2b:null 2c:["$","title",null,{"children":"DoughNets | Kun-Ting Chen | Observable"}] 31:T75b,navigation = html`

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`32:T445,intro = html `

Introduction

Understanding a social network graph is difficult especially when there are many crossing links. In this study, we investigate drawing a network graph by wrapping the links at the top and bottom, at the left and right of a window. This sometimes allows us to avoid crossing links.

We propose a general-purpose force-directed layout algorithm, user interface and controlled user study of torus drawings as practical ways to visualise network data, which has not previously been presented.

We study whether people can understand layout that wraps in such way. We study what's the best way (in terms of perceptual error and time) to represent a torus drawing with labeled wrapping, with window display and 3x3 tiled display with full continuation about the wrapping links.

We study what benefits a torus representation has over standard non-torus node-link diagram.

Our results indicate that interactive panning or full-context provides the best torus layout and as good as (no worse than) baseline (no wrapping). `33:Ta08,table = html `

Study Conditions

Size of Graph	NoTorus	NoContext	PartialContext	FullContext
1. Small	${await FileAttachment("1.1.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.1.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.1.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.1.JPG").image()}
2. Small	${await FileAttachment("1.2.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.2.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.2.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.2.JPG").image()}
3. Small	${await FileAttachment("1.3.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.3.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.3.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.3.JPG").image()}

`34:T8df,table2 = html `

4. Small	${await FileAttachment("1.4.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.4.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.4.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.4.JPG").image()}
5. Small	${await FileAttachment("1.5.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.5.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.5.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.5.JPG").image()}
6. Small	${await FileAttachment("1.6.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.6.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.6.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.6.JPG").image()}

`35:T8f0,table3 = html `

7-8 Small	${await FileAttachment("1.7.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.7.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.7.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.7.JPG").image()}
9. Medium	${await FileAttachment("1.9.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.9.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.9.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.9.JPG").image()}
10. Medium	${await FileAttachment("1.10.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.10.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.10.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.10.JPG").image()}

`36:T8fd,table4 = html `

11. Medium	${await FileAttachment("1.11.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.11.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.11.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.11.JPG").image()}
12. Medium	${await FileAttachment("1.12.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.12.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.12.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.12.JPG").image()}
13. Medium	${await FileAttachment("1.13.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.13.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.13.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.13.JPG").image()}

`37:Te5d,table5 = html `

14. Medium	${await FileAttachment("1.14.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.14.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.14.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.14.JPG").image()}
15. Large	${await FileAttachment("1.15.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.15.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.15.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.15.JPG").image()}
16. Large	${await FileAttachment("1.16.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.16.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.16.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.16.JPG").image()}
17. Large	${await FileAttachment("1.17.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.17.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.17.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.17.JPG").image()}
18. Large	${await FileAttachment("1.18.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2.18.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("3.18.JPG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("4.18.JPG").image()}

`38:T16c2,study1_1 = html `

Study 1-1: Effect of Layout

Time

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
NoTorus significantly outperformed NoContext, PartialContext, and FullContext in time.	No significant difference	NoTorus significantly outperformed NoContext and PartiaContext in time FullContext significantly outperformed NoContext and PartialContext in time.
${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_completion_time.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_completion_time.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_lc_completion_time.png").image()}

Time Analysis: mean; std-dev; ANOVA repeated measures; Tukey pairwise comparison

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_completion_time_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_completion_time_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_lc_completion_time_stat.PNG").image()}

Error Rate

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
NoTorus significantly outperformed NoContext in error rate.	There was a weak (p=0.23) trend for NoContext to outperform NoTorus in error rate.	NoTorus significantly outperformed PartialContext in error rate.
${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_error_rate.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_error_rate.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_lc_error_rate.png").image()}

Error Rate Analysis: mean; std-dev; Friedman's non-parametric test; Nemenyi pairwise comparison

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_error_rate_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_error_rate_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_lc_error_rate_stat.PNG").image()}

