25:["$","title",null,{"children":"Final exercise bo: | Albert Teixidó's Workspace | Observable"}] 49:T517,

Economic development has always been tied to the use of energy with the consequent drawback of carbon footprint. Nevertheless, in recent decades, the raise in global awareness of environmental issues has prompted nations to assess their ecological impact in order to seek for sustainable alternatives.

The analytical goal of this project is to assess the CO2 emissions between ${textcolor('Italy', 'green')} and ${textcolor('Spain', 'red')} and its position with respect to the rest of the EU, Schengen and associate countries. Making special emphasis in the impact of applying green solutions in each of the studied countries. The Ceteris Paribus analysis pretends to hold the same economic indicators while reducing the CO2 emissions. The final purpose is to compare which one is more developed in terms of applying green solutions thus being more CO2 efficient.

The study is based in the dataset Our World In Data, one of the richest datasets for tracking GHG emissions with respect to economic variables. Features relative to CO2, CO2 per industry, GDP, and all those computed per capita have been used for all the countries belonging to EU, space Schengen or associates in a time range comprised between 1950 and 2022.

4a:T44e,Plot.plot({ title: "Contrasting Perspectives in 2022 European Carbon Footprint", subtitle: "Revealing the greater contributors in a two sided dilemma. Total Emissions vs Per Capita.", width: 600, projection: { type: "conic-conformal", domain: eu_data_map }, color: { scheme: "YlOrRd", label: selected_plot.legend, legend: true }, marks: [ Plot.geo(eu_countries, { fill: (d) => d.properties[selected_plot.variable], opacity: 1 }), Plot.geo(other_eu, { fill: "grey" , stroke: "white", opacity: 0.15 }), Plot.geo(not_esp_ita, {stroke: "black",strokeWidth: 0.5 }), Plot.geo(esp_ita, {stroke: "black",strokeWidth: 2 }), Plot.dot(eu_countries, Plot.centroid({ fill: "white", stroke: "black" })), Plot.tip(eu_countries, Plot.pointer( Plot.centroid({ stroke: "white", strokeWidth: 0.125, tip: true, channels: { "Country": d => d.properties.country, " - CO2": (d) => `${d.properties.co2} M.t.`, " - CO2 per capita": (d) => `${d.properties.co2_per_capita} t.` } }) )) ] });4b:T4a5,plot_other_industry_co2_3 = Plot.plot({ title: "Carbon Emissions Evolution in Italy and Spain - " + grafic3.key, subtitle: "Slow convergence of Italy and Spain's CO2 emissions over time", width: 1100, height: 500, marginLeft: 80, marginRight: 120, marginBottom: 60, x: {grid: true, label: "Year", labelAnchor: "center", labelArrow: false, labelOffset: 35}, y: {grid: true, label: `${grafic3.key} (in million tonnes)` , labelAnchor: "center", labelArrow: false, labelOffset: 40, tickSize: 0, tickPadding: 20, labelOffset: 60}, color:{ type: "categorical", legend: true, domain: ["Italy", "Spain"], range: ["green", "red"], }, marks: [ Plot.ruleY([0]), Plot.lineY(perIndustry, { x: "year", y: grafic3, z: "country", color: { legend: "country"}, stroke: "country" }), Plot.text(perIndustry, Plot.selectLast({x: "year", y: grafic3, z: "country", text: "country", textAnchor: "start", dx: 3})), Plot.text(perIndustry, {filter: (d) => d.year % 5 === 0, x: "year", y: grafic3, text: (d) => `${d[grafic3.value]}`, dy: -12}), Plot.circle(perIndustry, { x: "year", y: grafic3, fill: "country" }), ] });4c:T426,When comparing Italy and Spain, it is clear that their overall trend over time follows a similar pattern, with both lines both lines appearing very parallel. However, it can also be seen that the CO2 emissions of Italy and Spain converge over time, particularly when comparing emissions from the oil and other industries. In terms of All Industries emissions, in overall terms it is shown that CO2 emissions increased until around 2005, and then began to decrease. The Kyoto protocol, which commits industrialised countries to limit and reduce greenhouse gases, it was approved in 1997 but only came into force in 2005. The 2008 collapse of the 'Property bubble' is also reflected in the plot, which shows a more pronounced decrease. The plot also illustrates the impact of Covid: there was a slight reduction in CO2 emissions in 2020, but they quickly returned to the global trend. Since 2014, Spain has been producing more CO2 emissions from the cement industry, surpassing Italy's emissions. In 2022, their emissions from cement industry where very similar.4d:T6df,{ const svg = d3 .create("svg") .attr("width", 800) .attr("height", 400) .attr("viewBox", [-5000, -2900, 11000, 