25:["$","title",null,{"children":"Sugar and Terror: The Thibodaux Massacre and the Political Economy of Violence | Digital History: Labor and Violence | Observable"}] 49:Tc89,// Cell 1: Data strikeData = [ {date: "1887-10-01", strike: "Thibodaux", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Strike begins", description: "10,000 sugar workers strike for higher wages"}, {date: "1887-11-01", strike: "Thibodaux", violence: 2, casualties: 0, event: "Tensions escalate", description: "White and Black workers initially united"}, {date: "1887-11-22", strike: "Thibodaux", violence: 4, casualties: 2, event: "Armed confrontation", description: "Sheriff's deputies and militia arrive"}, {date: "1887-11-23", strike: "Thibodaux", violence: 5, casualties: 50, event: "Massacre", description: "White paramilitaries massacre Black strikers"}, {date: "1891-09-01", strike: "Arkansas Cotton", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Strike begins", description: "Cotton pickers demand $1 per 100 pounds"}, {date: "1891-09-15", strike: "Arkansas Cotton", violence: 3, casualties: 3, event: "First violence", description: "Armed confrontations with strikebreakers"}, {date: "1891-09-20", strike: "Arkansas Cotton", violence: 4, casualties: 9, event: "Lee County killings", description: "Multiple Black strikers killed"}, {date: "1891-09-25", strike: "Arkansas Cotton", violence: 3, casualties: 0, event: "Mass arrests", description: "Hundreds of strikers arrested"}, {date: "1892-06-29", strike: "Homestead", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Lockout begins", description: "Carnegie Steel locks out workers"}, {date: "1892-07-06", strike: "Homestead", violence: 5, casualties: 16, event: "Battle of Homestead", description: "Gun battle with Pinkerton agents"}, {date: "1892-07-07", strike: "Homestead", violence: 4, casualties: 0, event: "Pinkertons surrender", description: "Agents beaten while leaving"}, {date: "1892-07-12", strike: "Homestead", violence: 2, casualties: 0, event: "State militia", description: "Pennsylvania National Guard arrives"}, {date: "1892-07-23", strike: "Homestead", violence: 4, casualties: 0, event: "Assassination attempt", description: "Berkman attempts to kill Frick"}, {date: "1892-11-20", strike: "Homestead", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Strike ends", description: "Union admits defeat"}, {date: "1894-05-11", strike: "Pullman", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Strike begins", description: "Pullman workers strike over wage cuts"}, {date: "1894-06-26", strike: "Pullman", violence: 2, casualties: 0, event: "Boycott spreads", description: "American Railway Union joins"}, {date: "1894-07-03", strike: "Pullman", violence: 3, casualties: 0, event: "Federal troops", description: "Cleveland sends troops to Chicago"}, {date: "1894-07-06", strike: "Pullman", violence: 4, casualties: 4, event: "Violence erupts", description: "Troops fire on crowds"}, {date: "1894-07-07", strike: "Pullman", violence: 5, casualties: 13, event: "Peak violence", description: "Widespread riots and buildings burned"}, {date: "1894-07-10", strike: "Pullman", violence: 3, casualties: 0, event: "Leaders arrested", description: "Eugene Debs arrested"}, {date: "1894-07-20", strike: "Pullman", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Strike ends", description: "Workers return without gains"} ].map(d => ({...d, date: new Date(d.date)}))4a:T8f6,// Cell 2: Plot - Vertical Timeline Style html`

Violence During Major Labor Strikes (1887-1894)

${strikeData.map((d, i) => { const isLeft = i % 2 === 0; const colors = {"Thibodaux": "#1f77b4", "Arkansas Cotton": "#ff7f0e", "Homestead": "#2ca02c", "Pullman": "#d62728"}; const size = Math.max(16, Math.sqrt(d.casualties + 1) * 3.5); return `

${d.date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric', year: 'numeric' })}

${d.event}

${d.strike}

${d.description}

Violence: ${d.violence}/5 | Casualties: ${d.casualties}

`; }).join('')}

`4b:T64a,// Cell 2: Thibodaux Timeline html`

Thibodaux Massacre Timeline

${strikeData.filter(d => d.strike === "Thibodaux").map(d => { const size = Math.max(12, Math.sqrt(d.casualties + 1) * 3); return `

${d.date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric', year: 'numeric' })}