`39:T2007,study1_2 = html `

Study 1-2: Effect of Layout by Size of Graphs

Time

Shortest path	Neighbours
NoTorus significantly outperformed NoContext in time for small graphs. NoTorus significantly outperformed NoContext, PartialContext, and FullContext in time for medium graphs. PartialContext significantly underformed NoTorus, NoContext, and FullContext in time for large graphs.	No significant difference
${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_completion_time_size_graphs.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_completion_time_size_graphs.png").image()}

Time Analysis: mean; std-dev; ANOVA repeated measures; Tukey pairwise comparison

Shortest path	Neighbours
Small graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_completion_time_small_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}	Small graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_completion_time_small_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}
Medium graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_completion_time_medium_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}	Medium graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_completion_time_medium_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}
Large graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_completion_time_large_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}	Large graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_completion_time_large_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}

Error Rate

Shortest path	Neighbours
NoTorus and FullContext significantly outperformed PartialContext in error rate for large graphs. There was a trend (p=0.0875) for NoTorus to outperform NoContext in error rate for large graphs.	No significant difference
${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_error_rate_size_graphs.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_error_rate_size_graphs.png").image()}

Error Rate Analysis: mean; std-dev; Friedman's non-parametric test; Nemenyi pairwise comparison

Shortest path	Neighbours
Small graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_error_rate_small_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}	Small graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_error_rate_small_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}
Medium graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_error_rate_medium_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}	Medium graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_error_rate_medium_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}
Large graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_sp_error_rate_large_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}	Large graphs ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_ad_error_rate_large_graphs_stat.PNG").image()}

`3a:T1714,study1_3 = html `

Study 1-3: Effect of Layout on Participant Preference

Overall	Easy to Learn	Confidence in Shortest Path
FullContext was significantly prefered over NoContext.	FullContext and NoTorus were significantly prefered over NoContext.	FullContext and NoTorus were significantly prefered over NoContext.
${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_overall.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_easiness.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_sp.png").image()}

Confidence in Neighbours	Confidence in Nodes Count	Confidence in Links Count
FullContext and NoContext were significantly preferred over NoTorus. NoContext was significantly (p = 0.05) preferred over PartialContext.	NoTorus was significantly preferred over all the torus representation.	NoTorus was significantly preferred over PartialContext.
${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_ad.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_nc.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_lc.png").image()}

Participant Preference Analysis: mean; std-dev; Friedman's non-parametric test; Nemenyi pairwise comparison

Overall	Easy to Learn	Confidence in Shortest Path
NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_overall_stat.PNG").image()}	NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_easiness_stat.PNG").image()}	NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_sp_stat.PNG").image()}

Confidence in Neighbours	Confidence in Nodes Count	Confidence in Links Count

${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_ad_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_nc_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("1st_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_lc_stat.PNG").image()}

`3b:T1810,study2_1 = html `

Study 2-1: Mixed Analysis: Effect of Node Link Layout and Torus with Panning

Time

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
NoTorus significantly outperformed PartialContextPan in time.	No significant difference	NoTorus significantly outperformed NoContextPan and PartialContextPan in time. FullContextPan significantly outperformed NoContextPan and PartialContextPan in time.
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_completion_time_sp.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_completion_time_ad.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_completion_time_lc.png").image()}

Time Analysis: mean; std-dev; ANOVA independent measures; Tukey pairwise comparison

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_completion_time_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_completion_time_ad_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_completion_time_lc_stat.PNG").image()}

Error Rate

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
FullContextPan significantly outperformed PartialContextPan in error rate.	No significant difference	NoTorus significantly outperformed NoContextPan and PartialContextPan. FullContextPan significantly outperformed PartialContextPan.
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_error_rate_sp@1.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_error_rate_ad@1.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_error_rate_lc@1.png").image()}

Error Rate Analysis: mean; std-dev; Kruskal-Wallis's non-parametric test by rank; multiple pairwise comparisons using Wilcoxon's test

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_error_rate_sp_stat@1.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_error_rate_ad_stat@1.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_on_error_rate_lc_stat@1.PNG").image()}

`3c:T2155,study2_2 = html `

Study 2-2: Mixed Analysis: Effect of Node Link Layout and Torus with Panning by Size of Graphs

