29:null 2a:["$","title",null,{"children":"All spline curve functions in D3 | Lao | Observable"}] 2f:T8122,{ // Global state for previous parsed commands and drag baseline. .5 let prevParsedCommands = null; let dragBaseline = null; let preservePrevPoints = false; function printCurveCode(commands) { const curveType = getEl("#curveType").value; let singleColumn = (curveType == 'linear' || curveType == 'step'); let htmlStr = ``; let makeHighlight = (point) => { // Blend between #EEE and the index color using D3's RGB interpolator. // The factor is point.p/2 so that when p==0 the color is 100% #EEE and when p==1 the mix is 50:50. let indexColor = getColorForIndex(point.index); let blended = d3.interpolateRgb("#EEE", indexColor)(point.p/2); let str = ''; str += ''; return str; }; let space = (str) => { return ``; }; let i0, i1 = -1; let newRow = (cmd) => { // i0 = i1; // i1 = cmd.points[cmd.points.length-1].index; // let color = getColorForIndex(i1); return ``; }; commands.forEach(cmd => { if (cmd.command == 'M') { htmlStr += newRow(cmd); htmlStr += ''; //htmlStr += space('M'); htmlStr += makeHighlight(cmd.points[0]); } if (cmd.command == 'L') { htmlStr += ''; htmlStr += ' '; htmlStr += newRow(cmd); htmlStr += ''; htmlStr += space('L'); htmlStr += makeHighlight(cmd.points[0]); } if (cmd.command == 'C') { htmlStr += space('C'); htmlStr += makeHighlight(cmd.points[0]); htmlStr += space(','); htmlStr += ' '; htmlStr += newRow(cmd); htmlStr += makeHighlight(cmd.points[1]); htmlStr += space(','); htmlStr += makeHighlight(cmd.points[2]); } }); htmlStr += ''; htmlStr += ''; htmlStr += '

${singleColumn ? '' : 'In-handle'} Knot ${singleColumn ? '' : 'Out-handle'}

'; str += `

`;
      str += '';
      str += '';
      str += ``;
      str += '';
      str += ``;
      str += '${point.x1.toFixed(1)} ${point.y1.toFixed(1)}
';
      str += '

'; str += '

${str}

<path d = "M

"/>

'; // Fade each highlight div's background color to #EEE over 0.3 seconds. setTimeout(() => { d3.selectAll(".highlight-div") .transition(d3.easeQuadInOut) .duration(1000) .style("background-color", "#EEE"); }, 0); return htmlStr; } let parsed = []; let max_d; function parsePath(pathStr) { let lastParse = parsed; let commandIndex = 0; const curveType = getEl("#curveType").value; const variation = getEl("#curveVariation").value; const regex = /([MLC])([^MLC]*)/gi; const matches = Array.from(pathStr.matchAll(regex)); let commands = []; let index = 0; if ((variation == 'open' || variation == 'closed') && curveType != 'linear') { index = 1; } matches.forEach(match => { const command = match[1]; const coordsStr = match[2].trim(); if (!coordsStr) { commands.push({ command, points: [] }); return; } const parts = coordsStr.split(/[\s,]+/).filter(Boolean); const numbers = parts.map(Number); const pts = []; if (command === "M") { pts.push({ index: index, x0: numbers[0], y0: numbers[1], x1: numbers[0], y1: numbers[1], }); } else if (command === "L") { if (curveType == 'linear') { index++; } if (curveType != 'step') { pts.push({ index: index, x0: numbers[0], y0: numbers[1], x1: numbers[0], y1: numbers[1], }); } if (curveType == 'step') { index++; let idx; if (variation == 'before') { idx = Math.floor((index + 1) / 2); } if (variation == 'middle') { idx = Math.floor(index / 2); } if (variation == 'after') { idx = Math.floor(index / 2); } pts.push({ index: idx, x0: numbers[0], y0: numbers[1], x1: numbers[0], y1: numbers[1], }); } } else if (command === "C") { pts.push({ index: index, x0: numbers[0], y0: numbers[1], x1: numbers[0], y1: numbers[1], }); index++; pts.push({ index: index, x0: numbers[2], y0: numbers[3], x1: numbers[2], y1: numbers[3], }); pts.push({ index: index, x0: numbers[4], y0: numbers[5], x1: numbers[4], y1: numbers[5], }); commandIndex++; } commands.push({ command, points: pts }); }); let updatePreviousPoints = true; if(parsed.length != commands.length) updatePreviousPoints = false; if(parsed.map(e=>e.command).join(',') != commands.map(e=>e.command).join(',') ) updatePreviousPoints = false; if(updatePreviousPoints){ for(let i=0; i { cmd.points.forEach(pt => { pt.d = Math.sqrt(Math.pow(pt.x1 - pt.x0, 2) + Math.pow(pt.y1 - pt.y0, 2)); max_d = Math.max(max_d, pt.d); }); }); // Then, assign each point its percent value (p). commands.forEach(cmd => { cmd.points.forEach(pt => { pt.p = (pt.d / max_d )**.35; }); }); return commands; } function getColorForIndex(idx) { if (isContinuous) { const n = +getEl("#numPoints").value; const scheme = getEl("#colorScheme").value; if(scheme == 'interpolateRainbow'){ return colorScheme((idx % n) / n); } else{ return colorScheme((idx % n) / (n - 1)); } } else { return colorScheme[idx % Math.min(n, colorScheme.length)]; } } let colorScheme = d3.interpolateCool; let isContinuous = true; const container = html`