5000]) svg.append('circle').attr('r', bubblePlot[0].primary_energy_consumption).attr('cx', -bubblePlot[0].primary_energy_consumption).attr('cy', 0).attr("fill", "green"); svg.append('circle').attr('r', bubblePlot[1].primary_energy_consumption).attr('cx', bubblePlot[1].primary_energy_consumption).attr('cy', 0).attr("fill", "red"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", -5000) .attr("y", -2600) .attr("text-anchor", "left") .style("font-size", "300px") .style("font-weight", "bold") .text("Comparing energy consumption between Spain and Italy"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", -5000) .attr("y", -2350) .attr("text-anchor", "left") .style("font-size", "230px") .text("Yearly energy consumption"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", -bubblePlot[0].primary_energy_consumption) .attr("y", 20) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .style("font-size", "250px") .style("font-weight", "bold") .text("Italy"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", bubblePlot[1].primary_energy_consumption) .attr("y", 20) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .style("font-size", "250px") .style("font-weight", "bold") .text("Spain"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", -bubblePlot[0].primary_energy_consumption) .attr("y", 250) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .style("font-size", "200px") .text(bubblePlot[0].primary_energy_consumption.toFixed(2) + " TWh"); svg.append("text") .attr("x", bubblePlot[1].primary_energy_consumption) .attr("y", 250) .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .style("font-size", "200px") .text(bubblePlot[1].primary_energy_consumption.toFixed(2) + " TWh"); return svg.node(); }4e:T743,ratioChart = { return(Plot.plot({ width: 600, height: 500, title: "Italy leads GDP/CO2 efficiency over Spain", subtitle: "Sustainable economies constrained by the environmental impact", marginLeft: 80, marginBottom: 80, x: {label: "Year", labelAnchor: "center", labelArrow: false, labelOffset: 35}, y: {label: "Ratio GDP/CO2", labelAnchor: "center", labelArrow: false, labelOffset: 40}, color: {legend:true}, marks: [ Plot.dot(scatterplotData, Plot.pointerX({x: "year", y: "ratio_italy", stroke: "red", strokeWidth:2, r: 5})), Plot.dot(scatterplotData, Plot.pointerX({x: "year", y: "ratio_spain", stroke: "red", strokeWidth: 2, fill: "yellow", r: 5})), Plot.lineY(scatterplotData, {x: "year", y: "ratio_italy", stroke: "green"}), Plot.lineY(scatterplotData, {x: "year", y: "ratio_spain", stroke: "red"}), Plot.ruleX(scatterplotData, Plot.pointerX({x: "year", py: "ratio_italy", stroke: "grey"})), Plot.text(scatterplotData, Plot.pointerX({px: "year", py: "ratio_italy", dx: 30, dy: 20, frameAnchor: "top-left", fontVariant: "tabular-nums", fontSize: 14, fontWeight: "bold", text: (d) => [` Year ${d.year.toFixed(0)}`].join(" ")})), Plot.text(scatterplotData, Plot.pointerX({px: "year", py: "ratio_italy", dx: 30, dy: 28, frameAnchor: "top-left", fontVariant: "tabular-nums", fontSize: 14, text: (d) => [`\n`, ` GDP ($B)`, `\n`, `Italy ${d.gdp_italy.toFixed(1)}`, `\n`,`Spain ${d.gdp_spain.toFixed(1)}`].join(" ")})), Plot.text(scatterplotData, Plot.pointerX({px: "year", py: "ratio_italy", dx: 170, dy: 28, frameAnchor: "top-left", fontVariant: "tabular-nums", fontSize: 14, text: (d) => [`\n`, `CO2 (Mt)`, `\n`, `${d.co2_italy.toFixed(2)}`, `\n`, `${d.co2_spain.toFixed(2)}`].join(" ")})), ] })) } 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Teixidó","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/3a403d40b3fff1559ad975290add47cbd2e6f663f1e9f6bd4ac407036721cc4f","tier":null,"role":"editor"},{"type":"team","id":"be28382f76819dc3","login":"albert-teixido-ws","name":"Albert Teixidó's Workspace","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/bb37ae9e7a846801373145cb7f7a79bfc4647a40a6b3f0fffdc8653987b1a770","tier":"starter_2024","role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"Final exercise bo:","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# Final exercise bo:","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2122,"value":"---\n## Introduction and objectives","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2109,"value":"$49","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":179,"value":"---\n## Summary","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":197,"value":"toc({\n// title: null,\n headers: 'h1',\n headers: 'h2',\n// headers: 'h3',\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2131,"value":"## From Past to Present: Tracing the Trajectory of CO2 Emissions in Europe","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2135,"value":"

