነገሮች ተገኝነትን ሊያሻሽሉ ይችላሉ፣ ይህም ወደ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነት ያግዛል። እነዚህን የካርቦን የበለጠ የሆኑ ቁሶችን የመጠቀም ባህላዊ እውቀት በትውልድ ተግብረዋል።", or: "Odeeffannoo biochar har'aa haalaan kan haaraa yoo ta'u, qottonni aadaa qoraa fi dhoqqee ibidda nyaataaf fayyadamaniifi qorannoo qonnaan bahan irraa bahanii, waggaa dheeraaf hojiin lafaa fooyya'isuuf fayyadamu. Meeshaaleen kun, yeroo lafaa keessa seenan, pH fooyya'isu, dhangala'aa dhaabbachuu dabalatu, meeshaa nyaataa argachuu dabalatus, kan qonnaan fooyya'aa ta'uuf gumaacha godhu. Beekumsi aadaan meeshaalee kaarboonii baay'ee qaban fayyadamuu dhalootaa dhalootaan hojjetamaa ture.", ti: "ምስ ዘመናዊ ባዮቻር ምምሕያሽ ብኣንጻርነት ሓድሽ እንተኾነ ፣ ሰብ ሃቤ ባህላዊ ንምርታዊነት ምዕተ-ቆሻ ንምሕያሽ ካብ ምብስል ሓዊ ከምኡ'ውን ካብ ምቃጠል ዕምባባ ዝተረኽቡ ከሰል ከምኡ'ውን ሓመድ ንዙሕ ግዜ ተጠቒሞም ኣለዉ። እዚ ንጥረ ነገር እዚ ምስ ምዕተ-ቆሻ ተተኪኡ ፣ pH ክሕይሽ ይኽእል ፣ ምጽሓፍ ማይ ክውስኽ ይኽእል ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ንጥረ ነገር ምርካብ ክሕይሽ ይኽእል ፣ እዚ ድማ ናብ ዝሓሸ ምርታዊነት ምርት የግብር። እዚ እውቀት ባህላዊ ነዚ ካርቦን ዝበዝሑ ንጥረ ነገር ንምጥቃም ብትውልድ ተጠቂሙ ኣሎ።", so: "In kastoo soo saarista biochar casriga ah ay tahay mid cusub, beerayaasha caadiga ah waxay dheer ku isticmaaleen dhuxulka iyo daaqada laga helo dabka karin-ka iyo gubashada xaashida beeraha si ay u wanaajiyaan nafaqada carrada. Alaabadan, marka lagu daro carrada, waxay kari karaan inay wanaajiyaan pH, ay kordhiyaan ilaaliska biyaha, ayna wanaajiyaan helitaanka nafaqada, taasoo ka gudbaysa soo saarka beeraha ee hagaagsan. Aqoonta caadiga ah ee isticmaalka alaabadan kaarboon badan leh waxaa la dhaqmaa qarniyo badan.", af: "Inkastoo Soo Saarista Biochar Casriga Ah Ay Tahay Mid Cusub, Uggugutiti Caddoowa Bayenih Dheer Ku Isticmaaleen Dhuxulka Iyo Daaqada Laga Helo Dabka Karin-ka Iyo Gubashada Xaashida Beeraha Si Ay U Wanaajiyaan Caro Qado. Alaabadan, Marka Lagu Daro Carrada, Bayenih Kari Karaan Inay Wanaajiyaan pH, Ay Kordhiyaan Ilaaliska Biyaha, Ayna Wanaajiyaan Helitaanka Coox Qado, Taasoo Ka Gudbaysa Soo Saarka Beeraha Ee Hagaagsan. Aqoonta Caddoowa Ee Isticmaalka Alaabadan Kaarboon Badan Leh Bayenih Lagu Dhaqmaa Qarniyeed." } }, "Boundary Planting": { title: { en: "Traditional Boundary Tree Planting", am: "ባህላዊ የድንበር ዛፍ መትከል", or: "Dhigumsa Mukka Daanga Aadaa", ti: "ምትካል ዛመት ዶብ ባህላዊ", so: "Beerista Caadiga ah ee Geedaha Xuduudaha", af: "Beerista Caddoowa Geedaha Xuduudaha" }, description: { en: "Traditional boundary planting involves establishing trees or shrubs along field boundaries. This practice provides windbreaks, reduces soil erosion, and creates microclimates that benefit crops. The organic matter from fallen leaves and prunings enriches the soil, while the trees themselves can provide additional products. This integrated approach often results in improved overall field productivity and crop yields.", am: "ባህላዊ የድንበር መትከል በእርሻ ድንበሮች ላይ ዛፎችን ወይም ቁጥቋጦዎችን ማቋቋምን ያካትታል። ይህ ልምድ የነፋስ ግድግዳዎችን ይሰጣል፣ የአፈር መፍሳስን ይቀንሳል፣ እና ምርቶችን የሚጠቅሙ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራል። ከወደቁ ቅጠሎች እና ከተቆረጡ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር አፈርን ያሻሽላል፣ በሌላ በኩል ዛፎቹ እራሳቸው ተጨማሪ ምርቶችን ሊሰጡ ይችላሉ። ይህ የተቀላቀለ አቀራረብ ብዙ ጊዜ ወደ የተሻሻለ አጠቃላይ የእርሻ ምርታማነት እና የምርት ምርታማነት ያመራል።", or: "Dhigumsa daangaa aadaa daangaa qonnaan bultoota irratti mukkaa fi margaa dhaabbachuu dha. Dalagaan kun daandii qilleensa deemsisu, lafa dhiiguu hir'isu, microclimate kan qonnaa fayyadu uumudha. Meeshaa orgaanikii baala dhidhimaa fi margaa irraa bahan lafaa hojiisu, mukkeen immoo qopheessota dabalataa kennuu danda'a. Malaan kun walitti fufiinsaan qonnaan bultoota guutuu fooyya'aa fi qonnaan fooyya'aa ta'uun guddatu.", ti: "ምትካል ዶብ ባህላዊ ኣብ ዶብ መሬት ምርት ዛመት ወይ ቍጥቋጦ ምትካል የጠቓልል። እዚ ልምዲ እዚ መጋር ንፋስ የቕርብ፣ ምፍሳስ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የንኡስ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ማይክሮክሊማት ንምርት ዝጠቅም የፈጥር። ኦርጋኒክ ንጥረ ነገር ካብ ዝወደቀ በለስ ከምኡ'ውን ካብ ዝተቘረጸ ምዕተ-ቆሻ የሕያል፣ እምበር ዛመት ገዛእቲ ተወሳኺ ፍርያት ክቕርብ ይኽእል እዩ። እዚ ኣገባብ እዚ ብዙሕ ግዜ ናብ ዝሓሸ ጠቕላላ ምርታዊነት መሬት ከምኡ'ውን ምርታዊነት ምርት የመሓላልፍ።", so: "Beerista xuduudaha ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah dejinta geedaha ama dhirmaha ee ku yaal xuduudaha beeraha. Habkani wuxuu bixiyaa dabagalka dabaysha, wuxuu yaraadinayaa burburka carrada, wuxuuna abuurayaa microclimates ee u faa'iidaysa beeraha. Waxyaabaha dabiiciga ah ee ka soo baxa caleemooyinka da'aya iyo goynta waxay hormariyaan carrada, halka geeduhu naftoodu ay bixi karaan wax soo saar dheeri ah. Habkan isku-darka ah badanaa waxay keenaan koritaada guud ee beeraha iyo soo saarka beeraha ee hagaagsan.", af: "Beerista Xuduudaha Caddoowa Hee Keenih Dejinta Geedaha Ama Dhirmaha Ee Ku Yaal Xuduudaha Beeraha. Hee Keenih Bayenih Bixiyaan Dabagalka Dabaysha, Yaraadiyaan Burkurka Carrada, Abuurayaan Microclimates Ee U Faa'iidaysa Beeraha. Coox Dabiiciga Ee Ka Soo Baxa Caleemooyinka Da'aya Iyo Goynta Bayenih Hormariyaan Carrada, Lakal Geeduhu Naftoodu Ay Bixi Karaan Ceelal Sariitah Coox Sariitah Sari Sari. Hee Keenih Isku-darka Ah Badanaa Bayenih Keenaan Koritaada Guud Ee Beeraha Iyo Soo Saarka Beeraha Ee Hagaagsan." } } } } })60:T133b,nbTextInterventions =({ interventions: { h1: { en: "Interventions for Adaptation", am: "ለማላመድ ጣልቃገብነቶች", or: "Waraanni Dagaagina", ti: "ምምሕዳር ንምላጋጽ", so: "Falalooca Habaynta", af: "Oobiyya Qadaadada" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: `While there are still gaps in our knowledge, we have substantial insights into how farm management practices influence production in various environments. By analyzing data from more than 1,000 articles published from 1938 to 2018, we've compiled a comprehensive overview of how different management practices and technologies affect farming outcomes. This compilation, including **::: totalObs ::: observations**, sheds light on the efficacy of agricultural interventions under a range of conditions, offering valuable adaptation options for farmers.`, am: `ዕውቀታችን ላይ ክፍተቶች ቢኖሩም፣ የግብርና አስተዳደር ልምዶች ምርት በተለያዩ አካባቢዎች እንዴት እንደሚነኩ ጠቃሚ ግኝቶች አሉን። ከ1938 እስከ 2018 የታተሙ ከ1,000 በላይ መጣጥፎችን በመተንተን፣ የተለያዩ አስተዳደር ልምዶች እና ቴክኖሎጂዎች የግብርና ውጤቶችን እንዴት እንደሚነኩ የተሟላ አጠቃላይ እይታ ሰብስበናል። ይህ ስብሰባ፣ **::: totalObs ::: ትንታኔዎችን** ጨምሮ፣ በተለያዩ ሁኔታዎች ስር የግብርና ጣልቃገብነቶችን ውጤታማነት ያብራራል፣ ለአርሶ አደሮች ጠቃሚ የማላመድ አማራጮችን ያቀርባል።`, or: `Yoo xiinxala keenya keessatti dhihoon jiraniiyyuu, akkaataa qindoomina qonnaa sochiiwwan qonnaa gosa gosaatti akka dhiyeessan ilaalcha guddaa qabna. Barreeffamoota 1,000 ol kan 1938 hanga 2018tti maxxanfaman irraa daataa dhiyeessuun, akkaataa qindoomina garaagarraatiifi teeknooloojiin mirkana qonnaa akka dhiyeessanii waa'ee guutuutti qo'anne. Kana keessatti, **::: totalObs ::: xiinxala** kan hirmaatu, bu'aa waraanna qonnaa gosa gosa waliigalaa keessatti ifa gala, filannoo dagaagsiwwan barbaachisoo qotiyoowwan qonnaatiif kennu.`, ti: `ምእራፍ ፍልጠትና ኣብ እዋን ዘሎና እንተኾነ እውን፡ ምምሕዳር ኣርእስቲ ሕርሻ ኣብ መለኸይታት ዝተፈላለዩ ከባቢታት ብኸመይ ከምዝጸሓፍ ብዙሕ ፍልጠት ኣሎና። ካብ 1938 ክሳብ 2018 ብዝተሓትመ 1,000 ዝዓበየ ጽሑፋት ውሳነታት ብምንታይ፡ ንኽፋል ኣርእስቲ ሕርሻ ተክኖሎጂታት ኣብ ውጽኢት ሕርሻ ከመይ ጌሮም ከምዝጸሓፉ ኣጠቓላዊ ብምህላው ኣስተውዕልና። እዚ ምህላው፡ **::: totalObs ::: ትንተናታት** እውን ሒዙ፡ ኣብ እተፈላለየ ኩነታት ንምምሕዳር ሕርሻ ውጽኢታዊ ብምዃኑ ንገበርቲ ኣትዩ ዘለዉ ምምሕዳራዊ ምርጫታት ይሕብር።`, so: `Inkasta oo aanu weli waxyaabo aan la aqoon ay jiraan, waxaan heysanaa xog aad u wanaagsan oo ku saabsan sida hababka maamulka beeraha ugu saameeyaan soo saarista deegaanno kala duwan. Adigoo falanqaynaya xogta laga soo xulay in ka badan 1,000 maqaal oo la daabacay 1938 ilaa 2018, waxaan soo koobnay dib u eegis buuxa oo ku saabsan sida hababka maamulka kala duwan iyo tekinoolajiyaduba u saameeyaan natiijooyinka beeraha. Koobkan, oo ay ku jiraan **::: totalObs ::: arimo la eegay**, wuxuu ifiyayaa waxqabadka falalada beeraha ee hoos imaanaya xaalado kala duwan, wuxuuna bixiyaa ikhtiyaaroyin qiimo leh oo habayn ah beeraleeyda.`, af: `Meqem kee nee ni hayyaanam fanah nee akah yan duudusaay, naamu maglab kee maglab namma qadaadada burtuk maqarruqem tayse qado keenik iyye. 1938 ayro kee 2018 ayro kissem nek adda tayyaaqe xaamutta 1,000 kee nagar intiitah gibdah tan ciggile mara adda tayyaaqe luk, namma qadaadada kee tekinolojiitah tan namma burtuk celtah tan nek adda tayyaaqe luk adda burtuk agabi madqooqeh yan celtaa kee amol tet abem. Too aqeb, **::: totalObs ::: texxemere** nee kah geytim, namma qadaadada le aqeb iyye mare nek adda fanah afah yan qado kee amol tet abeh yan namma qadaadadah tanih agabi geyti kinni burtuk texxemer kee elle geytimak qado kee amol tet qellise. ` } }, indigenousKnowledge: { title: { en: "Local & Indigenous Practices", am: "የአካባቢ እና የዘርፉ ልምዶች", or: "Haala Aanaatiifi Dhaloota", ti: "ልምድታት ኣየናይን ባህላውን", so: "Hababka Maxalliga ah & Kuwa Dhaqanka", af: "Agbi Aanaa kee Ummatta" }, ...nbTextPractices.practices, ...nbTextMeanDifference.meanDifference }} })61:T7b5d,nbTextSecond=({ practicalImpact: { inputs: { toggleConfInt: { fields: { visible: { en: "Visible", am: "የሚታይ" } } } }, labels: { xMeanDiff: { en: "Mean difference in yield (Mg/ha)", am: "በምርታማነት ውስጥ አማካይ ልዩነት (Mg/ha)" } }, tooltips: { aez: { en: "AEZ", am: "AEZ" }, meanDiff: { en: "Mean difference", am: "አማካይ ልዩነት" }, meanControl: { en: "Mean control", am: "አማካይ ቁጥጥር" }, ciLower: { en: "Lower CI", am: "ዝቅተኛ CI" }, ciUpper: { en: "Upper CI", am: "ከፍተኛ CI" } }, meanCropDiffAEZ: { insights: { diffSecond: { main: { en: `In second is **:::practice:::**, which shows an average :::incDec::: of **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** across **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `በሁለተኛ ደረጃ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ እሱም አማካይ :::incDec::: ያሳያል **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** በ **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, diffFirst: { main: { en: `The practice with the greatest impact on yield is **:::practice:::**, which shows an average :::incDec::: of **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** across **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `በምርታማነት ላይ ትልቁን ተጽዕኖ ያሳየው ልምድ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ እሱም አማካይ :::incDec::: ያሳያል **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** በ **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, cropOverview: { main: { en: `For **:::selectedCrop:::** in the :::selectedAEZSquare::: **:::selectedAEZ:::**, there are **:::totalObs::: :::totalObsString:::** across **:::totalPractices::: :::totalPracticesString:::**.`, am: `ለ **:::selectedCrop:::** በ :::selectedAEZSquare::: **:::selectedAEZ:::**፣ **:::totalObs::: :::totalObsString:::** አሉ በ **:::totalPractices::: :::totalPracticesString:::**።` } }, cropPositive: { main: { en: `Of these, :::cropPositiveText::: shown to increase crop yield, on average.`, am: `ከነዚህ ውስጥ፣ :::cropPositiveText::: በአማካይ የምርት ምርታማነትን እንደሚጨምር ተረጋግጧል።` }, plural: { en: "practices are", am: "ልምዶች ናቸው" }, singular: { en: "practice is", am: "ልምድ ነው" } } }, h2: { en: "Mean Difference by Crop and Agroecological Zone", am: "በየምርት አይነቱና በአግሮ ኢኮሎጂ ዞን አማካይ ልዩነት" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "Agroecological zones (AEZ's) play a crucial role in agricultural adaptation by enabling analyses on climate variability, crop and livestock suitability, pest and disease dynamics, resilience, water management, and many other climate-related factors. Explore the below crop yield data by AEZ.", am: "አግሮ ኢኮሎጂ ዞኖች (AEZ's) በግብርና ማላመድ ውስጥ ወሳኝ ሚና ይጫወታሉ፣ በአየር ንብረት ልዩነት፣ በምርት እና በእንስሳት ተስማሚነት፣ በጉዳት አደጋዎች እና በሕመም ተለዋዋጭነት፣ በመቋቋም አቅም፣ በውሃ አስተዳደር እና በሌሎች ብዙ ከአየር ንብረት ጋር በተያያዙ ሁኔታዎች ላይ ትንታኔዎችን በማስቻል። ከዚህ በታች ያለውን የምርት ምርታማነት ውሂብ በAEZ ያስሱ።" } } }, meanCropDiff: { insights: { diffSecond: { main: { en: `In second is **:::practice:::**, which shows an average :::incDec::: of **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** across **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `በሁለተኛ ደረጃ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ እሱም አማካይ :::incDec::: ያሳያል **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** በ **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, diffFirst: { main: { en: `The practice with the greatest impact on yield is **:::practice:::**, which shows an average :::incDec::: of **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** across **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `በምርታማነት ላይ ትልቁን ተጽዕኖ ያሳየው ልምድ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ እሱም አማካይ :::incDec::: ያሳያል **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** በ **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, cropOverview: { en: `For **:::selectedCrop:::**, there are **:::totalObs::: observations** across **:::totalPractices::: practices**.`, am: `ለ **:::selectedCrop:::**፣ **:::totalObs::: ትንታኔዎች** አሉ በ **:::totalPractices::: ልምዶች**።` }, cropPositive: { main: { en: `Of these, :::cropPositiveText::: shown to increase crop yield, on average.`, am: `ከነዚህ ውስጥ፣ :::cropPositiveText::: በአማካይ የምርት ምርታማነትን እንደሚጨምር ተረጋግጧል።` }, plural: { en: "practices are", am: "ልምዶች ናቸው" }, singular: { en: "practice is", am: "ልምድ ነው" } }, top5: { en: `The crops with the most studied practices are :::top5CropsByPracticesString:::.`, am: `በጣም በሚጠናቸው ልምዶች ያሉት የምርት አይነቶች የሚከተሉት ናቸው :::top5CropsByPracticesString:::.` } }, h1: { en: "Practical Impact", am: "ተግባራዊ ተጽዕኖ" }, h2: { meanDiff: { en: "Mean Difference by Crop", am: "በየምርት አይነቱ አማካይ ልዩነት" } }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "A primary consideration for any on farm adaptation is the impact on crop yields. Understandably, this is what most of the research to date explores. By collecting data across studies and putting them together, we can arrive at a high-level picture of the effectiveness of different farm management practices which may help farmers adapt to climate change.", am: "ለማንኛውም የግብርና ማላመድ ዋና ግምት በምርት ምርታማነት ላይ ያለው ተጽዕኖ ነው። ይህ እስከ አሁን ያለው አብዛኛው ምርምር የሚያጠናው ነገር ነው። በተለያዩ ጥናቶች ውሂብን በማሰባሰብ እና በማጣመር፣ አርሶ አደሮች ለአየር ንብረት ለውጥ እንዲላመዱ ሊረዳቸው የሚችሉ የተለያዩ የግብርና አስተዳደር ልምዶችን ውጤታማነት ከፍተኛ ደረጃ ላይ ማየት እንችላለን።" } } } }, risks: { plot: { caption: { en: "Circles are sized by number of observations", am: "ክበቦች በትንታኔዎች ብዛት ይመደባሉ" }, xLabel: { en: "Probability of high yield", am: "ከፍተኛ ምርታማነት እድል" }, tooltip: { inCombination: { en: "In combination", am: "በማጣመር" } } }, insights: { beeswarm: { dataOverview: { total: { en: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::** across **:::totalPractices::: :::practicesString:::**.`, am: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::** በ **:::totalPractices::: :::practicesString:::**።` }, specific: { en: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, diffGeneral: { combo: { singular: { en: "alone", am: "ብቻ" }, plural: { en: "in combination with other practices", am: "ከሌሎች ልምዶች ጋር በማጣመር" } } }, diffFirst: { main: { en: `The agricultural practice with the greatest probability of high yield is **:::practice:::** when used on **:::crop::: :::comboString:::**, with a probability of high yield of **:::probYield:::** across **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `ከፍተኛ ምርታማነት እድል ያለው የግብርና ልምድ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ በ **:::crop::: :::comboString:::** ሲጠቀም፣ ከፍተኛ ምርታማነት እድል **:::probYield:::** አለው በ **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, diffSecond: { main: { en: `In second is **:::practice:::** when used on **:::crop::: :::comboString:::**, with a probability of high yield of **:::probYield:::** across **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `በሁለተኛ ደረጃ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ በ **:::crop::: :::comboString:::** ሲጠቀም፣ ከፍተኛ ምርታማነት እድል **:::probYield:::** አለው በ **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**።` } } } }, h1: { en: "Risks of Applying Interventions", am: "ጣልቃገብነቶችን የማመልከት አደጋዎች" }, blocks: { opener: { en: "Farmers face many risks in adopting new practices on their farm. A technically possible increase in yield in an optimum year, for example, might in each year in practice be variable. This variability can depend on climate variability and a number of other factors related to inputs or social context. This means that the benefit of adopting a practice carries risk, which could result in wasted time or money. Often, it is the downside risks associated with negative outcomes that drive farmer decision-making.", am: "አርሶ አደሮች በግብርናቸው ላይ አዳዲስ ልምዶችን በሚቀበሉበት ጊዜ ብዙ አደጋዎች ይጋፈጣሉ። ለምሳሌ፣ በቴክኒካል ሁኔታ በሚገባ አመት ውስጥ ሊከሰት የሚችል የምርታማነት ጭማሪ፣ በተግባር በእያንዳንዱ አመት ሊለያይ ይችላል። ይህ ልዩነት በአየር ንብረት ልዩነት እና በግብዓቶች ወይም በማህበራዊ አውድ ላይ በመመስረት በርካታ ሌሎች ሁኔታዎች ላይ የተመሰረተ ሊሆን ይችላል። ይህ ማለት የአንድ ልምድ መቀበል ጥቅም አደጋ ይይዛል፣ ይህም ጊዜ ወይም ገንዘብ ሊያባክን ይችላል። ብዙ ጊዜ፣ አርሶ አደሮችን ውሳኔ የሚያስተዳድሩት ከአሉታዊ ውጤቶች ጋር የተያያዙ አደጋዎች ናቸው።" } } }, adoptionFactors: { plot: { labels: { pos: { en: "Positive influence", am: "አወንታዊ ተጽዕኖ" }, neg: { en: "Negative influence", am: "አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖ" }, notSig: { en: "Not Significant", am: "አስፈላጊ አይደለም" } } }, insights: { percBar: { overview: { en: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: observations** across **:::totalFactors::: factors**.`, am: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: ትንታኔዎች** በ **:::totalFactors::: ሁኔታዎች**።` }, mostImpactfulFactor: { en: `**:::factor:::** is the most impactful factor for **:::practice:::**, having a positive or negative influence on **:::influence:::%** of observations.`, am: `**:::factor:::** ለ **:::practice:::** በጣም ተጽዕኖ ያለው ሁኔታ ነው፣ አወንታዊ ወይም አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖ በ **:::influence:::%** ትንታኔዎች ላይ አሳድሯል።` }, biggestInfluences: { en: `**:::factorNeg:::** has the highest negative influence, impacting **:::influenceNeg:::%** of observations negatively, while **:::factorPos:::** has the highest positive influence of **:::influencePos:::** of observations.`, am: `**:::factorNeg:::** ከፍተኛው አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖ አለው፣ በ **:::influenceNeg:::%** ትንታኔዎች ላይ አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖ አሳድሯል፣ በሌላ በኩል **:::factorPos:::** ከፍተኛው አወንታዊ ተጽዕኖ አለው፣ በ **:::influencePos:::%** ትንታኔዎች ላይ።` } } }, h1: { en: "Factors Affecting Adoption", am: "ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "Even when a practice is beneficial for a farmer, with high probability of improving their production, the choice of adoption is influenced by other factors. The agricultural economics literature has produced many studies on what else contributes to their decision-making — the barriers to adoption. Many of these are structural factors which require a suite of interventions to take place before the farmer has the agency to adopt a practice in the real world. This figure illustrates the factors that have been studied for various practice types and their influence on adoption.", am: "አንድ ልምድ ለአርሶ አደር ጠቃሚ በሚሆንበት ጊዜም እንኳ፣ ምርታቸውን የማሻሻል ከፍተኛ እድል ቢኖረውም፣ የማስተዋወቂያ ምርጫ በሌሎች ሁኔታዎች ይነካል። የግብርና ኢኮኖሚክስ ጽሁፍ ለውሳኔ ማሰብ ሌሎች ምን እንደሚያግዙ - ለማስተዋወቅ ያሉ እንቅፋቶች - ብዙ ጥናቶችን አፍርቷል። ከነዚህ ብዙዎቹ መዋቅራዊ ሁኔታዎች ናቸው፣ እነዚህም አርሶ አደሩ በእውነተኛ ዓለም ውስጥ አንድ ልምድ ለማስተዋወቅ አቅም ከመኖረው በፊት ተከታታይ ጣልቃገብነቶች እንዲደረጉ ይጠይቃሉ። ይህ ስዕል ለተለያዩ የልምድ አይነቶች የተጠኑትን ሁኔታዎች እና በማስተዋወቅ ላይ ያላቸውን ተጽዕኖ ያሳያል።" } } }, summary: { h1: { en: "Summary", am: "ማጠቃለያ" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "There is little doubt that farmers will need to adapt to climate change. A key part of this is improving agricultural productivity. There are a range of options and practices farmers could adopt to assist in meeting this challenge. This notebook helps to provide information on which practices have the most evidence, largest benefits, and least risk for adoption.", am: "አርሶ አደሮች ለአየር ንብረት ለውጥ መላመድ እንደሚገባቸው ጥርጥር የለውም። የዚህ ዋና ክፍል የግብርና ምርታማነትን ማሻሻል ነው። አርሶ አደሮች ይህንን ፈተና ለመጋፈጥ ሊቀበሉ የሚችሉ የተለያዩ አማራጮች እና ልምዶች አሉ። ይህ ኖትቡክ የትኞቹ ልምዶች በጣም ብዙ ማስረጃ፣ ትልቁ ጥቅም እና በጣም አነስተኛ የማስተዋወቅ አደጋ እንዳላቸው መረጃ ለመስጠት ይረዳል።" }, opener2: { en: "Armed with this knowledge, you can now select a farm management practice to get technical manuals and extension guides with instructions on implementing technologies in the field.", am: "በዚህ እውቀት አጥርተው፣ አሁን የግብርና አስተዳደር ልምድ መርጠው ቴክኒካዊ መመሪያ መጽሐፍት እና የማስፋፊያ መመሪያዎችን በፊልድ ውስጥ ቴክኖሎጂዎችን ለመተግበር መመሪያዎች ጋር ማግኘት ይችላሉ።" } } }, methodsSources: { h1: { en: "Methods & Sources", am: "ዘዴዎች & ምንጮች" }, intro: { en: "This Spotlight was made in collaboration with the CGIAR Excellence in Agronomy Initiative.", am: "ይህ ስፓትላይት ከCGIAR ኤክስለንስ ኢን አግሮኖሚ ተባብሮ ተሰርቷል።" }, h2DataSources: { en: "Data Sources", am: "የውሂብ ምንጮች", }, h2DataSourcesSubsection: { en: `- The yield difference and production risk analysis are informed by the ERA v1.0.3 dataset and ERAg toolkit available from [zenodo](10.5281/zenodo.10854113) and [github](https://github.com/EiA2030/ERAg/releases/tag/v1.0.3.0) - Agroecological zones were downloaded from [gaez data](https://gaez.fao.org/pages/data-viewer) as dominant aez class (33 classes) for the time period 1981-2010 derived used CRUTS32 data (file = aez_v9v2red_5m_CRUTS32_Hist_8110_100_avg.tif). - The data that power the factors affecting adoption section is taken from [Arslan et al. in 2022](https://journals.plos.org/sustainabilitytransformation/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000018)`, am: `- የምርታማነት ልዩነት እና የምርት አደጋ ትንታኔ በERA v1.0.3 ውሂብ ስብስብ እና በERAg የመሣሪያ ስብስብ ላይ የተመሰረተ ነው፣ እነዚህም ከ[zenodo](10.5281/zenodo.10854113) እና [github](https://github.com/EiA2030/ERAg/releases/tag/v1.0.3.0) ይገኛሉ። - አግሮ ኢኮሎጂ ዞኖች ከ[gaez data](https://gaez.fao.org/pages/data-viewer) ተወርውረዋል፣ እንደ የበላይነት ያለው የaez ክፍል (33 ክፍሎች) ለ1981-2010 የጊዜ ጊዜ ክፍተት፣ ከCRUTS32 ውሂብ የተገኘ (ፋይል = aez_v9v2red_5m_CRUTS32_Hist_8110_100_avg.tif)። - የማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ክፍል የሚያስተዳድሩት ውሂብ ከ[Arslan et al. in 2022](https://journals.plos.org/sustainabilitytransformation/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000018) የተወሰደ ነው።`, }, h2Methods: { en: "Methods", am: "ዘዴዎች" }, h3Era: { en: "ERA overview", am: "የERA አጠቃላይ እይታ" }, h3EraSubsection: { en: md`The ERAg v1.0.3 dataset provides the data for the yield difference and production risk sections of this notebook. ERAg is a comprehensive meta-dataset that compiles findings from over 2,000 peer-reviewed agricultural experiments conducted across Africa, with publications up to 2018. An update to include data up to 2023 is anticipated this year. The dataset is geolocated and detailed, including annotations on management practices and outcomes. In ERAg, agronomic interventions are systematically compared to a control group that does not implement these interventions. #### Data preparation 1. The ERA database was refined to focus on agronomic practices and crop yield outcomes, specifically selecting instances with contributions from a minimum of three studies. 2. Agro-ecological zones (AEZs) were merged with ERA data using the latitude and longitude of ERA observations. 3. To ensure consistency, units of crop yield were standardized to Mg/ha per single cropping cycle; any observations that could not be harmonized according to this criterion were excluded from the analysis. 4. This process resulted in a dataset comprising 57,756 observations drawn from 1,164 peer-reviewed experiments. #### Data analysis - Yield difference 1. Results for interventions are calculated using ERA data that includes the specified intervention, whether implemented alone or in combination with other interventions. For instance, data for "organic fertilizer" encompasses "organic fertilizer alone," "organic fertilizer + inorganic fertilizer," "organic fertilizer + no-tillage," etc. It is important to consider that yield difference results represent an aggregate of both the isolated intervention and its combination within bundles. 2. Yield difference is determined by subtracting the control yield from the intervention yield. 3. A weighting system is applied to each data grouping analyzed. This weighting gives greater influence to experiments with higher replication while balancing the impact of multiple observations from a single experiment as follows: ${tex.block`\frac{replicates_{intervention}*replicates_{control}}{replicates_{intervention}+replicates_{control}} \div {number\_of\_observations}`} 4. The weighted mean yield difference for each dataset subset, which corresponds to a specific intervention, outcome, and agro-ecological zone (AEZ), is computed using a linear mixed-effects model with a random effect for site. This model is used when the available site count exceeds three. Otherwise, a weighted linear model is employed. 5. Confidence intervals were calculated using the wald method. #### Data analysis - Production risk 1. The dataset for production risk analysis is categorized in two distinct ways: a) analogous to the yield difference method described earlier, which is indicated by the tooltip "In combination Yes," and b) exclusive to the intervention without bundling, as signified by the tooltip "In combination No." 2. Production risk is quantified by employing a lower-confidence limit (LCL) methodology, which measures the likelihood of the mean yield from experimental treatments being less than that of the control. For examples of this method, refer to ${htl.html`Yamoah 2000`} and [Sirrine2010](https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2010.0471)). 3. The analysis was conducted using the ERAg::RiskCalc function, available at the [ERAg](https://github.com/EiA2030/ERAg/blob/main/R/RiskCalc.R) GitHub repository. #### Code availability https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/solutions/blob/main/spotlight2.R #### Factors affecting adoption The factors, sometimes termed ‘barriers’, influencing the adoption of agricultural practices is based on a vote-count meta-analysis, derived from the 170 articles compiled by [Arslan et al. in 2022](https://journals.plos.org/sustainabilitytransformation/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000018). This method serves to identify how often an independent variable such as household size or perception of weather changes displays a significantly positive, negative, or insignificant effect on the adoption. Recognized for its broad application and ease of interpretation, the vote-count technique allows for a nuanced understanding of these dynamics. However, a notable limitation of simple vote count analyses is that they assign equal weight to all observations, irrespective of the sample size, which can introduce challenges, particularly in terms of publication bias. In this summary, we aggregated practices to groups including: agroforestry (general), alleycropping, boundary planting, nutrient management, crop management, and soil management. `, am: md`የERAg v1.0.3 ውሂብ ስብስብ ለዚህ ኖትቡክ የምርታማነት ልዩነት እና የምርት አደጋ ክፍሎች ውሂብ ያቀርባል። ERAg በጠቅላላው አፍሪካ ውስጥ ከተካሄዱ ከ2,000 በላይ በባልዲህ የተገለጹ የግብርና ሙከራዎች ውጤቶችን የሚያጠናክር የተሟላ ሜታ-ውሂብ ስብስብ ነው፣ እስከ 2018 ድረስ የታተሙ መጣጥፎች ጨምሮ። እስከ 2023 ድረስ ውሂብ ለማካተት ዝመና በዚህ አመት ይጠበቃል። ውሂቡ ጂኦሎኬትድ እና ዝርዝር ነው፣ በአስተዳደር ልምዶች እና ውጤቶች ላይ ማስታወሻዎችን ጨምሮ። በERAg፣ የአግሮኖሚ ጣልቃገብነቶች ከእነዚህ ጣልቃገብነቶች የማይፈጽሙ የቁጥጥር ቡድን ጋር በዘዴ ይነፃፀራሉ። #### የውሂብ ዝግጅት 1. የERA የውሂብ ጎታ በአግሮኖሚ ልምዶች እና በምርት ምርታማነት ውጤቶች ላይ ለማተኮር ተጠርግሯል፣ በተለይም ከደረጃ ሦስት ጥናቶች አስተዋፅዖ ያላቸውን ሁኔታዎች በመምረጥ። 2. አግሮ-ኢኮሎጂ ዞኖች (AEZs) ከERA ውሂብ ጋር በERA ትንታኔዎች ኬክሮስ እና ኬንትሮስ በመጠቀም ተዋህደዋል። 3. ወጥነት ለማረጋገጥ፣ የምርት ምርታማነት ክፍሎች በMg/ha በአንድ የምርት ሳይክል ተለመዱ፤ በዚህ መስፈርት መሠረት ሊመጣጠኑ የማይችሉ ትንታኔዎች ከትንታኔው ላይ ተቋርጠዋል። 