`; const colorSchemeControl = html`

Color Scheme:

`; container.appendChild(colorSchemeControl); const controls = html`

Curve Type:

Number of Points:

Arrangement:

`; container.appendChild(controls); const getEl = sel => container.querySelector(sel); const width = 625, height = 400; const svg = d3.select(DOM.svg(width, height)) .style("overflow", "visible"); const mCodeDiv = html`

`; const chartDiv = html`

`; chartDiv.appendChild(svg.node()); const listDiv = html`

`; listDiv.appendChild(mCodeDiv); const flexContainer = html`

`; flexContainer.appendChild(chartDiv); flexContainer.appendChild(listDiv); container.appendChild(flexContainer); const mCodePointsGroup = svg.append("g").attr("class", "mcode-points-group"); const handleLinesGroup = svg.append("g").attr("class", "handle-lines-group"); let n = +getEl("#numPoints").value; let points = d3.range(n).map((d, i) => ({ x: (width / (n - 1)) * i, y: height / 2 })); // Helper functions for scaling points function scaleToFit(points, targetWidth, targetHeight) { // Find current bounds let minX = Infinity, maxX = -Infinity, minY = Infinity, maxY = -Infinity; points.forEach(pt => { minX = Math.min(minX, pt.x); maxX = Math.max(maxX, pt.x); minY = Math.min(minY, pt.y); maxY = Math.max(maxY, pt.y); }); const currentWidth = maxX - minX; const currentHeight = maxY - minY; // Calculate scale factors and padding const padding = Math.min(targetWidth, targetHeight) * 0.1; const scaleX = (targetWidth - 2 * padding) / (currentWidth || 1); const scaleY = (targetHeight - 2 * padding) / (currentHeight || 1); // Apply scaling and centering return points.map(pt => ({ x: padding + (pt.x - minX) * scaleX, y: padding + (pt.y - minY) * scaleY })); } function scaleProportionally(points, targetWidth, targetHeight) { // Find current bounds let minX = Infinity, maxX = -Infinity, minY = Infinity, maxY = -Infinity; points.forEach(pt => { minX = Math.min(minX, pt.x); maxX = Math.max(maxX, pt.x); minY = Math.min(minY, pt.y); maxY = Math.max(maxY, pt.y); }); const currentWidth = maxX - minX; const currentHeight = maxY - minY; // Calculate scale factor (preserve aspect ratio) const padding = Math.min(targetWidth, targetHeight) * 0.1; const scale = Math.min( (targetWidth - 2 * padding) / (currentWidth || 1), (targetHeight - 2 * padding) / (currentHeight || 1) ); // Center in the available space const centeredOffsetX = (targetWidth - currentWidth * scale) / 2; const centeredOffsetY = (targetHeight - currentHeight * scale) / 2; // Apply scaling and centering return points.map(pt => ({ x: centeredOffsetX + (pt.x - minX) * scale, y: centeredOffsetY + (pt.y - minY) * scale })); } function updatePoints() { n = +getEl("#numPoints").value; const arrangement = getEl("#arrangement").value; // Update reroll button visibility based on arrangement type const rerollBtn = getEl("#rerollBtn"); if (["randomWalkY", "randomWalkXY", "randomX", "randomXY", "randomRadar"].includes(arrangement)) { rerollBtn.style.display = "inline-block"; } else { rerollBtn.style.display = "none"; } switch (arrangement) { case "randomWalkY": points = randomWalkYPoints(n, width, height); break; case "randomWalkXY": points = randomWalkXYPoints(n, width, height); break; case "randomX": points = randomXPoints(n, width, height); break; case "randomXY": points = randomXYPoints(n, width, height); break; case "randomRadar": points = randomRadarPoints(n, width, height); break; case "circle": points = circlePoints(n, width, height); break; case "square": points = squarePoints(n, width, height); break; case "cardioid": points = cardioidPoints(n, width, height); break; case "epitrochoid": points = epitrochoidPoints(n, width, height); break; case "spiral": points = spiralPoints(n, width, height); break; case "sin": points = sinPoints(n, width, height); break; case "star": points = starPoints(n, width, height); break; case "lissajous": points = lissajousPoints(n, width, height); break; default: points = randomXYPoints(n, width, height); } } // Random walk that only changes Y values function randomWalkYPoints(n, width, height) { let points = []; let y = height / 2; for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) { const x = (width / (n - 1)) * i; y += (Math.random() - 0.5) * height / 2; // Bigger random step in Y direction y = Math.max(0, Math.min(y, height)); // Keep within bounds points.push({ x, y }); } return scaleToFit(points, width, height); } // Random walk that changes both X and Y values function randomWalkXYPoints(n, width, height) { let points = []; let x = width / 2; // Start in center let y = height / 2; for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) { // Equal probability of moving in any direction x += (Math.random() - 0.5) * width / 3; // Bigger steps y += (Math.random() - 0.5) * height / 3; // Don't clamp here to allow scaling to work better points.push({ x, y }); } // Scale to fit the available space return scaleToFit(points, width, height); } // Random Y values with evenly spaced X values function randomXPoints(n, width, height) { const points = d3.range(n).map((d, i) => ({ x: (width / (n - 1)) * i, y: Math.random() * height })); return scaleToFit(points, width, height); } // Completely random X and Y values function randomXYPoints(n, width, height) { const points = d3.range(n).map(() => ({ x: Math.random() * width, y: Math.random() * height })); return scaleToFit(points, width, height); } // Random points in a radar/circular pattern function randomRadarPoints(n, width, height) { const centerX = width / 2; const centerY = height / 2; const radius = Math.min(width, height) / 2 * 0.8; const points = d3.range(n).map((d, i) => { const angle = (i / n) * 2 * Math.PI; const jitter = .8 * radius * Math.random(); // More jitter const r = radius - jitter; return { x: centerX + r * Math.cos(angle), y: centerY + r * Math.sin(angle) }; }); // This is already centered and scaled reasonably, but can refine further return scaleProportionally(points, width, height); } // Apply scaling to circle points to fill the area better function circlePoints(n, width, height) { const centerX = width / 2; const centerY = height / 2; const radius = Math.min(width, height) / 2 * 0.8; const points = d3.range(n).map((d, i) => { const angle = (i / n) * 2 * Math.PI; return { x: centerX + radius * Math.cos(angle), y: centerY + radius * Math.sin(angle) }; }); // Already circular and centered, but ensure consistent scaling return scaleProportionally(points, width, height); } // Points forming a square function squarePoints(n, width, height) { const side = Math.min(width, height) * 0.8; // Make it a true square const leftMargin = (width - side) / 2; const topMargin = (height - side) / 2; const perimeter = 4 * side; const pointsPerSide = Math.floor(n / 4); const remainder = n % 4; let points = []; let count = 0; // Top side for (let i = 0; i <= pointsPerSide + (remainder > 0 ? 1 : 0); i++) { if (count >= n) break; points.push({ x: leftMargin + (i / (pointsPerSide + (remainder > 0 ? 1 : 0))) * side, y: topMargin }); count++; } // Right side for (let i = 1; i <= pointsPerSide + (remainder > 1 ? 1 : 0); i++) { if (count >= n) break; points.push({ x: leftMargin + side, y: topMargin + (i / (pointsPerSide + (remainder > 1 ? 1 : 0))) * side }); count++; } // Bottom side for (let i = 1; i <= pointsPerSide + (remainder > 2 ? 1 : 0); i++) { if (count >= n) break; points.push({ x: leftMargin + side - (i / (pointsPerSide + (remainder > 2 ? 