25:["$","title",null,{"children":"Timeline of Offshore Wind Farm Developments | Vekta Group | Observable"}] 49:T453,The data suggests the UK is the most committed to fixed offshore wind developments, with recent projects generating hundreds of megawatts and new projects built almost every year in the past fifteen years. Germany, China and Denmark have followed a similar trend, while countries such as Taiwan and France have started developing projects more recently in the last five years.

Global renewable energy capacity needs to triple by 2030; a goal promoted by G20 leaders at COP28. Predicted data supports this exciting trajectory for fixed offshore wind farm developments, with increasing geographical range (e.g. in South East Asia) and generation capacity. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that the predicted capacity for most countries peaks in 2030.

Interestingly, Ireland has the largest predicted total capacity, sitting at just over 15 GW in 2030. The development regulations in Ireland are currently being revised, with specific seabed leasing areas being incorporated. This may result in a large number of the proposed projects contributing to the 15 GW not receiving consent.
4a:[{"id":"da5975b1bee053cb89669f39816390943a11178f4b5c711c88e2feb60733b28f1c0367a2d336fd56271f992f8d68051f66d6d51305f2f64d4b25b74c71c85263","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/da5975b1bee053cb89669f39816390943a11178f4b5c711c88e2feb60733b28f1c0367a2d336fd56271f992f8d68051f66d6d51305f2f64d4b25b74c71c85263","name":"GEM_Sept2024_timelinedata_2009onwards-4.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1739964987527.747,"size":38586}] 29:{"id":"6bc659e2e815377f","slug":null,"title":"Timeline of Offshore Wind Farm Developments","thumbnail":"149e716de1e22a276a6f7c5f2ab4b0bff37cd484892ccdf2467a68bfe54824a0","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2025-02-19T10:04:15.348Z","update_time":"$D2025-03-27T15:38:46.323Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2025-02-19T10:04:15.348Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":true,"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"3594fe6877d14711","login":"vekta-group","name":"Vekta Group","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/13f6934c06a2c847905f92615bfe639e05a96b39badbe0036f3139b0c24ef101","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"","followed_by_you":false,"follows_you":false},"version":602,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"353739170940576d","login":"vekta-group","name":"Vekta Group","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/13f6934c06a2c847905f92615bfe639e05a96b39badbe0036f3139b0c24ef101","tier":null,"bio":"","followed_by_you":false,"follows_you":false}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"353739170940576d","login":"vekta-group","name":"Vekta Group","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/13f6934c06a2c847905f92615bfe639e05a96b39badbe0036f3139b0c24ef101","tier":null,"role":"editor"},{"type":"team","id":"3594fe6877d14711","login":"vekta-group","name":"Vekta Group","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/13f6934c06a2c847905f92615bfe639e05a96b39badbe0036f3139b0c24ef101","tier":"starter_2024","role":"viewer"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":true,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":1,"collection":{"id":"a5603c9dcf7492ca","slug":"vekta-digital-insights","title":"Vekta Digital Insights ","owner":{"id":"3594fe6877d14711","login":"vekta-group","name":"Vekta Group"}},"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"Timeline of Offshore Wind Farm Developments","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# Timeline of Offshore Wind Farm Developments\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":483,"value":"To look at the early adopters and consistent supporters of wind energy, we have visualised offshore wind capacity over time by country. Past and predicted offshore wind data have been taken from Global Energy Monitor (GEM), with separate graphs produced for both fixed and floating offshore wind developments. \n
","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":27,"value":"## Fixed Capacity per Year ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":500,"value":"$49","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":409,"value":"// Step 3: Update the plot with sorted y-axis\nPlot.plot({\n width: fixedWidth,\n height: fixedHeight,\n marginLeft: 130,\n marginBottom: 50,\n style: { fontSize: 15 },\n color: {\n scheme: \"RdPu\",\n legend: true,\n label: \"Total Capacity (MW)\"\n },\n x: {\n label: \"Year\",\n tickFormat: \"d\" // Display years without decimals\n },\n y: {\n label: \"Country\",\n domain: sortedCountries // Apply sorted order to y-axis\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.rect(gem_sept2024_timelinedata_2009onwards.filter(d => d.Technology === \"Fixed\"), {\n x: \"Start year\",\n y: \"Country/area\",\n fill: \"Total_Capacity\",\n reduce: \"sum\",\n tip: {\n content: d => \n `Year: ${d3.format(\"d\")(d[\"Start year\"])}
\n\n Country: ${d[\"Country/area\"]}
\n Capacity: ${d[\"Total_Capacity\"]} MW`\n },\n stroke: \"black\",\n strokeWidth: 0.1,\n }),\n Plot.ruleX([2024], { \n stroke: \"black\", \n strokeWidth: 2, \n opacity: 0.8\n })\n ]\n});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":23,"value":"## Floating Capacity per Year","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":502,"value":"Floating offshore wind farm development has previously occurred in Europe with the UK, Spain and Norway leading the way. Although this technology is more recently developed, a wider range of countries are predicted to start developing floating farms as we head towards 2030 (e.g. South Korea, the US and Vietnam). \n

