25:["$","title",null,{"children":"Module 01 Introduction to Stereochemistry | OrganChem | Observable"}] 49:T74d, • A dashed wedge or broken line - it represents bond projection away from the observer or below the plane of paper. 4a:T58e8,![Wedge example.PNG](data:image/png;base64,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)4b:Tebe, **Check your understanding 1** 1. Study the following flying wedge formula and answer the questions. a. The bond to which atom/group is towards the observer? b. The bonds to which atoms/groups are on the plane of the paper? c. The bond to which atom/group is below the plane of the paper? 3. Lactic acid has the groups, ($\ce{CH3}$), ($\ce{OH}$), ($\ce{H}$) and ($\ce{COOH}$) attached to a carbon atom. Draw a structure of lactic acid in the flying-wedge projection. 4c:Tcb08,### Fischer Projection [VIDEO](https://youtu.be/sam8CdN-bfs) Fischer projection provide an easy way to draw three-dimensional molecule on two-dimensional paper and all the bonds are drawn as solid lines around asymmetric carbon atom. The Fischer rules for showing the arrangement around asymmetric carbon are as follows - The carbon chain of the compound is projected vertically, with the most oxidized carbon at the top or place the carbon number one at the top. - The chiral carbon atom lies in the plane of the paper and usually omitted. The intersection of cross lines represents asymmetric carbon. - The horizontal bonds attached to the chiral carbon are considered to be above the plane of paper or point towards the observer. - The vertical bonds attached to the chiral carbon are considered to be below the plane of paper or point away from the observer. The following steps show the conversion of flying wedge projection of Lactic acid to the Fischer projection. a. Hold the molecule so that - the chiral center is on the plane of the paper, - two bonds are coming out of the plane of the paper are on a horizontal plane, - the two remaining bonds are going into the plane of the paper and are on a vertical plane - hold the molecule from top as shown and rotate by 90 ̊ - Push the two bonds coming out of the plane of the paper onto the plane of the paper. - Pull the two bonds going into the plane of the paper onto the plane of the paper. - Omit the chiral atom symbol for convenience. ***Tip for interconversion of flying wedge to Fischer projection Bonds which are in plane in the flying wedge point away from the viewer and are written in the vertical of Fischer projection. The other two bonds are written on the horizontal. NOTE: Remember that Fischer projection always represents the molecule in its eclipsed form. *** 4d:T2cc7,**Check your understanding 2** 1. State true or false a. In a Fischer projection, bonds written on the vertical are those that come towards the observer. b. Bonds shown in plane in a flying wedge projection are written on the horizontal of Fischer projection. 2. Convert the following a. to Fischer projection b. to flying wedge 4. Convert the following bond-line structures to the corresponding Fischer projection. 4e:T4b0,### Sawhorse Projection The Sawhorse projection indicates the spatial arrangement of all the groups on two adjacent carbon atoms. The bond between the two adjacent carbons is represented by a long line which is tilted at an angle of 45 ̊. Three lines, at an angle of 120 ̊ to one another, are attached to each carbon. Each of these lines correspond to a bond. ![](${await FileAttachment("Sawhorse1.png").url()}) Conversion of Sawhorse projection to Fischer and Newmann projection. To convert a staggered Sawhorse projection to the Fischer projection, it is first converted to an eclipsed projection. It is then held in the vertical plane in such a manner that the two groups pointing upwards are away from the viewer, i.e., both these groups are shown on the vertical line. Such a conversion for 2,3-dibromobutane is shown. ![](${await FileAttachment("Sawhorse2.png").url()}) To convert Sawhorse projection to Newman projection, the molecule is viewed from front carbon (the central $\ce{C-C}$ bond being invisible) to get the staggered Newman projection. The rear carbon is rotated by 180 ̊ to get eclipsed Newman projection. ![](${await