1 : 0))) * side, y: topMargin + side }); count++; } // Left side for (let i = 1; i < pointsPerSide; i++) { if (count >= n) break; points.push({ x: leftMargin, y: topMargin + side - (i / pointsPerSide) * side }); count++; } return points; } // Points forming a cardioid shape function cardioidPoints(n, width, height) { const centerX = width / 2; const centerY = height / 2; const scale = Math.min(width, height) / 3; // Increased from /4 to /3 const points = d3.range(n).map((d, i) => { const angle = (i / n) * 2 * Math.PI; // Cardioid formula: r = a(1 + cos(θ)) const r = scale * (1 + Math.cos(angle)); return { x: centerX + r * Math.cos(angle), y: centerY + r * Math.sin(angle) }; }); return scaleProportionally(points, width, height); } // Points forming an epitrochoid function epitrochoidPoints(n, width, height) { const centerX = width / 2; const centerY = height / 2; const scale = Math.min(width, height) / 6; // Reduced from /5 to /6 const R = 3; // Major radius const r = 1; // Minor radius const d = 2; // Distance from center of minor circle const points = d3.range(n).map((_, i) => { const angle = (i / n) * 2 * Math.PI; // Epitrochoid formula const x = centerX + scale * ((R + r) * Math.cos(angle) - d * Math.cos((R + r) * angle / r)); const y = centerY + scale * ((R + r) * Math.sin(angle) - d * Math.sin((R + r) * angle / r)); return { x, y }; }); return scaleProportionally(points, width, height); } // Apply scaling to other geometric shapes function spiralPoints(n, width, height) { const centerX = width / 2; const centerY = height / 2; const maxRadius = Math.min(width, height) / 2 * 0.8; // Adjust the number of rotations based on number of points // With fewer points, we need fewer rotations to make it visible const rotations = Math.max(1.5, Math.min(n/2, 6)); const points = d3.range(n).map((d, i) => { // Start at a noticeable radius rather than 0 to avoid straight line with few points const baseRadius = maxRadius * 0.1; // Start at 10% of max radius const angle = (i / (n - 1)) * rotations * Math.PI * 2; const radius = baseRadius + (i / (n - 1)) * (maxRadius - baseRadius); return { x: centerX + radius * Math.cos(angle), y: centerY + radius * Math.sin(angle) }; }); return scaleProportionally(points, width, height); } // Apply scaling to sine wave function sinPoints(n, width, height) { const amplitude = height / 3; // Increased from /4 to /3 const centerY = height / 2; const points = d3.range(n).map((d, i) => { const x = (width / (n - 1)) * i; const y = centerY + amplitude * Math.sin((i / (n - 1)) * 4 * Math.PI); return { x, y }; }); return scaleToFit(points, width, height); } // Apply scaling to star shape function starPoints(n, width, height) { const centerX = width / 2; const centerY = height / 2; const outerRadius = Math.min(width, height) / 2 * 0.8; const innerRadius = outerRadius * 0.4; const points = d3.range(n).map((d, i) => { const angle = (i / n) * 2 * Math.PI; const radius = i % 2 === 0 ? outerRadius : innerRadius; return { x: centerX + radius * Math.cos(angle), y: centerY + radius * Math.sin(angle) }; }); return scaleProportionally(points, width, height); } // Apply scaling to Lissajous curve function lissajousPoints(n, width, height) { const centerX = width / 2; const centerY = height / 2; const amplitude = Math.min(width, height) / 2 * 0.8; const a = 3; // X frequency const b = 2; // Y frequency const delta = Math.PI / 2; // Phase offset const points = d3.range(n).map((d, i) => { const t = (i / (n - 1)) * 2 * Math.PI; return { x: centerX + amplitude * Math.sin(a * t + delta), y: centerY + amplitude * Math.sin(b * t) }; }); return scaleProportionally(points, width, height); } updatePoints() function getCurve() { const type = getEl("#curveType").value; const variation = getEl("#curveVariation").value; const param = +getEl("#curveParam").value; if (type === "natural") return d3.curveNatural; else if (type === "linear") { if (variation === "closed") return d3.curveLinearClosed; else return d3.curveLinear; } else if (type === "basis") { if (variation === "open") return