Europe has historically been one of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. As of the end of 2021, the countries that now make up the European Union had produced just over 17 percent of cumulative global carbon dioxide emissions since the Industrial Revolution began. As one of the most responsible regions for historical emissions, the EU has set numerous emissions-reduction targets. And while the EU has made good progress in recent decades, having achieved its 20 percent reduction target by 2020, it was still the joint third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases in 2021.

\n \n

The main contributor to CO₂ emissions in Europe is Germany. It emits considerably much more than other big emitters, such as France, Italy and Poland. This is mostly driven by Germany's energy mix being reliant on coal, the dirtiest of all fossil fuels, emitting approximately 50% more CO₂ than natural gas.

\n\n

But if deep dive into a comparison between the total CO2 and CO2 per capita, can be easily seen that some countries that might not seem remarkable in terms of total emissions, are the ones more intensive if assessed in per capita terms. Some of those gaining an important weight could be Iceland, Czech Republic or Norway.

\n \n

On the other side, countries such as Germany, the UK or Italy clearly leading in terms of total emissions, have a fewer impact if the assessment is performed in terms of emissions per capita.

\n\n

","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1986,"value":"## CO2 emissions in Europe. Evolution of the regulations implemented to try to decrease GHG emissions. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1960,"value":"In order to try to reduce CO2 emissions, many factors have been introuced, such as the implementation of policies and regulations, improved energy efficiency, and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.\n\nOne of the key drivers has been the gradual phasing out of polluting coal-fired power plants and a transition towards natural gas and renewable energy sources. This has seen energy supply sector emissions drop more than 40 percent since 1990. And while coal power CO₂ emissions have increased since 2020, owing to the COVID-19 recovery and the Russia-Ukraine war, they were still almost 40 percent lower than a decade earlier. Nevertheless, the energy supply sector remains the largest source of Europe GHG emissions, and the most polluting installations in the EU are currently all coal-fired power plants.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1468,"value":"heatmap = FileAttachment(\"2.heatmap.jpg\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2053,"value":"If we make an overall look on the graphic below, we can observe that there are countries such as Belguim, the UK and Germany that in 1950 are fully industrialised and emitting high levels of CO2 emissions. Progressively, most Europe countries follow them increasing thier emission levels, achieving a maximum on the 80-90's decade. Since then, and according to multiple conventions and agreements all the european countries have been trying to decrease their emission levels.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":782,"value":"viewof includeOutliers = Inputs.toggle({label: \"Considering Luxembourg, Czechia and Estonia\", value: false})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":400,"value":"Plot.plot({\n title: \"Evolution of CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Europe\",\n subtitle: \"Generalised reduction over time in CO2 emissions across Europe\",\n width: 1000,\n marginLeft: 120,\n marginBottom: 80,\n padding: 0,\n x: {labelAnchor: \"center\", labelOffset: 70, ticks: 5, tickRotate: -90, tickSize: 20, tickPadding: 10},\n y: {labelOffset: 120},\n color: {\n legend: true,\n scheme: \"Turbo\",\n label: \"CO2 per capita (in million tonnes)\"\n },\n marks: [\n \n Plot.cell(\n cellChartDataSource,\n {x: \"year\", fy: \"country\", inset: 0.1, fill: \"co2_per_capita\"}\n ),\n Plot.frame({fy: \"Italy\", strokeWidth: 2.5}),\n Plot.frame({fy: \"Spain\", strokeWidth: 2.5})\n \n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2096,"value":"## More scpecific vision of the data. Comparing the evolution between two similar countries.