4. ይህ ሂደት ከ1,164 በባልዲህ የተገለጹ ሙከራዎች የተገኙ 57,756 ትንታኔዎችን ያካተተ ውሂብ ስብስብ አስገኝቷል። #### የውሂብ ትንታኔ - የምርታማነት ልዩነት 1. የጣልቃገብነቶች ውጤቶች የተገለጸውን ጣልቃገብነት የሚያካትት ERA ውሂብ በመጠቀም ይሰላሉ፣ ብቻ ወይም ከሌሎች ጣልቃገብነቶች ጋር በማጣመር ቢተገበርም። ለምሳሌ፣ ለ"ኦርጋኒክ ማዳበሪያ" ውሂብ "ኦርጋኒክ ማዳበሪያ ብቻ"፣ "ኦርጋኒክ ማዳበሪያ + ኢኖርጋኒክ ማዳበሪያ"፣ "ኦርጋኒክ ማዳበሪያ + ያለማረሻ ሥራ" ወዘተ ያካትታል። የምርታማነት ልዩነት ውጤቶች ሁለቱንም የተለየ ጣልቃገብነት እና በቡንድሎች ውስጥ ያለውን ጥምረት አጠቃላይ እንደሚወክሉ ግምት ውስጥ ማስገባት አስፈላጊ ነው። 2. የምርታማነት ልዩነት የሚወሰነው የቁጥጥር ምርታማነትን ከጣልቃገብነት ምርታማነት በመቀነስ ነው። 3. የሚመዘን ስርዓት ለእያንዳንዱ የተተነተነ የውሂብ ማጠራቀሚያ ይተገበራል። ይህ ሚመዘን ለከፍተኛ ማባዛት ያላቸው ሙከራዎች የበለጠ ተጽዕኖ ይሰጣል በአንድ ሙከራ ከበርካታ ትንታኔዎች ተጽዕኖ በሚከተለው መንገድ በሚመጣጠን ሁኔታ፡ ${tex.block`\frac{ድግግሞሾች_{ጣልቃገብነት}*ድግግሞሾች_{ቁጥጥር}}{ድግግሞሾች_{ጣልቃገብነት}+ድግግሞሾች_{ቁጥጥር}} \div {የትንታኔዎች_ብዛት}`} 4. ለእያንዳንዱ የውሂብ ስብስብ ንዑስ ስብስብ የሚመዘነ አማካይ የምርታማነት ልዩነት፣ እሱም ለተወሰነ ጣልቃገብነት፣ ውጤት እና አግሮ-ኢኮሎጂ ዞን (AEZ) ይዛመዳል፣ በመስመራዊ ድብልቅ-ተጽዕኖ ሞዴል በጣቢያ የዘፈቀደ ተጽዕኖ ጋር ይሰላል። ይህ ሞዴል የሚገኙት የጣቢያ ብዛት ከሦስት በላይ ሲሆን ይጠቀማል። አለበለዚያ፣ የሚመዘነ መስመራዊ ሞዴል ይጠቀማል። 5. የመተማመን ክፍተቶች በዋልድ ዘዴ ተሰልተዋል። #### የውሂብ ትንታኔ - የምርት አደጋ 1. ለምርት አደጋ ትንታኔ የሚያገለግለው ውሂብ ስብስብ በሁለት የተለያዩ መንገዶች ተመድቧል፡ ሀ) ከዚህ በፊት እንደተገለጸው የምርታማነት ልዩነት ዘዴ ጋር ተመሳሳይ፣ እሱም በ"በማጣመር አዎ" የመሣሪያ ማስታወሻ ይጠቁማል፣ እና ለ) ለጣልቃገብነት ብቻ የሚጠቅም ያለ ቡንድሊንግ፣ እንደ "በማጣመር አይ" የመሣሪያ ማስታወሻ የሚጠቁመው። 2. የምርት አደጋ የሚመዘነው ዝቅተኛ-መተማመን ገደብ (LCL) ዘዴን በመጠቀም ነው፣ እሱም ከሙከራ ሕክምናዎች አማካይ ምርታማነት ከቁጥጥር ያነሰ የመሆን እድልን ይለካል። ለዚህ ዘዴ ምሳሌዎች፣ ${htl.html`Yamoah 2000`} እና [Sirrine2010](https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2010.0471)) ይመልከቱ። 3. ትንታኔው በERAg::RiskCalc ተግባር ተካሂዷል፣ በ[ERAg](https://github.com/EiA2030/ERAg/blob/main/R/RiskCalc.R) GitHub ሬፖዚቶሪ ላይ ይገኛል። #### ኮድ ይገኛል https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/solutions/blob/main/spotlight2.R #### ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩት ሁኔታዎች፣ አንዳንዴ "እንቅፋቶች" ተብለው የሚጠሩት፣ የግብርና ልምዶችን ማስተዋወቅ በድምፅ-ቆጠራ ሜታ-ትንታኔ ላይ የተመሰረተ ነው፣ ከ[Arslan et al. in 2022](https://journals.plos.org/sustainabilitytransformation/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000018) የተጠናከረው ከ170 መጣጥፎች የተገኘ። ይህ ዘዴ የቤት አባል ብዛት ወይም የአየር ንብረት ለውጥ ግንዛቤ ያሉ ገለልተኛ ተለዋዋጮች ማስተዋወቂያን በምን ያህል ጊዜ አስፈላጊ አወንታዊ፣ አሉታዊ ወይም አስፈላጊ ያልሆነ ተጽዕኖ እንደሚያሳዩ ለመለየት ያገለግላል። በሰፊው አተገባበር እና በቀላል ትርጉም የሚታወቅ፣ የድምፅ-ቆጠራ ቴክኒክ ለእነዚህ ተለዋዋጭነቶች የተጣራ ግንዛቤ ያስችላል። ቢሆንም፣ ቀላል የድምፅ ቆጠራ ትንታኔዎች አንድ ጉዳት እንዳላቸው የሚታወቀው ለሁሉም ትንታኔዎች እኩል ክብደት መስጠታቸው ነው፣ የናሙና መጠን ምንም ይሁን ምን፣ ይህም ፈተናዎችን ሊያስገባ ይችላል፣ በተለይም በፅሁፍ አድሏ። በዚህ ማጠቃለያ፣ ልምዶችን ወደ ቡድኖች አጠቃልለናል፣ እነሱም፡ አግሮፎረስትሪ (አጠቃላይ)፣ አሌክሮፕንግ፣ የድንበር አተከል፣ የንጥረ ነገር አስተዳደር፣ የምርት አስተዳደር እና የአፈር አስተዳደር። `, } } })62:T1ccc,nbText=({ ...nbTextFirst, interventions: nbTextInterventions.interventions, ...nbTextSecond, export: { interventions: { title: { en: "Export this chart:", am: "ይህን ቻርት ላክ:", or: "Chaartii kana ba'aa:", ti: "ውጻኢ ናይዚ ቻርት:", so: "Soo deji chartaankan:", af: "Chaartii kana ba'aa:" }, chooseFormat: { en: "Choose format...", am: "የፎርማት ምርጫ...", or: "Qormaata filadhaa...", ti: "ሓይሊ ምረጹ...", so: "Dooro nooca...", af: "Qormaata filadhaa..." }, png: { en: "PNG (High Quality)", am: "PNG (ከፍተኛ ጥራት)", or: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)", ti: "PNG (ጥራት ህያው)", so: "PNG (Tayada sarreysa)", af: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)" }, jpeg: { en: "JPEG (Smaller File)", am: "JPEG (ትንሽ ፋይል)", or: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)", ti: "JPEG (ፋይል ንኣሽቱ)", so: "JPEG (Faylka yar)", af: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)" }, svg: { en: "SVG (Vector)", am: "SVG (ቬክተር)", or: "SVG (Veektora)", ti: "SVG (ቬክተር)", so: "SVG (Vector)", af: "SVG (Veektora)" }, chartNotFound: { en: "Chart not found from _8", am: "ቻርት ከ _8 አልተገኘም", or: "Chaartii _8 irraa hin argamne", ti: "ቻርት ካብ _8 ኣይተረኽበን", so: "Chartaanka _8 ma laga helin", af: "Chaartii _8 irraa hin argamne" }, hint: { en: "Exports the chart from cell _8 (current filters included).", am: "ቻርቱን ከሴል _8 ያስወጣል (የአሁኑ ማጣሪያዎች በተካተቱ).", or: "Chaartii kutaa _8 irraa ba'aa (filannoon ammaa hirmaata).", ti: "ቻርት ካብ ሴል _8 ይሸይጥ (ናይ ሕጂ ማጣሪያታት ይሓልዉ).", so: "Wuxuu soo saaraa chartaanka xigta _8 (filtarrada hadda ku jira).", af: "Chaartii kutaa _8 irraa ba'aa (filannoon ammaa hirmaata)." } }, meanDiff: { title: { en: "Export this chart:", am: "ይህን ቻርት ላክ:", or: "Chaartii kana ba'aa:", ti: "ውጻኢ ናይዚ ቻርት:", so: "Soo deji chartaankan:", af: "Chaartii kana ba'aa:" }, chooseFormat: { en: "Choose format...", am: "የፎርማት ምርጫ...", or: "Qormaata filadhaa...", ti: "ሓይሊ ምረጹ...", so: "Dooro nooca...", af: "Qormaata filadhaa..." }, png: { en: "PNG (High Quality)", am: "PNG (ከፍተኛ ጥራት)", or: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)", ti: "PNG (ጥራት ህያው)", so: "PNG (Tayada sarreysa)", af: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)" }, jpeg: { en: "JPEG (Smaller File)", am: "JPEG (ትንሽ ፋይል)", or: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)", ti: "JPEG (ፋይል ንኣሽቱ)", so: "JPEG (Faylka yar)", af: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)" }, svg: { en: "SVG (Vector)", am: "SVG (ቬክተር)", or: "SVG (Veektora)", ti: "SVG (ቬክተር)", so: "SVG (Vector)", af: "SVG (Veektora)" }, chartNotFound: { en: "Chart not found from _15", am: "ቻርት ከ _15 አልተገኘም", or: "Chaartii _15 irraa hin argamne", ti: "ቻርት ካብ _15 ኣይተረኽበን", so: "Chartaanka _15 ma laga helin", af: "Chaartii _15 irraa hin argamne" } }, aezWithLegend: { title: { en: "Export AEZ chart + legend:", am: "የ AEZ ቻርት + ቅጽል ላክ:", or: "Chaartii AEZ + yaadannoo ba'aa:", ti: "ውጻኢ ቻርት AEZ + ቅጽል:", so: "Soo deji chartaanka AEZ + legend:", af: "Chaartii AEZ + yaadannoo ba'aa:" }, chooseFormat: { en: "Choose format...", am: "የፎርማት ምርጫ...", or: "Qormaata filadhaa...", ti: "ሓይሊ ምረጹ...", so: "Dooro nooca...", af: "Qormaata filadhaa..." }, png: { en: "PNG (High Quality)", am: "PNG (ከፍተኛ ጥራት)", or: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)", ti: "PNG (ጥራት ህያው)", so: "PNG (Tayada sarreysa)", af: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)" }, jpeg: { en: "JPEG (Smaller File)", am: "JPEG (ትንሽ ፋይል)", or: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)", ti: "JPEG (ፋይል ንኣሽቱ)", so: "JPEG (Faylka yar)", af: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)" }, svg: { en: "SVG (Vector)", am: "SVG (ቬክተር)", or: "SVG (Veektora)", ti: "SVG (ቬክተር)", so: "SVG (Vector)", af: "SVG (Veektora)" }, chartNotFound: { en: "AEZ chart not found", am: "የ AEZ ቻርት አልተገኘም", or: "Chaartii AEZ hin argamne", ti: "ቻርት AEZ ኣይተረኽበን", so: "Chartaanka AEZ ma la helin", af: "Chaartii AEZ hin argamne" } }, riskBeeswarm: { title: { en: "Export risk beeswarm chart:", am: "የአደጋ ቢስዋርም ቻርት ላክ:", or: "Chaartii beeswarm haazaaraa ba'aa:", ti: "ውጻኢ ቻርት beeswarm ሓደጋ:", so: "Soo deji chartaanka beeswarm khatarta:", af: "Chaartii beeswarm haazaaraa ba'aa:" }, chooseFormat: { en: "Choose format...", am: "የፎርማት ምርጫ...", or: "Qormaata filadhaa...", ti: "ሓይሊ ምረጹ...", so: "Dooro nooca...", af: "Qormaata filadhaa..." }, png: { en: "PNG (High Quality)", am: "PNG (ከፍተኛ ጥራት)", or: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)", ti: "PNG (ጥራት ህያው)", so: "PNG (Tayada sarreysa)", af: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)" }, jpeg: { en: "JPEG (Smaller File)", am: "JPEG (ትንሽ ፋይል)", or: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)", ti: "JPEG (ፋይል ንኣሽቱ)", so: "JPEG (Faylka yar)", af: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)" }, svg: { en: "SVG (Vector)", am: "SVG (ቬክተር)", or: "SVG (Veektora)", ti: "SVG (ቬክተር)", so: "SVG (Vector)", af: "SVG (Veektora)" }, chartNotFound: { en: "Chart not found from plotRiskBeeswarm", am: "ቻርት ከ plotRiskBeeswarm አልተገኘም", or: "Chaartii plotRiskBeeswarm irraa hin argamne", ti: "ቻርት ካብ plotRiskBeeswarm ኣይተረኽበን", so: "Chartaanka plotRiskBeeswarm ma laga helin", af: "Chaartii plotRiskBeeswarm irraa hin argamne" } }, adoptionFactors: { title: { en: "Export adoption factors chart:", am: "የማረግ ምክንያቶች ቻርት ላክ:", or: "Chaartii sababoota fudhannaa ba'aa:", ti: "ውጻኢ ቻርት ኣምክንያታት ምርዕዳእ:", so: "Soo deji chartaanka arrimaha aqbashada:", af: "Chaartii sababoota fudhannaa ba'aa:" }, chooseFormat: { en: "Choose format...", am: "የፎርማት ምርጫ...", or: "Qormaata filadhaa...", ti: "ሓይሊ ምረጹ...", so: "Dooro nooca...", af: "Qormaata filadhaa..." }, png: { en: "PNG (High Quality)", am: "PNG (ከፍተኛ ጥራት)", or: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)", ti: "PNG (ጥራት ህያው)", so: "PNG (Tayada sarreysa)", af: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)" }, jpeg: { en: "JPEG (Smaller File)", am: "JPEG (ትንሽ ፋይል)", or: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)", ti: "JPEG (ፋይል ንኣሽቱ)", so: "JPEG (Faylka yar)", af: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)" }, svg: { en: "SVG (Vector)", am: "SVG (ቬክተር)", or: "SVG (Veektora)", ti: "SVG (ቬክተር)", so: "SVG (Vector)", af: "SVG (Veektora)" }, chartNotFound: { en: "Chart not found from _38", am: "ቻርት ከ _38 አልተገኘም", or: "Chaartii _38 irraa hin argamne", ti: "ቻርት ካብ _38 ኣይተረኽበን", so: "Chartaanka _38 ma laga helin", af: "Chaartii _38 irraa hin argamne" }, mainChartNotFound: { en: "Main chart SVG not found in _38", am: "ዋናው ቻርት SVG በ _38 አልተገኘም", or: "Chaartii guddaan SVG _38 keessatti hin argamne", ti: "ቻርት ሓዲሽ SVG ኣብ _38 ኣይተረኽበን", so: "Chartaanka weyn SVG _38 ma laga helin", af: "Chaartii guddaan SVG _38 keessatti hin argamne" } } } })63:T16b28,nb1Text = { // text in the notebook // recommendation: only use objects for better tab-completion return { supportNbText: { bools: { yes: {en: 'yes', am: 'አዎን'}, no: {en: 'no', am: "አይደለም"} }, labels: { quickInsights: { en: "Quick Insights", am: "ፈጣን ግኝቶች" }, language: { en: "Language", am: "ቋንቋ" }, tocTitle: { en: "In this notebook", am: "በዚህ ኖትቡክ ውስጥ" }, crop: { en: "Crop", am: "የምርት አይነት" }, sort: { en: "Sort", am: "ደርድር" }, sortTotals: { en: "Sort totals", am: "ጠቅላላዎችን ደርድር" }, sortBars: { en: "Sort bars", am: "አሞሌዎችን ደርድር" }, confidenceIntervals: { en: "Confidence intervals", am: "የመተማመን ክፍተቶች" }, highlightAez: { en: "Highlight AEZ", am: "AEZ አጉላ" }, highlightPractice: { en: "Highlight a practice", am: "አንድ ልምድ አጉላ" } }, phrases: { inTotal: { en: "In total, there are", am: "በጠቅላላው፣ አሉ" }, specificHas: { en: `**:::item:::** has`, am: `**:::item:::** አለው` } }, words: { toBe: { singular: { en: "is", am: "ነው" }, plural: { en: "are", am: "ናቸው" } }, and: { en: "and", am: "እና" }, percentage: { singular: { en: "percentage", am: "መቶኛ" }, plural: { en: "percentages", am: "መቶኛዎች" } }, crop: { singular: { en: "crop", am: "የምርት አይነት" }, plural: { en: "crops", am: "የምርት አይነቶች" } }, country: { singular: { en: "country", am: "አገር" }, plural: { en: "countries", am: "አገራት" } }, region: { singular: { en: "region", am: "ክልል" }, plural: { en: "regions", am: "ክልሎች" } }, subregion: { singular: { en: "subregion", am: "ንዑስ ክልል" }, plural: { en: "subregions", am: "ንዑስ ክልሎች" } }, commodity: { singular: { en: "commodity", am: "ሸቀጣ ሸቀጥ" }, plural: { en: "commodities", am: "ሸቀጦች" } }, overview: { en: "overview", am: "አጠቃላይ እይታ" }, practice: { singular: { en: "practice", am: "ልምድ" }, plural: { en: "practices", am: "ልምዶች" } }, observation: { singular: { en: "observation", am: "ትንታኔ" }, plural: { en: "observations", am: "ትንታኔዎች" } }, variety: { en: "Variety", am: "ዝርያ" }, increase: { en: "increase", am: "ጭማሪ" }, decrease: { en: "decrease", am: "መቀነስ" } } }, inputs: { defaults: { aez: { en: "All AEZ's", am: "ሁሉም AEZ's" }, practice: { en: "All practices", am: "ሁሉም ልምዶች" }, variety: { en: "None", am: "ምንም" } }, radioSort: { fields: { mean: { en: "Mean Difference", am: "አማካይ ልዩነት" }, observations: { en: "Observations", am: "ትንታኔዎች" }, alpha: { en: "Alphabetical", am: "በአልፋቤት" } } } }, overview: { h1: { en: "Overview", am: "አጠቃላይ እይታ" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "Adapting African agriculture to climate change will require millions of small-scale producers to continually adapt to changing conditions. Modifying field management practices and adopting new technologies offer farmers practical approaches to respond. To support scaling and adoption of new technologies, we need to understand their potential impact and feasibility. This notebook explores how each of these interventions affects crop yield, the risks of implementing them, barriers to their adoption, and how to actually put them into practice.", am: "የአፍሪካ ግብርና ለአየር ንብረት ለውጥ መላመድ በሚልከው ሚሊዮኖች የሚቆጠሩ ትናንሽ ምርተኞች ለሚቀያየሩት ሁኔታዎች በተከታታይ መላመድ አለባቸው። የፊልድ አስተዳደር ልምዶችን ማስተካከል እና አዳዲስ ቴክኖሎጂዎችን መቀበል ለአርሶ አደሮች ለመልሶ ለመስጠት ተግባራዊ አቀራረቦችን ያቀርባሉ። አዳዲስ ቴክኖሎጂዎችን ለማስፋፋት እና ለማስተዋወቅ ድጋፍ ለማድረግ እምቅ ተጽዕኖዎቻቸውን እና ተግባራዊነታቸውን መረዳት አለብን። ይህ ኖትቡክ እያንዳንዳቸው እነዚህ ጣልቃገብነቶች የምርት ምርታማነትን እንዴት እንደሚነኩ፣ የመተግበሪያ አደጋዎቻቸው፣ ለማስተዋወቅ ያሉ እንቅፋቶች እና በተግባር እንዴት እንደሚተገበሩ ያስላል።" } } }, interventions: { h1: { en: "Interventions for Adaptation", am: "ለማላመድ ጣልቃገብነቶች" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: `While there are still gaps in our knowledge, we have substantial insights into how farm management practices influence production in various environments. By analyzing data from more than 1,000 articles published from 1938 to 2018, we've compiled a comprehensive overview of how different management practices and technologies affect farming outcomes. This compilation, including **::: totalObs ::: observations**, sheds light on the efficacy of agricultural interventions under a range of conditions, offering valuable adaptation options for farmers.`, am: `ዕውቀታችን ላይ ክፍተቶች ቢኖሩም፣ የግብርና አስተዳደር ልምዶች ምርት በተለያዩ አካባቢዎች እንዴት እንደሚነኩ ጠቃሚ ግኝቶች አሉን። ከ1938 እስከ 2018 የታተሙ ከ1,000 በላይ መጣጥፎችን በመተንተን፣ የተለያዩ አስተዳደር ልምዶች እና ቴክኖሎጂዎች የግብርና ውጤቶችን እንዴት እንደሚነኩ የተሟላ አጠቃላይ እይታ ሰብስበናል። ይህ ስብሰባ፣ **::: totalObs ::: ትንታኔዎችን** ጨምሮ፣ በተለያዩ ሁኔታዎች ስር የግብርና ጣልቃገብነቶችን ውጤታማነት ያብራራል፣ ለአርሶ አደሮች ጠቃሚ የማላመድ አማራጮችን ያቀርባል።` } }, indigenousKnowledge: { title: { en: "Local & Indigenous Practices", am: "የአካባቢ እና የዘርፉ ልምዶች" }, practices: { "Inorganic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Traditional Soil Enrichment Methods", am: "የባህላዊ የአፈር ማሻሻያ ዘዴዎች" }, description: { en: "Before modern inorganic fertilizers, Ethiopian farmers used traditional methods like ash from burned crop residues, animal manure, and compost made from household waste. These methods, passed down through generations, help maintain soil fertility while being more accessible and sustainable for smallholder farmers.", am: "ከዘመናዊ አፈር ማሻሻያዎች በፊት፣ የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ከተቃጠሉ የምርት ቀሪዎች አፈር፣ የእንስሳት ፈረስ፣ እና ከቤት ቀሪዎች የተሰራ ኮምፖስት ያሉ ባህላዊ ዘዴዎችን ይጠቀሙ ነበር። እነዚህ ዘዴዎች፣ በትውልድ የተላለፉ፣ ለትንንሽ አርሶ አደሮች የበለጠ ተደራሽ እና ዘላቂ ሲሆኑ የአፈር ምርታማነትን ለመጠበቅ ይረዳሉ።" } }, "Organic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Indigenous Composting Techniques", am: "የዘርፉ ኮምፖስት ቴክኒኮች" }, description: { en: "Ethiopian farmers have long practiced organic fertilization using locally available materials. Traditional composting methods involve layering crop residues, animal manure, and kitchen waste in pits, allowing natural decomposition. This knowledge, refined over centuries, creates nutrient-rich organic matter that improves soil structure and water retention.", am: "የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች በአካባቢ የሚገኙ ቁሶችን በመጠቀም የአስላል ማሻሻያ ልምድ ረጅም ጊዜ ነበራቸው። ባህላዊ የኮምፖስት ዘዴዎች የምርት ቀሪዎች፣ የእንስሳት ፈረስ፣ እና የማዕድን ቀሪዎችን በጉድጓዶች ውስጥ በማስቀመጥ የተፈጥሮ መበስበስን ያካትታሉ። ይህ እውቀት፣ በዘመናት ውስጥ የተጣራ፣ የአፈር መዋቅር እና የውሃ መጠባበቅን የሚያሻሽል ንጥረ ነገር የበለጠ የሆነ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር ይፈጥራል።" } }, "Mulch (Herbs)": { title: { en: "Traditional Mulching with Local Herbs", am: "በአካባቢ እንጨቶች ባህላዊ ማሸፊያ" }, description: { en: "Indigenous knowledge includes using specific local herbs and grasses as mulch. Farmers select plants like Desho grass, Vetiver, and other native species that decompose slowly, providing long-term soil cover. This traditional practice helps conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and gradually enrich the soil as the organic matter breaks down.", am: "የዘርፉ እውቀት የተወሰኑ አካባቢ እንጨቶችን እና ሳርን እንደ ማሸፊያ መጠቀምን ያካትታል። አርሶ አደሮች እንደ ደሾ ሳር፣ ቬቲቨር፣ እና ሌሎች የአካባቢ ዝርያዎችን በዝግታ የሚበስብሱ እና ረጅም ጊዜ የአፈር ሽፋን የሚሰጡ እጽዋት ይመርጣሉ። ይህ ባህላዊ ልምድ ውሃን ለመጠበቅ፣ አረሞችን ለመግፋት፣ እና አስላል ንጥረ ነገር ሲበስብስ አፈርን በዝግታ ለማሻሻል ይረዳል።" } }, "Mulch (Trees)": { title: { en: "Agroforestry Mulching Traditions", am: "የአግሮፎሬስትሪ ማሸፊያ ባህሎች" }, description: { en: "Traditional agroforestry systems in Ethiopia incorporate tree leaves and branches as mulch. Farmers use species like Acacia, Cordia, and indigenous fruit trees, whose leaves provide excellent ground cover. This practice, deeply rooted in Ethiopian agricultural heritage, creates microclimates, reduces soil erosion, and enhances biodiversity while providing organic matter for soil improvement.", am: "በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የባህላዊ አግሮፎሬስትሪ ስርዓቶች የዛፍ ቅጠሎችን እና ቅርንጫፎችን እንደ ማሸፊያ ያካትታሉ። አርሶ አደሮች እንደ አካሲያ፣ ኮርዲያ፣ እና የዘርፉ ፍራፍሬ ዛፎች ያሉ ዝርያዎችን ይጠቀማሉ፣ ቅጠሎቻቸው በጣም ጥሩ የመሬት ሽፋን ይሰጣሉ። ይህ ልምድ፣ በኢትዮጵያ የግብርና ቅርስ ውስጥ ጥልቅ የተጣበቀ፣ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት፣ የአፈር መፍሳስን ይቀንሳል፣ እና የአፈር ማሻሻያ ለአስላል ንጥረ ነገር ሲሰጥ የባዮዲቨርስቲ ይጨምራል።" } }, "Reduced Tillage": { title: { en: "Traditional Minimum Tillage Practices", am: "ባህላዊ ዝቅተኛ ማለስ ልምዶች" }, description: { en: "Ethiopian farmers have practiced reduced tillage for generations, using traditional tools like the Maresha (ox-drawn plow) that create minimal soil disturbance. This indigenous approach preserves soil structure, maintains beneficial microorganisms, and reduces labor while conserving soil moisture. The knowledge of when and how to till minimally has been refined through centuries of observation and adaptation to local conditions.", am: "የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች በትውልድ ዝቅተኛ ማለስ ልምድ ነበራቸው፣ እንደ ማሬሻ (የከብት የተጎተተ ማለስ) ያሉ ባህላዊ መሳሪያዎችን በመጠቀም ዝቅተኛ የአፈር መዛባት ይፈጥራሉ። ይህ የዘርፉ አቀራረብ የአፈር መዋቅርን ይጠብቃል፣ ጠቃሚ ማይክሮኦርጋኒዝሞችን ይጠብቃል፣ እና የአፈር ውሃን በመጠበቅ የጉልበትን ይቀንሳል። መቼ እና እንዴት ቢያንስ ማለስ እንዳለብን የእውቀት በዘመናት ውስጥ በአካባቢ ሁኔታዎች በመገናኘት ተጣርቷል።" } }, "Water Harvesting": { title: { en: "Traditional Water Conservation Methods", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ ጥበቃ ዘዴዎች" }, description: { en: "Indigenous water harvesting techniques in Ethiopia include constructing traditional ponds (Hafirs), terracing on hillsides, and using stone bunds to capture and store rainwater. These methods, developed over millennia, help farmers manage water scarcity during dry seasons. The knowledge of optimal placement, sizing, and maintenance of these structures has been passed down through generations, adapted to local topography and climate patterns.", am: "በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የዘርፉ የውሃ ማሰባሰብ ቴክኒኮች ባህላዊ ጉድጓዶችን (ሀፊሮች) መገንባት፣ በተራራዎች ላይ ደረጃዎችን መገንባት፣ እና የዝናብ ውሃን ለመሰብሰብ እና ለመከማቸት የድንጋይ ግድግዳዎችን መጠቀምን ያካትታሉ። እነዚህ ዘዴዎች፣ በሺዎች ዓመታት ውስጥ የተገነቡ፣ አርሶ አደሮችን በደረቅ ወቅቶች ውስጥ የውሃ እጥረትን ለመቆጣጠር ይረዳሉ። የእነዚህ መዋቅሮች ጥሩ አቀማመጥ፣ መጠን፣ እና ጥበቃ እውቀት በትውልድ ተላልፏል፣ በአካባቢ የመሬት አቀማመጥ እና የአየር ንብረት ቅይጦች ተገንብቷል።" } }, "Intercropping": { title: { en: "Traditional Mixed Cropping Systems", am: "ባህላዊ የተቀላቀለ የምርት ስርዓቶች" }, description: { en: "Ethiopian farmers have practiced intercropping for centuries, combining complementary crops like maize with beans, or teff with legumes. This indigenous knowledge includes understanding which crop combinations work best together, optimal spacing, and timing of planting. Traditional intercropping maximizes land use, reduces pest pressure, and provides dietary diversity while maintaining soil fertility through nitrogen fixation from legume partners.", am: "የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ለዘመናት የተቀላቀለ ምርት ልምድ ነበራቸው፣ እንደ ዱቄት ከፋገር፣ ወይም ጤፍ ከመለስ ያሉ ተጣምሮ የምርት አይነቶችን በማጣመር። ይህ የዘርፉ እውቀት የትኞቹ የምርት ጥምረቶች በተሻለ ሁኔታ እንደሚሰሩ፣ ጥሩ ክፍተት፣ እና የመትከል ጊዜን ያካትታል። ባህላዊ የተቀላቀለ ምርት የመሬት አጠቃቀምን ያሳድጋል፣ የጉዳት ጫናን ይቀንሳል፣ እና ከመለስ አጋሮች በናይትሮጅን ማስተካከል በአፈር ምርታማነት ላይ የአመጋገብ ድርሻን ይሰጣል።" } }, "Crop Rotation": { title: { en: "Indigenous Crop Rotation Knowledge", am: "የዘርፉ የምርት ማዞሪያ እውቀት" }, description: { en: "Traditional crop rotation systems in Ethiopia follow seasonal patterns and soil restoration principles passed down through generations. Farmers rotate between cereals, legumes, and fallow periods, understanding which sequences maintain soil health. This indigenous knowledge includes recognizing soil fertility indicators, optimal rotation cycles, and the importance of rest periods for land recovery.", am: "በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የባህላዊ የምርት ማዞሪያ ስርዓቶች ወቅታዊ ቅይጦችን እና የአፈር ዳግም መመለስ መርሆዎችን በትውልድ ይከተላሉ። አርሶ አደሮች በእህሎች፣ መለሶች፣ እና የምርት አለመትከል ጊዜዎች መካከል ይዞራሉ፣ የትኞቹ ቅደም ተከተሎች የአፈር ጥራትን እንደሚጠብቁ ይረዳሉ። ይህ የዘርፉ እውቀት የአፈር ምርታማነት አመላካቾችን መገንዘብ፣ ጥሩ የማዞሪያ ዑደቶች፣ እና ለመሬት መመለስ የእረፍት ጊዜዎችን አስፈላጊነት ያካትታል።" } }, "Improved Varieties": { title: { en: "Traditional Seed Selection and Preservation", am: "ባህላዊ የዘር ምርጫ እና ጥበቃ" }, description: { en: "For generations, Ethiopian farmers have practiced careful seed selection, choosing the best-performing seeds from each harvest to plant the following season. This traditional method of varietal improvement, passed down through families, has led to locally adapted crop varieties that perform well under specific environmental conditions.", am: "በትውልድ፣ የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ጥንቃቄ ያለው የዘር ምርጫ ልምድ ነበራቸው፣ ከእያንዳንዱ ምርት ምርት ላይ ከጣሉት ዘሮች ውስጥ ምርጥ የሆኑትን ምርጫ በማድረግ በሚቀጥለው ወቅት ለመትከል። ይህ ባህላዊ የዝርያ ማሻሻያ ዘዴ፣ በቤተሰቦች ውስጥ የተላለፈ፣ በተወሰኑ የአካባቢ ሁኔታዎች ስር በተሻለ ሁኔታ የሚሰሩ በአካባቢ የተገነቡ የምርት ዝርያዎችን አስከትሏል።" } }, "Alleycropping": { title: { en: "Traditional Alley Cropping Systems", am: "ባህላዊ የመንገድ ምርት ስርዓቶች" }, description: { en: "Traditional alley cropping, where rows of trees are planted between crop rows, has been practiced in various forms across Ethiopia. This system provides multiple benefits: trees offer shade and wind protection, their leaves add organic matter to the soil, and the combination often results in improved overall yields compared to sole cropping.", am: "የዛፎች ረድፎች በምርት ረድፎች መካከል የሚተከሉበት ባህላዊ የመንገድ ምርት፣ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ በተለያዩ ቅርጾች ተግብሯል። ይህ ስርዓት ብዙ ጥቅሞችን ያቀርባል፡ ዛፎች ጥላ እና የነፋስ ጥበቃ ይሰጣሉ፣ ቅጠሎቻቸው አስላል ንጥረ ነገርን ወደ አፈር ይጨምራሉ፣ እና ጥምረቱ ብዙ ጊዜ ከአንድ ምርት ጋር ሲነፃፀሩ የተሻሻለ አጠቃላይ ምርታማነትን ያስከትላል።" } }, "Crop Residue Incorporation": { title: { en: "Traditional Crop Residue Management", am: "ባህላዊ የምርት ቀሪዎች አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Traditional farmers incorporate crop residues back into the soil rather than burning or removing them. This practice returns nutrients to the soil, improves soil structure, and enhances water retention. The knowledge of which residues to incorporate and when has been refined over generations.", am: "ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የምርት ቀሪዎችን ከመቃጠል ወይም ከመወጣት ይልቅ ወደ አፈር ይጨምራሉ። ይህ ልምድ ንጥረ ነገሮችን ወደ አፈር ይመልሳል፣ የአፈር መዋቅርን ያሻሽላል፣ እና የውሃ መጠባበቅን ያሻሽላል። የትኞቹ ቀሪዎችን እና መቼ ማካተት እንዳለብን የእውቀት በትውልድ ተጣርቷል።" } }, "Green Manure": { title: { en: "Traditional Green Manure Practices", am: "ባህላዊ የአረንጓዴ ፈረስ ልምዶች" }, description: { en: "Traditional green manure practices involve growing specific plants, often legumes, and then incorporating them into the soil while still green. This method adds nitrogen and organic matter to the soil, significantly improving fertility. Ethiopian farmers have long used local legume species like vetch and clover for this purpose.", am: "ባህላዊ የአረንጓዴ ፈረስ ልምዶች የተወሰኑ እጽዋትን (ብዙ ጊዜ መለሶች) ማድጋትን እና ከዚያም አሁንም አረንጓዴ ሲሆኑ ወደ አፈር ማካተትን ያካትታሉ። ይህ ዘዴ ናይትሮጅን እና አስላል ንጥረ ነገርን ወደ አፈር ይጨምራል፣ የአፈር ምርታማነትን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ያሻሽላል። የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ለዚህ ዓላማ እንደ ቬች እና ክሎቨር ያሉ አካባቢ የመለስ ዝርያዎችን ረጅም ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ አውለዋል።" } }, "Deficit Irrigation": { title: { en: "Traditional Water-Saving Irrigation Methods", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ ቆጠባ የመራብት ዘዴዎች" }, description: { en: "Traditional deficit irrigation strategies involve applying water strategically during critical growth stages while reducing water use during less critical periods. This approach, refined through generations of observation, helps farmers maximize yields with limited water resources.", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ እጥረት የመራብት ስትራቴጂዎች በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ደረጃዎች ውስጥ ውሃን በስትራቴጂ ማመላለስን እና በአነስተኛ አስፈላጊ ጊዜያት የውሃ አጠቃቀምን በመቀነስ ያካትታሉ። ይህ አቀራረብ፣ በትውልድ የመመልከት በኩል የተጣራ፣ አርሶ አደሮችን በተገደበ የውሃ ሀብቶች ምርታማነትን ከፍ ለማድረግ ይረዳል።" } }, "Supplemental Irrigation": { title: { en: "Traditional Supplemental Water Management", am: "ባህላዊ የመጨረሻያ ውሃ አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Traditional supplemental irrigation practices involve providing additional water during dry spells or critical growth periods to ensure crop survival and maintain yields. Farmers use traditional water storage methods like ponds and small reservoirs to capture and store water for these critical periods.", am: "ባህላዊ የመጨረሻያ መራብት ልምዶች በደረቅ ጊዜያት ወይም በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ጊዜያት ውስጥ ተጨማሪ ውሃ ማቅረብን ያካትታሉ ምርትን ለመጠበቅ እና ምርታማነትን ለመጠበቅ። አርሶ አደሮች እንደ ጉድጓዶች እና ትናንሽ የውሃ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ያሉ ባህላዊ የውሃ ማከማቸት ዘዴዎችን ይጠቀማሉ።" } }, "pH Control": { title: { en: "Traditional Soil pH Management", am: "ባህላዊ የአፈር pH አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Traditional farmers manage soil acidity and alkalinity through methods like adding ash from burned crop residues or using specific organic materials. While they may not measure pH scientifically, generations of experience have taught them which amendments improve soil conditions and crop performance.", am: "ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የአፈር አሲድነትን እና አልካላይኒቲን በእንደ ከተቃጠሉ የምርት ቀሪዎች አፈር ማከል ወይም የተወሰኑ አስላል ቁሶችን በመጠቀም ዘዴዎችን ያስተዳድራሉ። ሳይንሳዊ ሁኔታ ውስጥ pHን ሳይለኩ፣ የትውልድ ልምድ የትኞቹ ማሻሻያዎች የአፈር ሁኔታዎችን እና የምርት አፈጻጸምን እንደሚያሻሽሉ አስተማርቷቸዋል።" } }, "Improved Fallow": { title: { en: "Traditional Fallow Management for Soil Restoration", am: "ለአፈር ዳግም መመለስ ባህላዊ የምርት አለመትከል አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Traditional fallow management involves leaving land uncultivated for periods to allow natural soil restoration. Farmers have long practiced improved fallow by planting specific cover crops or allowing natural vegetation to regenerate, which restores soil fertility and leads to significantly improved yields when cultivation resumes.", am: "ባህላዊ የምርት አለመትከል አስተዳደር መሬትን ለጊዜያት ያለ ምርት ማስተዋልን የተፈጥሮ የአፈር ዳግም መመለስን ለመፍቀድ ያካትታል። አርሶ አደሮች የተወሰኑ የሽፋን ምርቶችን በመትከል ወይም የተፈጥሮ እጽዋት እንዲዳግም በመፍቀድ የተሻሻለ ምርት አለመትከል ረጅም ጊዜ ተግብረዋል፣ ይህም የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያስመልሳል እና ምርት ሲቀጥል በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ የተሻሻለ ምርታማነትን ያስከትላል።" } }, "Agroforestry Fallow": { title: { en: "Traditional Tree-Based Fallow Systems", am: "ባህላዊ የዛፍ ምርት አለመትከል ስርዓቶች" }, description: { en: "Traditional agroforestry fallow systems combine tree planting with fallow periods, where trees are allowed to grow during the fallow phase. This approach provides multiple benefits: trees improve soil fertility through leaf litter and root systems, provide additional products like fuelwood, and when the land is returned to cultivation, the improved soil conditions lead to significantly better crop yields.", am: "ባህላዊ የአግሮፎሬስትሪ ምርት አለመትከል