40:null 41:["$","title",null,{"children":"Estimate Economic Returns on Adaptation | 360ground | Observable"}] 47:Td9f,viewof options_econPerfWalkthrough = { const terms = { none: _lang(nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.terms.none, { key: language.key }), low: _lang(nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.terms.low, { key: language.key }), moderate: _lang(nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.terms.moderate, { key: language.key }), high: _lang(nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.terms.high, { key: language.key }), incremental: _lang( nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.terms.incremental, ), transformative: _lang( nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.terms.transformative, ) }; const dataProdImpact = [ { label: `10% (${terms.incremental})`, value: 0.1 }, { label: `20%`, value: 0.2 }, { label: `30% (${terms.moderate})`, value: 0.3 }, { label: `40%`, value: 0.4 }, { label: `50% (${terms.transformative})`, value: 0.5 } ]; const inputProdImpact = Inputs.select(dataProdImpact, { label: makeTooltipLabel({ labelText: _lang( nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.inputs.prodImpactDropdown.label, ), tooltipText: _lang( nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.inputs.prodImpactDropdown.tooltip, ) }), format: (x) => x.label, value: dataProdImpact.find((d) => d.value == 0.3) }); const dataAdoption = [ { label: `0.5% (${terms.low})`, value: 0.005 }, { label: `1% (${terms.moderate})`, value: 0.01 }, { label: `2% (${terms.high})`, value: 0.02 } ]; const inputAdoption = Inputs.select(dataAdoption, { label: makeTooltipLabel({ labelText: _lang( nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.inputs.adoptionRateDropdown.label, ), tooltipText: _lang( nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.inputs.adoptionRateDropdown.tooltip, ) }), format: (x) => x.label, value: dataAdoption.find((d) => d.value == 0.01) }); const dataCisImpact = [ { label: `0% (${terms.none})`, value: 0 }, { label: `10% (${terms.low})`, value: 0.1 }, { label: `25% (${terms.moderate})`, value: 0.25 }, { label: `50% (${terms.high})`, value: 0.5 } ]; const inputCisImpact = Inputs.select(dataCisImpact, { label: makeTooltipLabel({ labelText: _lang( nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.inputs.cisImpactDropdown.label, ), tooltipText: _lang( nbText.projectSetup.blocks.impacts.inputs.cisImpactDropdown.tooltip, ) }), format: (x) => x.label, value: dataCisImpact.find((d) => d.value == 0.25) }); // const dataTimeHorizon = d3.range(selectProjectYears.value, 16 + 1, 1).map(d => ({label: `${d} years`, value: d})) // const inputTime = Inputs.select(dataTimeHorizon, { // label: makeTooltipLabel({ // labelText: 'Time horizon', // tooltipText: "By default, the time horizon matches the project's active duration. Extending the time horizon beyond this period assumes continued adoption after project funding ends, with benefits projected up to this extended timeframe." // }), // format: x => x.label, // value: dataTimeHorizon.find(d => d.value == selectProjectYears.value) // }); return Inputs.form( { inputProdImpact, inputAdoption, inputCisImpact // inputTime, }, { template: (inputs) => htl.html`

${Object.values( inputs )}

` } ); }48:Tad9,{ const langBasePath = nbText.investmentReturns.blocks.insightReview.setupBlock; // const langBasePath = tester; const langMissingTemplate = _lang(langBasePath.missingMessage, { key: language.key }); const admin0List = _.uniq( adminCropChoices.regions.map((d) => d.admin0_name) ).map(d => _lang(td.admin0_name.values?.[d])).sort(); const cropList = adminCropChoices.crops.sort((a,b) => _lang(a.translation) > _lang(b.translation)); const truncateSize = 3; const admin0ListTruncated = admin0List.slice(0, truncateSize); const cropListTruncated = cropList.slice(0, truncateSize).map((d) => _lang(d.translation)); if (admin0List.length == 0 || cropList.length == 0) { return md`${langMissingTemplate}`; } // new code const insertCropCount = cropList.length; const insertCropWord = cropList.length == 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.crop.singular, { key: language.key }) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.crop.plural, { key: language.key }); const insertCropList = `(**${cropListTruncated.join(", ")}${ cropList.length > truncateSize ? "..." : "" }**)`; const insertCrop = `**${insertCropCount} ${insertCropWord}** ${insertCropList}`; const insertRegionCount = adminCropChoices.regions.length; const insertRegionWord = adminCropChoices.regions.length == 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.region.singular, { key: language.key }) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.region.plural, { key: language.key }); const insertRegion = `${insertRegionCount} ${insertRegionWord}`; const insertCountryCount = admin0List.length; const insertCountryWord = admin0List.length == 1 ? _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.country.singular, { key: language.key }) : _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.country.plural, { key: language.key }); const insertCountryList = `(**${admin0ListTruncated.join(", ")}${ admin0List.length > truncateSize ? "..." : "" }**)`; const insertCountry = `**${insertCountryCount} ${insertCountryWord}** ${insertCountryList}`; // insert to template const langTemplate = _lang(langBasePath.template, { key: language.key }); const langTemplateItems = [ { name: "crop_string", value: insertCrop }, { name: "region_string", value: insertRegion }, { name: "country_string", value: insertCountry }, { name: "cost_string", value: formatCurrencyToBirr(rangeProjectCost, { year: null, includeCurrency: true }) }, { name: "year_string", value: selectProjectYears.label } ]; const formattedTemplate = Lang.reduceReplaceTemplateItems( langTemplate, langTemplateItems ); return md`${formattedTemplate}`; }49:T8cd,bigNumbers = { const y = selectProjectYears?.value; const e = walkthroughEconomicIndicators?.enriched?.find(d => d.year === y); const data = dataPickMetric.map((d) => { let value; if (d.key === "irr" && e?.irr != null) { value = e.irr; // IRR as percentage } else if (d.key === "mirr" && e?.mirr != null) { value = e.mirr; // MIRR as percentage } else if (d.key === "npv" && e?.discounted_benefit_cum != null && e?.discounted_cost_cum != null) { value = +(e.discounted_benefit_cum - e.discounted_cost_cum).toFixed(1); // NPV, 1 dp } else if (d.key === "bcr") { value = e?.discounted_bcr; } return { ...d, value }; }); return htl.html`