FileAttachment("Sawhorse3.png").url()}) 4f:Tbf5,**Configurational isomerism** See [VIDEO](https://youtu.be/3Ya7I-oDGU0) This is a phenomenon in which stereoisomers differ in the orientation of atoms or groups in space. Configurational isomers are of two types – Geometric and those that contain chirality centres. **Geometric isomers** (also called cis–trans isomers) result from restricted rotation. Restricted rotation can be caused either by a double bond or by a cyclic structure. As a result of the restricted rotation about a carbon–carbon double bond, an alkene such as 2-pentene can exist as cis and trans isomers. The **cis isomer** has the hydrogens on the *same side* of the double bond, whereas the **trans isomer** has the hydrogens on *opposite sides* of the double bond. ![](${await FileAttachment("Isomerism2.png").url()}) Cyclic compounds can also have cis and trans isomers. The cis isomer has the hydrogens on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomer has the hydrogens on opposite sides of the ring. ![](${await FileAttachment("Isomerism3.png").url()}) **Isomers with chirality centres** Molecules or objects which have right and left-handed forms are said to be chiral. Chirality is a property of an entire object and a chiral object has a *nonsuperimposable mirror image*. That means its mirror image is not the same as itself. Objects that are not chiral are said to be **achiral**. An achiral object has a *superimposable mirror image*. The most common cause of chirality in molecules is the presence of an asymmetric carbon. An **asymmetric carbon** is a carbon atom that is bonded to four different groups. The asymmetric carbon in 4-octanol is indicated by an asterisk. ![](${await FileAttachment("Isomerism4.png").url()}) Only $sp^3$ hybridized carbons can be asymmetric. The $sp^2$ and $sp$ hybridized carbons cannot be asymmetric carbons because they cannot have four groups attached to them. An asymmetric carbon is also known as a **chirality center**. Atoms other than carbon, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, can also be chirality centers - when they are bonded to four different atoms or groups. However, molecules without a chiral carbon can also be asymmetric if they have a chiral axis or a chiral plane. Such molecules will be introduced later. These compounds react differently with a type of light known as plane polarized light. Hence this stereoisomerism is also known as **optical isomerism**. **Conformational isomerism** See [VIDEO](https://youtu.be/E52oU-pwDxY) A carbon–carbon single bond is formed when an orbital of one carbon overlaps an orbital of a second carbon. Because bonds are cylindrically symmetrical, rotation about a carbon–carbon single bond can occur without any change in the amount of orbital overlap. The different spatial arrangements of the atoms that result from rotation about a single bond are called **conformations**. A specific conformation is called a **conformer** and the phenomenon is called as **conformational isomerism**. These isomers cannot be separated from each other. 50:[{"id":"f888c447cde0085ecaaea8e01f58979459b23eac2d764ff27040b404fcce08fd8b510f4eb0ea63ea0a78d57a5a9c926f238f4ca00e945ffa065b2e6385966349","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/f888c447cde0085ecaaea8e01f58979459b23eac2d764ff27040b404fcce08fd8b510f4eb0ea63ea0a78d57a5a9c926f238f4ca00e945ffa065b2e6385966349","name":"Fischer.cdxml","type":"application/xml","lastModified":1682543546440.382,"size":47787},{"id":"7910c3d9e0e3ca3a43f6009b2eec3ff9e6c7ebe1c750178e0177cfe321c44f969fc35775e3ee14830cd5fcb6527809949a1f4b9c696b504f59b7ce531b7778ef","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/7910c3d9e0e3ca3a43f6009b2eec3ff9e6c7ebe1c750178e0177cfe321c44f969fc35775e3ee14830cd5fcb6527809949a1f4b9c696b504f59b7ce531b7778ef","name":"Newmann1.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544198101.911,"size":17509},{"id":"74d630c5c4d15513cb4173c9e617edf3004814aaaa114b927062a3a3a1a35412bc592af85db2d7c031f1803031d5c8742d7dc3e5f27f86e68f3e7718c3c3fdc8","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/74d630c5c4d15513cb4173c9e617edf3004814aaaa114b927062a3a3a1a35412bc592af85db2d7c031f1803031d5c8742d7dc3e5f27f86e68f3e7718c3c3fdc8","name":"Newmann2.