ስርዓቶች የዛፍ መትከልን ከምርት አለመትከል ጊዜያት ጋር ያጣምራሉ፣ ዛፎች በምርት አለመትከል ደረጃ ውስጥ እንዲያድጉ ይፈቀዳሉ። ይህ አቀራረብ ብዙ ጥቅሞችን ያቀርባል፡ ዛፎች በቅጠል ቅሪዎች እና የሥር ስርዓቶች በኩል የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያሻሽላሉ፣ እንደ ነዳጅ እንጨት ተጨማሪ ምርቶችን ይሰጣሉ፣ እና መሬት ወደ ምርት ሲመለስ፣ የተሻሻለው የአፈር ሁኔታ ወደ በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነት ያመራል።" } }, "Parklands": { title: { en: "Traditional Parkland Agroforestry", am: "ባህላዊ የፓርክላንድ አግሮፎሬስትሪ" }, description: { en: "Traditional parkland systems, where scattered trees are maintained in crop fields, have been practiced across Ethiopia for centuries. These systems create favorable microclimates, improve soil fertility through organic matter inputs, and often result in improved crop yields compared to treeless fields.", am: "በተበታተኑ ዛፎች በምርት እርሻዎች ውስጥ የሚጠበቁበት ባህላዊ የፓርክላንድ ስርዓቶች፣ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ለዘመናት ተግብረዋል። እነዚህ ስርዓቶች ጥሩ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራሉ፣ በአስላል ንጥረ ነገር ግቤቶች በኩል የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያሻሽላሉ፣ እና ብዙ ጊዜ ከዛፍ የሌሉ እርሻዎች ጋር ሲነፃፀሩ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነትን ያስከትላሉ።" } }, "Biochar": { title: { en: "Traditional Charcoal and Ash Application", am: "ባህላዊ የከሰል እና አፈር አጠቃቀም" }, description: { en: "While modern biochar production is relatively new, traditional farmers have long used charcoal and ash from cooking fires and crop residue burning to improve soil fertility. These materials, when incorporated into soil, can improve pH, increase water retention, and enhance nutrient availability, contributing to improved crop yields.", am: "ዘመናዊ የባዮቻር ምርት በአንጻራዊነት አዲስ ቢሆንም፣ ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የአፈር ምርታማነትን ለማሻሻል ከመብሰል እሳቶች እና ከምርት ቀሪዎች ማቃጠል የተገኘ ከሰል እና አፈር ረጅም ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ አውለዋል። እነዚህ ቁሶች፣ ወደ አፈር ሲጨመሩ፣ pHን ሊያሻሽሉ፣ የውሃ መጠባበቅን ሊጨምሩ፣ እና የንጥረ ነገሮች ተገኝነትን ሊያሻሽሉ ይችላሉ፣ ይህም ወደ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነት ያግዛል።" } }, "Boundary Planting": { title: { en: "Traditional Boundary Tree Planting", am: "ባህላዊ የድንበር ዛፍ መትከል" }, description: { en: "Traditional boundary planting involves establishing trees or shrubs along field boundaries. This practice provides windbreaks, reduces soil erosion, and creates microclimates that benefit crops. The organic matter from fallen leaves and prunings enriches the soil, while the trees themselves can provide additional products.", am: "ባህላዊ የድንበር መትከል በእርሻ ድንበሮች ላይ ዛፎችን ወይም ቁጥቋጦዎችን ማቋቋምን ያካትታል። ይህ ልምድ የነፋስ ግድግዳዎችን ይሰጣል፣ የአፈር መፍሳስን ይቀንሳል፣ እና ምርቶችን የሚጠቅሙ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራል። ከወደቁ ቅጠሎች እና ከተቆረጡ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር አፈርን ያሻሽላል፣ በሌላ በኩል ዛፎቹ እራሳቸው ተጨማሪ ምርቶችን ሊሰጡ ይችላሉ።" } } }, meanDifference: { title: { en: "Traditional Practices for Yield Improvement", am: "ለምርታማነት ማሻሻያ ባህላዊ ልምዶች" }, description: { en: "The following traditional practices have been used by Ethiopian farmers for generations to improve crop yields. These methods are adapted to local conditions and have proven effective in various agro-ecological zones.", am: "የሚከተሉት ባህላዊ ልምዶች በኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች በትውልድ ለምርታማነት ማሻሻያ ጥቅም ላይ ውለዋል። እነዚህ ዘዴዎች በአካባቢ ሁኔታዎች ተገንብተው በተለያዩ አግሮ-ኢኮሎጂካል ዞኖች ውጤታማ ሆነው ተገኝተዋል።" }, practices: { "Inorganic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Traditional Soil Fertility Management", am: "ባህላዊ የአፈር ምርታማነት አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Before modern fertilizers, farmers used ash from crop residues, animal manure, and household compost to enrich soil. These traditional methods improve soil structure and nutrient availability, often showing positive yield impacts comparable to modern approaches when properly applied.", am: "ከዘመናዊ ማሻሻያዎች በፊት፣ አርሶ አደሮች ከምርት ቀሪዎች አፈር፣ የእንስሳት ፈረስ፣ እና የቤት ኮምፖስት የአፈር ምርታማነትን ለማሻሻል ይጠቀሙ ነበር። እነዚህ ባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የአፈር መዋቅርን እና የንጥረ ነገሮች ተገኝነትን ያሻሽላሉ፣ በትክክል ሲተገበሩ ብዙ ጊዜ ከዘመናዊ አቀራረቦች ጋር ሲነፃፀሩ አወንታዊ የምርት ተጽዕኖዎችን ያሳያሉ።" } }, "Organic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Indigenous Composting for Yield Enhancement", am: "ለምርታማነት ማሻሻያ የዘርፉ ኮምፖስት" }, description: { en: "Traditional composting techniques create nutrient-rich organic matter that significantly improves crop yields. Farmers layer crop residues, manure, and kitchen waste in pits, allowing natural decomposition. This method enhances soil water retention and provides sustained nutrient release throughout the growing season.", am: "ባህላዊ የኮምፖስት ቴክኒኮች የንጥረ ነገር የበለጠ የሆነ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር ይፈጥራሉ ይህም የምርት ምርታማነትን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ያሻሽላል። አርሶ አደሮች የምርት ቀሪዎች፣ ፈረስ፣ እና የማዕድን ቀሪዎችን በጉድጓዶች ውስጥ በማስቀመጥ የተፈጥሮ መበስበስን ይፈቅዳሉ። ይህ ዘዴ የአፈር ውሃ መጠባበቅን ያሻሽላል እና በአድጎ ወቅት ሁሉ ዘላቂ የንጥረ ነገር መለቀቅን ያቀርባል።" } }, "Mulch (Herbs)": { title: { en: "Traditional Mulching for Moisture Conservation", am: "ለውሃ ጥበቃ ባህላዊ ማሸፊያ" }, description: { en: "Using local herbs and grasses as mulch helps conserve soil moisture, which directly contributes to improved crop yields, especially in semi-arid regions. Traditional mulching with species like Desho grass provides long-term soil cover and gradually enriches the soil as it decomposes.", am: "አካባቢ እንጨቶችን እና ሳርን እንደ ማሸፊያ መጠቀም የአፈር ውሃን ለመጠበቅ ይረዳል፣ ይህም በቀጥታ ወደ የምርት ምርታማነት ማሻሻያ ያግዛል፣ በተለይም በከፊል ደረቅ ክልሎች። እንደ ደሾ ሳር ያሉ ዝርያዎች ባህላዊ ማሸፊያ ረጅም ጊዜ የአፈር ሽፋን ይሰጣል እና ሲበስብስ አፈርን በዝግታ ያሻሽላል።" } }, "Mulch (Trees)": { title: { en: "Agroforestry Mulching for Yield Stability", am: "ለምርታማነት የመረጋጋት አግሮፎሬስትሪ ማሸፊያ" }, description: { en: "Tree-based mulching systems create microclimates that protect crops from extreme weather, leading to more stable and improved yields. Traditional use of Acacia, Cordia, and fruit tree leaves provides excellent ground cover while gradually improving soil fertility through organic matter decomposition.", am: "የዛፍ ማሸፊያ ስርዓቶች ከከፋ አየር ንብረት እንዲጠብቁ ምርቶችን የሚጠብቁ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራሉ፣ ይህም ወደ የበለጠ የተረጋጋ እና የተሻሻለ ምርታማነት ያመራል። አካሲያ፣ ኮርዲያ፣ እና የፍራፍሬ ዛፎች ቅጠሎች ባህላዊ አጠቃቀም በጣም ጥሩ የመሬት ሽፋን ይሰጣል በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ በአስላል ንጥረ ነገር መበስበስ በአፈር ምርታማነት ላይ በዝግታ ያሻሽላል።" } }, "Reduced Tillage": { title: { en: "Traditional Minimum Tillage for Soil Health", am: "ለአፈር ጥራት ባህላዊ ዝቅተኛ ማለስ" }, description: { en: "Traditional reduced tillage practices using tools like the Maresha preserve soil structure and beneficial microorganisms, leading to improved water retention and ultimately better crop yields. This approach reduces soil erosion while maintaining soil fertility.", am: "እንደ ማሬሻ ያሉ መሳሪያዎችን በመጠቀም ባህላዊ ዝቅተኛ ማለስ ልምዶች የአፈር መዋቅርን እና ጠቃሚ ማይክሮኦርጋኒዝሞችን ይጠብቃሉ፣ ይህም ወደ የውሃ መጠባበቅ ማሻሻያ እና በመጨረሻም የተሻለ የምርት ምርታማነት ያመራል። ይህ አቀራረብ የአፈር መፍሳስን ይቀንሳል በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ የአፈር ምርታማነትን ይጠብቃል።" } }, "Water Harvesting": { title: { en: "Traditional Water Management for Yield Security", am: "ለምርታማነት ዋስትና ባህላዊ የውሃ አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Indigenous water harvesting techniques like traditional ponds (Hafirs), terracing, and stone bunds ensure water availability during critical growth periods, directly contributing to improved and more reliable crop yields. These methods help farmers manage water scarcity and maintain production even during dry spells.", am: "እንደ ባህላዊ ጉድጓዶች (ሀፊሮች)፣ ደረጃዎች፣ እና የድንጋይ ግድግዳዎች ያሉ የዘርፉ የውሃ ማሰባሰብ ቴክኒኮች በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ጊዜዎች ውስጥ የውሃ ተገኝነትን ያረጋግጣሉ፣ ይህም በቀጥታ ወደ የተሻሻለ እና የበለጠ አስተማማኝ የምርት ምርታማነት ያግዛል። እነዚህ ዘዴዎች አርሶ አደሮችን የውሃ እጥረትን ለመቆጣጠር እና በደረቅ ጊዜያት እንኳን ምርትን ለመጠበቅ ይረዳሉ።" } }, "Intercropping": { title: { en: "Traditional Mixed Cropping for Yield Optimization", am: "ለምርታማነት ማመቻቸት ባህላዊ የተቀላቀለ ምርት" }, description: { en: "Traditional intercropping systems maximize land productivity and often result in higher total yields compared to monocropping. Combinations like maize with beans or teff with legumes provide complementary benefits: legumes fix nitrogen while cereals provide structure, leading to improved overall production.", am: "ባህላዊ የተቀላቀለ ምርት ስርዓቶች የመሬት ምርታማነትን ያሳድጋሉ እና ብዙ ጊዜ ከአንድ የምርት ስርዓት ጋር ሲነፃፀሩ ከፍተኛ ጠቅላላ ምርታማነት ያስከትላሉ። እንደ ዱቄት ከፋገር ወይም ጤፍ ከመለስ ያሉ ጥምረቶች ተጣምሮ ጥቅሞችን ያቀርባሉ፡ መለሶች ናይትሮጅንን ያስተካክላሉ በሌላ በኩል እህሎች መዋቅርን ይሰጣሉ፣ ይህም ወደ አጠቃላይ ምርት ማሻሻያ ያመራል።" } }, "Crop Rotation": { title: { en: "Traditional Rotation for Sustained Yields", am: "ለተከታታይ ምርታማነት ባህላዊ ማዞሪያ" }, description: { en: "Traditional crop rotation maintains soil fertility over multiple seasons, ensuring sustained and often improved yields year after year. Farmers rotate between cereals, legumes, and fallow periods, understanding which sequences optimize production while preserving soil health for future generations.", am: "ባህላዊ የምርት ማዞሪያ በበርካታ ወቅቶች የአፈር ምርታማነትን ይጠብቃል፣ ይህም በዓመት በዓመት ዘላቂ እና ብዙ ጊዜ የተሻሻለ ምርታማነትን ያረጋግጣል። አርሶ አደሮች በእህሎች፣ መለሶች፣ እና የምርት አለመትከል ጊዜዎች መካከል ይዞራሉ፣ የትኞቹ ቅደም ተከተሎች ምርትን ያመቻቻሉ በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ ለወደፊት ትውልዶች የአፈር ጥራትን ይጠብቃሉ።" } }, "Improved Varieties": { title: { en: "Traditional Seed Selection for Better Yields", am: "ለተሻሻለ ምርታማነት ባህላዊ የዘር ምርጫ" }, description: { en: "For generations, Ethiopian farmers have practiced careful seed selection, choosing the best-performing seeds from each harvest to plant the following season. This traditional method of varietal improvement, passed down through families, has led to locally adapted crop varieties that perform well under specific environmental conditions, contributing to improved and more reliable yields.", am: "በትውልድ፣ የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ጥንቃቄ ያለው የዘር ምርጫ ልምድ ነበራቸው፣ ከእያንዳንዱ ምርት ምርት ላይ ከጣሉት ዘሮች ውስጥ ምርጥ የሆኑትን ምርጫ በማድረግ በሚቀጥለው ወቅት ለመትከል። ይህ ባህላዊ የዝርያ ማሻሻያ ዘዴ፣ በቤተሰቦች ውስጥ የተላለፈ፣ በተወሰኑ የአካባቢ ሁኔታዎች ስር በተሻለ ሁኔታ የሚሰሩ በአካባቢ የተገነቡ የምርት ዝርያዎችን አስከትሏል፣ ይህም ወደ የተሻሻለ እና የበለጠ አስተማማኝ ምርታማነት ያግዛል።" } }, "Alleycropping": { title: { en: "Traditional Alley Cropping Systems", am: "ባህላዊ የመንገድ ምርት ስርዓቶች" }, description: { en: "Traditional alley cropping, where rows of trees are planted between crop rows, has been practiced in various forms across Ethiopia. This system provides multiple benefits: trees offer shade and wind protection, their leaves add organic matter to the soil, and the combination often results in improved overall yields compared to sole cropping. Farmers have long understood the complementary relationship between trees and crops.", am: "የዛፎች ረድፎች በምርት ረድፎች መካከል የሚተከሉበት ባህላዊ የመንገድ ምርት፣ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ በተለያዩ ቅርጾች ተግብሯል። ይህ ስርዓት ብዙ ጥቅሞችን ያቀርባል፡ ዛፎች ጥላ እና የነፋስ ጥበቃ ይሰጣሉ፣ ቅጠሎቻቸው አስላል ንጥረ ነገርን ወደ አፈር ይጨምራሉ፣ እና ጥምረቱ ብዙ ጊዜ ከአንድ ምርት ጋር ሲነፃፀር የተሻሻለ አጠቃላይ ምርታማነትን ያስከትላል። አርሶ አደሮች በዛፎች እና ምርቶች መካከል ያለውን ተጣምሮ ግንኙነት ረጅም ጊዜ አስተውለዋል።" } }, "Crop Residue Incorporation": { title: { en: "Traditional Crop Residue Management", am: "ባህላዊ የምርት ቀሪዎች አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Traditional farmers incorporate crop residues back into the soil rather than burning or removing them. This practice returns nutrients to the soil, improves soil structure, and enhances water retention, all contributing to better yields in subsequent seasons. The knowledge of which residues to incorporate and when has been refined over generations.", am: "ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የምርት ቀሪዎችን ከመቃጠል ወይም ከመወጣት ይልቅ ወደ አፈር ይጨምራሉ። ይህ ልምድ ንጥረ ነገሮችን ወደ አፈር ይመልሳል፣ የአፈር መዋቅርን ያሻሽላል፣ እና የውሃ መጠባበቅን ያሻሽላል፣ እነዚህም ሁሉ በሚቀጥሉት ወቅቶች ውስጥ ወደ የተሻሻለ ምርታማነት ያግዛሉ። የትኞቹ ቀሪዎችን እና መቼ ማካተት እንዳለብን የእውቀት በትውልድ ተጣርቷል።" } }, "Green Manure": { title: { en: "Traditional Green Manure Practices", am: "ባህላዊ የአረንጓዴ ፈረስ ልምዶች" }, description: { en: "Traditional green manure practices involve growing specific plants, often legumes, and then incorporating them into the soil while still green. This method adds nitrogen and organic matter to the soil, significantly improving fertility and subsequent crop yields. Ethiopian farmers have long used local legume species like vetch and clover for this purpose.", am: "ባህላዊ የአረንጓዴ ፈረስ ልምዶች የተወሰኑ እጽዋትን (ብዙ ጊዜ መለሶች) ማድጋትን እና ከዚያም አሁንም አረንጓዴ ሲሆኑ ወደ አፈር ማካተትን ያካትታሉ። ይህ ዘዴ ናይትሮጅን እና አስላል ንጥረ ነገርን ወደ አፈር ይጨምራል፣ የአፈር ምርታማነትን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ያሻሽላል እና በሚቀጥሉት የምርት ምርታማነት ላይ። የኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች ለዚህ ዓላማ እንደ ቬች እና ክሎቨር ያሉ አካባቢ የመለስ ዝርያዎችን ረጅም ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ አውለዋል።" } }, "Deficit Irrigation": { title: { en: "Traditional Water-Saving Irrigation Methods", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ ቆጠባ የመራብት ዘዴዎች" }, description: { en: "Traditional deficit irrigation strategies involve applying water strategically during critical growth stages while reducing water use during less critical periods. This approach, refined through generations of observation, helps farmers maximize yields with limited water resources. Traditional methods like furrow irrigation and timing water applications based on crop growth stages have been practiced for centuries.", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ እጥረት የመራብት ስትራቴጂዎች በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ደረጃዎች ውስጥ ውሃን በስትራቴጂ ማመላለስን እና በአነስተኛ አስፈላጊ ጊዜያት የውሃ አጠቃቀምን በመቀነስ ያካትታሉ። ይህ አቀራረብ፣ በትውልድ የመመልከት በኩል የተጣራ፣ አርሶ አደሮችን በተገደበ የውሃ ሀብቶች ምርታማነትን ከፍ ለማድረግ ይረዳል። እንደ ጉድጓድ መራብት እና በምርት አድጎ ደረጃዎች ላይ በመመርኮዝ የውሃ አጠቃቀም ሰዓት የባህላዊ ዘዴዎች ለዘመናት ተግብረዋል።" } }, "Supplemental Irrigation": { title: { en: "Traditional Supplemental Water Management", am: "ባህላዊ የመጨረሻያ ውሃ አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Traditional supplemental irrigation practices involve providing additional water during dry spells or critical growth periods to ensure crop survival and maintain yields. Farmers use traditional water storage methods like ponds and small reservoirs to capture and store water for these critical periods, directly contributing to improved and more reliable crop production.", am: "ባህላዊ የመጨረሻያ መራብት ልምዶች በደረቅ ጊዜያት ወይም በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ጊዜያት ውስጥ ተጨማሪ ውሃ ማቅረብን ያካትታሉ ምርትን ለመጠበቅ እና ምርታማነትን ለመጠበቅ። አርሶ አደሮች እንደ ጉድጓዶች እና ትናንሽ የውሃ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ያሉ ባህላዊ የውሃ ማከማቸት ዘዴዎችን ይጠቀማሉ ለእነዚህ አስፈላጊ ጊዜያት ውሃን ለመሰብሰብ እና ለመከማቸት፣ ይህም በቀጥታ ወደ የተሻሻለ እና የበለጠ አስተማማኝ የምርት ምርት ያግዛል።" } }, "pH Control": { title: { en: "Traditional Soil pH Management", am: "ባህላዊ የአፈር pH አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Traditional farmers manage soil acidity and alkalinity through methods like adding ash from burned crop residues or using specific organic materials. While they may not measure pH scientifically, generations of experience have taught them which amendments improve soil conditions and crop performance, leading to better yields through improved nutrient availability.", am: "ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የአፈር አሲድነትን እና አልካላይኒቲን በእንደ ከተቃጠሉ የምርት ቀሪዎች አፈር ማከል ወይም የተወሰኑ አስላል ቁሶችን በመጠቀም ዘዴዎችን ያስተዳድራሉ። ሳይንሳዊ ሁኔታ ውስጥ pHን ሳይለኩ፣ የትውልድ ልምድ የትኞቹ ማሻሻያዎች የአፈር ሁኔታዎችን እና የምርት አፈጻጸምን እንደሚያሻሽሉ አስተማርቷቸዋል፣ ይህም በንጥረ ነገሮች ተገኝነት ማሻሻያ በኩል ወደ የተሻሻለ ምርታማነት ያመራል።" } }, "Improved Fallow": { title: { en: "Traditional Fallow Management for Soil Restoration", am: "ለአፈር ዳግም መመለስ ባህላዊ የምርት አለመትከል አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Traditional fallow management involves leaving land uncultivated for periods to allow natural soil restoration. Farmers have long practiced improved fallow by planting specific cover crops or allowing natural vegetation to regenerate, which restores soil fertility and leads to significantly improved yields when cultivation resumes. This knowledge of optimal fallow duration and management has been passed down through generations.", am: "ባህላዊ የምርት አለመትከል አስተዳደር መሬትን ለጊዜያት ያለ ምርት ማስተዋልን የተፈጥሮ የአፈር ዳግም መመለስን ለመፍቀድ ያካትታል። አርሶ አደሮች የተወሰኑ የሽፋን ምርቶችን በመትከል ወይም የተፈጥሮ እጽዋት እንዲዳግም በመፍቀድ የተሻሻለ ምርት አለመትከል ረጅም ጊዜ ተግብረዋል፣ ይህም የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያስመልሳል እና ምርት ሲቀጥል በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ የተሻሻለ ምርታማነትን ያስከትላል። ይህ የጥሩ የምርት አለመትከል ቆይታ እና አስተዳደር እውቀት በትውልድ ተላልፏል።" } }, "Agroforestry Fallow": { title: { en: "Traditional Tree-Based Fallow Systems", am: "ባህላዊ የዛፍ ምርት አለመትከል ስርዓቶች" }, description: { en: "Traditional agroforestry fallow systems combine tree planting with fallow periods, where trees are allowed to grow during the fallow phase. This approach provides multiple benefits: trees improve soil fertility through leaf litter and root systems, provide additional products like fuelwood, and when the land is returned to cultivation, the improved soil conditions lead to significantly better crop yields.", am: "ባህላዊ የአግሮፎሬስትሪ ምርት አለመትከል ስርዓቶች የዛፍ መትከልን ከምርት አለመትከል ጊዜያት ጋር ያጣምራሉ፣ ዛፎች በምርት አለመትከል ደረጃ ውስጥ እንዲያድጉ ይፈቀዳሉ። ይህ አቀራረብ ብዙ ጥቅሞችን ያቀርባል፡ ዛፎች በቅጠል ቅሪዎች እና የሥር ስርዓቶች በኩል የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያሻሽላሉ፣ እንደ ነዳጅ እንጨት ተጨማሪ ምርቶችን ይሰጣሉ፣ እና መሬት ወደ ምርት ሲመለስ፣ የተሻሻለው የአፈር ሁኔታ ወደ በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነት ያመራል።" } }, "Parklands": { title: { en: "Traditional Parkland Agroforestry", am: "ባህላዊ የፓርክላንድ አግሮፎሬስትሪ" }, description: { en: "Traditional parkland systems, where scattered trees are maintained in crop fields, have been practiced across Ethiopia for centuries. These systems create favorable microclimates, improve soil fertility through organic matter inputs, and often result in improved crop yields compared to treeless fields. The knowledge of which tree species to maintain and how to manage them has been refined through generations of experience.", am: "በተበታተኑ ዛፎች በምርት እርሻዎች ውስጥ የሚጠበቁበት ባህላዊ የፓርክላንድ ስርዓቶች፣ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ለዘመናት ተግብረዋል። እነዚህ ስርዓቶች ጥሩ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራሉ፣ በአስላል ንጥረ ነገር ግቤቶች በኩል የአፈር ምርታማነትን ያሻሽላሉ፣ እና ብዙ ጊዜ ከዛፍ የሌሉ እርሻዎች ጋር ሲነፃፀሩ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነትን ያስከትላሉ። የትኞቹን የዛፍ ዝርያዎች ማጠበቅ እና እንዴት ማስተዳደር እንዳለብን የእውቀት በትውልድ ልምድ ተጣርቷል።" } }, "Biochar": { title: { en: "Traditional Charcoal and Ash Application", am: "ባህላዊ የከሰል እና አፈር አጠቃቀም" }, description: { en: "While modern biochar production is relatively new, traditional farmers have long used charcoal and ash from cooking fires and crop residue burning to improve soil fertility. These materials, when incorporated into soil, can improve pH, increase water retention, and enhance nutrient availability, contributing to improved crop yields. The traditional knowledge of using these carbon-rich materials has been practiced for generations.", am: "ዘመናዊ የባዮቻር ምርት በአንጻራዊነት አዲስ ቢሆንም፣ ባህላዊ አርሶ አደሮች የአፈር ምርታማነትን ለማሻሻል ከመብሰል እሳቶች እና ከምርት ቀሪዎች ማቃጠል የተገኘ ከሰል እና አፈር ረጅም ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ አውለዋል። እነዚህ ቁሶች፣ ወደ አፈር ሲጨመሩ፣ pHን ሊያሻሽሉ፣ የውሃ መጠባበቅን ሊጨምሩ፣ እና የንጥረ ነገሮች ተገኝነትን ሊያሻሽሉ ይችላሉ፣ ይህም ወደ የተሻሻለ የምርት ምርታማነት ያግዛል። እነዚህን የካርቦን የበለጠ የሆኑ ቁሶችን የመጠቀም ባህላዊ እውቀት በትውልድ ተግብረዋል።" } }, "Boundary Planting": { title: { en: "Traditional Boundary Tree Planting", am: "ባህላዊ የድንበር ዛፍ መትከል" }, description: { en: "Traditional boundary planting involves establishing trees or shrubs along field boundaries. This practice provides windbreaks, reduces soil erosion, and creates microclimates that benefit crops. The organic matter from fallen leaves and prunings enriches the soil, while the trees themselves can provide additional products. This integrated approach often results in improved overall field productivity and crop yields.", am: "ባህላዊ የድንበር መትከል በእርሻ ድንበሮች ላይ ዛፎችን ወይም ቁጥቋጦዎችን ማቋቋምን ያካትታል። ይህ ልምድ የነፋስ ግድግዳዎችን ይሰጣል፣ የአፈር መፍሳስን ይቀንሳል፣ እና ምርቶችን የሚጠቅሙ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራል። ከወደቁ ቅጠሎች እና ከተቆረጡ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር አፈርን ያሻሽላል፣ በሌላ በኩል ዛፎቹ እራሳቸው ተጨማሪ ምርቶችን ሊሰጡ ይችላሉ። ይህ የተቀላቀለ አቀራረብ ብዙ ጊዜ ወደ የተሻሻለ አጠቃላይ የእርሻ ምርታማነት እና የምርት ምርታማነት ያመራል።" } } } } } }, practicalImpact: { inputs: { toggleConfInt: { fields: { visible: { en: "Visible", am: "የሚታይ" } } } }, labels: { xMeanDiff: { en: "Mean difference in yield (Mg/ha)", am: "በምርታማነት ውስጥ አማካይ ልዩነት (Mg/ha)" } }, tooltips: { aez: { en: "AEZ", am: "AEZ" }, meanDiff: { en: "Mean difference", am: "አማካይ ልዩነት" }, meanControl: { en: "Mean control", am: "አማካይ ቁጥጥር" }, ciLower: { en: "Lower CI", am: "ዝቅተኛ CI" }, ciUpper: { en: "Upper CI", am: "ከፍተኛ CI" } }, meanCropDiffAEZ: { insights: { diffSecond: { main: { en: `In second is **:::practice:::**, which shows an average :::incDec::: of **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** across **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `በሁለተኛ ደረጃ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ እሱም አማካይ :::incDec::: ያሳያል **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** በ **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, diffFirst: { main: { en: `The practice with the greatest impact on yield is **:::practice:::**, which shows an average :::incDec::: of **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** across **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `በምርታማነት ላይ ትልቁን ተጽዕኖ ያሳየው ልምድ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ እሱም አማካይ :::incDec::: ያሳያል **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** በ **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, cropOverview: { main: { en: `For **:::selectedCrop:::** in the :::selectedAEZSquare::: **:::selectedAEZ:::**, there are **:::totalObs::: :::totalObsString:::** across **:::totalPractices::: :::totalPracticesString:::**.`, am: `ለ **:::selectedCrop:::** በ :::selectedAEZSquare::: **:::selectedAEZ:::**፣ **:::totalObs::: :::totalObsString:::** አሉ በ **:::totalPractices::: :::totalPracticesString:::**።` } }, cropPositive: { main: { en: `Of these, :::cropPositiveText::: shown to increase crop yield, on average.`, am: `ከነዚህ ውስጥ፣ :::cropPositiveText::: በአማካይ የምርት ምርታማነትን እንደሚጨምር ተረጋግጧል።` }, plural: { en: "practices are", am: "ልምዶች ናቸው" }, singular: { en: "practice is", am: "ልምድ ነው" } } }, h2: { en: "Mean Difference by Crop and Agroecological Zone", am: "በየምርት አይነቱና በአግሮ ኢኮሎጂ ዞን አማካይ ልዩነት" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "Agroecological zones (AEZ's) play a crucial role in agricultural adaptation by enabling analyses on climate variability, crop and livestock suitability, pest and disease dynamics, resilience, water management, and many other climate-related factors. Explore the below crop yield data by AEZ.", am: "አግሮ ኢኮሎጂ ዞኖች (AEZ's) በግብርና ማላመድ ውስጥ ወሳኝ ሚና ይጫወታሉ፣ በአየር ንብረት ልዩነት፣ በምርት እና በእንስሳት ተስማሚነት፣ በጉዳት አደጋዎች እና በሕመም ተለዋዋጭነት፣ በመቋቋም አቅም፣ በውሃ አስተዳደር እና በሌሎች ብዙ ከአየር ንብረት ጋር በተያያዙ ሁኔታዎች ላይ ትንታኔዎችን በማስቻል። ከዚህ በታች ያለውን የምርት ምርታማነት ውሂብ በAEZ ያስሱ።" } } }, meanCropDiff: { insights: { diffSecond: { main: { en: `In second is **:::practice:::**, which shows an average :::incDec::: of **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** across **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `በሁለተኛ ደረጃ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ እሱም አማካይ :::incDec::: ያሳያል **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** በ **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, diffFirst: { main: { en: `The practice with the greatest impact on yield is **:::practice:::**, which shows an average :::incDec::: of **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** across **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `በምርታማነት ላይ ትልቁን ተጽዕኖ ያሳየው ልምድ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ እሱም አማካይ :::incDec::: ያሳያል **:::meanDiff::: Mg/ha** በ **:::observationCount::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, cropOverview: { en: `For **:::selectedCrop:::**, there are **:::totalObs::: observations** across **:::totalPractices::: practices**.`, am: `ለ **:::selectedCrop:::**፣ **:::totalObs::: ትንታኔዎች** አሉ በ **:::totalPractices::: ልምዶች**።` }, cropPositive: { main: { en: `Of these, :::cropPositiveText::: shown to increase crop yield, on average.`, am: `ከነዚህ ውስጥ፣ :::cropPositiveText::: በአማካይ የምርት ምርታማነትን እንደሚጨምር ተረጋግጧል።` }, plural: { en: "practices are", am: "ልምዶች ናቸው" }, singular: { en: "practice is", am: "ልምድ ነው" } }, top5: { en: `The crops with the most studied practices are :::top5CropsByPracticesString:::.`, am: `በጣም በሚጠናቸው ልምዶች ያሉት የምርት አይነቶች የሚከተሉት ናቸው :::top5CropsByPracticesString:::.` } }, h1: { en: "Practical Impact", am: "ተግባራዊ ተጽዕኖ" }, h2: { meanDiff: { en: "Mean Difference by Crop", am: "በየምርት አይነቱ አማካይ ልዩነት" } }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "A primary consideration for any on farm adaptation is the impact on crop yields. Understandably, this is what most of the research to date explores. By collecting data across studies and putting them together, we can arrive at a high-level picture of the effectiveness of different farm management practices which may help farmers adapt to climate change.", am: "ለማንኛውም የግብርና ማላመድ ዋና ግምት በምርት ምርታማነት ላይ ያለው ተጽዕኖ ነው። ይህ እስከ አሁን ያለው አብዛኛው ምርምር የሚያጠናው ነገር ነው። በተለያዩ ጥናቶች ውሂብን በማሰባሰብ እና በማጣመር፣ አርሶ አደሮች ለአየር ንብረት ለውጥ እንዲላመዱ ሊረዳቸው የሚችሉ የተለያዩ የግብርና አስተዳደር ልምዶችን ውጤታማነት ከፍተኛ ደረጃ ላይ ማየት እንችላለን።" } } } }, risks: { plot: { caption: { en: "Circles are sized by number of observations", am: "ክበቦች በትንታኔዎች ብዛት ይመደባሉ" }, xLabel: { en: "Probability of high yield", am: "ከፍተኛ ምርታማነት እድል" }, tooltip: { inCombination: { en: "In combination", am: "በማጣመር" } } }, insights: { beeswarm: { dataOverview: { total: { en: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::** across **:::totalPractices::: :::practicesString:::**.`, am: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::** በ **:::totalPractices::: :::practicesString:::**።` }, specific: { en: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, diffGeneral: { combo: { singular: { en: "alone", am: "ብቻ" }, plural: { en: "in combination with other practices", am: "ከሌሎች ልምዶች ጋር በማጣመር" } } }, diffFirst: { main: { en: `The agricultural practice with the greatest probability of high yield is **:::practice:::** when used on **:::crop::: :::comboString:::**, with a probability of high yield of **:::probYield:::** across **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `ከፍተኛ ምርታማነት እድል ያለው የግብርና ልምድ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ በ **:::crop::: :::comboString:::** ሲጠቀም፣ ከፍተኛ ምርታማነት እድል **:::probYield:::** አለው በ **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**።` } }, diffSecond: { main: { en: `In second is **:::practice:::** when used on **:::crop::: :::comboString:::**, with a probability of high yield of **:::probYield:::** across **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**.`, am: `በሁለተኛ ደረጃ **:::practice:::** ነው፣ በ **:::crop::: :::comboString:::** ሲጠቀም፣ ከፍተኛ ምርታማነት እድል **:::probYield:::** አለው በ **:::totalObs::: :::observationString:::**።