25:["$","title",null,{"children":"The cost of college in the US | FR2007 - CIST | Observable"}] 49:T4e5,chart = { const svg = d3.select(DOM.svg(width, height)) .style("-webkit-tap-highlight-color", "transparent") .style("overflow", "visible"); svg.append("g") .call(xAxis); svg.append("g") .call(yAxis); svg.append("path") .datum(data_enroll) .attr("fill", "none") .attr("stroke", "steelblue") .attr("stroke-width", 1.5) .attr("stroke-linejoin", "round") .attr("stroke-linecap", "round") .attr("d", line).call(transition); svg.append("path") .datum(data_loan) .attr("fill", "none") .attr("stroke", "red") .attr("stroke-width", 3) .attr("stroke-linejoin", "round") .attr("stroke-linecap", "round") .attr("d", line).call(transition); const tooltip = svg.append("g"); svg.on("touchmove mousemove", function() { const {date, value} = bisect(d3.mouse(this)[0]); tooltip .attr("transform", `translate(${x(date)},${y(value)})`) .call(callout, `${value.toLocaleString(undefined, {style: "currency", currency: "USD"})} ${date.toLocaleString(undefined, {month: "short", day: "numeric", year: "numeric"})}`); }); svg.on("touchend mouseleave", () => tooltip.call(callout, null)); return svg.node(); }4a:T70e,map3 =bertin.draw({ params: { projection: "Albers", extent : "", height : 680}, layers: [ // {type: "header", //text : toggle == true ? "Average Debt per student ($)" : "Average cost of living index", //fontSize : 27, //fill : toggle == true ? "DarkBlue" : "orchid", // }, { id: "mychoro", geojson: USAstudentdebt, fill: { type: "choro", values: "Average Debt ($)", method: "quantile", strokeWidth: 0.1, stroke: "black", leg_x: 600, leg_y: 498, leg_fontSize2: 12, leg_fontSize: 15, leg_txtcol: "#7E7E7E", leg_round: 2, leg_strokeWidth: 0.1, leg_title: "Average cost of living index", colors: "BuPu" }, tooltip: { fields: toggle == true ? [ "$State", "- - - - - - - - - - - - - ", "$Average Debt ($)", "source: Point the data source" ] : [ "$State", "- - - - - - - - - - - - - ", "$Average cost of living index", "source: insure.com, valuepenguin.com" ], fill: "#141414", stroke: "#7E7E7E", strokeWidth: 3, fillOpacity: 0.7, strokeOpacity: 1, fontWeight: ["bold", "normal", "normal", "lighter"], fontSize: [33, 25, 25, 10], fontStyle: ["normal", "normal", "normal", "italic"], col: ["#EBF2FA", "#EBF2FA", "#CACACA", "DarkGrey"] } }, { type: "scalebar", units: "kilometers", x: 800 } // { type: "outline", //fill : "#B8CBD0"}, // { // type: "rhumbs", //position: [700, -10], //nb: 25 //}, ] })4b:T654,map5 = bertin.draw({ params: { projection: "Albers", extent : "", height : 680}, layers: [ //{ type: "header", id: "title", text: "" //}, { id: "text", type: "text", text: "Do American universities follow a logic of supply and demand ?", position: [180,70], fontSize: 22, frame_stroke: "none", margin: 4, fontFamily: "Ubuntu", fontWeight : "Bold" }, { id: "bub", type: "bubble", geojson: USAstudentenrol, leg_round: -2, dorling: false, values: "College Enrollment", //leg_x: 50, //leg_y : 50, stroke : "#B6D8F2", strokeWidth : 1.3, fill: "none", tooltip: { fields: [ "$NAME", "- - - - - - - - - - - - - ", "Number of college enrolment: ", "$College Enrollment", "source: valuepenguin.com, educationdata.org" ] , fill: "#141414", stroke: "#7E7E7E", strokeWidth: 3, fillOpacity: 0.7, strokeOpacity: 1, fontWeight: ["bold", "normal", "normal", "bold", "lighter"], fontSize: [33, 25, 20,25, 10], fontStyle: ["normal", "normal", "normal","bold", "italic"], col: ["#9AC8EB", "#EBF2FA", "#CACACA","#9AC8EB", "DarkGrey"] } }, { id: "basemap", type: "layer", geojson: geomusa, fill: "white", strokeWidth : 0.2, stroke : "white" }, { type: "outline", fill : "white"} ], });4c:T985,files = ({ "college-enrollment": tidy( await FileAttachment("college_enrollment_usafacts.csv").csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "college-enrollment-rate": tidy( await FileAttachment("college_enrollment_rate_usafacts.csv").csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "college-graduation-rate-2-year-institutions-within-3-years-by-starting-year": tidy( await