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544204281.212,"size":18421},{"id":"671d117df0a59ba004c6a87f52c5084431533044087875ea92a71a61d24a5d7b38b0fea64b19fb216bf89eec766ff28849463b4fe84c526b20b427664ca15b01","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/671d117df0a59ba004c6a87f52c5084431533044087875ea92a71a61d24a5d7b38b0fea64b19fb216bf89eec766ff28849463b4fe84c526b20b427664ca15b01","name":"Newmann3.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544427861.957,"size":14929},{"id":"6749221b6c252c8bd0cf27b4c1203ddf66a5f832ccd56c09d74f2b803b9d33cba4a94cb692dc6102edb2689d8c4d6f34f0a1fdc63563560545ac5f2e6f9e6cd7","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/6749221b6c252c8bd0cf27b4c1203ddf66a5f832ccd56c09d74f2b803b9d33cba4a94cb692dc6102edb2689d8c4d6f34f0a1fdc63563560545ac5f2e6f9e6cd7","name":"Newmann4.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544465666.802,"size":4610},{"id":"3bbd05df2e91f5d1b5ee54d87c07775bab238d407aa4fb28bdd194b024265fecd70b0b22acd1755eacf2cb2b4ba1cbedf35d98d4a1e1dad84b88fdd0e012c035","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/3bbd05df2e91f5d1b5ee54d87c07775bab238d407aa4fb28bdd194b024265fecd70b0b22acd1755eacf2cb2b4ba1cbedf35d98d4a1e1dad84b88fdd0e012c035","name":"Newmann5.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544533794.393,"size":8043},{"id":"48a3829b81cf44ea8276e4667318baa65498d48e12b5985f31cea695556c6a1b0f244540f6c83495dc3eb73fb6f02cf615f982b4ae19cbefa23e7a09595202a6","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/48a3829b81cf44ea8276e4667318baa65498d48e12b5985f31cea695556c6a1b0f244540f6c83495dc3eb73fb6f02cf615f982b4ae19cbefa23e7a09595202a6","name":"Newmann6.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544537858.213,"size":3359},{"id":"75db2f902deca9a3e65a51c4c158e9acade69e02f824e69361ea0307a61adde8e0fc05afced59481c89f0abfd9689e4ef6aafe36911608dec43774d66f90d7e0","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/75db2f902deca9a3e65a51c4c158e9acade69e02f824e69361ea0307a61adde8e0fc05afced59481c89f0abfd9689e4ef6aafe36911608dec43774d66f90d7e0","name":"image.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544559155.842,"size":3170},{"id":"7738c49a403d08697e01bad02b2ff177d9c576dcd27c2f9189cf97c9c54d5871de9d6db1eedd0139bfa7957825c4f374a25a6910afb5a538e605f3446d1e41df","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/7738c49a403d08697e01bad02b2ff177d9c576dcd27c2f9189cf97c9c54d5871de9d6db1eedd0139bfa7957825c4f374a25a6910afb5a538e605f3446d1e41df","name":"Sawhorse3.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544682282.384,"size":16464},{"id":"2fa2d51b8d3a9ddf2788ab3cf7d845551f6034cece933a8d64e0a8d7418baa1acf578c7f40b59e0d2086710051bdb3fdf49cb99d00708b1916bfd0c1752f3aff","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/2fa2d51b8d3a9ddf2788ab3cf7d845551f6034cece933a8d64e0a8d7418baa1acf578c7f40b59e0d2086710051bdb3fdf49cb99d00708b1916bfd0c1752f3aff","name":"Sawhorse4.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544682120.857,"size":1477},{"id":"934222b8a30755279fec56c7283828130235c94c2184facf0a0fcc339c5ddfe225580f348a4591c4dbb786ae27e2ebc0663638c8a5d1c2fe5dcdd53a8a56fd75","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/934222b8a30755279fec56c7283828130235c94c2184facf0a0fcc339c5ddfe225580f348a4591c4dbb786ae27e2ebc0663638c8a5d1c2fe5dcdd53a8a56fd75","name":"Sawhorse1.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544682121.075,"size":16295},{"id":"7cf5d3fb0c9512dff607eeafe940d5d4fcb3b0ba03d6f4498f1ce115e143b17b577a4adbeedf9d23c8f42608ed0847c62bd99ae1520866469c819c871ce47001","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/7cf5d3fb0c9512dff607eeafe940d5d4fcb3b0ba03d6f4498f1ce115e143b17b577a4adbeedf9d23c8f42608ed0847c62bd99ae1520866469c819c871ce47001","name":"Sawhorse2.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544682111.995,"size":9585},{"id":"3d3e84f9ce3d7d6721cf428f301b73ef97eda4528c7666343beb29d40725d75fc5ddedb017f824bac989ddbddf9dd108959dbdd7278e478d4f919d384f33c543","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/3d3e84f9ce3d7d6721cf428f301b73ef97eda4528c7666343beb29d40725d75fc5ddedb017f824bac989ddbddf9dd108959dbdd7278e478d4f919d384f33c543","name":"image@1.