\nInterestingly, Denmark and the Netherlands, who have already installed large capacities of fixed projects, are not yet planning to develop any floating projects going forwards, according to GEM.\n

\nAlthough the greatest predicted installed capacities can be seen in 2029 and 2030, this trend is not as noticeable as that of fixed projects, suggesting there are more barriers to installing this newer technology. \n
","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":120,"value":"// Step 3: Update the plot with sorted y-axis\nPlot.plot({\n width: floatingWidth,\n height: floatingHeight,\n marginLeft: 130,\n marginBottom: 50,\n style: { fontSize: 15 },\n color: {\n scheme: \"RdPu\",\n legend: true,\n label: \"Total Capacity (MW)\"\n },\n x: {\n label: \"Year\",\n tickFormat: \"d\" // Display years without decimals\n },\n y: {\n label: \"Country\",\n domain: sortedCountriesFloating // Apply sorted order to y-axis\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.rect(gem_sept2024_timelinedata_2009onwards.filter(d => d.Technology === \"Offshore floating\"), {\n x: \"Start year\",\n y: \"Country/area\",\n fill: \"Total_Capacity\", // Uses color intensity to represent Total_Capacity\n reduce: \"sum\", // Aggregates Total_Capacity if multiple values exist per (x, y)\n tip: true,\n stroke: \"black\", // Add black border\n strokeWidth: 0.1, // Set border thickness\n }),\n Plot.ruleX([2024], { \n stroke: \"black\", \n strokeWidth: 2, \n opacity: 0.8\n })\n ]\n});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":334,"value":"## Appendix","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":470,"value":"### Data","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":310,"value":"gem_sept2024_timelinedata_2009onwards = await FileAttachment(\"GEM_Sept2024_timelinedata_2009onwards-4.csv\").csv({typed: \"auto\"})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"gem_sept2024_timelinedata_2009onwards","database":"$undefined"},{"id":463,"value":"### Plot 1: Fixed Timeline","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":105,"value":"fixedHeight = 600","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":270,"value":"fixedWidth = 1400","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":412,"value":"yearCountByCountry = gem_sept2024_timelinedata_2009onwards\n .filter(d => d.Technology === \"Fixed\")\n .reduce((acc, curr) => {\n const country = curr[\"Country/area\"];\n const year = curr[\"Start year\"];\n\n if (!acc[country]) {\n acc[country] = new Set(); // Use Set to ensure unique years\n }\n\n acc[country].add(year);\n return acc;\n }, {});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":414,"value":"sortedCountries = Object.entries(yearCountByCountry)\n .map(([country, yearsSet]) => ({\n \"Country/area\": country,\n \"Year Count\": yearsSet.size\n }))\n .sort((a, b) => b[\"Year Count\"] - a[\"Year Count\"]) // Sort descending by year count\n .map(d => d[\"Country/area\"]); // Extract just the country names","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":467,"value":"### Plot 2: Floating Timeline","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":127,"value":"floatingHeight = 400; // Change height here","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":124,"value":"floatingWidth = 1400; // Change width here","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":430,"value":"yearCountByCountryFloating = gem_sept2024_timelinedata_2009onwards\n .filter(d => d.Technology === \"Offshore floating\")\n .reduce((acc, curr) => {\n const country = curr[\"Country/area\"];\n const year = curr[\"Start year\"];\n\n if (!acc[country]) {\n acc[country] = new Set(); // Use Set to ensure unique years\n }\n\n acc[country].add(year);\n return acc;\n }, {});","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":433,"value":"sortedCountriesFloating = Object.entries(yearCountByCountryFloating)\n .map(([country, yearsSet]) => ({\n \"Country/area\": country,\n \"Year Count\": yearsSet.size\n }))\n .sort((a, b) => b[\"Year Count\"] - a[\"Year Count\"]) // Sort descending by year count\n .map(d => d[\"Country/area\"]); // Extract just the country names","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":600,"value":"html``","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W4a","stdlib":"1"}} 24:null