FileAttachment( "college_graduation_rate_at_twoyear_institutions_within_three_years_of_start_usafacts.csv" ).csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "college-graduation-rate-4-year-institutions-within-6-years-by-starting-year": tidy( await FileAttachment( "college_graduation_rate_at_fouryear_institutions_within_six_years_of_start_usafacts.csv" ).csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "bachelors-degrees": tidy( await FileAttachment("bachelors_degrees_conferred_usafacts.csv").csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "masters-degrees": tidy( await FileAttachment("masters_degrees_conferred_usafacts.csv").csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "doctors-degrees": tidy( await FileAttachment("doctors_degrees_usafacts.csv").csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "instructional-faculty": tidy( await FileAttachment("instructional_faculty_usafacts.csv").csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "avg-higher-ed-instructional-full-time-faculty-salary": tidy( await FileAttachment( "average_fulltime_instructional_faculty_salary_usafacts.csv" ).csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "median-annual-earnings-of-workers-25-34-years-old-2016-dollars": tidy( await FileAttachment( "inflationadjusted_median_annual_earnings_of_fulltime_workers_aged_2534_usafacts.csv" ).csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "average-student-loan-awarded": tidy( await FileAttachment("average_student_loan_awarded_usafacts.csv").csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "average-student-loan-awarded-inflation-adjusted": tidy( await FileAttachment( "average_student_loan_awarded_inflation_usafacts.csv" ).csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ), "stem-degrees-conferred-postsecondary-institutions": tidy( await FileAttachment( "stem_degrees_conferred_by_postsecondary_institutions_usafacts.csv" ).csv({ typed: true, array: true }) ) })4d:T559,function tidy(rows) { // expects a CSV parsed with type: true and array: true // we want to turn the "wide" table where each column is a year, into a tidy table where each row is a year and value pair // there is a nested structure where categories are broken down into separate rows, so we parse them const hierarchy = []; const values = []; const years = rows[0].slice(1); // each row is a category (starting with the series total) for (const row of rows.slice(1)) { let name = row[0]; // null value indicates the end of the table (there are sources metadata below the null row) if (!name) break; // count the number of spaces to determine the depth const depth = name.match(/^ */)[0].length / 4; hierarchy[depth] = name.trim(); name = hierarchy .slice(0, depth + 1) .reverse() .join(" / "); const category = hierarchy.slice(1, depth).reverse().join(" / ") || "Total"; // grab all the values for the row (after the name) const r = row.slice(1); for (const [i, year] of years.entries()) { const value = r[i]; if (value != null) values.push({ name, category, series: hierarchy[0], year: new Date(Date.UTC(+year, 0, 1)), // we convert the year as a number into a UTC Date value }); } } return values; }4e:T58f,{ // Play if (toggle2 == true) { map5.update({ id: "basemap", attr: "fillOpacity", value: 0.5, duration: 1000 }); map5.update({ id: "bub", attr: "k", value: 90, delay: 1000, duration: 500 }); map5.update({ id: "bub", attr: "dorling", value: true, delay: 1500, duration: 500 }); map5.update({ id: "bub", attr: "fill", value: { type: "choro", values: "Average Cost of College by State In-state tuition PRIVATE$", colors: "Blues", leg_x: 50, leg_y: 135, leg_round: 0, leg_fontSize2 : 12, leg_fontSize : 15, leg_title: "Average Cost of College by State In-state tuition (2021)" }, delay: 2000, duration: 1000 }); } // reset if (toggle2 == false) { map5.update({ id: "basemap", attr: "fillOpacity", value: 0, duration: 0, fill : "white" }); map5.update({ id: "bub", attr: "k", value: 0.01, duration: 0 }); map5.update({ id: "bub", attr: "dorling", value: false, duration: 0 }); map5.update({ id: "bub", attr: "fill", value: "none", duration: 0 }); map5.update({ id: "title", attr: "text", value: "", duration: 0 }); } }4f:[{"id":"f9fcfece6df3cf0d83a116325b7d56aee44015997874af10e126ca91c2b9e3febb4c150fecf3ecec66895eef66138e452d1da1791abfe0db959a98292c06a9ea","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/f9fcfece6df3cf0d83a116325b7d56aee44015997874af10e126ca91c2b9e3febb4c150fecf3ecec66895eef66138e452d1da1791abfe0db959a98292c06a9ea","name":"pop1824andenrollment.