d3.curveBasisOpen; if (variation === "closed") return d3.curveBasisClosed; return d3.curveBasis; } else if (type === "cardinal") { if (variation === "open") return d3.curveCardinalOpen.tension(param); if (variation === "closed") return d3.curveCardinalClosed.tension(param); return d3.curveCardinal.tension(param); } else if (type === "catmullRom") { if (variation === "open") return d3.curveCatmullRomOpen.alpha(param); if (variation === "closed") return d3.curveCatmullRomClosed.alpha(param); return d3.curveCatmullRom.alpha(param); } else if (type === "bundle") return d3.curveBundle.beta(param); else if (type === "monotone") { if (variation === "y") return d3.curveMonotoneY; return d3.curveMonotoneX; } else if (type === "step") { if (variation === "before") return d3.curveStepBefore; if (variation === "after") return d3.curveStepAfter; return d3.curveStep; } return d3.curveLinear; } const line = d3.line() .curve(getCurve()) .x(d => d.x) .y(d => d.y); const path = svg.append("path") .attr("fill", "none") .attr("stroke", "black") .attr("stroke-width", 2) .attr("d", line(points)); function updateCurvePath(override = false) { line.curve(getCurve()); const originalDStr = line(points); path.attr("d", originalDStr); parsed = parsePath(originalDStr); if(max_d > 0.00001 || override) mCodeDiv.innerHTML = printCurveCode(parsed); const flatPoints = parsed.reduce((arr, cmd) => arr.concat(cmd.points), []); const mCircles = mCodePointsGroup.selectAll("circle.mcode-point").data(flatPoints); mCircles.exit().remove(); mCircles.enter().append("circle") .attr("class", "mcode-point") .attr("r", 3) .merge(mCircles) .attr("fill", d => getColorForIndex(d.index)) .attr("cx", d => d.x1) .attr("cy", d => d.y1); let segments = []; let prevPoint = null; parsed.forEach(cmd => { if (cmd.command === "M") { prevPoint = cmd.points[0]; } else if (cmd.command === "C" && prevPoint) { if (cmd.points.length >= 3) { segments.push({ start: prevPoint, control1: cmd.points[0], control2: cmd.points[1], end: cmd.points[2] }); prevPoint = cmd.points[2]; } } else if (cmd.command === "L" && !prevPoint) { prevPoint = cmd.points[0]; } else if (cmd.command === "L" && prevPoint) { prevPoint = cmd.points[0]; } }); if (segments.length > 0) { let handleLines = []; segments.forEach(seg => { handleLines.push({ x1: seg.start.x1, y1: seg.start.y1, x2: seg.control1.x1, y2: seg.control1.y1, index: seg.control1.index }); handleLines.push({ x1: seg.control2.x1, y1: seg.control2.y1, x2: seg.end.x1, y2: seg.end.y1, index: seg.control2.index }); }); const lines = handleLinesGroup.selectAll("line.bezier-handle").data(handleLines); lines.exit().remove(); lines.enter().append("line") .attr("class", "bezier-handle") .merge(lines) .attr("x1", d => d.x1) .attr("y1", d => d.y1) .attr("x2", d => d.x2) .attr("y2", d => d.y2) .attr("stroke", d => getColorForIndex(d.index)) .attr("stroke-width", 0.5); } else { handleLinesGroup.selectAll("line.bezier-handle").remove(); } } updateCurvePath(true); let circles; function redrawCircles() { circles = svg.selectAll("circle.control").data(points); circles.exit().remove(); circles = circles.enter().append("circle") .attr("class", "control") .style("cursor", "move") .attr("r", 10) .merge(circles) .call(d3.drag() .on("start", dragStarted) .on("drag", dragged) .on("end", dragEnded) ); circles .attr("fill", (d, i) => getColorForIndex(i)) .attr("opacity", 0.8) .attr("cx", d => d.x) .attr("cy", d => d.y); updateCurvePath(); } function dragStarted(event, d) { preservePrevPoints = true; if (!dragBaseline) { dragBaseline = prevParsedCommands ? JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(prevParsedCommands)) : null; } } function dragged(event, d) { d.x = Math.max(0, Math.min(event.x, width)); d.y = Math.max(0, Math.min(event.y, height)); d3.select(this).attr("cx", d.x).attr("cy", d.y); updateCurvePath(); } function