Time

Shortest path	Neighbours
NoTorus significantly outperformed NoContextPan, PartialContextPan, and FullContextPan in time for medium graphs. NoTorus, NoContextPan, FullContextPan significantly outperformed PartialContextPan in time for large graphs.	No significant difference
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_size_of_graphs_on_completion_time_sp.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_size_of_graphs_on_completion_time_ad.png").image()}

Time Analysis: mean; std-dev; ANOVA independent measures; Tukey pairwise comparison

Shortest path	Neighbours
Small graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_small_graphs_on_completion_time_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	Small graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_small_graphs_on_completion_time_ad_stat.PNG").image()}
Medium graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_medium_graphs_on_completion_time_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	Medium graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_medium_graphs_on_completion_time_ad_stat.PNG").image()}
Large graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_difficult_graphs_on_completion_time_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	Large graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_difficult_graphs_on_completion_time_ad_stat.PNG").image()}

Error Rate

Shortest path	Neighbours
PartialContextPan and FullContextPan significantly outperformed NoContextPan in error rate for medium graphs. NoTorus, NoContextPan, and FullContextPan significantly outperformed PartialContextPan in error rate for large graphs.	No significant difference
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_size_of_graphs_on_error_rate_sp@1.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_size_of_graphs_on_error_rate_ad@1.png").image()}

Error Rate Analysis: mean; std-dev; Kruskal-Wallis's test by rank; multiple pairwise comparisons using Wilcoxon's test

Shortest path	Neighbours
Small graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_small_graphs_on_error_rate_sp_stat@1.PNG").image()}	Small graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_small_graphs_on_error_rate_ad_stat@1.PNG").image()}
Medium graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_medium_graphs_on_error_rate_sp_stat@1.PNG").image()}	Medium graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_medium_graphs_on_error_rate_ad_stat@1.PNG").image()}
Large graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_large_graphs_on_error_rate_sp_stat@1.PNG").image()}	Large graphs ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_mixed_layout_large_graphs_on_error_rate_ad_stat@1.PNG").image()}

`3d:T2719,study2_3 = html `

Study 2-3: Effect of Layout and Panning

Time

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
NoContextPan significantly outperformed NoContext without panning in time.	No significant difference	No significant difference
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_pan_on_completion_time_sp@1.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_pan_on_completion_time_ad@1.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_pan_on_completion_time_lc@1.png").image()}

Time Analysis: mean; std-dev; ANOVA repeated measures; Tukey pairwise comparison

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_nocontext_pan_on_completion_time_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_nocontext_pan_on_completion_time_ad_stat.PNG").image()}	NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_nocontext_pan_on_completion_time_lc_stat.PNG").image()}
PartialContextPan vs PartialContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_partialcontext_pan_on_completion_time_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	PartialContextPan vs PartialContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_partialcontext_pan_on_completion_time_ad_stat.PNG").image()}	PartialContextPan vs PartialContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_partialcontext_pan_on_completion_time_lc_stat.PNG").image()}
FullContextPan vs FullContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_fullcontext_pan_on_completion_time_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	FullContextPan vs FullContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_fullcontext_pan_on_completion_time_ad_stat.PNG").image()}	FullContextPan vs FullContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_fullcontext_pan_on_completion_time_lc_stat.PNG").image()}

Error Rate

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
All torus panning significantly outperformed torus without panning in error rate.	No significant difference	No significant difference
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_pan_on_error_rate_sp@1.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_pan_on_error_rate_ad@1.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_pan_on_error_rate_lc@1.png").image()}

Error Rate Analysis: mean; std-dev; Friedman's non-parametric test; Nemenyi pairwise comparison