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681998042428.906,"size":2987},{"id":"74c05f2542671779f6205c9cc17ad65e96f08d585c9d56c3aa003a6f58c4f1798e787c54c5ebd125df6fdb69379c67188c91794b4789ee4e3317368540761375","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/74c05f2542671779f6205c9cc17ad65e96f08d585c9d56c3aa003a6f58c4f1798e787c54c5ebd125df6fdb69379c67188c91794b4789ee4e3317368540761375","name":"pop1824andenrollment-3@2.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681906832739.85,"size":2777},{"id":"7a60321643bf43ee0e233f4e1b9697ee5fa3fe3d881bcfd207a46c473ac989457658db802617942974c9695b71045cbf7710cdb617f060a157c4ed3e97960cec","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/7a60321643bf43ee0e233f4e1b9697ee5fa3fe3d881bcfd207a46c473ac989457658db802617942974c9695b71045cbf7710cdb617f060a157c4ed3e97960cec","name":"average_fulltime_instructional_faculty_salary_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":5757},{"id":"92e7b495c9dccb526f422ec1b4dee8f39ae1e77a5c17cf7a01ec6bc90e186ee8ca68c375f84961067dfefc4a1e552ecd623a1e1c39bc3a548dcdb4936b401e74","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/92e7b495c9dccb526f422ec1b4dee8f39ae1e77a5c17cf7a01ec6bc90e186ee8ca68c375f84961067dfefc4a1e552ecd623a1e1c39bc3a548dcdb4936b401e74","name":"college_graduation_rate_at_twoyear_institutions_within_three_years_of_start_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":3680},{"id":"589a396f0d712be4ce889f7b7ba6177d401889ac9d3f8c9c8b07154ca2d703d7a235fb97c25b34f19aa24849b70ed30533a671d1f43e2c76d3ed78f6087dc2b0","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/589a396f0d712be4ce889f7b7ba6177d401889ac9d3f8c9c8b07154ca2d703d7a235fb97c25b34f19aa24849b70ed30533a671d1f43e2c76d3ed78f6087dc2b0","name":"doctors_degrees_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":7407},{"id":"d9eedd4dd35c5c694d0aec18eb4ce647c86f05c742491d89861cec1b837687c0addd43f541db1b772dabaf78d518c8bc2804dfe513988452b337246061d2733f","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/d9eedd4dd35c5c694d0aec18eb4ce647c86f05c742491d89861cec1b837687c0addd43f541db1b772dabaf78d518c8bc2804dfe513988452b337246061d2733f","name":"instructional_faculty_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":4906},{"id":"7cf35f34b9325a064930b9ebac161a6e661b2cf54afd8f9d94a18503c4d5bb1931ecb8a4b795de823c9ca8c1e6e12bb0400963376fd2b1e369283ae7c4c042eb","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/7cf35f34b9325a064930b9ebac161a6e661b2cf54afd8f9d94a18503c4d5bb1931ecb8a4b795de823c9ca8c1e6e12bb0400963376fd2b1e369283ae7c4c042eb","name":"college_graduation_rate_at_fouryear_institutions_within_six_years_of_start_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":4817},{"id":"6d64869ca2998e26cae3217f1abfc4bbf6e5c147530784fbf9374fb2d6a7beedf6ceb267193a12369b41082be2869d97638c76e22c607e3ae6e3be421b2e25ca","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/6d64869ca2998e26cae3217f1abfc4bbf6e5c147530784fbf9374fb2d6a7beedf6ceb267193a12369b41082be2869d97638c76e22c607e3ae6e3be421b2e25ca","name":"average_student_loan_awarded_inflation_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":1497},{"id":"d6e2755fd300343c08fb7cac6e507ae5ebb9cd7afa1a7b87425eeae13214c8bc9e8c7fdab49a0d270d5913fac79977307afb323a29e0a2ffce321559cc814a14","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/d6e2755fd300343c08fb7cac6e507ae5ebb9cd7afa1a7b87425eeae13214c8bc9e8c7fdab49a0d270d5913fac79977307afb323a29e0a2ffce321559cc814a14","name":"inflationadjusted_median_annual_earnings_of_fulltime_workers_aged_2534_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":3098},{"id":"dc27895d0fb9d87f9427be01eea00c8c788b3062f239289c4218f0c34bf850a06c9ceab5ca22199cda40e65d58fc4d932000d328ec