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544698760.331,"size":15975},{"id":"3d3e84f9ce3d7d6721cf428f301b73ef97eda4528c7666343beb29d40725d75fc5ddedb017f824bac989ddbddf9dd108959dbdd7278e478d4f919d384f33c543","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/3d3e84f9ce3d7d6721cf428f301b73ef97eda4528c7666343beb29d40725d75fc5ddedb017f824bac989ddbddf9dd108959dbdd7278e478d4f919d384f33c543","name":"image@2.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544732804.057,"size":15975},{"id":"3d3e84f9ce3d7d6721cf428f301b73ef97eda4528c7666343beb29d40725d75fc5ddedb017f824bac989ddbddf9dd108959dbdd7278e478d4f919d384f33c543","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/3d3e84f9ce3d7d6721cf428f301b73ef97eda4528c7666343beb29d40725d75fc5ddedb017f824bac989ddbddf9dd108959dbdd7278e478d4f919d384f33c543","name":"image@3.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544753857.577,"size":15975},{"id":"3d3e84f9ce3d7d6721cf428f301b73ef97eda4528c7666343beb29d40725d75fc5ddedb017f824bac989ddbddf9dd108959dbdd7278e478d4f919d384f33c543","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/3d3e84f9ce3d7d6721cf428f301b73ef97eda4528c7666343beb29d40725d75fc5ddedb017f824bac989ddbddf9dd108959dbdd7278e478d4f919d384f33c543","name":"image@4.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682544794807.443,"size":15975},{"id":"5e47d7cda002a8e2f92e5d2644573d29808d9ebd19e3486ea715cd236691cc0b82effb1525b5859e6ec3294350c945550f36299541734aa21c3601008dbeda0d","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/5e47d7cda002a8e2f92e5d2644573d29808d9ebd19e3486ea715cd236691cc0b82effb1525b5859e6ec3294350c945550f36299541734aa21c3601008dbeda0d","name":"Isomerism4.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682779660793.867,"size":9767},{"id":"ad275d5f8451711c47ee566aad863e1cca30f435496be5cfcdc0bc4c18ec88cd9b24bc49e5e2549c428af23c7bb1f52922f7fae924b717e9ba43bab84013d198","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/ad275d5f8451711c47ee566aad863e1cca30f435496be5cfcdc0bc4c18ec88cd9b24bc49e5e2549c428af23c7bb1f52922f7fae924b717e9ba43bab84013d198","name":"Isomerism3.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682779660840.602,"size":9295},{"id":"f3d617add8ee4c0675e048b424ea690e7821fb0c68403d4c78a647524a350cb7a8792bb832c517583327b6dcf547f74327fde41cf7fad1def1c99db4a79f5788","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/f3d617add8ee4c0675e048b424ea690e7821fb0c68403d4c78a647524a350cb7a8792bb832c517583327b6dcf547f74327fde41cf7fad1def1c99db4a79f5788","name":"Isomerism1.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682779660851.088,"size":8723},{"id":"0ec1a9044259e5aa8e21c3b9bbe6e01c879fe82802dd5e1e3bf6e4bc883e565759e2a81373141bf1b598bd8dae2de5cacfbf13d3122dbcdf2a68bc52aaafa3bd","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/0ec1a9044259e5aa8e21c3b9bbe6e01c879fe82802dd5e1e3bf6e4bc883e565759e2a81373141bf1b598bd8dae2de5cacfbf13d3122dbcdf2a68bc52aaafa3bd","name":"Isomerism2.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1682779660891.112,"size":18624}] 29:{"id":"37946eee20edee27","slug":null,"title":"Module 01 Introduction to Stereochemistry","thumbnail":"ffc300430e83dce3136f6724b52d804bf316fe474fbcc587a0d4321e3baa560c","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2023-03-07T16:55:16.897Z","update_time":"$D2023-05-04T16:22:29.589Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2023-03-07T16:55:16.897Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":true,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"413d80f47db57e44","login":"organchem","name":"OrganChem","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/a6bcbd733d16171eb1b0884f56a848d39052524bbdeac3f0f495d866031181f0","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"Organic Chemistry education team","followed_by_you":false,"follows_you":false},"version":290,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"88283d69e9fc2fe9","login":"yuwang","name":"Yu