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2061,"value":"In the image, we can focus in the two countries that are highlighted: Italy and Spain. Historically, this two countries have been compared, due to their similar extensions, population, geographical position, economy, etc. The first years, between 1960-1975 Italy has a faster increase of emissions if we compare it to Spain. This can be traduced to a faster industrialisation of the country. The slower increase of emissions in Spain can be a direct consequence of the end of th dictatorship on Spain on 1975. Since then, CO2 emissions have been steadily increasing, reaching Italy's levels, and having a maximum on 2005 when, due to the Kyoto's protocol, both have been decreasing until today.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1470,"value":"co2Industry = FileAttachment(\"3.co2 industry.jpg\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2070,"value":"On the next graphs, we are going to evaluate a detailed analysis between Spain and Italy comparing the evolution of their emissions having origin in different types of industries.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1370,"value":"viewof grafic3 = Inputs.select(tipusco2, {label: \"Select a CO2 plot\", format: x => x.key, value: tipusco2.find(t => t.key === \"CO2\")})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1450,"value":"$4b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2011,"value":"$4c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1472,"value":"dotsEnergyCountry = FileAttachment(\"4.dots energy country.jpg\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2080,"value":"The next question we can ask is if the emissions of a country (that we know that most come from energy-supply industries) are directly correlated to the energy consumpted. On the graph below we can follow the evolution and the comparation betwen this two countries.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1409,"value":"viewof year = Scrubber(Array.from({ length: 2023 - 1980 }, (_, index) => 1980 + index), {loop: false, delay: 150, autoplay: false})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1656,"value":"$4d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2015,"value":"If we measure the total energy demand of Italy and Spain from 1980 to 2022, it is clear that in 1980 Italy’s energy consumption was significant higher than Spain’s . \nHowever, over the years, the difference between the two countries has decreased, particularly from the 2000s onwards.\nBoth countries reached their consumption peak in 2005 and 2007 respectively, after which their consumption decreased.\nIn the last decade, the energy consumption of both countries has been quite similar and stable.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2089,"value":"Going back to the emission graphs, and knowing that in the 80's Spain was being recovered from the dictatorship, we can see that this follows the same path that the ones we saw before, so we can conclude that they are highly correlated. Observing at first Italy leadering the energy consumption, then Spain reaching the same levels, but in this case the levels of energy doesn't decrease the same way it does with the CO2 emissions. Instead, they are more or less maintained since 2005.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1473,"value":"difEnergyPerCapita = FileAttachment(\"5.dif energy per capita.jpg\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1361,"value":"difference = {return(Plot.plot({\n marginLeft: 80,\n marginBottom: 80,\n title: \"Shift Towards Spain in the Largest Energy Consumption\",\n subtitle: \"Evolution of per capita energy consumption difference between Spain and Italy\",\n x: {label: \"Year\", labelAnchor: \"center\", labelArrow: false, labelOffset: 40},\n y: {label: \"Energy cons difference (kWh)\",labelAnchor: \"center\", labelArrow: false, labelOffset: 60},\n \n marks: [\n Plot.ruleY([0]),\n Plot.ruleX([1965]),\n \n Plot.differenceY(energy_diff, {x: \"year\", y: \"diff\", positiveFill: \"red\", negativeFill: \"green\", fillOpacity: 0.3, strokeWidth: 1, tip: true}),\n\n Plot.tip([\"Italy\"],{x: 1978, y: -8600, anchor: \"top-left\", fill: \"Green\", fillOpacity: 0.3, fontWeight: \"Bold\"}),\n Plot.tip([\"Spain\"],{x: 2001, y: 2350, anchor: \"bottom-right\", fill: \"Red\", fillOpacity: 0.3, fontWeight: \"Bold\"}),\n \n ]\n}))}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2255,"value":"