02b52d166d9ecaeeb530b7","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/dc27895d0fb9d87f9427be01eea00c8c788b3062f239289c4218f0c34bf850a06c9ceab5ca22199cda40e65d58fc4d932000d328ec02b52d166d9ecaeeb530b7","name":"college_enrollment_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":8843},{"id":"b1a0efc4e7c7d78cdff732d19dcef36d041139aa2c7d9c204bd439a283cf9dc4ae27cd62d1c6c8071abef1b9b7e0d40999405a7920c3a747d786c85ea64e7069","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/b1a0efc4e7c7d78cdff732d19dcef36d041139aa2c7d9c204bd439a283cf9dc4ae27cd62d1c6c8071abef1b9b7e0d40999405a7920c3a747d786c85ea64e7069","name":"stem_degrees_conferred_by_postsecondary_institutions_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":3083},{"id":"457c40c3814c0402c73bc5fe1cdf7bf826c78a2fb2a77ba9b4d6c54adfc03e7cc8a369b411bc8c2a054ad4fbac5d6896fc046d6b0504380c60ea03e7c5de6898","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/457c40c3814c0402c73bc5fe1cdf7bf826c78a2fb2a77ba9b4d6c54adfc03e7cc8a369b411bc8c2a054ad4fbac5d6896fc046d6b0504380c60ea03e7c5de6898","name":"bachelors_degrees_conferred_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":9243},{"id":"49b65265737a01a9df14ab2066f9d49e579540c338d820943f5f8954d6c3de0e7dde6ef6bb245d22404b6fb41bcc20db3d9676ad843c565e2c3a400ec76042cb","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/49b65265737a01a9df14ab2066f9d49e579540c338d820943f5f8954d6c3de0e7dde6ef6bb245d22404b6fb41bcc20db3d9676ad843c565e2c3a400ec76042cb","name":"average_student_loan_awarded_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":887},{"id":"688f05218abdcd85a99aa12b90294afe1a312c9dbf312a081b870e742f8816a4bc5c688516a9ba83a2228ff123724cf5a8b57cae4bc0bb68c105b3d1c841f8d4","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/688f05218abdcd85a99aa12b90294afe1a312c9dbf312a081b870e742f8816a4bc5c688516a9ba83a2228ff123724cf5a8b57cae4bc0bb68c105b3d1c841f8d4","name":"college_enrollment_rate_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":8541},{"id":"d4c635eddbb4a48b5b6a5a619ab2c42e6aeb31928ad60f308b3921a3a076cc6e629c0fcc3455e62e1616de10735ce8de23a643bc40a2c975bfcc1cfd049b1fe3","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/d4c635eddbb4a48b5b6a5a619ab2c42e6aeb31928ad60f308b3921a3a076cc6e629c0fcc3455e62e1616de10735ce8de23a643bc40a2c975bfcc1cfd049b1fe3","name":"masters_degrees_conferred_usafacts.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681741441377.538,"size":4456},{"id":"214301ee5cb206aae37e32362fbf561cb2e4adfe68d8bfc1a92841da77d7e0590bee2262fd8ccd840803cd1393b9aaf16af2c5c9490935a37fec92f45d85d678","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/214301ee5cb206aae37e32362fbf561cb2e4adfe68d8bfc1a92841da77d7e0590bee2262fd8ccd840803cd1393b9aaf16af2c5c9490935a37fec92f45d85d678","name":"USA2.geojson","type":"application/geo+json","lastModified":1681829090860.514,"size":1609961},{"id":"e00e8fc8b4b64552bf23c62896116bd9d1f0c9135fd8ba1cc803e652f56ed8492464f6bfcd2366014934648297bb477bb988598c233a5d31e88aeb56bcc5f629","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/e00e8fc8b4b64552bf23c62896116bd9d1f0c9135fd8ba1cc803e652f56ed8492464f6bfcd2366014934648297bb477bb988598c233a5d31e88aeb56bcc5f629","name":"students dept and cost index-2.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1681828938472.897,"size":2040}] 29:{"id":"388899e753807a12","slug":null,"title":"The cost of college in the US","thumbnail":"0ad9c33b2b95589353d7819c599524b6d62853ce72c3da2a1973ba8056adc453","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2023-04-17T14:24:01.377Z","update_time":"$D2025-06-09T12:51:11.218Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2023-04-20T18:46:24.855Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":{"id":"473383e4595c3358","slug":null,"title":"Observable 10th 20th april","owner":{"id":"11b397a0167b5c21","login":"adrien2001","name":"Adrien Dupas"}},"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"b6320c373397134b","login":"frcist","name":"FR2007 - CIST","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/0deaa9bf7f21cf5a799ae965c83c6414f05797466f813a96799fb1e2ef662723","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"Le