` } } } }, h1: { en: "Risks of Applying Interventions", am: "ጣልቃገብነቶችን የማመልከት አደጋዎች" }, blocks: { opener: { en: "Farmers face many risks in adopting new practices on their farm. A technically possible increase in yield in an optimum year, for example, might in each year in practice be variable. This variability can depend on climate variability and a number of other factors related to inputs or social context. This means that the benefit of adopting a practice carries risk, which could result in wasted time or money. Often, it is the downside risks associated with negative outcomes that drive farmer decision-making.", am: "አርሶ አደሮች በግብርናቸው ላይ አዳዲስ ልምዶችን በሚቀበሉበት ጊዜ ብዙ አደጋዎች ይጋፈጣሉ። ለምሳሌ፣ በቴክኒካል ሁኔታ በሚገባ አመት ውስጥ ሊከሰት የሚችል የምርታማነት ጭማሪ፣ በተግባር በእያንዳንዱ አመት ሊለያይ ይችላል። ይህ ልዩነት በአየር ንብረት ልዩነት እና በግብዓቶች ወይም በማህበራዊ አውድ ላይ በመመስረት በርካታ ሌሎች ሁኔታዎች ላይ የተመሰረተ ሊሆን ይችላል። ይህ ማለት የአንድ ልምድ መቀበል ጥቅም አደጋ ይይዛል፣ ይህም ጊዜ ወይም ገንዘብ ሊያባክን ይችላል። ብዙ ጊዜ፣ አርሶ አደሮችን ውሳኔ የሚያስተዳድሩት ከአሉታዊ ውጤቶች ጋር የተያያዙ አደጋዎች ናቸው።" } } }, adoptionFactors: { plot: { labels: { pos: { en: "Positive influence", am: "አወንታዊ ተጽዕኖ" }, neg: { en: "Negative influence", am: "አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖ" }, notSig: { en: "Not Significant", am: "አስፈላጊ አይደለም" } } }, insights: { percBar: { overview: { en: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: observations** across **:::totalFactors::: factors**.`, am: `:::startString::: **:::totalObs::: ትንታኔዎች** በ **:::totalFactors::: ሁኔታዎች**።` }, mostImpactfulFactor: { en: `**:::factor:::** is the most impactful factor for **:::practice:::**, having a positive or negative influence on **:::influence:::%** of observations.`, am: `**:::factor:::** ለ **:::practice:::** በጣም ተጽዕኖ ያለው ሁኔታ ነው፣ አወንታዊ ወይም አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖ በ **:::influence:::%** ትንታኔዎች ላይ አሳድሯል።` }, biggestInfluences: { en: `**:::factorNeg:::** has the highest negative influence, impacting **:::influenceNeg:::%** of observations negatively, while **:::factorPos:::** has the highest positive influence of **:::influencePos:::** of observations.`, am: `**:::factorNeg:::** ከፍተኛው አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖ አለው፣ በ **:::influenceNeg:::%** ትንታኔዎች ላይ አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖ አሳድሯል፣ በሌላ በኩል **:::factorPos:::** ከፍተኛው አወንታዊ ተጽዕኖ አለው፣ በ **:::influencePos:::%** ትንታኔዎች ላይ።` } } }, h1: { en: "Factors Affecting Adoption", am: "ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "Even when a practice is beneficial for a farmer, with high probability of improving their production, the choice of adoption is influenced by other factors. The agricultural economics literature has produced many studies on what else contributes to their decision-making — the barriers to adoption. Many of these are structural factors which require a suite of interventions to take place before the farmer has the agency to adopt a practice in the real world. This figure illustrates the factors that have been studied for various practice types and their influence on adoption.", am: "አንድ ልምድ ለአርሶ አደር ጠቃሚ በሚሆንበት ጊዜም እንኳ፣ ምርታቸውን የማሻሻል ከፍተኛ እድል ቢኖረውም፣ የማስተዋወቂያ ምርጫ በሌሎች ሁኔታዎች ይነካል። የግብርና ኢኮኖሚክስ ጽሁፍ ለውሳኔ ማሰብ ሌሎች ምን እንደሚያግዙ - ለማስተዋወቅ ያሉ እንቅፋቶች - ብዙ ጥናቶችን አፍርቷል። ከነዚህ ብዙዎቹ መዋቅራዊ ሁኔታዎች ናቸው፣ እነዚህም አርሶ አደሩ በእውነተኛ ዓለም ውስጥ አንድ ልምድ ለማስተዋወቅ አቅም ከመኖረው በፊት ተከታታይ ጣልቃገብነቶች እንዲደረጉ ይጠይቃሉ። ይህ ስዕል ለተለያዩ የልምድ አይነቶች የተጠኑትን ሁኔታዎች እና በማስተዋወቅ ላይ ያላቸውን ተጽዕኖ ያሳያል።" } } }, summary: { h1: { en: "Summary", am: "ማጠቃለያ" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "There is little doubt that farmers will need to adapt to climate change. A key part of this is improving agricultural productivity. There are a range of options and practices farmers could adopt to assist in meeting this challenge. This notebook helps to provide information on which practices have the most evidence, largest benefits, and least risk for adoption.", am: "አርሶ አደሮች ለአየር ንብረት ለውጥ መላመድ እንደሚገባቸው ጥርጥር የለውም። የዚህ ዋና ክፍል የግብርና ምርታማነትን ማሻሻል ነው። አርሶ አደሮች ይህንን ፈተና ለመጋፈጥ ሊቀበሉ የሚችሉ የተለያዩ አማራጮች እና ልምዶች አሉ። ይህ ኖትቡክ የትኞቹ ልምዶች በጣም ብዙ ማስረጃ፣ ትልቁ ጥቅም እና በጣም አነስተኛ የማስተዋወቅ አደጋ እንዳላቸው መረጃ ለመስጠት ይረዳል።" }, opener2: { en: "Armed with this knowledge, you can now select a farm management practice to get technical manuals and extension guides with instructions on implementing technologies in the field.", am: "በዚህ እውቀት አጥርተው፣ አሁን የግብርና አስተዳደር ልምድ መርጠው ቴክኒካዊ መመሪያ መጽሐፍት እና የማስፋፊያ መመሪያዎችን በፊልድ ውስጥ ቴክኖሎጂዎችን ለመተግበር መመሪያዎች ጋር ማግኘት ይችላሉ።" } } }, methodsSources: { h1: { en: "Methods & Sources", am: "ዘዴዎች & ምንጮች" }, intro: { en: "This Spotlight was made in collaboration with the CGIAR Excellence in Agronomy Initiative.", am: "ይህ ስፓትላይት ከCGIAR ኤክስለንስ ኢን አግሮኖሚ ተባብሮ ተሰርቷል።" }, h2DataSources: { en: "Data Sources", am: "የውሂብ ምንጮች", }, h2DataSourcesSubsection: { en: `- The yield difference and production risk analysis are informed by the ERA v1.0.3 dataset and ERAg toolkit available from [zenodo](10.5281/zenodo.10854113) and [github](https://github.com/EiA2030/ERAg/releases/tag/v1.0.3.0) - Agroecological zones were downloaded from [gaez data](https://gaez.fao.org/pages/data-viewer) as dominant aez class (33 classes) for the time period 1981-2010 derived used CRUTS32 data (file = aez_v9v2red_5m_CRUTS32_Hist_8110_100_avg.tif). - The data that power the factors affecting adoption section is taken from [Arslan et al. in 2022](https://journals.plos.org/sustainabilitytransformation/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000018)`, am: `- የምርታማነት ልዩነት እና የምርት አደጋ ትንታኔ በERA v1.0.3 ውሂብ ስብስብ እና በERAg የመሣሪያ ስብስብ ላይ የተመሰረተ ነው፣ እነዚህም ከ[zenodo](10.5281/zenodo.10854113) እና [github](https://github.com/EiA2030/ERAg/releases/tag/v1.0.3.0) ይገኛሉ። - አግሮ ኢኮሎጂ ዞኖች ከ[gaez data](https://gaez.fao.org/pages/data-viewer) ተወርውረዋል፣ እንደ የበላይነት ያለው የaez ክፍል (33 ክፍሎች) ለ1981-2010 የጊዜ ጊዜ ክፍተት፣ ከCRUTS32 ውሂብ የተገኘ (ፋይል = aez_v9v2red_5m_CRUTS32_Hist_8110_100_avg.tif)። - የማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ክፍል የሚያስተዳድሩት ውሂብ ከ[Arslan et al. in 2022](https://journals.plos.org/sustainabilitytransformation/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000018) የተወሰደ ነው።`, }, h2Methods: { en: "Methods", am: "ዘዴዎች" }, h3Era: { en: "ERA overview", am: "የERA አጠቃላይ እይታ" }, h3EraSubsection: { en: md`The ERAg v1.0.3 dataset provides the data for the yield difference and production risk sections of this notebook. ERAg is a comprehensive meta-dataset that compiles findings from over 2,000 peer-reviewed agricultural experiments conducted across Africa, with publications up to 2018. An update to include data up to 2023 is anticipated this year. The dataset is geolocated and detailed, including annotations on management practices and outcomes. In ERAg, agronomic interventions are systematically compared to a control group that does not implement these interventions. #### Data preparation 1. The ERA database was refined to focus on agronomic practices and crop yield outcomes, specifically selecting instances with contributions from a minimum of three studies. 2. Agro-ecological zones (AEZs) were merged with ERA data using the latitude and longitude of ERA observations. 3. To ensure consistency, units of crop yield were standardized to Mg/ha per single cropping cycle; any observations that could not be harmonized according to this criterion were excluded from the analysis. 4. This process resulted in a dataset comprising 57,756 observations drawn from 1,164 peer-reviewed experiments. #### Data analysis - Yield difference 1. Results for interventions are calculated using ERA data that includes the specified intervention, whether implemented alone or in combination with other interventions. For instance, data for "organic fertilizer" encompasses "organic fertilizer alone," "organic fertilizer + inorganic fertilizer," "organic fertilizer + no-tillage," etc. It is important to consider that yield difference results represent an aggregate of both the isolated intervention and its combination within bundles. 2. Yield difference is determined by subtracting the control yield from the intervention yield. 3. A weighting system is applied to each data grouping analyzed. This weighting gives greater influence to experiments with higher replication while balancing the impact of multiple observations from a single experiment as follows: ${tex.block`\frac{replicates_{intervention}*replicates_{control}}{replicates_{intervention}+replicates_{control}} \div {number\_of\_observations}`} 4. The weighted mean yield difference for each dataset subset, which corresponds to a specific intervention, outcome, and agro-ecological zone (AEZ), is computed using a linear mixed-effects model with a random effect for site. This model is used when the available site count exceeds three. Otherwise, a weighted linear model is employed. 5. Confidence intervals were calculated using the wald method. #### Data analysis - Production risk 1. The dataset for production risk analysis is categorized in two distinct ways: a) analogous to the yield difference method described earlier, which is indicated by the tooltip "In combination Yes," and b) exclusive to the intervention without bundling, as signified by the tooltip "In combination No." 2. Production risk is quantified by employing a lower-confidence limit (LCL) methodology, which measures the likelihood of the mean yield from experimental treatments being less than that of the control. For examples of this method, refer to ${htl.html`Yamoah 2000`} and [Sirrine2010](https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2010.0471)). 3. The analysis was conducted using the ERAg::RiskCalc function, available at the [ERAg](https://github.com/EiA2030/ERAg/blob/main/R/RiskCalc.R) GitHub repository. #### Code availability https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/solutions/blob/main/spotlight2.R #### Factors affecting adoption The factors, sometimes termed ‘barriers’, influencing the adoption of agricultural practices is based on a vote-count meta-analysis, derived from the 170 articles compiled by [Arslan et al. in 2022](https://journals.plos.org/sustainabilitytransformation/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000018). This method serves to identify how often an independent variable such as household size or perception of weather changes displays a significantly positive, negative, or insignificant effect on the adoption. Recognized for its broad application and ease of interpretation, the vote-count technique allows for a nuanced understanding of these dynamics. However, a notable limitation of simple vote count analyses is that they assign equal weight to all observations, irrespective of the sample size, which can introduce challenges, particularly in terms of publication bias. In this summary, we aggregated practices to groups including: agroforestry (general), alleycropping, boundary planting, nutrient management, crop management, and soil management. `, am: md`የERAg v1.0.3 ውሂብ ስብስብ ለዚህ ኖትቡክ የምርታማነት ልዩነት እና የምርት አደጋ ክፍሎች ውሂብ ያቀርባል። ERAg በጠቅላላው አፍሪካ ውስጥ ከተካሄዱ ከ2,000 በላይ በባልዲህ የተገለጹ የግብርና ሙከራዎች ውጤቶችን የሚያጠናክር የተሟላ ሜታ-ውሂብ ስብስብ ነው፣ እስከ 2018 ድረስ የታተሙ መጣጥፎች ጨምሮ። እስከ 2023 ድረስ ውሂብ ለማካተት ዝመና በዚህ አመት ይጠበቃል። ውሂቡ ጂኦሎኬትድ እና ዝርዝር ነው፣ በአስተዳደር ልምዶች እና ውጤቶች ላይ ማስታወሻዎችን ጨምሮ። በERAg፣ የአግሮኖሚ ጣልቃገብነቶች ከእነዚህ ጣልቃገብነቶች የማይፈጽሙ የቁጥጥር ቡድን ጋር በዘዴ ይነፃፀራሉ። #### የውሂብ ዝግጅት 1. የERA የውሂብ ጎታ በአግሮኖሚ ልምዶች እና በምርት ምርታማነት ውጤቶች ላይ ለማተኮር ተጠርግሯል፣ በተለይም ከደረጃ ሦስት ጥናቶች አስተዋፅዖ ያላቸውን ሁኔታዎች በመምረጥ። 2. አግሮ-ኢኮሎጂ ዞኖች (AEZs) ከERA ውሂብ ጋር በERA ትንታኔዎች ኬክሮስ እና ኬንትሮስ በመጠቀም ተዋህደዋል። 3. ወጥነት ለማረጋገጥ፣ የምርት ምርታማነት ክፍሎች በMg/ha በአንድ የምርት ሳይክል ተለመዱ፤ በዚህ መስፈርት መሠረት ሊመጣጠኑ የማይችሉ ትንታኔዎች ከትንታኔው ላይ ተቋርጠዋል። 4. ይህ ሂደት ከ1,164 በባልዲህ የተገለጹ ሙከራዎች የተገኙ 57,756 ትንታኔዎችን ያካተተ ውሂብ ስብስብ አስገኝቷል። #### የውሂብ ትንታኔ - የምርታማነት ልዩነት 1. የጣልቃገብነቶች ውጤቶች የተገለጸውን ጣልቃገብነት የሚያካትት ERA ውሂብ በመጠቀም ይሰላሉ፣ ብቻ ወይም ከሌሎች ጣልቃገብነቶች ጋር በማጣመር ቢተገበርም። ለምሳሌ፣ ለ"ኦርጋኒክ ማዳበሪያ" ውሂብ "ኦርጋኒክ ማዳበሪያ ብቻ"፣ "ኦርጋኒክ ማዳበሪያ + ኢኖርጋኒክ ማዳበሪያ"፣ "ኦርጋኒክ ማዳበሪያ + ያለማረሻ ሥራ" ወዘተ ያካትታል። የምርታማነት ልዩነት ውጤቶች ሁለቱንም የተለየ ጣልቃገብነት እና በቡንድሎች ውስጥ ያለውን ጥምረት አጠቃላይ እንደሚወክሉ ግምት ውስጥ ማስገባት አስፈላጊ ነው። 2. የምርታማነት ልዩነት የሚወሰነው የቁጥጥር ምርታማነትን ከጣልቃገብነት ምርታማነት በመቀነስ ነው። 3. የሚመዘን ስርዓት ለእያንዳንዱ የተተነተነ የውሂብ ማጠራቀሚያ ይተገበራል። ይህ ሚመዘን ለከፍተኛ ማባዛት ያላቸው ሙከራዎች የበለጠ ተጽዕኖ ይሰጣል በአንድ ሙከራ ከበርካታ ትንታኔዎች ተጽዕኖ በሚከተለው መንገድ በሚመጣጠን ሁኔታ፡ ${tex.block`\frac{ድግግሞሾች_{ጣልቃገብነት}*ድግግሞሾች_{ቁጥጥር}}{ድግግሞሾች_{ጣልቃገብነት}+ድግግሞሾች_{ቁጥጥር}} \div {የትንታኔዎች_ብዛት}`} 4. ለእያንዳንዱ የውሂብ ስብስብ ንዑስ ስብስብ የሚመዘነ አማካይ የምርታማነት ልዩነት፣ እሱም ለተወሰነ ጣልቃገብነት፣ ውጤት እና አግሮ-ኢኮሎጂ ዞን (AEZ) ይዛመዳል፣ በመስመራዊ ድብልቅ-ተጽዕኖ ሞዴል በጣቢያ የዘፈቀደ ተጽዕኖ ጋር ይሰላል። ይህ ሞዴል የሚገኙት የጣቢያ ብዛት ከሦስት በላይ ሲሆን ይጠቀማል። አለበለዚያ፣ የሚመዘነ መስመራዊ ሞዴል ይጠቀማል። 5. የመተማመን ክፍተቶች በዋልድ ዘዴ ተሰልተዋል። #### የውሂብ ትንታኔ - የምርት አደጋ 1. ለምርት አደጋ ትንታኔ የሚያገለግለው ውሂብ ስብስብ በሁለት የተለያዩ መንገዶች ተመድቧል፡ ሀ) ከዚህ በፊት እንደተገለጸው የምርታማነት ልዩነት ዘዴ ጋር ተመሳሳይ፣ እሱም በ"በማጣመር አዎ" የመሣሪያ ማስታወሻ ይጠቁማል፣ እና ለ) ለጣልቃገብነት ብቻ የሚጠቅም ያለ ቡንድሊንግ፣ እንደ "በማጣመር አይ" የመሣሪያ ማስታወሻ የሚጠቁመው። 2. የምርት አደጋ የሚመዘነው ዝቅተኛ-መተማመን ገደብ (LCL) ዘዴን በመጠቀም ነው፣ እሱም ከሙከራ ሕክምናዎች አማካይ ምርታማነት ከቁጥጥር ያነሰ የመሆን እድልን ይለካል። ለዚህ ዘዴ ምሳሌዎች፣ ${htl.html`Yamoah 2000`} እና [Sirrine2010](https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2010.0471)) ይመልከቱ። 3. ትንታኔው በERAg::RiskCalc ተግባር ተካሂዷል፣ በ[ERAg](https://github.com/EiA2030/ERAg/blob/main/R/RiskCalc.R) GitHub ሬፖዚቶሪ ላይ ይገኛል። #### ኮድ ይገኛል https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/solutions/blob/main/spotlight2.R #### ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩት ሁኔታዎች፣ አንዳንዴ "እንቅፋቶች" ተብለው የሚጠሩት፣ የግብርና ልምዶችን ማስተዋወቅ በድምፅ-ቆጠራ ሜታ-ትንታኔ ላይ የተመሰረተ ነው፣ ከ[Arslan et al. in 2022](https://journals.plos.org/sustainabilitytransformation/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000018) የተጠናከረው ከ170 መጣጥፎች የተገኘ። ይህ ዘዴ የቤት አባል ብዛት ወይም የአየር ንብረት ለውጥ ግንዛቤ ያሉ ገለልተኛ ተለዋዋጮች ማስተዋወቂያን በምን ያህል ጊዜ አስፈላጊ አወንታዊ፣ አሉታዊ ወይም አስፈላጊ ያልሆነ ተጽዕኖ እንደሚያሳዩ ለመለየት ያገለግላል። በሰፊው አተገባበር እና በቀላል ትርጉም የሚታወቅ፣ የድምፅ-ቆጠራ ቴክኒክ ለእነዚህ ተለዋዋጭነቶች የተጣራ ግንዛቤ ያስችላል። ቢሆንም፣ ቀላል የድምፅ ቆጠራ ትንታኔዎች አንድ ጉዳት እንዳላቸው የሚታወቀው ለሁሉም ትንታኔዎች እኩል ክብደት መስጠታቸው ነው፣ የናሙና መጠን ምንም ይሁን ምን፣ ይህም ፈተናዎችን ሊያስገባ ይችላል፣ በተለይም በፅሁፍ አድሏ። በዚህ ማጠቃለያ፣ ልምዶችን ወደ ቡድኖች አጠቃልለናል፣ እነሱም፡ አግሮፎረስትሪ (አጠቃላይ)፣ አሌክሮፕንግ፣ የድንበር አተከል፣ የንጥረ ነገር አስተዳደር፣ የምርት አስተዳደር እና የአፈር አስተዳደር። `, } } }; }64:T1d12,// data translation values td = { let data = await FileAttachment("translation_v2-1 (2) (1).json").json(); /* Additions */ data.practices.values["All practices"] = { en: "All practices", fr: "Toutes les pratiques" }; data.summarySystems = { en: "system", fr: "système", values: { Agroforesty: { en: "Agroforestry", fr: "Agroforestière" }, "Cereal-based": { en: "Cereal-based", fr: "À base de céréales" }, "Cereal-based, Rice-based": { en: "Cereal-based, Rice-based", fr: "À base de céréales, À base de riz" }, "Maize, Napier grass, Desmodium legume": { en: "Maize, Napier grass, Desmodium legume", fr: "Maïs, herbe Napier, légumineuse Desmodium" }, "Maize, Other": { en: "Maize, Other", fr: "Maïs, autre" }, "Rice-based": { en: "Rice-based", fr: "À base de riz" }, Unspecified: { en: "Unspecified", fr: "Non spécifié" }, "Vegetables, Fruits, Rice": { en: "Vegetables, Fruits, Rice", fr: "Légumes, Fruits, Riz" } } }; data.summaryPractices = { en: "Practice", fr: "Pratique", values: { "Agroforestry Fallow": { en: "Agroforestry Fallow", fr: "Jachère agroforestière" }, "Agroforestry Pruning": { en: "Agroforestry Pruning", fr: "Taille agroforestière" }, Alleycropping: { en: "Alleycropping", fr: "Culture en allées" }, Biochar: { en: "Biochar", fr: "Biochar" }, "Boundary Planting": { en: "Boundary Planting", fr: "Plantation en bordure" }, Composting: { en: "Composting", fr: "Compostage" }, "Crop Residue Incorporation": { en: "Crop Residue Incorporation", fr: "Incorporation des résidus de récolte" }, "Crop Residue Management": { en: "Crop Residue Management", fr: "Gestion des résidus de récolte" }, "Crop Rotation": { en: "Crop Rotation", fr: "Rotation des cultures" }, "Deficit Irrigation": { en: "Deficit Irrigation", fr: "Irrigation déficitaire" }, "Green Manure": { en: "Green Manure", fr: "Engrais vert" }, "Improved Fallows": { en: "Improved Fallows", fr: "Jachères améliorées" }, "Improved Varieties": { en: "Improved Varieties", fr: "Variétés améliorées" }, "Inorganic Fertilizer": { en: "Inorganic Fertilizer", fr: "Engrais inorganique" }, Intercropping: { en: "Intercropping", fr: "Culture intercalaire" }, Mulching: { en: "Mulching", fr: "Paillage" }, "Organic Fertilizer": { en: "Organic Fertilizer", fr: "Engrais organique" }, "Other Agroforestry": { en: "Other Agroforestry", fr: "Autre agroforestière" }, Parklands: { en: "Parklands", fr: "Parcs agroforestiers" }, "pH Control": { en: "pH Control", fr: "Contrôle du pH" }, Silvopasture: { en: "Silvopasture", fr: "Sylvopastoralisme" }, "Supplemental Irrigation": { en: "Supplemental Irrigation", fr: "Irrigation supplémentaire" }, "Tillage Management": { en: "Tillage Management", fr: "Gestion du travail du sol" }, "Water Harvesting": { en: "Water Harvesting", fr: "Collecte des eaux" } } }; // adoption factors, with articles data.adoption_factors_with_articles = { en: "adoption_factors", fr: "facteurs_dadoption", values: { "Access to credit": { en: "Access to credit", fr: "L'Accès au crédit" }, "Access to information": { en: "Access to information", fr: "L'Accès à l'information" }, "Availability of labor": { en: "Availability of labor", fr: "La Disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre" }, "Biophyiscal factors": { en: "Biophyiscal factors", fr: "Les Facteurs biophysiques" }, "Changes in weather": { en: "Changes in weather", fr: "Les Changements climatiques" }, "Distance to market": { en: "Distance to market", fr: "La Distance au marché" }, "Exposure to risks and shocks": { en: "Exposure to risks and shocks", fr: "L'Exposition aux risques et chocs" }, Other: { en: "Other", fr: "Autre" }, "Resource endowments": { en: "Resource endowments", fr: "La Dotation en ressources" }, "Secure tenure": { en: "Secure tenure", fr: "La Tenure sécurisée" }, "Social capital": { en: "Social capital", fr: "La Capital social" }, "Socio-demographics": { en: "Socio-demographics", fr: "La Socio-démographie" } } }; // crop articles data.Crop_with_articles = { en: "crop_with_articles", fr: "crop_with_articles", values: { Maize: { en: "maize", fr: "le maïs" }, Rice: { en: "rice", fr: "le riz" }, "Pearl Millet": { en: "pearl millet", fr: "le millet perlé" }, Sorghum: { en: "sorghum", fr: "le sorgho" }, Cowpea: { en: "cowpea", fr: "le niébé" }, "Common Bean": { en: "common bean", fr: "le haricot commun" }, Soybean: { en: "soybean", fr: "le soja" }, Cassava: { en: "cassava", fr: "le manioc" }, Groundnut: { en: "groundnut", fr: "l'arachide" }, Wheat: { en: "wheat", fr: "le blé" }, Yam: { en: "yam", fr: "l'igname" }, Cotton: { en: "cotton", fr: "coton" }, Teff: { en: "teff", fr: "le teff" }, "Maize-001": { "en": "Maize-001", "am": "ገብስ-001" }, "Maize-002": { "en": "Maize-002", "am": "ገብስ-002" }, "Wheat-001": { "en": "Wheat-001", "am": "ስንዴ-001" }, "Wheat-002": { "en": "Wheat-002", "am": "ስንዴ-002" }, "Teff-001": { "en": "Teff-001", "am": "ጤፍ-001" }, "Teff-002": { "en": "Teff-002", "am": "ጤፍ-002" }, Tomato: { en: "tomato", fr: "la tomate" }, Potato: { en: "potato", fr: "la pomme de terre" }, "Sugar Cane": { en: "sugar cane", fr: "la canne à sucre" }, "Pigeon Pea": { en: "pigeon pea", fr: "le pois cajan" }, Chickpea: { en: "chickpea", fr: "le pois chiche" }, Okra: { en: "okra", fr: "le gombo" }, "Sweet Potato": { en: "sweet potato", fr: "la patate douce" }, "Fodder Legume": { en: "fodder legume", fr: "la légumineuse fourragère" }, Barley: { en: "barley", fr: "l'orge" }, Olive: { en: "olive", fr: "l'olive" }, Cabbage: { en: "cabbage", fr: "le chou" }, "Banana Sweet": { en: "banana sweet", fr: "la banane douce" }, Rape: { en: "rape", fr: "le colza" }, Sunflower: { en: "sunflower", fr: "le tournesol" }, "Cooking Banana": { en: "cooking banana", fr: "la banane de cuisine" }, Sesame: { en: "sesame", fr: "le sésame" } } }; return data; }65:T9be3,nbText1 ={ return { riskReduction: { title: { en: "Traditional Practices for Yield Security and Risk Reduction", am: "ለምርታማነት ዋስትና እና አደጋ መቀነስ ባህላዊ ልምዶች" }, description: { en: "The following traditional practices have been used by Ethiopian farmers for generations to reduce production risk and increase the probability of achieving high yields, especially under variable climate conditions. These methods help manage uncertainty and improve yield reliability.", am: "የሚከተሉት ባህላዊ ልምዶች በኢትዮጵያ አርሶ አደሮች በትውልድ ለምርት አደጋ መቀነስ እና ከፍተኛ ምርታማነትን የማግኘት እድልን ለመጨመር ጥቅም ላይ ውለዋል፣ በተለይም በተለዋዋጭ የአየር ንብረት ሁኔታዎች ስር። እነዚህ ዘዴዎች እርግጠኛነትን ለመቆጣጠር እና የምርታማነት አስተማማኝነትን ለማሻሻል ይረዳሉ።" }, practices: { "Inorganic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Traditional Soil Fertility for Yield Security", am: "ለምርታማነት ዋስትና ባህላዊ የአፈር ምርታማነት" }, description: { en: "Traditional soil enrichment methods using ash, manure, and compost help ensure consistent nutrient availability, reducing the risk of crop failure during variable growing seasons. These methods provide a buffer against nutrient deficiencies that can occur during drought or excessive rainfall, increasing the probability of achieving reliable yields year after year.", am: "አፈር፣ ፈረስ፣ እና ኮምፖስትን በመጠቀም ባህላዊ የአፈር ማሻሻያ ዘዴዎች ዘላቂ የንጥረ ነገሮች ተገኝነትን ለመረጋገጥ ይረዳሉ፣ በተለዋዋጭ የአድጎ ወቅቶች ውስጥ የምርት አለመሳካት አደጋን ይቀንሳሉ። እነዚህ ዘዴዎች በድርቅ ወይም በከፍተኛ ዝናብ ወቅት ሊከሰቱ የሚችሉ የንጥረ ነገሮች እጥረቶች ላይ መከላከያ ይሰጣሉ፣ ይህም በዓመት በዓመት አስተማማኝ ምርታማነትን የማግኘት እድልን ይጨምራል።" } }, "Organic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Indigenous Composting for Yield Reliability", am: "ለምርታማነት አስተማማኝነት የዘርፉ ኮምፖስት" }, description: { en: "Traditional composting creates nutrient-rich organic matter that releases nutrients gradually, providing sustained support throughout the growing season. This slow-release mechanism reduces the risk of nutrient loss during heavy rains and ensures crops have access to nutrients during critical growth stages, significantly improving the probability of achieving high yields even under variable weather conditions.", am: "ባህላዊ ኮምፖስት በዝግታ ንጥረ ነገሮችን የሚለቅ ንጥረ ነገር የበለጠ የሆነ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር ይፈጥራል፣ በአድጎ ወቅት ሁሉ ዘላቂ ድጋፍ ይሰጣል። ይህ ዝግ መለቀቅ ስርዓት በከፍተኛ ዝናብ ወቅት የንጥረ ነገሮች ኪሳራ አደጋን ይቀንሳል እና በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ደረጃዎች ውስጥ ምርቶች ወደ ንጥረ ነገሮች መዳረሻ እንዳላቸው ያረጋግጣል፣ ይህም በተለዋዋጭ የአየር ንብረት ሁኔታዎች ስር እንኳን ከፍተኛ ምርታማነትን የማግኘት እድልን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ያሻሽላል።" } }, "Mulch (Herbs)": { title: { en: "Traditional Mulching for Climate Risk Mitigation", am: "ለአየር ንብረት አደጋ መቀነስ ባህላዊ ማሸፊያ" }, description: { en: "Using local herbs and grasses as mulch helps buffer crops against climate variability by conserving soil moisture during dry spells and protecting soil from erosion during heavy rains. This traditional practice reduces the risk of crop failure by maintaining more stable soil conditions, increasing the probability of achieving reliable yields across different weather scenarios.", am: "አካባቢ እንጨቶችን እና ሳርን እንደ ማሸፊያ መጠቀም በደረቅ ጊዜያት የአፈር ውሃን በመጠበቅ እና በከፍተኛ ዝናብ ወቅት አፈርን ከመፍሳስ በመጠበቅ ምርቶችን ከአየር ንብረት ልዩነት ለመጠበቅ ይረዳል። ይህ ባህላዊ ልምድ የበለጠ የተረጋጋ የአፈር ሁኔታዎችን በመጠበቅ የምርት አለመሳካት አደጋን ይቀንሳል፣ ይህም በተለያዩ የአየር ንብረት ሁኔታዎች ላይ አስተማማኝ ምርታማነትን የማግኘት እድልን ይጨምራል።" } }, "Mulch (Trees)": { title: { en: "Agroforestry Mulching for Yield Stability", am: "ለምርታማነት መረጋጋት አግሮፎሬስትሪ ማሸፊያ" }, description: { en: "Tree-based mulching systems create microclimates that protect crops from extreme weather events, reducing production risk. The organic matter from tree leaves provides a buffer against soil degradation, while the physical protection from tree canopies helps maintain more consistent growing conditions, significantly improving the probability of achieving high yields even during adverse weather periods.", am: "የዛፍ ማሸፊያ ስርዓቶች ከከፋ የአየር ንብረት ክስተቶች ምርቶችን የሚጠብቁ ማይክሮ አየር ንብረት ይፈጥራሉ፣ ይህም የምርት አደጋን ይቀንሳል። ከዛፍ ቅጠሎች የሚመጣ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር ከአፈር መበስበስ ላይ መከላከያ ይሰጣል፣ በሌላ በኩል ከዛፍ ቅርንጫፎች አካላዊ ጥበቃ የበለጠ የተረጋጋ የአድጎ ሁኔታዎችን ለመጠበቅ ይረዳል፣ ይህም በከፋ የአየር ንብረት ጊዜያት እንኳን ከፍተኛ ምርታማነትን የማግኘት እድልን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ያሻሽላል።" } }, "Reduced Tillage": { title: { en: "Traditional Minimum Tillage for Risk Reduction", am: "ለአደጋ መቀነስ ባህላዊ ዝቅተኛ ማለስ" }, description: { en: "Traditional reduced tillage practices preserve soil structure and organic matter, creating a more resilient system that can better withstand climate shocks. By maintaining soil cover and reducing erosion risk, these methods help ensure more consistent yields across variable seasons, reducing the probability of crop failure and increasing overall yield security.", am: "ባህላዊ ዝቅተኛ ማለስ ልምዶች የአፈር መዋቅርን እና አስላል ንጥረ ነገርን ይጠብቃሉ፣ ይህም ከአየር ንብረት አደጋዎች በተሻለ ሁኔታ ሊቋቋም የሚችል የበለጠ የመቋቋም ስርዓት ይፈጥራል። የአፈር ሽፋንን በመጠበቅ እና የመፍሳስ አደጋን በመቀነስ፣ እነዚህ ዘዴዎች በተለዋዋጭ ወቅቶች ላይ የበለጠ የተረጋጋ ምርታማነትን ለመረጋገጥ ይረዳሉ፣ ይህም የምርት አለመሳካት እድልን ይቀንሳል እና አጠቃላይ የምርታማነት ዋስትናን ይጨምራል።" } }, "Water Harvesting": { title: { en: "Traditional Water Management for Yield Security", am: "ለምርታማነት ዋስትና ባህላዊ የውሃ አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Traditional water harvesting techniques, such as terracing and small-scale reservoirs, help farmers capture and store water during rainy seasons for use during dry periods. This practice significantly reduces the risk of crop failure during droughts by ensuring water availability when crops need it most, thereby increasing the probability of achieving stable yields even in variable climate conditions.", am: "እንደ ደረጃ እና ትናንሽ የውሃ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ያሉ ባህላዊ የውሃ ማሰባሰብ ቴክኒኮች አርሶ አደሮችን በዝናብ ወቅት ውሃን ለመሰብሰብ እና ለመከማቸት በደረቅ ጊዜያት ለመጠቀም ይረዳሉ። ይህ ልምድ በድርቅ ወቅት የምርት አለመሳካት አደጋን በከፍተኛ ሁኔታ ይቀንሳል በምርቶች በጣም በሚፈልጉበት ጊዜ የውሃ ተገኝነትን በማረጋገጥ፣ ይህም በተለዋዋጭ የአየር ንብረት ሁኔታዎች ላይ እንኳን የተረጋጋ ምርታማነትን የማግኘት እድልን ይጨምራል።" } }, "Deficit Irrigation": { title: { en: "Traditional Water-Saving Irrigation Methods", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ ቆጠባ የመራብት ዘዴዎች" }, description: { en: "Traditional deficit irrigation strategies involve applying water strategically during critical growth stages while reducing water use during less critical periods. This approach, refined through generations of observation, helps farmers maximize yields with limited water resources. Traditional methods like furrow irrigation and timing water applications based on crop growth stages have been practiced for centuries.", am: "ባህላዊ የውሃ እጥረት የመራብት ስትራቴጂዎች በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ደረጃዎች ውስጥ ውሃን በስትራቴጂ ማመላለስን እና በአነስተኛ አስፈላጊ ጊዜያት የውሃ አጠቃቀምን በመቀነስ ያካትታሉ። ይህ አቀራረብ፣ በትውልድ የመመልከት በኩል የተጣራ፣ አርሶ አደሮችን በተገደበ የውሃ ሀብቶች ምርታማነትን ከፍ ለማድረግ ይረዳል። እንደ ጉድጓድ መራብት እና በምርት አድጎ ደረጃዎች ላይ በመመርኮዝ የውሃ አጠቃቀም ሰዓት የባህላዊ ዘዴዎች ለዘመናት ተግብረዋል።" } }, "Supplemental Irrigation": { title: { en: "Traditional Supplemental Water Management", am: "ባህላዊ የመጨረሻያ ውሃ አስተዳደር" }, description: { en: "Traditional supplemental irrigation practices involve providing additional water during dry spells or critical growth periods to ensure crop survival and maintain yields. Farmers use traditional water storage methods like ponds and small reservoirs to capture and store water for these critical periods, directly contributing to improved and more reliable crop production.", am: "ባህላዊ የመጨረሻያ መራብት ልምዶች በደረቅ ጊዜያት ወይም በአስፈላጊ የአድጎ ጊዜያት ውስጥ ተጨማሪ ውሃ ማቅረብን ያካትታሉ ምርትን ለመጠበቅ እና ምርታማነትን ለመጠበቅ። አርሶ አደሮች እንደ ጉድጓዶች እና ትናንሽ የውሃ ማጠራቀሚያዎች ያሉ ባህላዊ የውሃ ማከማቸት ዘዴዎችን ይጠቀማሉ ለእነዚህ አስፈላጊ ጊዜያት ውሃን ለመሰብሰብ እና ለመከማቸት፣ ይህም በቀጥታ ወደ የተሻሻለ እና የበለጠ አስተማማኝ የምርት ምርት ያግዛል።" } } } }, adoptionFactors: { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Practice Adoption", am: "የልምድ ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional Ethiopian communities have long understood the various factors that influence whether farmers adopt new agricultural practices. This knowledge, passed down through generations, reflects deep insights into social, economic, and environmental dynamics that shape agricultural decision-making.", am: "ባህላዊ የኢትዮጵያ ማህበረሰቦች አርሶ አደሮች አዳዲስ የግብርና ልምዶችን እንደሚቀበሉ ወይም እንዳይቀበሉ የሚነኩ የተለያዩ ሁኔታዎችን ረጅም ጊዜ አስተውለዋል። ይህ እውቀት፣ በትውልድ የተላለፈ፣ የግብርና ውሳኔ የሚያስተዳድረውን የማህበራዊ፣ ኢኮኖሚያዊ፣ እና የአካባቢ ተለዋዋጭነት ጥልቅ ግንዛቤዎችን ያንጸባርቃል።" }, practices: { "Inorganic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Fertilizer Adoption", am: "የማዳበሪያ ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional Ethiopian communities understand that the adoption of fertilizer practices is influenced by multiple factors including access to resources, social networks, and knowledge sharing. Farmers with stronger community connections and better access to information about soil fertility management are more likely to adopt and successfully use fertilizer practices. Traditional knowledge systems recognize the importance of social capital and information networks in facilitating the spread of agricultural innovations.", am: "ባህላዊ የኢትዮጵያ ማህበረሰቦች የማዳበሪያ ልምዶችን ማስተዋወቅ በሀብት መዳረሻ፣ በማህበራዊ አውታሮች፣ እና በእውቀት ማጋራት ጨምሮ በብዙ ሁኔታዎች እንደሚነካ ያስተውላሉ። ጠንካራ የማህበረሰብ ግንኙነቶች እና ስለ አፈር ምርታማነት አስተዳደር የተሻለ የመረጃ መዳረሻ ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች የማዳበሪያ ልምዶችን ለመቀበል እና በተሳካ ሁኔታ ለመጠቀም የበለጠ ተደላድለዋል። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች የማህበራዊ ካፒታል እና የመረጃ አውታሮችን አስፈላጊነት በግብርና ጥንቃቄዎችን ለማሰራጨት ውስጥ ያስተውላሉ።" } }, "Organic Fertilizer": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Organic Fertilizer Adoption", am: "የአስላል ማዳበሪያ ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional communities recognize that the adoption of organic fertilizer practices is closely tied to labor availability, knowledge transmission, and social networks. The traditional 'debo' and 'wonfel' labor-sharing systems enable farmers to undertake the labor-intensive work required for composting and organic fertilizer preparation. Access to information through community networks and farmer-to-farmer exchanges plays a crucial role in spreading knowledge about organic fertilizer techniques.", am: "ባህላዊ ማህበረሰቦች የአስላል ማዳበሪያ ልምዶችን ማስተዋወቅ ከሰው ኃይል ተገኝነት፣ ከእውቀት ማስተላለፍ፣ እና ከማህበራዊ አውታሮች ጋር በቅርብ የተያያዘ እንደሆነ ያስተውላሉ። ባህላዊ 'ደቦ' እና 'ወንፈል' የሰው ኃይል ማጋራት ስርዓቶች አርሶ አደሮችን ለኮምፖስት እና ለአስላል ማዳበሪያ ዝግጅት የሚያስፈልገውን የሰው ኃይል የሚፈልግ ስራ ለመፈጸም ያስችላሉ። በማህበረሰብ አውታሮች እና በአርሶ አደር ወደ አርሶ አደር ልውውጦች በኩል የመረጃ መዳረሻ ስለ አስላል ማዳበሪያ ቴክኒኮች እውቀትን ለማሰራጨት ወሳኝ ሚና ይጫወታል።" } }, "Alleycropping": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Alleycropping Adoption", am: "የአሌክሮፕንግ ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional Ethiopian communities understand that alleycropping adoption is influenced by land tenure security, labor availability, and access to tree seedlings or seeds. Farmers with secure land rights are more willing to invest in long-term agroforestry practices like alleycropping. The traditional understanding recognizes that social networks and community knowledge sharing about tree species selection and management are crucial factors in successful alleycropping adoption.", am: "ባህላዊ የኢትዮጵያ ማህበረሰቦች የአሌክሮፕንግ ማስተዋወቅ በመሬት ኪራይ ዋስትና፣ በሰው ኃይል ተገኝነት፣ እና በዛፍ ቅጠሎች ወይም ዘሮች መዳረሻ እንደሚነካ ያስተውላሉ። ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ የመሬት መብት ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች እንደ አሌክሮፕንግ ያሉ ረጅም ጊዜ የሚያስፈልጉ አግሮፎሬስትሪ ልምዶችን ለመዋዕለ ንዳይ የበለጠ ፈቃደኛ ናቸው። ባህላዊ ግንዛቤው የማህበራዊ አውታሮች እና ስለ ዛፍ ዝርያዎች ምርጫ እና አስተዳደር የማህበረሰብ እውቀት ማጋራት በተሳካ ሁኔታ የአሌክሮፕንግ ማስተዋወቅ ውስጥ ወሳኝ ሁኔታዎች እንደሆኑ ያስተውላል።" } }, "Agroforestry": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Agroforestry Adoption", am: "የአግሮፎሬስትሪ ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional Ethiopian communities understand that agroforestry adoption is influenced by land tenure security, access to tree seedlings or seeds, labor availability, and knowledge about tree-crop interactions. Farmers with secure land rights are more willing to invest in long-term agroforestry systems. Traditional knowledge systems recognize that social networks and community knowledge sharing about tree species selection, management techniques, and the benefits of integrating trees with crops are crucial factors in successful agroforestry adoption.", am: "ባህላዊ የኢትዮጵያ ማህበረሰቦች የአግሮፎሬስትሪ ማስተዋወቅ በመሬት ኪራይ ዋስትና፣ በዛፍ ቅጠሎች ወይም ዘሮች መዳረሻ፣ በሰው ኃይል ተገኝነት፣ እና ስለ ዛፍ-ምርት ግንኙነቶች እውቀት እንደሚነካ ያስተውላሉ። ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ የመሬት መብት ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች በረጅም ጊዜ የአግሮፎሬስትሪ ስርዓቶች ላይ ለመዋዕለ ንዳይ የበለጠ ፈቃደኛ ናቸው። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች የማህበራዊ አውታሮች እና ስለ ዛፍ ዝርያዎች ምርጫ፣ አስተዳደር ቴክኒኮች፣ እና ዛፎችን ከምርቶች ጋር የማዋሃድ ጥቅሞች የማህበረሰብ እውቀት ማጋራት በተሳካ ሁኔታ የአግሮፎሬስትሪ ማስተዋወቅ ውስጥ ወሳኝ ሁኔታዎች እንደሆኑ ያስተውላሉ።" } }, "Boundary Planting": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Boundary Planting Adoption", am: "የድንበር መትከል ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional understanding recognizes that boundary planting adoption is influenced by land tenure security, access to tree seedlings, and community norms about field boundaries. Farmers with secure land rights are more likely to invest in boundary trees, as they can benefit from the long-term returns. Traditional knowledge systems emphasize the role of social networks in sharing information about suitable tree species for boundaries and techniques for establishing boundary plantings.", am: "ባህላዊ ግንዛቤው የድንበር መትከል ማስተዋወቅ በመሬት ኪራይ ዋስትና፣ በዛፍ ቅጠሎች መዳረሻ፣ እና ስለ እርሻ ድንበሮች የማህበረሰብ መስፈርቶች እንደሚነካ ያስተውላል። ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ የመሬት መብት ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች በድንበር ዛፎች ላይ ለመዋዕለ ንዳይ የበለጠ ተደላድለዋል፣ ምክንያቱም ከረጅም ጊዜ ተመላሽ ሊጠቀሙ ስለሚችሉ። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች ስለ ድንበሮች ተገቢ የዛፍ ዝርያዎች እና የድንበር መትከል ማቋቋም ቴክኒኮች መረጃን ለማጋራት የማህበራዊ አውታሮችን ሚና ያጎላሉ።" } }, "Crop Rotation": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Crop Rotation Adoption", am: "የምርት ማዞሪያ ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional communities understand that crop rotation adoption is influenced by knowledge about crop compatibility, land availability, and access to diverse seed varieties. Farmers with better access to information about which crops work well together in rotation sequences are more likely to adopt this practice. Traditional knowledge systems recognize that social networks and farmer-to-farmer exchanges play a crucial role in sharing knowledge about effective crop rotation patterns that have been tested over generations.", am: "ባህላዊ ማህበረሰቦች የምርት ማዞሪያ ማስተዋወቅ በምርቶች ተኳኋኝነት፣ በመሬት ተገኝነት፣ እና በተለያዩ የዘር ዝርያዎች መዳረሻ ላይ የተመሰረተ እንደሆነ ያስተውላሉ። በማዞሪያ ቅደም ተከተሎች ውስጥ የትኞቹ ምርቶች አብረው እንደሚሰሩ ስለ መረጃ የተሻለ መዳረሻ ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች ይህንን ልምድ ለመቀበል የበለጠ ተደላድለዋል። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች በትውልድ የተፈተኑ ውጤታማ የምርት ማዞሪያ ቅደም ተከተሎችን ስለ እውቀት ማጋራት የማህበራዊ አውታሮች እና በአርሶ አደር ወደ አርሶ አደር ልውውጦች ወሳኝ ሚና እንደሚጫወቱ ያስተውላሉ።" } }, "Intercropping": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Intercropping Adoption", am: "የጥምረት ምርት ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional understanding recognizes that intercropping adoption is influenced by knowledge about crop combinations, labor availability, and access to diverse seed varieties. Farmers with strong community networks often learn about effective intercropping combinations through traditional knowledge sharing. The practice requires understanding which crops complement each other, and this knowledge is typically transmitted through oral traditions and farmer-to-farmer exchanges within communities.", am: "ባህላዊ ግንዛቤው የጥምረት ምርት ማስተዋወቅ በምርት ጥምረቶች፣ በሰው ኃይል ተገኝነት፣ እና በተለያዩ የዘር ዝርያዎች መዳረሻ ላይ የተመሰረተ እንደሆነ ያስተውላል። ጠንካራ የማህበረሰብ አውታሮች ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች ብዙውን ጊዜ ስለ ውጤታማ የጥምረት ምርት ጥምረቶች በባህላዊ እውቀት ማጋራት ይማራሉ። ልምዱ የትኞቹ ምርቶች እርስ በርስ እንደሚረዱ ማስተዋወቅን ይፈልጋል፣ እና ይህ እውቀት በተለምዶ በቃል ትውልድ እና በማህበረሰቦች ውስጥ በአርሶ አደር ወደ አርሶ አደር ልውውጦች ይተላለፋል።" } }, "Parklands": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Parklands Adoption", am: "የፓርክላንድ ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional communities understand that parklands adoption is influenced by land tenure security, long-term planning capacity, and knowledge about tree-crop interactions. Farmers with secure land rights are more willing to invest in parkland systems, which require long-term commitment. Traditional knowledge systems emphasize the importance of understanding which tree species work well with crops and how to manage parkland systems, knowledge that is often shared through community networks and intergenerational learning.", am: "ባህላዊ ማህበረሰቦች የፓርክላንድ ማስተዋወቅ በመሬት ኪራይ ዋስትና፣ በረጅም ጊዜ የመቆጣጠሪያ አቅም፣ እና ስለ ዛፍ-ምርት ግንኙነቶች እውቀት እንደሚነካ ያስተውላሉ። ደህንነቱ የተጠበቀ የመሬት መብት ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች በፓርክላንድ ስርዓቶች ላይ ለመዋዕለ ንዳይ የበለጠ ፈቃደኛ ናቸው፣ ይህም ረጅም ጊዜ ቁርጠኝነት ይፈልጋል። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች የትኞቹ የዛፍ ዝርያዎች ከምርቶች ጋር እንደሚሰሩ እና የፓርክላንድ ስርዓቶችን እንዴት እንደሚያስተዳድሩ ማስተዋወቅን አስፈላጊነትን ያጎላሉ፣ ይህ እውቀት ብዙውን ጊዜ በማህበረሰብ አውታሮች እና በትውልድ መማሪያ በኩል ይጋራል።" } }, "Crop Residue Incorporation": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Crop Residue Incorporation Adoption", am: "የምርት ቀሪዎች ማካተት ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional understanding recognizes that crop residue incorporation adoption is influenced by labor availability, knowledge about soil management, and access to tools for residue management. The traditional 'debo' labor-sharing systems help farmers manage the labor-intensive work of incorporating residues. Knowledge about which residues work best and how to manage them is often shared through community networks and farmer-to-farmer exchanges.", am: "ባህላዊ ግንዛቤው የምርት ቀሪዎች ማካተት ማስተዋወቅ በሰው ኃይል ተገኝነት፣ ስለ አፈር አስተዳደር እውቀት፣ እና በቀሪዎች አስተዳደር ዕቃዎች መዳረሻ እንደሚነካ ያስተውላል። ባህላዊ 'ደቦ' የሰው ኃይል ማጋራት ስርዓቶች አርሶ አደሮችን የቀሪዎችን ማካተት የሰው ኃይል የሚፈልግ ስራን ለመቆጣጠር ይረዳሉ። የትኞቹ ቀሪዎች በተሻለ ሁኔታ እንደሚሰሩ እና እንዴት እንደሚያስተዳድሯቸው ስለ እውቀት ብዙውን ጊዜ በማህበረሰብ አውታሮች እና በአርሶ አደር ወደ አርሶ አደር ልውውጦች ይጋራል።" } }, "Reduced Tillage": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Reduced Tillage Adoption", am: "የቀነሰ ማለስ ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional communities understand that reduced tillage adoption is influenced by access to appropriate tools, knowledge about soil management, and labor considerations. Farmers with knowledge about soil conservation benefits are more likely to adopt reduced tillage practices. Traditional knowledge systems recognize that information sharing about soil health and tillage alternatives plays a crucial role in adoption decisions.", am: "ባህላዊ ማህበረሰቦች የቀነሰ ማለስ ማስተዋወቅ በተገቢ ዕቃዎች መዳረሻ፣ ስለ አፈር አስተዳደር እውቀት፣ እና የሰው ኃይል ግምቶች እንደሚነካ ያስተውላሉ። ስለ አፈር ጥበቃ ጥቅሞች እውቀት ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች የቀነሰ ማለስ ልምዶችን ለመቀበል የበለጠ ተደላድለዋል። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች ስለ አፈር ጤና እና ስለ ማለስ አማራጮች መረጃ ማጋራት በማስተዋወቂያ ውሳኔዎች ውስጥ ወሳኝ ሚና እንደሚጫወት ያስተውላሉ።" } }, "Water Harvesting": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Water Harvesting Adoption", am: "የውሃ ማሰባሰብ ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional understanding recognizes that water harvesting adoption is influenced by land availability, labor resources, and knowledge about water management techniques. Farmers with sufficient land and labor can invest in water harvesting infrastructure. Traditional knowledge systems emphasize the importance of community cooperation and knowledge sharing about effective water harvesting methods that have been practiced for generations.", am: "ባህላዊ ግንዛቤው የውሃ ማሰባሰብ ማስተዋወቅ በመሬት ተገኝነት፣ በሰው ኃይል ሀብቶች፣ እና ስለ ውሃ አስተዳደር ቴክኒኮች እውቀት እንደሚነካ ያስተውላል። በቂ መሬት እና ሰው ኃይል ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች በውሃ ማሰባሰብ መሠረተ ሃይሎች ላይ ሊዋዕሉ ይችላሉ። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች የማህበረሰብ ትብብር እና ስለ ውጤታማ የውሃ ማሰባሰብ ዘዴዎች እውቀት ማጋራት አስፈላጊነትን ያጎላሉ፣ እነዚህም በትውልድ ተግብረዋል።" } }, "Improved Varieties": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Improved Varieties Adoption", am: "የተሻሻሉ ዝርያዎች ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional communities understand that improved variety adoption is influenced by access to seeds, information about variety performance, and social networks for seed exchange. Farmers with better access to information about which varieties perform well in local conditions are more likely to adopt them. Traditional knowledge systems recognize the importance of seed exchange networks and community-based seed systems in facilitating variety adoption.", am: "ባህላዊ ማህበረሰቦች የተሻሻሉ ዝርያዎችን ማስተዋወቅ በዘሮች መዳረሻ፣ ስለ ዝርያ አፈጻጸም መረጃ፣ እና ለዘር ልውውጥ የማህበራዊ አውታሮች እንደሚነካ ያስተውላሉ። በአካባቢያዊ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ የትኞቹ ዝርያዎች እንደሚሰሩ ስለ መረጃ የተሻለ መዳረሻ ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች እነሱን ለመቀበል የበለጠ ተደላድለዋል። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች የዘር ልውውጥ አውታሮች እና የማህበረሰብ የተመሰረተ የዘር ስርዓቶችን አስፈላጊነት በዝርያ ማስተዋወቅ ውስጥ ያስተውላሉ።" } }, "Nutrient Management": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Nutrient Management Adoption", am: "የንጥረ ነገር አስተዳደር ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional Ethiopian communities understand that nutrient management adoption is influenced by access to organic materials, knowledge about soil fertility, labor availability, and social networks for sharing nutrient management techniques. Farmers with better access to information about traditional composting, manure management, and soil enrichment methods are more likely to adopt effective nutrient management practices. Traditional knowledge systems recognize the importance of community networks in sharing knowledge about organic matter sources, composting techniques, and the timing of nutrient applications.", am: "ባህላዊ የኢትዮጵያ ማህበረሰቦች የንጥረ ነገር አስተዳደር ማስተዋወቅ በአስላል ቁሶች መዳረሻ፣ ስለ አፈር ምርታማነት እውቀት፣ በሰው ኃይል ተገኝነት፣ እና ስለ ንጥረ ነገር አስተዳደር ቴክኒኮች ማጋራት የማህበራዊ አውታሮች እንደሚነካ ያስተውላሉ። ስለ ባህላዊ ኮምፖስት፣ የፈረስ አስተዳደር፣ እና የአፈር ማሻሻያ ዘዴዎች ስለ መረጃ የተሻለ መዳረሻ ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች ውጤታማ የንጥረ ነገር አስተዳደር ልምዶችን ለመቀበል የበለጠ ተደላድለዋል። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች ስለ አስላል ንጥረ ነገር ምንጮች፣ ኮምፖስት ቴክኒኮች፣ እና የንጥረ ነገር አጠቃቀም ሰዓት እውቀትን ለማጋራት የማህበረሰብ አውታሮችን አስፈላጊነት ያስተውላሉ።" } }, "Soil Management": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Soil Management Adoption", am: "የአፈር አስተዳደር ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional communities understand that soil management adoption is influenced by knowledge about soil conservation, access to tools and materials, labor availability, and information sharing networks. Farmers with better access to information about traditional soil conservation techniques like terracing, contour farming, and organic matter incorporation are more likely to adopt effective soil management practices. Traditional knowledge systems recognize the importance of community networks in sharing knowledge about soil health indicators, erosion control methods, and sustainable soil management practices that have been refined over generations.", am: "ባህላዊ ማህበረሰቦች የአፈር አስተዳደር ማስተዋወቅ ስለ አፈር ጥበቃ እውቀት፣ በዕቃዎች እና ቁሶች መዳረሻ፣ በሰው ኃይል ተገኝነት፣ እና በመረጃ ማጋራት አውታሮች እንደሚነካ ያስተውላሉ። ስለ ደረጃ፣ የኮንቱር ግብርና፣ እና አስላል ንጥረ ነገር ማካተት ያሉ ባህላዊ የአፈር ጥበቃ ቴክኒኮች ስለ መረጃ የተሻለ መዳረሻ ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች ውጤታማ የአፈር አስተዳደር ልምዶችን ለመቀበል የበለጠ ተደላድለዋል። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች ስለ አፈር ጤና አመላካቾች፣ የመፍሳስ መቆጣጠር ዘዴዎች፣ እና በትውልድ የተጣሩ ዘላቂ የአፈር አስተዳደር ልምዶችን ስለ እውቀት ማጋራት የማህበረሰብ አውታሮችን አስፈላጊነት ያስተውላሉ።" } }, "Water Management": { title: { en: "Traditional Understanding of Factors Influencing Water Management Adoption", am: "የውሃ አስተዳደር ማስተዋወቂያን የሚነኩ ሁኔታዎች ባህላዊ ግንዛቤ" }, description: { en: "Traditional Ethiopian communities understand that water management adoption is influenced by land availability, labor resources, knowledge about water harvesting and conservation techniques, and community cooperation. Farmers with sufficient land and labor can invest in water management infrastructure like terraces, ponds, and small reservoirs. Traditional knowledge systems recognize the importance of community networks in sharing knowledge about effective water harvesting methods, irrigation timing, and water conservation practices that have been practiced for generations. The traditional 'debo' labor-sharing systems enable communities to undertake collective water management projects.", am: "ባህላዊ የኢትዮጵያ ማህበረሰቦች የውሃ አስተዳደር ማስተዋወቅ በመሬት ተገኝነት፣ በሰው ኃይል ሀብቶች፣ ስለ ውሃ ማሰባሰብ እና ጥበቃ ቴክኒኮች እውቀት፣ እና የማህበረሰብ ትብብር እንደሚነካ ያስተውላሉ። በቂ መሬት እና ሰው ኃይል ያላቸው አርሶ አደሮች በውሃ አስተዳደር መሠረተ ሃይሎች ላይ ሊዋዕሉ ይችላሉ እንደ ደረጃዎች፣ ጉድጓዶች፣ እና ትናንሽ የውሃ ማጠራቀሚያዎች። ባህላዊ የእውቀት ስርዓቶች ስለ ውጤታማ የውሃ ማሰባሰብ ዘዴዎች፣ የመራብት ሰዓት፣ እና በትውልድ የተግብረዋል የውሃ ጥበቃ ልምዶችን ስለ እውቀት ማጋራት የማህበረሰብ አውታሮችን አስፈላጊነት ያስተውላሉ። ባህላዊ 'ደቦ' የሰው ኃይል ማጋራት ስርዓቶች ማህበረሰቦችን የጋራ የውሃ አስተዳደር ፕሮጀክቶችን ለመፈጸም ያስችላሉ።" } } } } }; } 66:T7ae,styling = { return !toggleCustomStyling ? "no custom styling" : htl.html`` }67:T4cf,function tocOneliner({ selector = "h1", // selectors to include (can comma-separate, like "h1,h2,h3") heading = "In this notebook", // heading for ToC delim = ' | ', // delimiter between links skip = [], // text content for headers to exclude } = {}) { // return a one-liner table of contents // allow for skips // modified from https://observablehq.com/@mbostock/toc return Generators.observe(notify => { let headings = []; function observed() { let h = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(selector)); h = h.filter((d) => !skip.includes(d.textContent)) if (h.length !== headings.length || h.some((h, i) => headings[i] !== h)) { notify(html`${heading}
${Array.from(headings = h, (h, i) => { const end = i === headings.length - 1 return Object.assign( html`${DOM.text(h.textContent)}${end ? '' : delim}`, {onclick: e => (e.preventDefault(), h.scrollIntoView())} ); })}`); } } const observer = new MutationObserver(observed); observer.observe(document.body, {childList: true, subtree: true}); observed(); return () => observer.disconnect(); }); }68:T5d5,function markBoldSidebarText(data, {textFormat=(d) => d + ' obs.', ...options } = {}) { return Plot.marks( // observation counts Plot.textY( data, Plot.map( { text: (values) => values.map((d) => textFormat(d)) }, Plot.groupY( { text: "sum" }, { frameAnchor: "right", textAnchor: "start", dx: 16, ...options } ) ) ), // digital white-out Plot.textY( data, Plot.pointerY( Plot.map( { text: (values) => values.map((d) => textFormat(d)) }, Plot.groupY( { text: "sum" }, { // y: "factor", // text: "n", frameAnchor: "right", textAnchor: "start", dx: 16, fill: "white", stroke: "white", strokeWidth: 2, ...options } ) ) ) ), // observation counts bold hover Plot.textY( data, Plot.pointerY( Plot.map( { text: (values) => values.map((d) => textFormat(d)) }, Plot.groupY( { text: "sum" }, { // y: "factor", // text: "n", frameAnchor: "right", textAnchor: "start", dx: 16, fontWeight: "bold", ...options } ) ) ) ) ); }69:T4ad,data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_new = { console.log('Loading main crop data...'); const raw = await FileAttachment("figure_2_data@1.csv").csv({typed: true}) const mainData = raw.map(d => { return { Practice: d['Practice'], Crop: d['Crop'], N_Obs: d['N_Obs'], N_Pub: d["N_Pub"], Mean_Treatment: d["Mean_T"], Mean_Control: d["Mean_C"], Mean_Difference: d["Mean_Difference"], Se: d['Se'], Lower: d["Lower"], Upper: d["Upper"], } }) console.log('Main data loaded, rows:', mainData.length); // Load and merge sub-species data try { const subspeciesData = await data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_subspecies; console.log('Sub-species data received, rows:', subspeciesData.length); const merged = [...mainData, ...subspeciesData]; console.log('Merged data total rows:', merged.length); const allCrops = [...new Set(merged.map(d => d.Crop))]; console.log('All crops in merged data (first 20):', allCrops.slice(0, 20)); return merged; } catch (error) { console.error('Error merging sub-species data:', error); // If sub-species file doesn't exist, return main data only return mainData; } }6a:T360e,exportChart = { // This function returns a function that can be called with chart-specific parameters return function createExportUI(chartPlot = null, chartName = 'chart', options = {}) { const { findPreviousCell = true, // Whether to look for SVG in previous cell customSelector = null, // Custom CSS selector to find SVG label = 'Export Chart' // Label for the export UI } = options; const downloadChart = async (format) => { // Wait a bit to ensure the chart is rendered await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 200)); let svg = null; // Method 1: If chartPlot is provided and it's already rendered, get its SVG if (chartPlot) { // In Observable, Plot objects render to SVG elements // Try to find the SVG associated with this plot const cells = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.observablehq--cell')); for (const cell of cells) { const svgInCell = cell.querySelector('svg'); if (svgInCell && cell.contains(chartPlot) || (typeof chartPlot === 'object' && chartPlot.nodeName === 'svg')) { svg = typeof chartPlot === 'object' && chartPlot.nodeName === 'svg' ? chartPlot : svgInCell; break; } } } // Method 2: Use custom selector if provided if (!svg && customSelector) { svg = document.querySelector(customSelector); } // Method 3: Find SVG in the previous cell (most common case) if (!svg && findPreviousCell) { const cells = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.observablehq--cell')); // Find the current export cell by looking for the select element let currentCell = null; for (const cell of cells) { if (cell.querySelector('select')) { currentCell = cell; break; } } if (currentCell) { const currentIndex = cells.indexOf(currentCell); // Look backwards from current cell for (let i = currentIndex - 1; i >= 0; i--) { const cell = cells[i]; const svgInCell = cell.querySelector('svg'); if (svgInCell) { // Verify it's a chart (has visual elements) const hasVisualElements = svgInCell.querySelectorAll('rect, circle, path, line').length > 0 || svgInCell.querySelectorAll('text').length > 0; if (hasVisualElements) { svg = svgInCell; break; } } } } else { // Fallback: find the largest/most recent SVG that looks like a chart const allSvgs = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('svg')); const chartSvgs = allSvgs.filter(s => { const hasVisualElements = s.querySelectorAll('rect, circle, path, line').length > 0 || s.querySelectorAll('text').length > 0; return hasVisualElements && s.getBoundingClientRect().width > 100; }); if (chartSvgs.length > 0) { // Get the most recently rendered (last in DOM) or largest svg = chartSvgs[chartSvgs.length - 1]; } } } if (!svg) { alert(`Chart not found. Please make sure the ${chartName} visualization is rendered above this export cell.`); return; } const timestamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const sanitizedChartName = chartName.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, '-'); const baseFilename = `${sanitizedChartName}-${timestamp}`; try { if (format === 'svg') { await downloadAsSvg(svg, `${baseFilename}.svg`); } else if (format === 'pdf') { await downloadAsPdf(svg, `${baseFilename}.pdf`); } else { await downloadAsRaster(svg, `${baseFilename}.${format}`, format); } // Show success notification showNotification('Export successful'); } catch (error) { alert(`Download failed: ${error.message}`); } }; const downloadAsSvg = async (svg, filename) => { const clone = svg.cloneNode(true); const serializer = new XMLSerializer(); const svgString = serializer.serializeToString(clone); const blob = new Blob([svgString], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); await downloadBlob(blob, filename); }; const downloadAsRaster = async (svg, filename, format) => { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { const mimeType = format === 'png' ? 'image/png' : 'image/jpeg'; const rect = svg.getBoundingClientRect(); const width = rect.width || 900; const height = rect.height || 700; const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); canvas.width = width; canvas.height = height; if (format === 'jpeg' || format === 'jpg') { ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); } const svgString = new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(svg); const svgBlob = new Blob([svgString], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob); const img = new Image(); img.onload = () => { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); URL.revokeObjectURL(url); canvas.toBlob(async (blob) => { if (blob) { await downloadBlob(blob, filename); resolve(); } else { reject(new Error('Failed to create blob from canvas')); } }, mimeType, format === 'jpeg' || format === 'jpg' ? 0.92 : 1.0); }; img.onerror = () => { URL.revokeObjectURL(url); reject(new Error('Failed to load SVG image')); }; img.src = url; }); }; const downloadAsPdf = async (svg, filename) => { return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { const rect = svg.getBoundingClientRect(); const width = rect.width || 900; const height = rect.height || 700; const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); // Use higher resolution for PDF const scale = 2; canvas.width = width * scale; canvas.height = height * scale; ctx.scale(scale, scale); ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); const svgString = new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(svg); const svgBlob = new Blob([svgString], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob); const img = new Image(); img.onload = async () => { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); URL.revokeObjectURL(url); try { const imgData = canvas.toDataURL('image/png'); // Try to load and use jsPDF dynamically let jsPDF; if (typeof window.jspdf !== 'undefined') { jsPDF = window.jspdf.jsPDF; } else { // Try to load jsPDF from CDN try { await new Promise((loadResolve, loadReject) => { if (document.querySelector('script[src*="jspdf"]')) { // Already loading or loaded const checkInterval = setInterval(() => { if (typeof window.jspdf !== 'undefined') { clearInterval(checkInterval); loadResolve(); } }, 100); setTimeout(() => { clearInterval(checkInterval); if (typeof window.jspdf === 'undefined') { loadReject(new Error('jsPDF not available')); } }, 3000); } else { const script = document.createElement('script'); script.src = 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jspdf/2.5.1/jspdf.umd.min.js'; script.onload = () => { setTimeout(() => { if (typeof window.jspdf !== 'undefined') { loadResolve(); } else { loadReject(new Error('jsPDF failed to load')); } }, 100); }; script.onerror = () => loadReject(new Error('Failed to load jsPDF')); document.head.appendChild(script); } }); jsPDF = window.jspdf.jsPDF; } catch (loadError) { // jsPDF not available, use print-based approach const printWindow = window.open('', '_blank'); if (printWindow) { printWindow.document.write(` Export Chart