Shortest path	Neighbours	Links Count
NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_nocontext_pan_on_error_rate_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_nocontext_pan_on_error_rate_ad_stat.PNG").image()}	NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_nocontext_pan_on_error_rate_lc_stat.PNG").image()}
PartialContextPan vs PartialContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_partialcontext_pan_on_error_rate_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	PartialContextPan vs PartialContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_partialcontext_pan_on_error_rate_ad_stat.PNG").image()}	PartialContextPan vs PartialContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_partialcontext_pan_on_error_rate_lc_stat.PNG").image()}
FullContextPan vs FullContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_fullcontext_pan_on_error_rate_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	FullContextPan vs FullContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_fullcontext_pan_on_error_rate_ad_stat.PNG").image()}	FullContextPan vs FullContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_fullcontext_pan_on_error_rate_lc_stat.PNG").image()}

`3e:Tc18,study2_4 = html `

Study 2-4: Effect of Layout on Panning Distance

Panning Distance

Shortest path	Neighbours	Nodes Count
NoContextPan and PartialContextPan required significantly more panning distance than FullContextPan.	No significant difference	No significant difference
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_panning_distance_sp.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_panning_distance_ad.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_panning_distance_nc.png").image()}

Panning Distance Analysis: mean; std-dev; ANOVA repeated measures; Tukey pairwise comparison

Shortest path	Neighbours	Nodes Count
NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_panning_distance_sp_stat.PNG").image()}	NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_panning_distance_ad_stat.PNG").image()}	NoContextPan vs NoContext ${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_panning_distance_nc_stat.PNG").image()}

`3f:T1655,study2_5 = html `

Study 2-5: Effect of Layout on Participant Preference

Overall	Easy to Learn	Confidence in Shortest Path
FullContextPan was significantly prefered over NoContextPan. There was a tendency (p=0.0545) for FullContextPan to be prefered over PartialContextPan.	FullContextPan was significantly prefered over NoContextPan.	FullContextPan was significantly prefered over NoContextPan.
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_overall.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_easiness.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_sp.png").image()}

Confidence in Neighbours	Confidence in Nodes Count	Confidence in Links Count
No significant difference	No significant difference	No significant difference
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_ad.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_nc.png").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_lc.png").image()}

Participant Preference Analysis: mean; std-dev; Friedman's non-parametric test; Nemenyi pairwise comparison

Overall	Easy to Learn	Confidence in Shortest Path
${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_overall_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_easiness_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_sp_stat.PNG").image()}

Confidence in Neighbours	Confidence in Nodes Count	Confidence in Links Count

${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_ad_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_nc_stat.PNG").image()}	${await FileAttachment("2nd_study_effect_layout_on_user_rating_lc_stat.PNG").image()}

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Chen","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/a10ea236a5655729b1e9ef3d57ad0e1d5f87e4086d7359d894dd2c907031fc6a","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"2986ef7c11c54a76","login":"kun-ting","name":"Kun-Ting Chen","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/a10ea236a5655729b1e9ef3d57ad0e1d5f87e4086d7359d894dd2c907031fc6a","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"DoughNets","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`# DoughNets`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":736,"value":"md`### Visualising Networks Using Torus Wrapping`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":745,"value":"menu = html\n`

${await FileAttachment(\"doughnets.png\").image()}

Kun-Ting Chen, Tim Dwyer, Kim Marriott, Benjamin Bach

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Abstract

\nWe investigate visualisations of networks on a 2-dimensional torus topology, like an opened-up and flattened doughnut. That is, the network is drawn on a rectangular area while \"wrapping\" specific links around the border. Previous work on torus drawings of networks has been mostly theoretical, limited to certain classes of networks, and not evaluated by human readability studies. We offer a simple interactive layout approach applicable to general graphs. We use this to find layouts affording better aesthetics in terms of conventional measures like more equal edge length and fewer crossings. In two controlled user studies we find that torus layout with either additional context or interactive panning provided significant performance improvement (in terms of error and time) over torus layout without either of these improvements, to the point that it is comparable to standard non-torus layout.\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":877,"value":"md`\n### See [What is the Best Torus Network Layout?](https://ialab.it.monash.edu/~kche0088/WebCola/examples/torusgraphexample.html)\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":846,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":5,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":674,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":676,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":680,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":682,"value":"$37","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":386,"value":"study1_title = html\n`\n

Study 1 Results: Static Torus Drawing Readability

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Study 2 Results: Torus Drawings + Interactive Panning

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