dragEnded(event, d) { dragBaseline = null; } redrawCircles(); function updateCurveOptions() { const type = getEl("#curveType").value; const variationSelect = d3.select(getEl("#curveVariation")); const slider = d3.select(getEl("#curveParam")); const variationLabel = d3.select(getEl("#variationLabel")); const sliderLabel = d3.select(getEl("#sliderLabel")); const paramName = getEl("#paramName"); variationSelect.selectAll("option").remove(); if (type == "bundle") { slider.property("value", 0.85); getEl("#paramValue").textContent = "0.85"; } else if (type == "catmullRom") { slider.property("value", 0.5); getEl("#paramValue").textContent = "0.50"; } else { slider.property("value", 0); getEl("#paramValue").textContent = "0.00"; } if (["linear"].includes(type)) { variationLabel.style("display", "inline-block"); sliderLabel.style("display", "none"); variationSelect.append("option").attr("value", "endpoint").text("Endpoint"); variationSelect.append("option").attr("value", "closed").text("Closed"); } else if (["basis", "cardinal", "catmullRom"].includes(type)) { variationLabel.style("display", "inline-block"); sliderLabel.style("display", (type === "basis") ? "none" : "inline-block"); variationSelect.append("option").attr("value", "endpoint").text("Endpoint"); variationSelect.append("option").attr("value", "open").text("Open"); variationSelect.append("option").attr("value", "closed").text("Closed"); if (type === "cardinal") { paramName.textContent = "Tension:"; } else if (type === "catmullRom") { paramName.textContent = "Alpha:"; } else { paramName.textContent = "Parameter:"; } } else if (type === "bundle") { variationLabel.style("display", "none"); sliderLabel.style("display", "inline-block"); paramName.textContent = "Beta:"; } else if (type === "monotone") { variationLabel.style("display", "inline-block"); sliderLabel.style("display", "none"); variationSelect.append("option").attr("value", "x").text("X"); variationSelect.append("option").attr("value", "y").text("Y"); } else if (type === "step") { variationLabel.style("display", "inline-block"); sliderLabel.style("display", "none"); variationSelect.append("option").attr("value", "before").text("Before"); variationSelect.append("option").attr("value", "middle").text("Middle"); variationSelect.append("option").attr("value", "after").text("After"); variationSelect.property("value", 'middle'); } else { variationLabel.style("display", "none"); sliderLabel.style("display", "none"); } } updateCurveOptions(); // When controls change that should reset previous positions, set preservePrevPoints to false. d3.select(getEl("#curveType")).on("change", () => { preservePrevPoints = true; updateCurveOptions(); updateCurvePath(true); }); d3.select(getEl("#curveVariation")).on("change", () => { preservePrevPoints = false; updateCurvePath(); }); d3.select(getEl("#numPoints")).on("change", () => { preservePrevPoints = false; updatePoints(); redrawCircles(); updateCurvePath(true); }); d3.select(getEl("#arrangement")).on("change", () => { preservePrevPoints = false; updatePoints(); redrawCircles(); }); // Add event listener for reroll button d3.select(getEl("#rerollBtn")).on("click", () => { preservePrevPoints = false; updatePoints(); redrawCircles(); }); // For parameter slider and color scheme changes, keep preservePrevPoints true. d3.select(getEl("#curveParam")).on("input", () => { preservePrevPoints = true; updateCurvePath(); getEl("#paramValue").textContent = (+getEl("#curveParam").value).toFixed(2); }); d3.select(getEl("#colorScheme")).on("change", () => { preservePrevPoints = true; const value = getEl("#colorScheme").value; colorScheme = d3[value]; if (value.startsWith("interpolate")) { isContinuous = true; } else { isContinuous = false; } updateCurvePath(); redrawCircles(); }); return container; }30:T112c,