`); printWindow.document.close(); showNotification('PDF: Print dialog opened. Select "Save as PDF" in the print dialog.'); resolve(); return; } } } // Use jsPDF to create PDF if (jsPDF) { // Convert pixels to mm (1 inch = 25.4mm, assuming 96 DPI) const widthMm = (width / 96) * 25.4; const heightMm = (height / 96) * 25.4; const pdf = new jsPDF({ orientation: width > height ? 'landscape' : 'portrait', unit: 'mm', format: [widthMm, heightMm] }); pdf.addImage(imgData, 'PNG', 0, 0, widthMm, heightMm); const pdfBlob = pdf.output('blob'); await downloadBlob(pdfBlob, filename); resolve(); } } catch (error) { // Final fallback: download as high-quality PNG canvas.toBlob(async (blob) => { if (blob) { showNotification('PDF export failed. High-quality PNG downloaded instead.'); await downloadBlob(blob, filename.replace('.pdf', '_high_quality.png')); resolve(); } else { reject(new Error('Failed to create blob from canvas')); } }, 'image/png', 1.0); } }; img.onerror = () => { URL.revokeObjectURL(url); reject(new Error('Failed to load SVG image')); }; img.src = url; }); }; const downloadBlob = async (blob, filename) => { return new Promise((resolve) => { const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob); const a = document.createElement('a'); a.href = url; a.download = filename; document.body.appendChild(a); a.click(); document.body.removeChild(a); setTimeout(() => { URL.revokeObjectURL(url); resolve(); }, 100); }); }; const showNotification = (message) => { const notification = html`