${d.event}

${d.description}

Violence: ${d.violence}/5 | Casualties: ${d.casualties}

`; }).join('')}

`4c:T574,// Cell 4: Strike Patterns Analysis html`

Thibodaux Massacre

Most deadly - 50+ killed in racially motivated violence against sugar workers

Arkansas Cotton

Regional conflict - 9+ killed across multiple counties in cotton strike

Homestead Strike

Industrial warfare - Famous battle between workers and Pinkerton agents

Pullman Strike

Federal intervention - First major use of federal troops against strikers

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This strike highlighted the intersection of labor and racial violence in the post-Reconstruction South.\n\n**Arkansas Cotton Strike (1891)** - Cotton pickers across multiple counties struck for better wages, but faced deadly suppression that particularly targeted Black workers.\n\n**Homestead Strike (1892)** - The famous battle between steelworkers and private Pinkerton agents became a symbol of industrial warfare and corporate power.\n\n**Pullman Strike (1894)** - A railway boycott that spread nationwide, prompting unprecedented federal military intervention and establishing important precedents for labor law.\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":132,"value":"Plot.plot({\n width: 900,\n height: 610,\n projection: {\n type: \"albers-usa\",\n domain: {\n type: \"Polygon\",\ncoordinates: [[\n [-94.00, 42.50], // Northwestern corner\n [-76.00, 42.50], // Northeastern corner \n [-76.00, 29.00], // Southeastern corner\n [-94.00, 29.00], // Southwestern corner\n [-94.00, 42.50] // Close polygon\n]]\n }\n },\n color: {\n domain: [0, 50], // Adjusted for your data\n scheme: \"reds\", // Better for casualty data\n label: \"Total Casualties\",\n legend: true\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.geo(counties, Plot.centroid({\n fill: d => strikeDataMap.get(d.id) || 0, // Your processed data\n tip: true,\n channels: {\n County: d => d.properties.name,\n State: d => statemap.get(d.id.slice(0,2))?.properties.name,\n Casualties: d => strikeDataMap.get(d.id) || 0\n }\n })),\n Plot.geo(states, {stroke: \"white\"})\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":117,"value":"## Import Data\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":90,"value":"import {us} from \"@observablehq/us-geographic-data\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":95,"value":"import {nation} from \"ea5db47ea5bf6882\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":103,"value":"import {states} from \"ea5db47ea5bf6882\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":105,"value":"import {counties} from \"ea5db47ea5bf6882\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":107,"value":"import {ForceGraph} from \"@d3/force-directed-graph-component\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":135,"value":"import {statemap} from \"@observablehq/plot-choropleth\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":141,"value":"strikeDataWithLocations = strikeData.map(d => {\n const locationMap = {\n \"Thibodaux\": { state: \"Louisiana\", stateFips: \"22\" },\n \"Arkansas Cotton\": { state: \"Arkansas\", stateFips: \"05\" },\n \"Homestead\": { state: \"Pennsylvania\", stateFips: \"42\" },\n \"Pullman\": { state: \"Illinois\", stateFips: \"17\" }\n };\n \n const location = locationMap[d.strike] || { state: \"Unknown\", stateFips: \"00\" };\n return { ...d, ...location };\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":143,"value":"stateMetrics = {\n const metrics = new Map();\n strikeDataWithLocations.forEach(strike => {\n const fips = strike.stateFips;\n if (!metrics.has(fips)) {\n metrics.set(fips, {\n stateName: strike.state,\n totalEvents: 0,\n totalCasualties: 0,\n maxViolence: 0,\n // ... other metrics\n });\n }\n // Update metrics...\n });\n return metrics;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":150,"value":"us = d3.json(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/us-atlas@3/counties-albers-10m.json\")\nstates = topojson.feature(us, us.objects.states) \ncounties = topojson.feature(us, us.objects.counties)\nstatemap = new Map(states.features.map(d => [d.id, d]))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":152,"value":"strikeDataMap = {\n const dataMap = new Map();\n const strikesToCountyFips = {\n \"Thibodaux\": \"22057\", // Lafourche Parish, LA\n \"Arkansas Cotton\": \"05077\", // Lee County, AR \n \"Homestead\": \"42003\", // Allegheny County, PA\n \"Pullman\": \"17031\" // Cook County, IL\n };\n \n strikeData.forEach(strike => {\n const fips = strikesToCountyFips[strike.strike];\n if (fips) {\n dataMap.set(fips, (dataMap.get(fips) || 0) + strike.casualties);\n }\n });\n \n return dataMap;\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W4d","stdlib":"1"}} 24:null