Wang","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/65bf9b9dfeacc117351e386728523834c1c0beb4bf838d82678844a0aea65ecb","tier":null,"bio":"","followed_by_you":false,"follows_you":false}],"members":[{"type":"team","id":"413d80f47db57e44","login":"organchem","name":"OrganChem","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/a6bcbd733d16171eb1b0884f56a848d39052524bbdeac3f0f495d866031181f0","tier":"starter_2024","role":"editor"},{"type":"individual","id":"88283d69e9fc2fe9","login":"yuwang","name":"Yu Wang","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/65bf9b9dfeacc117351e386728523834c1c0beb4bf838d82678844a0aea65ecb","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":1,"collection":{"id":"1199aa0ef269999f","slug":"organchem","title":"Stereochemistry","owner":{"id":"413d80f47db57e44","login":"organchem","name":"OrganChem"}},"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"Module 01 Introduction to Stereochemistry","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# Module 01 Introduction to Stereochemistry","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":12,"value":"front","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":31,"value":"---","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":23,"value":"## 1.1 Projection formulae and their interconversions\n\nStereochemistry is the study of molecules in three dimensions. In order to understand three dimensional molecules, different representations, known as projection formulae, can be used for their depiction on paper. There are mainly four types of representations of organic molecules in three dimensions: Flying – wedge, Fischer, Sawhorse and Newman projections.\n\n[General ways of representation of organic molecules](https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-potsdam-organicchemistry/chapter/1-3-representing-structures/#:~:text=The%20different%20ways%20to%20draw,of%20drawing%20is%20named%20what)\n### Flying Wedge projection\n\nThe Flying-wedge or the wedge-dash projection is the most widely used three-dimensional representation of a molecule on a two-dimensional surface (paper). This kind of representation is usually done for molecule containing chiral centre. In this type of representation three types of lines are used.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":25,"value":" •\tA solid wedge or thick line - it represents bond projection towards the observer or above the plane of paper. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":45,"value":"\n•\tA continuous line or ordinary line - it represents bond in the plane of paper. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":47,"value":"$49","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":49,"value":"$4a","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":222,"value":"Additional Reading\n\nDashed-wedged line structure","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":83,"value":"$4b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":114,"value":"$4c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":202,"value":"Additional Reading\n\nFischer projection","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":273,"value":"$4d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":119,"value":"### Newmann Projection\n[VIDEO 1](https://youtu.be/IkmM4CPnqF0)\n\n[VIDEO 2](https://youtu.be/ryJvNEHcuDg)\n\nNewman devised a very simple method of projecting three dimensional formulas. In these formulae, the molecule is viewed from the front or along the axis of a carbon-carbon bond making it a very useful way to visualize the stereochemistry of molecules. The front atom is represented by the intersection of three lines (a dot) and the back atom as a circle. This type of representation clearly illustrates the specific dihedral angle between the front and rear atoms.\n\n![](${await FileAttachment('Newmann1.png').url()})\n\nNewmann projection for n-butane can be represented as follows\n\n![](${await FileAttachment('Newmann2.png').url()})\n \nThese different arrangements (conformations) arise due to free rotation around the single bond.\n\nConversion of Fischer projection to Newmann projection.\n\n![](${await FileAttachment('Newmann3.png').url()})\n\n![](${await FileAttachment('Newmann4.png').url()})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":121,"value":"**Check your understanding 3**\n\n1.\tDraw a Newman projection, looking down the $\\ce{C2-C3}$ bond, of 1-butene in the conformation shown below ($\\ce{C2}$ should be your *front carbon*).