${message}

`; document.body.appendChild(notification); setTimeout(() => { if (notification.parentNode) { notification.parentNode.removeChild(notification); } }, 3000); }; // UI Component const select = html``; select.onchange = (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (format) { downloadChart(format).finally(() => { event.target.value = ''; }); } }; return html`

${label}:

${select}

• PNG: High quality raster image

• JPEG: Smaller file size

• SVG: Vector format (best quality, scalable)

• PDF: Document format (requires jsPDF library for full support)

`; }; }6b:T54d,function _downloadAsRasterHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename, format) { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { const mimeType = format === 'png' ? 'image/png' : 'image/jpeg'; const rect = svg.getBoundingClientRect(); const width = rect.width || 900; const height = rect.height || 700; const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); canvas.width = width; canvas.height = height; if (format === 'jpeg' || format === 'jpg') { ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); } const svgString = new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(svg); const svgBlob = new Blob([svgString], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob); const img = new Image(); img.onload = () => { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); URL.revokeObjectURL(url); canvas.toBlob(async (blob) => { if (blob) { await _downloadBlobHelper(blob, filename); resolve(); } else { reject(new Error('Failed to create blob from canvas')); } }, mimeType, format === 'jpeg' || format === 'jpg' ? 0.92 : 1.0); }; img.onerror = () => { URL.revokeObjectURL(url); reject(new Error('Failed to load SVG image')); }; img.src = url; }); }6c:T1249,function _downloadAsPdfHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename) { return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => { const rect = svg.getBoundingClientRect(); const width = rect.width || 900; const height = rect.height || 700; const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); const scale = 2; canvas.width = width * scale; canvas.height = height * scale; ctx.scale(scale, scale); ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); const svgString = new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(svg); const svgBlob = new Blob([svgString], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob); const img = new Image(); img.onload = async () => { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); URL.revokeObjectURL(url); try { const imgData = canvas.toDataURL('image/png'); let jsPDF; if (typeof window.jspdf !== 'undefined') { jsPDF = window.jspdf.jsPDF; } else { try { await new Promise((loadResolve, loadReject) => { if (document.querySelector('script[src*="jspdf"]')) { const checkInterval = setInterval(() => { if (typeof window.jspdf !== 'undefined') { clearInterval(checkInterval); loadResolve(); } }, 100); setTimeout(() => { clearInterval(checkInterval); if (typeof window.jspdf === 'undefined') { loadReject(new Error('jsPDF not available')); } }, 3000); } else { const script = document.createElement('script'); script.src = 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jspdf/2.5.1/jspdf.umd.min.js'; script.onload = () => { setTimeout(() => { if (typeof window.jspdf !== 'undefined') { loadResolve(); } else { loadReject(new Error('jsPDF failed to load')); } }, 100); }; script.onerror = () => loadReject(new Error('Failed to load jsPDF')); document.head.appendChild(script); } }); jsPDF = window.jspdf.jsPDF; } catch (loadError) { const printWindow = window.open('', '_blank'); if (printWindow) { printWindow.document.write(` Export Chart

`); printWindow.document.close(); resolve(); return; } } } if (jsPDF) { const widthMm = (width / 96) * 25.4; const heightMm = (height / 96) * 25.4; const pdf = new jsPDF({ orientation: width > height ? 'landscape' : 'portrait', unit: 'mm', format: [widthMm, heightMm] }); pdf.addImage(imgData, 'PNG', 0, 0, widthMm, heightMm); const pdfBlob = pdf.output('blob'); await _downloadBlobHelper(pdfBlob, filename); resolve(); } } catch (error) { canvas.toBlob(async (blob) => { if (blob) { await _downloadBlobHelper(blob, filename.replace('.pdf', '_high_quality.png')); resolve(); } else { reject(new Error('Failed to create blob from canvas')); } }, 'image/png', 1.0); } }; img.onerror = () => { URL.revokeObjectURL(url); reject(new Error('Failed to load SVG image')); }; img.src = url; }); } 6d:Tcd6,function _exportInterventionsChart(html,XMLSerializer,alert,_downloadBlobHelper,_downloadAsSvgHelper,_downloadAsPdfHelper,_downloadAsRasterHelper,_showNotificationHelper) { const findChart = () => { const cells = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.observablehq--cell')); let currentCellIndex = -1; for (let i = 0; i < cells.length; i++) { if (cells[i].contains(select)) { currentCellIndex = i; break; } } if (currentCellIndex > 0) { const prevCell = cells[currentCellIndex - 1]; return prevCell ? prevCell.querySelector('svg') : null; } return null; }; const downloadChart = async (format) => { await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 200)); const svg = findChart(); if (!svg) { const errorMsg = 'Chart not found. Please make sure the interventions chart is rendered above this export cell.'; console.error(errorMsg); _showNotificationHelper(html, errorMsg, true); throw new Error(errorMsg); } const timestamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `interventions-chart-${timestamp}.${format}`; try { if (format === 'svg') { await _downloadAsSvgHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename); } else if (format === 'pdf') { await _downloadAsPdfHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename); } else { await _downloadAsRasterHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename, format); } _showNotificationHelper(html, 'Export successful'); } catch (error) { console.error('Download failed:', error); _showNotificationHelper(html, `Download failed: ${error.message || error}`, true); throw error; // Re-throw so select doesn't reset } }; const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (format) { try { await downloadChart(format); // Only reset on success event.target.value = ''; } catch (error) { // Don't reset on error - let user see the error and try again console.error('Export error:', error); } } }; return html`

Export Interventions Chart:

${select}

• PNG: High quality raster image

• JPEG: Smaller file size

• SVG: Vector format (best quality, scalable)

• PDF: Document format

`; } 6e:Tcd7,function _exportMeanDiffChart(html,XMLSerializer,alert,_downloadBlobHelper,_downloadAsSvgHelper,_downloadAsPdfHelper,_downloadAsRasterHelper,_showNotificationHelper) { const findChart = () => { const cells = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.observablehq--cell')); let currentCellIndex = -1; for (let i = 0; i < cells.length; i++) { if (cells[i].contains(select)) { currentCellIndex = i; break; } } if (currentCellIndex > 0) { const prevCell = cells[currentCellIndex - 1]; return prevCell ? prevCell.querySelector('svg') : null; } return null; }; const downloadChart = async (format) => { await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 200)); const svg = findChart(); if (!svg) { const errorMsg = 'Chart not found. Please make sure the mean difference chart is rendered above this export cell.'; console.error(errorMsg); _showNotificationHelper(html, errorMsg, true); throw new Error(errorMsg); } const timestamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `mean-difference-chart-${timestamp}.${format}`; try { if (format === 'svg') { await _downloadAsSvgHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename); } else if (format === 'pdf') { await _downloadAsPdfHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename); } else { await _downloadAsRasterHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename, format); } _showNotificationHelper(html, 'Export successful'); } catch (error) { console.error('Download failed:', error); _showNotificationHelper(html, `Download failed: ${error.message || error}`, true); throw error; // Re-throw so select doesn't reset } }; const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (format) { try { await downloadChart(format); // Only reset on success event.target.value = ''; } catch (error) { // Don't reset on error - let user see the error and try again console.error('Export error:', error); } } }; return html`