${[em_italy]}

${[em_spain]}

\n Source: Eurostat, Simplified energy balances\n

${[ratioChart]}

${[scatterChart]}

","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":905,"value":"$4e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1104,"value":"scatterChart = {\n return(Plot.plot({\n width: 600,\n height: 500,\n marginLeft: 80,\n marginBottom: 80,\n title: \"Evolving towards efficiency\",\n subtitle: \"1980 and 2005 were two inflection years in the co2 emissions reduction\",\n x: {label: selected_plot2.label_x, labelAnchor: \"center\", labelArrow: false, labelOffset: 35},\n y: {label: selected_plot2.label_y, labelAnchor: \"center\", labelArrow: false, labelOffset: 50},\n marks: [\n Plot.dot(selected_plot2.data_source, {\n x: selected_plot2.variable_x,\n y: selected_plot2.variable_y,\n fill: d => d.country === \"Italy\" ? greens(d.year) : reds(d.year),\n }),\n \n Plot.tip(selected_plot2.data_source, Plot.pointer({x: selected_plot2.variable_x, y: selected_plot2.variable_y, channels: {year: \"year\", country: \"country\"}}))\n ]\n }))\n} ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":21,"value":"---\n## Other questions\nI haven't explored this ... but it might be something cool to do with this dataset.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":209,"value":"---\n## Data sources, imports and functions","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1776,"value":"### DATA GENERAL","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":336,"value":"rawData = d3.csv(\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owid/co2-data/master/owid-co2-data.csv\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":379,"value":"keys = [\"country\",\"year\",\"iso_code\",\"population\",\"gdp\",\"co2\",\"co2_growth_abs\",\"co2_growth_prct\",\"co2_per_capita\",\"co2_per_gdp\",\"co2_per_unit_energy\",\"co2_including_luc\",\"co2_including_luc_growth_abs\",\"co2_including_luc_growth_prct\",\"co2_including_luc_per_capita\",\"co2_including_luc_per_gdp\",\"co2_including_luc_per_unit_energy\",\"cement_co2\",\"cement_co2_per_capita\",\"coal_co2\",\"coal_co2_per_capita\",\"consumption_co2\",\"consumption_co2_per_capita\",\"flaring_co2\",\"flaring_co2_per_capita\",\"gas_co2\",\"gas_co2_per_capita\",\"land_use_change_co2\",\"land_use_change_co2_per_capita\",\"oil_co2\",\"oil_co2_per_capita\",\"other_industry_co2\",\"other_co2_per_capita\",\"trade_co2\",\"primary_energy_consumption\",\"energy_per_capita\",\"energy_per_gdp\",\"temperature_change_from_co2\"]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":362,"value":"europeanCountries = [\"Austria\", \"Belgium\", \"Bulgaria\", \"Croatia\", \"Cyprus\", \"Czechia\", \"Denmark\", \"Estonia\", \"Finland\", \"France\", \"Germany\", \"Greece\", \"Hungary\", \"Iceland\", \"Ireland\", \"Italy\", \"Latvia\", \"Liechtenstein\", \"Lithuania\", \"Luxembourg\", \"Malta\", \"Netherlands\", \"Norway\", \"Poland\", \"Portugal\", \"Romania\", \"Slovakia\", \"Slovenia\", \"Spain\", \"Sweden\", \"Switzerland\", \"United Kingdom\"]\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":364,"value":"europeanDataRaw = rawData.filter(item => europeanCountries.includes(item.country) && item.year >= 1950)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":387,"value":"europeanData = europeanDataRaw.map(obj => filterObject(obj, keys));\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":532,"value":"spainData = europeanData.filter(item => item.country === 'Spain');","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":529,"value":"italyData = europeanData.filter(item => item.country === 'Italy');\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1607,"value":"### DATA