CIST a pour objet de contribuer à formaliser et organiser le champ interdisciplinaire des sciences du territoire, à une échelle française et internationale notamment européenne ","following":false},"version":3344,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"048e3b72a43c40b6","login":"adrien2001","name":"Adrien Dupas","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/91fe0a57ef3a0697ed85604c2db36accf68fe73814cf58ba8d6fd8f19bd25ba7","tier":null,"bio":"","following":false},{"type":"individual","id":"383af4ccf6322bbb","login":"elinamx","name":"Elina Marveaux","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/5660aa92a02bd621c2ca89f48a0fb8ac18104ce9cda44013ca0b9067102d15da","tier":null,"bio":"","following":false}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"048e3b72a43c40b6","login":"adrien2001","name":"Adrien Dupas","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/91fe0a57ef3a0697ed85604c2db36accf68fe73814cf58ba8d6fd8f19bd25ba7","tier":null,"role":"editor"},{"type":"individual","id":"383af4ccf6322bbb","login":"elinamx","name":"Elina Marveaux","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/5660aa92a02bd621c2ca89f48a0fb8ac18104ce9cda44013ca0b9067102d15da","tier":null,"role":"editor"},{"type":"team","id":"b6320c373397134b","login":"frcist","name":"FR2007 - CIST","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/0deaa9bf7f21cf5a799ae965c83c6414f05797466f813a96799fb1e2ef662723","tier":"starter_2024","role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":2,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"The cost of college in the US","cells":[{"id":635,"value":"# The cost of college in the US","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1832,"value":"This notebook is about education in the United States. More specifically, we are interested in the cost of college. \nHow are these costs spatialized in the United States and what variables influence them? \nThis notebook only aims to observe the data, and to put them in parallel without statistical conclusions.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1357,"value":"---\n## Comparing student enrollment and student loan over the years","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2168,"value":"swatch = swatches({\n color: d3.scaleOrdinal([\"enrollment (standardized)\", \"student loan (standardized)\"], ([\"steelblue\", \"red\"]) ) \n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1483,"value":"$49","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2199,"value":"#### Statistic over all years : ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2201,"value":" \n Enrollment stats: \n- median = 14367520 \n- mean = 15066852.2 \n- standard deviation = 3661690.69 \n- relative standart deviation = 0.24 ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2203,"value":"Loan stats : \n- median = 8326.42\n- mean = 8531.9\n- standard deviation = 598.29\n- relative standard deviation = 0.07\n ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2066,"value":"Here we can compare two distribution, each one are the standardized version of the annual number of college enrollment and the annual average loan.\nThe mean of enrollement over the years is ${mean_enroll}. In comparison, the mean of student loan is ${d3.mean(data_loan, d => d.value)}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1615,"value":"## Cost of living and student debt\nIs student debt influenced by the cost of living? \nOne would expect to see the largest debts in states with a high cost of living. \nBut what about them?","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1337,"value":"view = html`\n

Click to change the variable

\n \n

Play