Export Mean Difference Chart:

${select}

• PNG: High quality raster image

• JPEG: Smaller file size

• SVG: Vector format (best quality, scalable)

• PDF: Document format

`; } 6f:Tcbd,function _exportAEZDotChart(html,XMLSerializer,alert,_downloadBlobHelper,_downloadAsSvgHelper,_downloadAsPdfHelper,_downloadAsRasterHelper,_showNotificationHelper) { const findChart = () => { const cells = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.observablehq--cell')); let currentCellIndex = -1; for (let i = 0; i < cells.length; i++) { if (cells[i].contains(select)) { currentCellIndex = i; break; } } if (currentCellIndex > 0) { const prevCell = cells[currentCellIndex - 1]; return prevCell ? prevCell.querySelector('svg') : null; } return null; }; const downloadChart = async (format) => { await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 200)); const svg = findChart(); if (!svg) { const errorMsg = 'Chart not found. Please make sure the AEZ dot chart is rendered above this export cell.'; console.error(errorMsg); _showNotificationHelper(html, errorMsg, true); throw new Error(errorMsg); } const timestamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `aez-dot-chart-${timestamp}.${format}`; try { if (format === 'svg') { await _downloadAsSvgHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename); } else if (format === 'pdf') { await _downloadAsPdfHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename); } else { await _downloadAsRasterHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename, format); } _showNotificationHelper(html, 'Export successful'); } catch (error) { console.error('Download failed:', error); _showNotificationHelper(html, `Download failed: ${error.message || error}`, true); throw error; // Re-throw so select doesn't reset } }; const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (format) { try { await downloadChart(format); // Only reset on success event.target.value = ''; } catch (error) { // Don't reset on error - let user see the error and try again console.error('Export error:', error); } } }; return html`

Export AEZ Dot Chart:

${select}

• PNG: High quality raster image

• JPEG: Smaller file size

• SVG: Vector format (best quality, scalable)

• PDF: Document format

`; } 70:Tcd5,function _exportRiskBeeswarmChart(html,XMLSerializer,alert,_downloadBlobHelper,_downloadAsSvgHelper,_downloadAsPdfHelper,_downloadAsRasterHelper,_showNotificationHelper) { const findChart = () => { const cells = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.observablehq--cell')); let currentCellIndex = -1; for (let i = 0; i < cells.length; i++) { if (cells[i].contains(select)) { currentCellIndex = i; break; } } if (currentCellIndex > 0) { const prevCell = cells[currentCellIndex - 1]; return prevCell ? prevCell.querySelector('svg') : null; } return null; }; const downloadChart = async (format) => { await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 200)); const svg = findChart(); if (!svg) { const errorMsg = 'Chart not found. Please make sure the risk beeswarm chart is rendered above this export cell.'; console.error(errorMsg); _showNotificationHelper(html, errorMsg, true); throw new Error(errorMsg); } const timestamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `risk-beeswarm-chart-${timestamp}.${format}`; try { if (format === 'svg') { await _downloadAsSvgHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename); } else if (format === 'pdf') { await _downloadAsPdfHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename); } else { await _downloadAsRasterHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename, format); } _showNotificationHelper(html, 'Export successful'); } catch (error) { console.error('Download failed:', error); _showNotificationHelper(html, `Download failed: ${error.message || error}`, true); throw error; // Re-throw so select doesn't reset } }; const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (format) { try { await downloadChart(format); // Only reset on success event.target.value = ''; } catch (error) { // Don't reset on error - let user see the error and try again console.error('Export error:', error); } } }; return html`

Export Risk Beeswarm Chart:

${select}

• PNG: High quality raster image

• JPEG: Smaller file size

• SVG: Vector format (best quality, scalable)

• PDF: Document format

`; } 71:Tcc6,function _exportPracticesChart(html,XMLSerializer,alert,_downloadBlobHelper,_downloadAsSvgHelper,_downloadAsPdfHelper,_downloadAsRasterHelper,_showNotificationHelper) { const findChart = () => { const cells = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.observablehq--cell')); let currentCellIndex = -1; for (let i = 0; i < cells.length; i++) { if (cells[i].contains(select)) { currentCellIndex = i; break; } } if (currentCellIndex > 0) { const prevCell = cells[currentCellIndex - 1]; return prevCell ? prevCell.querySelector('svg') : null; } return null; }; const downloadChart = async (format) => { await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 200)); const svg = findChart(); if (!svg) { const errorMsg = 'Chart not found. Please make sure the practices chart is rendered above this export cell.'; console.error(errorMsg); _showNotificationHelper(html, errorMsg, true); throw new Error(errorMsg); } const timestamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `practices-chart-${timestamp}.${format}`; try { if (format === 'svg') { await _downloadAsSvgHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename); } else if (format === 'pdf') { await _downloadAsPdfHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename); } else { await _downloadAsRasterHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename, format); } _showNotificationHelper(html, 'Export successful'); } catch (error) { console.error('Download failed:', error); _showNotificationHelper(html, `Download failed: ${error.message || error}`, true); throw error; // Re-throw so select doesn't reset } }; const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (format) { try { await downloadChart(format); // Only reset on success event.target.value = ''; } catch (error) { // Don't reset on error - let user see the error and try again console.error('Export error:', error); } } }; return html`

Export Practices Chart:

${select}

• PNG: High quality raster image

• JPEG: Smaller file size

• SVG: Vector format (best quality, scalable)

• PDF: Document format

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label: _lang(td.Crop),\n format: (x) => x ? _lang(x.translation) : ''\n });\n }\n \n const data = [...new Set(data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_new\n .map((d) => d?.Crop)\n .filter((crop) => crop && typeof crop === 'string'))]\n .filter((d) => !d.includes('-001') && !d.includes('-002')) // Exclude sub-species from main dropdown\n .map((d) => {\n return { field: d, translation: td.Crop.values?.[d] };\n })\n .sort((a, b) => _lang(a.translation) > _lang(b.translation));\n return Inputs.select(data, {\n label: _lang(td.Crop),\n value: data.find(x => x.field == 'Maize'),\n format: (x) => _lang(x.translation)\n });\n}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5375,"value":"$4a","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5052,"value":"viewof radioSortDotPlotCrop_new = {\n const data = [\n {\n key: \"mean\",\n label: _lang(nbText.inputs.radioSort.fields.mean),\n channel: \"x\",\n reverse: true,\n },\n {\n key: \"observations\",\n label: _lang(nbText.inputs.radioSort.fields.observations),\n channel: \"nObs\",\n reverse: true,\n },\n {\n key: \"alpha\",\n label: _lang(nbText.inputs.radioSort.fields.alpha),\n channel: \"y\",\n reverse: false,\n },\n ]\n return Inputs.radio(data, { label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.sort), format: d => d.label, value: data.find(x => x.key === 'mean') });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5051,"value":"viewof toggleCIsCrop_new = {\n const data = [\n _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.inputs.toggleConfInt.fields.visible)\n ]\n return Inputs.checkbox(data, {\n label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.confidenceIntervals)\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5214,"value":"$4b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5562,"value":"$4c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5298,"value":"viewof selectPracticeMeanDiff = \n{\n const selectedCrop = selectCropMeanDiff_new.field;\n const selectedSubspecies = selectSubspeciesMeanDiff_new?.field;\n const filterCrop = selectedSubspecies || selectedCrop;\n \n const plotData = data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_new.filter(\n (d) => d.Crop === filterCrop\n );\n const practices = [...new Set(plotData.map((d) => d.Practice))]\n .map((d) => {\n return { field: d, translation: td.Practice.values?.[d] };\n })\n .sort((a, b) => _lang(a.translation) > _lang(b.translation));\n const nullValue = {\n field: null,\n translation: nbText.inputs.defaults.practice\n };\n const inputData = [nullValue, ...practices];\n return Inputs.select(inputData, {\n label: _lang(td.Practice),\n format: (x) => _lang(x.translation)\n });\n}\n\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5301,"value":"$4d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5049,"value":"md`### ${_lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.quickInsights)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5048,"value":"$4e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4746,"value":"## ${_lang(nbText.practicalImpact.meanCropDiffAEZ.h2)}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5210,"value":"md`${_lang(nbText.practicalImpact.meanCropDiffAEZ.blocks.opener1)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5047,"value":"viewof selectCropMeanDiffAEZ = {\n if (!data_meanDiff_aezPracticeCrop_new || !Array.isArray(data_meanDiff_aezPracticeCrop_new)) {\n return Inputs.select([], {\n label: _lang(td.Crop),\n format: (x) => x ? _lang(x.translation) : ''\n });\n }\n \n const data = [\n ...new Set(data_meanDiff_aezPracticeCrop_new\n .map((d) => d?.Crop)\n .filter((crop) => crop && typeof crop === 'string'))]\n .filter((d) => !d.includes('-001') && !d.includes('-002')) // Exclude sub-species from main dropdown\n .map((d) => {\n return { field: d, translation: td.Crop.values?.[d] };\n })\n .sort((a, b) => _lang(a.translation) > _lang(b.translation));\n return Inputs.select(data, {\n label: _lang(td.Crop),\n value: data.find((x) => x.field == \"Maize\"),\n format: (x) => _lang(x.translation)\n });\n}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5407,"value":"$4f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5046,"value":"viewof radioSortDotPlotCropAEZ_new = {\n const data = [\n {\n key: \"mean\",\n label: _lang(nbText.inputs.radioSort.fields.mean),\n channel: \"x\",\n reverse: true\n },\n {\n key: \"observations\",\n label: _lang(nbText.inputs.radioSort.fields.observations),\n channel: \"nObs\",\n reverse: true\n },\n {\n key: \"alpha\",\n label: _lang(nbText.inputs.radioSort.fields.alpha),\n channel: \"y\",\n reverse: false\n }\n ];\n return Inputs.radio(data, {\n label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.sort),\n format: (d) => d.label,\n value: data.find((x) => x.key === \"mean\")\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5045,"value":"viewof aezSelect_new = {\n // Use sub-species if selected, otherwise use parent crop\n const filterCrop = selectSubspeciesMeanDiffAEZ?.field || selectCropMeanDiffAEZ?.field;\n const data = data_meanDiff_aezPracticeCrop_new.filter(\n (d) => d.Crop === filterCrop\n );\n const aezNames = d3\n .groups(data, (d) => d.AEZ_Class_FAO)\n .map((d) => d[0])\n .sort();\n const options = aezNames.map((d) => ({\n field: d,\n translation: td.AEZ_Class_FAO.values?.[d]\n }));\n const nullValue = {\n field: null,\n translation: nbText.inputs.defaults.aez\n };\n const inputNames = [nullValue, ...options];\n return Inputs.select(inputNames, {\n label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.highlightAez),\n value: aezNames,\n format: x => _lang(x.translation)\n });\n}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5044,"value":"viewof toggleCIsCropAEZ_new = {\n const data = [\n _lang(nbText.practicalImpact.inputs.toggleConfInt.fields.visible)\n ];\n return Inputs.checkbox(data, {\n label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.confidenceIntervals)\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5043,"value":"$50","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5042,"value":"plotDotAEZ_new_legend = {return(\nplotDotAEZ_new.legend('color', {columns: 3})\n)}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5567,"value":"$51","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5323,"value":"viewof selectPracticeMeanDiffAEZ = \n{\n // Use sub-species if selected, otherwise use parent crop\n const filterCrop = selectSubspeciesMeanDiffAEZ?.field || selectCropMeanDiffAEZ?.field;\n \n const plotData = data_meanDiff_aezPracticeCrop_new.filter(\n (d) => d.Crop === filterCrop\n );\n const practices = [...new Set(plotData.map((d) => d.Practice))]\n .map((d) => {\n return { field: d, translation: td.Practice.values?.[d] };\n })\n .sort((a, b) => _lang(a.translation) > _lang(b.translation));\n const nullValue = {\n field: null,\n translation: nbText.inputs.defaults.practice\n };\n const inputData = [nullValue, ...practices];\n return Inputs.select(inputData, {\n label: _lang(td.Practice),\n format: (x) => _lang(x.translation)\n });\n}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5327,"value":"$52","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5041,"value":"md`### ${_lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.quickInsights)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5203,"value":"$53","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2999,"value":"md`# ${_lang(nbText.risks.h1)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3004,"value":"md`${_lang(nbText.risks.blocks.opener)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3854,"value":"// viewof selectPractice = {\n// const data = [null, ...data_lclRisk.map((d) => d.practice).sort()];\n// return Inputs.select(data, {\n// label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.highlightPractice),\n// unique: true,\n// value: null\n// });\n// }\nviewof selectPractice = {\n const data = d3\n .groups(\n data_lclRisk.map((d) => d.practice),\n (d) => d\n )\n .map((d) => d[0])\n .sort();\n const options = data.map((d) => {\n return { field: d, translation: td.Practice.values[d] };\n }).sort((a,b) => _lang(a.translation) > _lang(b.translation));\n const nullValue = {\n field: null,\n translation: nbText.inputs.defaults.practice\n };\n const inputData = [nullValue, ...options];\n return Inputs.select(inputData, {\n label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.highlightPractice),\n format: x => _lang(x.translation)\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3825,"value":"$54","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5573,"value":"$55","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5337,"value":"$56","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4848,"value":"headerQuickInsights = {\n return md`### ${_lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.quickInsights)}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4912,"value":"$57","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3015,"value":"md`# ${_lang(nbText.adoptionFactors.h1)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3021,"value":"md`${_lang(nbText.adoptionFactors.blocks.opener1)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5008,"value":"viewof dataAdoptionFactors_select = {\n const options = [...dataAdoptionFactorsMap.keys()]\n .map((d) => {\n return { field: d, translation: td.practices.values?.[d] };\n })\n .map((d) => {\n if (d.field == \"All practices\")\n return { ...d, translation: nbText.inputs.defaults.practice };\n return { ...d };\n });\n const sorted = [\n ...options\n .filter((d) => d.field == \"All practices\"),\n ...options\n .filter((d) => d.field !== \"All practices\")\n .sort((a, b) => _lang(a.translation) > _lang(b.translation))\n ];\n return Inputs.select(sorted, {\n label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.practice.singular),\n format: (x) => _lang(x.translation)\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5007,"value":"viewof radioSortAdoptionFactors = {\n const data = [\n {\n key: \"observations\",\n label: _lang(nbText.inputs.radioSort.fields.observations),\n channel: \"total\",\n reverse: true,\n },\n {\n key: \"alpha\",\n label: _lang(nbText.inputs.radioSort.fields.alpha),\n channel: \"y\",\n reverse: false,\n },\n ]\n return Inputs.radio(data, { label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.sortBars), format: d => d.label, value: data.find(x => x.key === 'observations') });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5622,"value":"viewof adoptionFactorsChartType =\n{\n return Inputs.radio(\n [\"bar\", \"line\"],\n {\n label: \"Chart Type\",\n format: (d) => d === \"bar\" ? \"Bar Chart\" : \"Line Chart\",\n value: \"bar\"\n }\n );\n}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5006,"value":"$58","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5586,"value":"$59","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5360,"value":"$5a","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5358,"value":"selectAdoptionFactor =\n{\n // Get unique factors from the current practice's data\n const plotData = dataAdoptionFactorsMap.get(dataAdoptionFactors_select.field);\n const uniqueFactors = [...new Set(plotData.map(d => d.factor))].sort();\n \n const options = uniqueFactors.map((d) => {\n return { field: d, translation: td.adoption_factors.values?.[d] };\n }).sort((a, b) => _lang(a.translation) > _lang(b.translation));\n \n const nullValue = {\n field: null,\n translation: { en: \"None\", am: \"ምንም\" }\n };\n \n const inputData = [nullValue, ...options];\n return Inputs.select(inputData, {\n label: _lang(nbText1.adoptionFactors.title),\n format: x => _lang(x.translation)\n });\n}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5005,"value":"md`### ${_lang(nbText.supportNbText.labels.quickInsights)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5004,"value":"$5b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3024,"value":"md`# ${_lang(nbText.summary.h1)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4946,"value":"md`${_lang(nbText.summary.blocks.opener1)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4945,"value":"md`${_lang(nbText.summary.blocks.opener2)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4944,"value":"// // dropdown of practices\n// viewof selectResourcePractice = {\n// const data = _.uniq(csaManuals.map(d => d.practice)).sort()\n// return Inputs.select(data, { label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.practice.singular), value: 'Inorganic Fertilizer' });\n// }\n\n// dropdown of practices\nviewof selectResourcePractice = {\n const data = _.uniq(csaManuals.map((d) => d.practice))\n .map((d) => {\n return { field: d, translation: td.summaryPractices.values?.[d] };\n })\n .sort((a, b) => _lang(a.translation) > _lang(b.translation));\n\n return Inputs.select(data, {\n label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.practice.singular),\n format: x => _lang(x.translation),\n value: data.find(x => x.field == \"Inorganic Fertilizer\")\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4943,"value":"html`${csaResourceHtml}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5368,"value":"$5c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5185,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methodsSources.h1)\n return md`# ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5184,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methodsSources.intro)\n return md` ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5183,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methodsSources.h2DataSources)\n return md`## ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5182,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methodsSources.h2DataSourcesSubsection)\n return md` ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5181,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methodsSources.h2Methods)\n return md`## ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5180,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methodsSources.h3Era)\n return md`### ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5179,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methodsSources.h3EraSubsection)\n return md` ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":49,"value":"***\n# Appendix\nThis large section includes all the cells that power the notebook.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1258,"value":"---\n## Work by Topic\n*Cells that power different sections*","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1747,"value":"---\n### Notebook Variables\n_Main variables across notebook_","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1746,"value":"// main title of the notebook\nnotebookTitle = \"Discover Solutions\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5177,"value":"**Language and notebook text**","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5176,"value":"import { Lang } from \"9d356dc4e71e8295\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5175,"value":"Lang","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5174,"value":"languages = [\n { key: \"en\", label: \"English\", locale: 'en-US' },\n { key: \"am\", label: \"አማርኛ\", locale: 'am-ET' },\n {key: \"or\", label: \"Afaan Oromoo\", locale: 'or-ET'},\n {key: \"ti\", label: \"ትግርኛ\", locale: 'ti-ET'},\n {key: \"so\", label: \"Soomaali\", locale: 'so-ET'},\n {key: \"af\", label: \"Qafar af\", locale: 'af-ET'}\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5173,"value":"// get the default language key from parameter, or use default\ndefaultLangKey = {\n const name = \"lang\";\n const list = languages.map((d) => d.key);\n const defaultKey = \"en\";\n\n const queryParam = await Lang.getParamFromList({ name, list });\n\n return queryParam ?? defaultKey;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5172,"value":"// helper shorthand for Lang text-getting\n_lang = Lang.lg(language.key)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5171,"value":"// main toggle of language key\nviewof language = Inputs.radio(languages, {\n label: \"Main language toggle\",\n format: (d) => d.key,\n value: languages.find((x) => x.key === defaultLangKey),\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5630,"value":"$5d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5687,"value":"$5e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5692,"value":"$5f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5641,"value":"$60","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5637,"value":"$61","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5650,"value":"$62","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5170,"value":"$63","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5169,"value":"$64","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5341,"value":"$65","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4739,"value":"---\n### Notebook Styling\n*styling helpers*\nStylesheet is a named cell, which is necessary to include for embeds.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4738,"value":"**CSS styling**","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4737,"value":"viewof toggleCustomStyling = Inputs.toggle({label: \"Use custom styling\", value: true})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4736,"value":"$66","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4735,"value":"**Table of Contents**","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4734,"value":"$67","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4733,"value":"---\n### Dev notes\nHelper to include dev notes, but keep them out of sight","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4732,"value":"function makeDevNotes({\n // adding dev notes as a html summary (collapsible)\n title = \"Plot dev notes\",\n emojis = \"👆🛠\",\n text = md`Update this text using the \\`text\\` field.`\n} = {}) {\n return htl.html`

${title} ${emojis}

${text}

${system}: ${d.title}

`;\n });\n\n return `${systemWord}\n

${htmlList.join(\n \"\"\n )}`;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4444,"value":"### Mean Difference Data (workbook data)\nFrom excel sheet, unpack different tabs\n- Crop choices are backend values for crops with at least 10 studies (20 crops)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4839,"value":"// list of crops to show for mean difference (study cutoff)\nmeanDiffCropList = [\n 'Maize',\n 'Cowpea',\n 'Sorghum',\n 'Rice',\n 'Pearl Millet',\n 'Cassava or Yuca',\n 'Common Bean',\n 'Groundnut',\n 'Soybean',\n 'Wheat',\n 'Tomato',\n 'Potato',\n 'Yam',\n 'Cotton',\n 'Sugar Cane',\n 'Okra',\n 'Sweet Potato',\n 'Teff',\n 'Pigeon Pea',\n 'Sesame Seed',\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4898,"value":"Define a global crop selector for mean difference crop choices","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4897,"value":"// shared column for mean difference dot plots\nviewof selectCropMeanDiff = Inputs.select(meanDiffCropList, {label: \"Crop\", unique: true, sort: true, value: 'Maize'})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4443,"value":"// read excel sheet\n// workbook_meanDifference = FileAttachment(\"Mean_yield_difference.xlsx\").xlsx()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5256,"value":"$69","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5371,"value":"data_meanDiff_practiceCrop_subspecies =\n{\n try {\n const raw = await FileAttachment(\"crop_subspecies.csv\").csv({typed: true});\n \n if (!raw || !Array.isArray(raw)) {\n \n return [];\n }\n \n const mapped = raw.map(d => {\n return {\n Practice: d['Practice'],\n Crop: d['Crop'],\n N_Obs: d['N_Obs'],\n N_Pub: d[\"N_Pub\"],\n Mean_Treatment: d[\"Mean_T\"],\n Mean_Control: d[\"Mean_C\"],\n Mean_Difference: d[\"Mean_Difference\"],\n Se: d['Se'],\n Lower: d[\"Lower\"],\n Upper: d[\"Upper\"],\n }\n });\n \n \n const uniqueCrops = [...new Set(mapped.map(d => d.Crop))];\n \n \n return mapped;\n } catch (error) {\n \n return [];\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2834,"value":"### Data import functions","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2835,"value":"// TRUE or FALSE strings (from R), otherwise null\nparseBool = (d) => {\n if (d === \"TRUE\") return true;\n if (d === \"FALSE\") return false;\n else return null;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2837,"value":"// Parsing numbers, blank strings as NaN's\nparseNum = (d) => {\n if (typeof d === \"number\" && !isNaN(d)) return d;\n return d.trim() === \"\" ? NaN : +d;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4835,"value":"### Formatting functions","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4834,"value":"// format number, long notation\nformatNumCompactLong = function (number, { locale = \"en-US\" } = {}) {\n return new Intl.NumberFormat(locale, {\n notation: \"compact\",\n compactDisplay: \"long\",\n unitDisplay: \"long\"\n }).format(number);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5162,"value":"// format number\nformatNumStandard = function (number, { locale = \"en-US\" } = {}) {\n return new Intl.NumberFormat(locale, {}).format(number);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4833,"value":"// format number, 2 decimal places\nformatNum = d3.format(\".2f\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4894,"value":"formatComma = d3.format(',')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4832,"value":"### Color Scales","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4831,"value":"colorYellowGreen = [\"#F7D732\", \"#216729\"]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":264,"value":"***\n## Imports\n*External imports*","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":265,"value":"import {toc} from \"@nebrius/indented-toc\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1240,"value":"import {T} from \"@pbeshai/tidyjs\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5014,"value":"{\n const text = `### v1.1.0: adding language conversion\n- language toggle \n\n### v1.0.1: adding M&S\n- Adding methods and sources\n - need to use html for one link with parens\n - use LaTeX for formula\n\n### v1.0 transfer\n- remove older chart code\n\n### v0.11 Data Update\n- Adding updated data sources\n`;\n\n const newestVersion = text.split('###')\n .filter(d => d)\n .map(d => d.trim())\n ?.[0]\n .split('\\n')\n ?.[0]\n\n return makeDevNotes({\n text: md`${text}`,\n title: newestVersion ?? \"Dev notes\",\n emojis: \"🪵✏️\"\n })\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5434,"value":"$6a","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5459,"value":"exportAEZDotChart2 = \n{\n // Export for _plotDotAEZ_new function (AEZ dot plot)\n // Uses specific detection for dot plot with color legend\n return exportChart(null, 'aez-dot-chart', {\n label: 'Export AEZ Dot Chart',\n // Specific characteristics for _plotDotAEZ_new: dot plot with top axis, color legend, width ~900\n chartCharacteristics: {\n isHorizontalBar: false,\n hasTopAxis: true,\n minWidth: 800,\n maxWidth: 1000,\n hasDots: true,\n hasColorLegend: true\n }\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5480,"value":"function _downloadBlobHelper(blob, filename) {\n return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {\n try {\n const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);\n const a = document.createElement('a');\n a.href = url;\n a.download = filename;\n a.style.display = 'none';\n document.body.appendChild(a);\n setTimeout(() => {\n a.click();\n setTimeout(() => {\n document.body.removeChild(a);\n URL.revokeObjectURL(url);\n resolve();\n }, 100);\n }, 10);\n } catch (error) {\n reject(error);\n }\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5482,"value":"function _downloadAsSvgHelper(_downloadBlobHelper, svg, filename) {\n const clone = svg.cloneNode(true);\n const serializer = new XMLSerializer();\n const svgString = serializer.serializeToString(clone);\n const blob = new Blob([svgString], { type: 'image/svg+xml' });\n return _downloadBlobHelper(blob, filename);\n}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5485,"value":"$6b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5488,"value":"$6c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5490,"value":"function _showNotificationHelper(html, message, isError = false) {\n const notification = html`

${message}

`;\n \n document.body.appendChild(notification);\n setTimeout(() => {\n if (notification.parentNode) {\n notification.parentNode.removeChild(notification);\n }\n }, isError ? 5000 : 3000);\n}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5492,"value":"$6d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5496,"value":"$6e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5499,"value":"$6f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5502,"value":"$70","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5505,"value":"$71","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5600,"value":"import {usdToEtbExchangeRate} from \"4cb12a271c3cdd5b\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5615,"value":"import {formatCurrencyToBirr} from \"4cb12a271c3cdd5b\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5618,"value":"import {convertToTLU} from \"4cb12a271c3cdd5b\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W72","stdlib":"1"}} 46:"$45:body"