MARTÍ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1611,"value":"eu_data_map = FileAttachment(\"eu_map_data.geojson\").json()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1634,"value":"eu_countries = {\n return eu_data_map.features.filter(feature => feature.properties.type === 0 ||feature.properties.type === 2);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1647,"value":"other_eu = {\n return eu_data_map.features.filter(feature => feature.properties.type === 1);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1637,"value":"esp_ita = {\n return eu_data_map.features.filter(feature => feature.properties.type === 2);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1640,"value":"not_esp_ita = {\n return eu_data_map.features.filter(feature => feature.properties.type === 0);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1620,"value":"map_plots = [\n {variable: \"co2\", name: \"Total CO2\", legend: \"CO2 Emissions (in million tonnes)\"},\n {variable: \"co2_per_capita\", name: \"CO2 per capita\", legend: \"CO2 per capita (in tonnes)\"},\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":649,"value":"### DATA MIREIA","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1382,"value":"perIndustry = europeanData\n .filter((value) => value.year >= 1980 && (value.country === 'Italy' || value.country === 'Spain'))\n .map((entry) => ({\n year: convertToFloat(entry.year),\n country: entry.country,\n co2: convertToFloat(entry.co2),\n cement_co2: convertToFloat(entry.cement_co2),\n coal_co2: convertToFloat(entry.coal_co2),\n consumption_co2: convertToFloat(entry.consumption_co2),\n oil_co2: convertToFloat(entry.oil_co2),\n other_industry_co2: convertToFloat(entry.other_industry_co2),\n}));","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1445,"value":"tipusco2 = [\n {key: \"All industries\", value: \"co2\"},\n {key: \"Cement industry\", value: \"cement_co2\"},\n {key: \"Coal industry\", value: \"coal_co2\"},\n {key: \"Consumption based industry\", value: \"consumption_co2\"},\n {key: \"Oil industry\", value: \"oil_co2\"},\n {key: \"Other industries\", value: \"other_industry_co2\"}]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1407,"value":"bubblePlot = europeanData\n .filter((value) => value.year == year && (value.country === 'Italy' || value.country === 'Spain'))\n .map((entry) => ({\n year: entry.year,\n country: entry.country,\n primary_energy_consumption: convertToFloat(entry.primary_energy_consumption),\n}));","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1313,"value":"### DATA ALBERT","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":744,"value":"#### Cell chart","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":791,"value":"cellChartDataSource = includeOutliers ? cellChart1 : cellChart0;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1728,"value":"cellChart0 = europeanData\n .filter((value) => value.year >= 1950 && !['Luxembourg', 'Czechia', 'Estonia'].includes(value.country))\n .map((entry) => ({\n year: +entry.year,\n country: entry.country,\n co2_per_capita: convertToFloat(entry.co2_per_capita)\n}));","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1740,"value":"cellChart1 = europeanData\n .filter((value) => value.year >= 1950)\n .map((entry) => ({\n year: +entry.year,\n country: entry.country,\n co2_per_capita: convertToFloat(entry.co2_per_capita)\n}));","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":829,"value":"#### energy diff","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":823,"value":"SELECT\n CAST (ed1.year AS Float) AS year,\n CAST(ed1.energy_per_capita