Curve Name	D3 Code	Additional Variables	Continuity Class	Uses	How control points create spline
Natural	`d3.curveNatural`		C2	Data visualization	Minimizes bending energy ${tex`\int [f''(x)]^2dx`} to create the smoothest possible curve through all points, with zero curvature at endpoints.
Basis	`d3.curveBasis` `d3.curveBasisClosed` `d3.curveBasisOpen`		C2	Camera movements and reflective surfaces	Uses groups of 4 consecutive points as control points for B-spline segments that pass near (but not through) the middle points.
Bundle	`d3.curveBundle`	`.beta()`	C2	Hierarchical edge bundling	Blends between basis spline and evenly spaced points between the first and last point.
Cardinal	`d3.curveCardinal` `d3.curveCardinalClosed` `d3.curveCardinalOpen`	`.tension()`	C1	Animation (Hermite splines have continuous velocity)	Sets tangents at each point based on the vector between neighboring points, scaled by a tension parameter that controls curve tightness.
Catmull-Rom	`d3.curveCatmullRom` `d3.curveCatmullRomClosed` `d3.curveCatmullRomOpen`	`.alpha()`	G1	Shape smoothing that avoids cusps, similar to original wood splines	Like the Cardinal curve, calculates tangents based on neighboring points. The alpha parameter controls timing assumptions: alpha=0 treats control points as evenly-timed samples (like Cardinal splines), while alpha=1 assumes time between samples is proportional to their distance, smothing the curves between near points.
Monotone	`d3.curveMonotoneX` `d3.curveMonotoneY`		G1	Interpolating between data points without overshooting	Computes tangents using harmonic mean of adjacent slopes, then clamps them to prevent creating local extrema between points.
Linear	`d3.curveLinear` `d3.curveLinearClosed`		C0	Arclength parameterization, transforms, colors	Connects control points with straight lines.
Step	`d3.curveStep` `d3.curveStepAfter` `d3.curveStepBefore`		C0	Stepwise charts	Creates horizontal segments at each y-value with vertical transitions positioned before, after, or midway between control points.

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