\n \n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1386,"value":"$4b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1841,"value":"Each circle represents a state, and their size is proportional to college enrollment. \nThe intensity of the fill colors depends of the Average cost of College with tuition by state","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2082,"value":"Plot.plot({\n marks: [\n Plot.linearRegressionY(pop1824andenrollment321, {x: \"College Enrollment\", y: \"Average Cost of College by State In-state tuition PRIVATE$\", stroke: \"DodgerBlue\"}),\n Plot.dot(pop1824andenrollment321, {x: \"College Enrollment\", y: \"Average Cost of College by State In-state tuition PRIVATE$\", stroke: \"skyblue\"})\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1680,"value":"R² = 0.0633","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2185,"value":"With such a low R², the number of students enrolled does not explain the average cost of college per student, statewide,. \nThe average cost of college is probably explained by other variables that we will unfortunately not be able to explore in this notebook.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1717,"value":"---\n## Using the data\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2078,"value":"#### Statistics for \"college-enrollment\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1531,"value":"data_enroll_init = files[\"college-enrollment\"].filter(d => d.category == \"Total\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1876,"value":"data_enroll = data_enroll_init.map(d => ({...d, standardized: Number((d.value - d3.mean(data_enroll_init, d => d.value)) / d3.deviation(data_enroll_init, d => d.value).toFixed(2)) }))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1913,"value":"med_enroll = Number(d3.median(data_enroll, d => d.value).toFixed(2))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1895,"value":"mean_enroll = Number(d3.mean(data_enroll_init.map(d => d.value)).toFixed(2))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1911,"value":"sd_enroll = Number(d3.deviation(data_enroll_init.map(d => d.value)).toFixed(2))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1992,"value":"rsd_enroll = Number((sd_enroll/mean_enroll).toFixed(2))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2093,"value":"#### Statistics for \"average student loan awarded inflation adjusted\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1723,"value":"data_loan_init = files[\"average-student-loan-awarded-inflation-adjusted\"].filter(d => d.category == \"Total\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1726,"value":"data_loan = data_loan_init.map(d => ({...d, standardized: (d.value - d3.mean(data_loan_init.map(d => d.value))) / d3.deviation(data_loan_init.map(d => d.value)) }))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2151,"value":"med_loan = Number(d3.median(data_loan, d => d.value).toFixed(2))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2153,"value":"mean_loan = Number(d3.mean(data_loan, d => d.value).toFixed(2))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2155,"value":"sd_loan = Number(d3.deviation(data_loan, d => d.value).toFixed(2))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2161,"value":"rsd_loan = Number((sd_loan/mean_loan).toFixed(2))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1811,"value":"### Source","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1814,"value":"Cost of living index \nhttps://www.insure.com/cost-of-living-by-state.html","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1817,"value":"Average debt by student \nhttps://www.insure.com/cost-of-living-by-state.html","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1819,"value":"College Enrollment per state \nhttps://educationdata.org/college-enrollment-statistics","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1824,"value":"Average College Tuition and Fees \nhttps://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d21/tables/dt21_330.20.asp","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1512,"value":"---\n## Imports","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2105,"value":"### Data","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1785,"value":"studentsDeptAndCostIndex2 = await FileAttachment(\"students dept and cost index-2.csv\").csv({typed: \"auto\"})","pinned":true,"hidden":true,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"studentsDeptAndCostIndex2","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1691,"value":"USAstudentenrol = bertin.merge(geomusa, \"NAME\", pop1824andenrollment321, \"NAME\")","pinned":true,"hidden":true,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2000,"value":"pop1824andenrollment321 = await FileAttachment(\"pop1824andenrollment-3@2.csv\").csv({typed: \"auto\"})","pinned":true,"hidden":true,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"pop1824andenrollment321","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1693,"value":"USAstudentdebt = bertin.merge(geomusa, \"NAME\", studentsDeptAndCostIndex2, \"State\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1707,"value":"geomusa= FileAttachment(\"USA2.geojson\").json()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":319,"value":"$4c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":33,"value":"$4d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2102,"value":"### Libraries","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1578,"value":"import { aq, op } from \"@uwdata/arquero\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2175,"value":"import {swatches} from \"@d3/color-legend\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1697,"value":"bertin = require(\"bertin\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1713,"value":"geo = require(\"geotoolbox@latest\");","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2140,"value":"---","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2103,"value":"pop1824andenrollment = await FileAttachment(\"pop1824andenrollment.csv\").csv({typed: \"auto\"})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"pop1824andenrollment","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2219,"value":"### Functions and plots\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2990,"value":"##### Comparing student enrollment ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1485,"value":"height = 500","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1488,"value":"margin = ({top:20, right:30, bottom:30, left:40})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1490,"value":" x = d3.scaleTime()\n .domain(d3.extent(data_enroll, d => d.year))\n .range([margin.left, width - margin.right])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1492,"value":"y = d3.scaleLinear()\n .domain([d3.min(data_enroll, d => d.standardized), d3.max(data_loan, d => d.standardized)]).nice()\n .range([height - margin.bottom, margin.top])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1494,"value":"xAxis = g => g\n .attr(\"transform\", `translate(0,${height - margin.bottom})`)\n .call(d3.axisBottom(x).ticks(width / 200).tickSizeOuter(0))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1496,"value":"yAxis = g => g\n .attr(\"transform\", `translate(${margin.left},0)`)\n .call(d3.axisLeft(y))\n .call(g => g.select(\".domain\").remove())\n .call(g => g.select(\".tick:last-of-type text\").clone()\n .attr(\"x\", 3)\n .attr(\"text-anchor\", \"start\")\n .attr(\"font-weight\", \"bold\")\n .text(data_enroll.year))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1498,"value":"function transition(path) {\n path.transition()\n .duration(7500)\n .attrTween(\"stroke-dasharray\", tweenDash)\n .on(\"end\", () => { d3.select(this).call(transition); });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1500,"value":"function tweenDash() {\n const l = this.getTotalLength(),\n i = d3.interpolateString(\"0,\" + l, l + \",\" + l);\n return function(t) { return i(t) };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1502,"value":"callout = (g, value) => {\n if (!value) return g.style(\"display\", \"none\");\n\n g\n .style(\"display\", null)\n .style(\"pointer-events\", \"none\")\n .style(\"font\", \"10px sans-serif\");\n\n const path = g.selectAll(\"path\")\n .data([null])\n .join(\"path\")\n .attr(\"fill\", \"white\")\n .attr(\"stroke\", \"black\");\n\n const text = g.selectAll(\"text\")\n .data([null])\n .join(\"text\")\n .call(text => text\n .selectAll(\"tspan\")\n .data((value + \"\").split(/\\n/))\n .join(\"tspan\")\n .attr(\"x\", 0)\n .attr(\"y\", (d, i) => `${i * 1.1}em`)\n .style(\"font-weight\", (_, i) => i ? null : \"bold\")\n .text(d => d));\n\n const {x, y, width: w, height: h} = text.node().getBBox();\n\n text.attr(\"transform\", `translate(${-w / 2},${15 - y})`);\n path.attr(\"d\", `M${-w / 2 - 10},5H-5l5,-5l5,5H${w / 2 + 10}v${h + 20}h-${w + 20}z`);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1504,"value":"bisect = {\n const bisect = d3.bisector(d => d.year).left;\n return mx => {\n const date = x.invert(mx);\n const index = bisect(data_enroll, date, 1);\n const a = data_enroll[index - 1];\n const b = data_enroll[index];\n return date - a.date > b.date - date ? b : a;\n };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1506,"value":"line = d3.line()\n .defined(d => !isNaN(d.standardized))\n .x(d => x(d.year))\n .y(d => y(d.standardized))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1508,"value":"function updateData () {\n\n var data = data_enroll;\n y.domain( d3.extent( data_enroll, datapoint => datapoint.standardized ) )\n \n x.domain( d3.extent( data_enroll, datapoint => datapoint.year ) )\n \n var path = d3.select( '.chart__line' )\n .transition()\n .duration( 500 )\n .attr( 'd', line( data ) );\n \n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":365,"value":"sentenceName = (name) => {\n const sent = name.split(\"-\").join(\" \");\n return sent[0].toUpperCase() + sent.slice(1);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2992,"value":"#### Maps","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1339,"value":"toggle = Generators.observe(next => { //so we can see the change in the switch value\n const theSwitch = view.querySelector('#theSwitch');\n next(false); //initial value\n\n const clickHandler = e => {\n e.stopPropagation();\n const theClass = theSwitch.getAttribute(\"class\"); \n const value = theClass === \"switch-on\";\n theSwitch.setAttribute(\"class\", value ? \"switch-off\" : \"switch-on\");//Change the value \n const newValue = !value; //remember to toggle the value\n next(newValue); //update the Generator\n //in webpage, use: theSwitch.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('change', {detail:newValue}));\n };\n theSwitch.addEventListener('click', clickHandler);\n\n //tidy up the Generator when we're done.\n return () => theSwitch.removeEventListener('click', clickHandler);\n});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1343,"value":"html``","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1335,"value":"{\n if (toggle) {\n map3.update({\n id: \"mychoro\",\n attr: \"fill\",\n value: {\n values: \"Average Debt ($)\",\n leg_title: \"Average Debt per student ($)\",\n colors: \"PuBu\"\n },\n duration: 700\n });\n } else {\n map3.update({\n id: \"mychoro\",\n attr: \"fill\",\n value: {\n values: \"Average cost of living index\",\n colors: \"BuPu\",\n leg_title: \"Average cost of living index\"\n },\n duration: 700\n });\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1404,"value":"html``","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1400,"value":"toggle2 = Generators.observe(next => { //so we can see the change in the switch value\n const theSwitch = view2.querySelector('#theSwitch');\n next(false); //initial value\n\n const clickHandler = e => {\n e.stopPropagation();\n const theClass = theSwitch.getAttribute(\"class\"); \n const value = theClass === \"switch-on\";\n theSwitch.setAttribute(\"class\", value ? \"switch-off\" : \"switch-on\");//Change the value \n const newValue = !value; //remember to toggle the value\n next(newValue); //update the Generator\n //in webpage, use: theSwitch.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('change', {detail:newValue}));\n };\n theSwitch.addEventListener('click', clickHandler);\n\n //tidy up the Generator when we're done.\n return () => theSwitch.removeEventListener('click', clickHandler);\n});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1903,"value":"$4e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W4f","stdlib":"1"}} 24:null