AS Float) AS epc_italy,\n CAST(ed2.energy_per_capita AS Float) AS epc_spain,\n CAST(ed2.energy_per_capita AS Float) - CAST(ed1.energy_per_capita AS Float) AS diff\nFROM\n europeanData ed1\n \nJOIN\n europeanData ed2 ON ed1.year = ed2.year\n AND ed1.country = 'Italy'\n AND ed2.country = 'Spain'\nWHERE\n ed1.year >= 1965\n\nORDER BY ed1.year\n\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"sql","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"energy_diff","database":"var:europeanData"},{"id":874,"value":"#### scatterplot","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":878,"value":"SELECT\n CAST(ed1.year AS Float) AS year,\n CAST(ed1.gdp AS Float) / CAST(ed1.co2 AS Float) / 1000000000 AS ratio_italy,\n CAST(ed2.gdp AS Float) / CAST(ed2.co2 AS Float) / 1000000000 AS ratio_spain,\n CAST(ed1.gdp AS Float) / 1000000000 AS gdp_italy,\n CAST(ed2.gdp AS Float) / 1000000000 AS gdp_spain,\n CAST(ed1.co2 AS Float) AS co2_italy,\n CAST(ed2.co2 AS Float) AS co2_spain,\n \n\nFROM\n europeanData ed1\n \nJOIN\n europeanData ed2 ON ed1.year = ed2.year\n AND ed1.country = 'Italy'\n AND ed2.country = 'Spain'\nWHERE\n ed1.year >= 1965 AND ed1.year < 2019\n\n\nORDER BY ed1.year\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"sql","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"scatterplotData","database":"var:europeanData"},{"id":2000,"value":"scatterplotData1 = europeanData\n .filter((value) => value.year >= 1965 && value.year < 2019 && (value.country === 'Italy' || value.country === 'Spain'))\n .map((entry) => ({\n year: convertToFloat(entry.year),\n country: entry.country,\n co2_per_capita: convertToFloat(entry.co2_per_capita),\n gdp_per_capita: convertToFloat(entry.gdp/entry.population)\n}));","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1123,"value":"SELECT\n year AS year,\n country AS country,\n CAST(gdp AS Float) / 1000000000 AS gdp,\n CAST(co2 AS Float) AS co2,\n\nFROM\n europeanData\n \nWHERE\n year >= 1965 AND year < 2019\n AND (country = 'Italy' OR country = 'Spain')\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"sql","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"scatterplotData2","database":"var:europeanData"},{"id":1958,"value":"map_scatter = [\n {variable_x: \"co2_per_capita\", variable_y: \"gdp_per_capita\", select: \"Per capita\", label_x: \"CO2 emissions per capita (t)\", label_y: \"GDP per capita ($)\", data_source: scatterplotData1},\n {variable_x: \"co2\", variable_y: \"gdp\", select: \"Total\", label_x: \"CO2 emissions (Mt)\", label_y: \"GDP ($B)\", data_source: scatterplotData2},\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2371,"value":"#### Energy mix","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2149,"value":"energy_mix_raw = FileAttachment(\"mix_energy@2.txt\").csv()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2190,"value":"allowedEnergySources_Italy= [\n 'Oil and petroleum products (excluding biofuel portion)',\n 'Natural gas',\n 'Renewables and biofuels',\n 'Solid fossil fuels',\n 'Electricity'\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2239,"value":"allowedEnergySources_Spain= [\n 'Oil and petroleum products (excluding biofuel portion)',\n 'Natural gas',\n 'Renewables and biofuels',\n 'Nuclear heat',\n 'Solid fossil fuels'\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2157,"value":"energy_mix_italy = energy_mix_raw\n .filter((value) => \n value.geo === 'Italy' &&\n allowedEnergySources_Italy.includes(value.Energy_source)\n )\n .map((entry) => ({\n year: convertToFloat(entry.TIME_PERIOD),\n country: entry.geo,\n energy: convertToFloat(entry.OBS_VALUE),\n energy_source: entry.Energy_source\n}));","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2185,"value":"energy_mix_spain = energy_mix_raw\n .filter((value) => \n value.geo === 'Spain' &&\n allowedEnergySources_Spain.includes(value.Energy_source) \n )\n .map((entry) => ({\n year: convertToFloat(entry.TIME_PERIOD),\n country: entry.geo,\n energy: convertToFloat(entry.OBS_VALUE),\n energy_source: entry.Energy_source\n}));","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2359,"value":"SELECT\n CAST(TIME_PERIOD AS FLOAT) AS year,\n geo AS country,\n CAST(OBS_VALUE AS FLOAT) AS energy,\n Energy_source AS energy_source\nFROM\n energy_mix_raw\nWHERE\n geo = 'Italy' AND TIME_PERIOD = '2022';\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"sql","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"var:energy_mix_raw"},{"id":2365,"value":"SELECT\n CAST(TIME_PERIOD AS FLOAT) AS year,\n geo AS country,\n CAST(OBS_VALUE AS FLOAT) AS energy,\n Energy_source AS energy_source\nFROM\n energy_mix_raw\nWHERE\n geo = 'Spain' AND TIME_PERIOD = '2022';","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"sql","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"var:energy_mix_raw"},{"id":2152,"value":"em_italy = \n{return(Plot.plot({\n y: {\n label: \"Composition of energy generation (%)\",\n percent: true\n },\n title: \"Italian energy mix distribution\",\n color: {legend: true, domain: allowedEnergySources_Italy, range: [\"#808080\", \"#ffff99\", \"#2ca02c\",\"060607\",\"#2e86ab\"]},\n marks: [\n Plot.areaY(\n energy_mix_italy,\n Plot.stackY({offset: \"normalize\", reverse: false, order: allowedEnergySources_Italy},\n {x: \"year\", y: \"energy\", z: \"energy_source\", fill: \"energy_source\"})),\n Plot.tip(energy_mix_italy, Plot.pointerX({x: \"year\", channels: {year: \"year\", country: \"country\"}}))\n ]\n}))}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2188,"value":"em_spain = \n{return(Plot.plot({\n y: {\n label: \"Composition of energy generation (%)\",\n percent: true\n },\n title: \"Spanish energy mix distribution\",\n color: {legend: true, domain: allowedEnergySources_Spain, range: [\"#808080\", \"#ffff99\", \"#2ca02c\",\"#00f700\",\"#060607\"]},\n marks: [\n Plot.areaY(\n energy_mix_spain,\n Plot.stackY({offset: \"normalize\", reverse: false, order: allowedEnergySources_Spain},\n {x: \"year\", y: \"energy\", z: \"energy_source\", fill: \"energy_source\"}))\n ]\n}))}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":398,"value":"---\n### FUNCTIONS","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":385,"value":"function filterObject(obj, keysToKeep) {\n return Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(obj).filter(([key]) => keysToKeep.includes(key)));\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1384,"value":"function convertToFloat(value){\n return value !== null ? parseFloat(value): null\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1135,"value":"greens = d3.scaleLinear([1965, 2020], [\"#ebf5ec\", \"#008001\"])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1137,"value":"reds = d3.scaleLinear([1965, 2020], [\"#ffebec\", \"#fe0000\"]);","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":710,"value":"### IMPORTS","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2102,"value":"import {textcolor} from \"@observablehq/text-color-annotations-in-markdown\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1419,"value":"import {Scrubber} from \"@mbostock/scrubber\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":19,"value":"import { toc } from \"@nebrius/indented-toc\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W4f","stdlib":"1"}} 24:null