\n\n![](${await FileAttachment(\"Newmann5.png\").url()})\n \n3.\tConvert the following Newmann projection to Fischer and flying wedge projections.\n\n![](${await FileAttachment(\"Newmann6.png\").url()})\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":124,"value":"$4e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":129,"value":"**Check your understanding 4**\n1.\tDraw the sawhorse projection of n-hexane. (Draw the $\\ce{C3-C4}$ using a long line at an angle of 45 ̊ to the plane of the paper)\n2.\tConvert the following bond-line structures to the corresponding Sawhorse projection.\n\n![](${await FileAttachment(\"Sawhorse4.png\").url()})\n\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":235,"value":"## 1.2 Stereoisomerism and its types","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":237,"value":"### Isomerism\n\nOrganic compounds exhibit the phenomenon of isomerism. It is a phenomenon in which molecules with the same composition of atoms exhibit different properties. If these differences are due to different connectivity of atoms, then it belongs to the class of constitutional isomerism. However, molecules having the **same composition of atoms and same connectivity between them** may exhibit differences in their properties because the atoms differ in the three-dimensional arrangements in space. This phenomenon is called as stereoisomerism. Thus, isomers fall into two main classes: *constitutional isomers* and *stereoisomers*.\n\nSee [VIDEO](https://youtu.be/457xnJv80O0)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":239,"value":"**Constitutional isomers** differ in the way their atoms are connected. For example, ethanol and dimethyl ether are constitutional isomers because they have the same molecular formula, but the atoms in each compound are connected differently. The oxygen in ethanol is bonded to a carbon and to a hydrogen, whereas the oxygen in dimethyl ether is bonded to two carbons.\n\n![](${await FileAttachment(\"Isomerism1.png\").url()})\n\t\t\t \nHowever, the atoms in stereoisomers are connected in the same way. **Stereoisomers** differ in the way their atoms are arranged in space. There are two kinds of stereoisomers: **configurational and conformational.**\n\n(A sneak peek into classification of isomers\nhttp://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch07/isomers_master.gif) \n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":241,"value":"### Types of stereoisomerism\n\nThere are two types of stereoisomerism viz -\n\n a. Configurational isomerism \n b. Conformational isomerism ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":244,"value":"$4f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":247,"value":"**Check your understanding 5**\n\nChoose the appropriate words from the following list and complete the following statements by filling in the blanks.\n\n**Conformational, constitutional, geometric, optical**\n1.\t1-butene and 2-butene are _______________ isomers.\n2.\tCis and trans forms of 2-butene are __________________ isomers.\n3.\t__________________ isomers may or may not have an asymmetric carbon.\n4.\t__________________ isomers cannot be separated from one another.\n\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":249,"value":" Sources\n1.\thttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomerism (public domain)\n2.\thttps://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Chirality_and_Stereoisomers\n(Chirality and Stereoisomers is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Libre Texts.)\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":28,"value":"---","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7,"value":"cssstyle","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":10,"value":"logo","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":14,"value":"after","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"import {\n front,\n cssstyle,\n MathJax,\n after,\n logo\n} from \"@yuwang/organicchemistry_imports\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":103,"value":"MathJax","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W50","stdlib":"1"}} 24:null