${data.map( (d) => htl.html`

` )}

`; }4a:Tb45,{ // Format ETB values: convert USD to ETB and show full exact value with ETB prefix function formatEtbValue(num) { if (num == null || isNaN(num)) return "—"; const birrValue = num * usdToEtbExchangeRate; return `ETB${Math.round(birrValue).toLocaleString()}`; } const selectedYear = selectProjectYears?.value; const enriched = (walkthroughEconomicIndicators?.enriched ?? []) .filter(d => d.year <= selectedYear); const headerNames = [ "Year", "Benefit", "Cost", "Cashflow", "Discounted Benefit (cum)", "Discounted Cost (cum)", "Discounted NPV (cum)", "Discounted BCR", "IRR", "MIRR" ]; return html`

${headerNames.map(h => html``)} ${enriched.map((d, i) => { const isFinal = i === enriched.length - 1; const npv_i = d.discounted_benefit_cum != null && d.discounted_cost_cum != null ? d.discounted_benefit_cum - d.discounted_cost_cum : null; return html``; })}

${h}
${d.year}	${d.project_benefit != null ? formatEtbValue(d.project_benefit) : "—"}	${d.cost != null ? formatEtbValue(d.cost) : "—"}	${d.cashflow != null ? formatEtbValue(d.cashflow) : "—"}	${d.discounted_benefit_cum != null ? formatEtbValue(d.discounted_benefit_cum) : "—"}	${d.discounted_cost_cum != null ? formatEtbValue(d.discounted_cost_cum) : "—"}	${npv_i != null ? formatEtbValue(npv_i) : "—"}	${d.discounted_bcr != null ? d.discounted_bcr.toFixed(2) : "—"}	${d.irr != null ? `${(d.irr ).toFixed(2)}%` : "—"}	${d.mirr != null ? `${(d.mirr).toFixed(2)}%` : "—"}

`; } 4b:T7f7,plotIndicator = { const projectYearCutoff = walkthroughSelections.project_years; const selector = pickMetricWalkthrough; const plotData = walkthroughEconomicIndicators?.enriched ?? []; // Always include all years for consistent x-axis const fullYears = d3.range(0, 9); // 0 to 8 inclusive const completePlotData = fullYears.map(y => { const row = plotData.find(d => d.year === y); return row ?? { year: y }; }); const ruleYValue = selector.key === "bcr" ? 1 : 0; return Plot.plot({ width, marginRight: 80, inset: 5, x: { label: _lang(nbText.investmentReturns.blocks.exploreIndicators.projectYear), ticks: fullYears, tickFormat: "d", labelAnchor: "center", labelArrow: "none" }, y: { label: selector.label, tickFormat: selector.yFormat }, marks: [ Plot.axisY({ anchor: "right", label: selector.label, tickFormat: selector.yFormat, tickSize: 0, color: (d) => { return d >= 0 ? "black" : "#EC5A47"; } }), // horizontal reference line Plot.ruleY([ruleYValue], { stroke: "#333", strokeDasharray: [3] }), // line Plot.line(completePlotData, { x: "year", y: selector.columnName, stroke: "#444", strokeOpacity: 0.7, strokeWidth: 2, tip: true }), // dots Plot.dot(completePlotData, { x: "year", y: selector.columnName, r: 3, fill: "#444", stroke: "#fff", strokeWidth: 0.5, tip: { format: { x: true, y: selector.yFormat } } }), // highlight selected year Plot.dot(completePlotData.filter(d => d.year === projectYearCutoff), { x: "year", y: selector.columnName, r: 7, fill: "#fff", stroke: d => d[selector.columnName] >= 0 ? "#333" : "#EC5A47", strokeWidth: 2 }) ] }); }4c:T20fc,viewof exportPlotIndicator = { const t = nbText.export.plotIndicator; // Helper: Download blob const downloadBlob = (blob, filename) => { const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob); const a = document.createElement('a'); a.href = url; a.download = filename; a.style.display = 'none'; document.body.appendChild(a); a.click(); document.body.removeChild(a); setTimeout(() => URL.revokeObjectURL(url), 100); }; // Helper: Show notification const showNotification = (message, isError = false) => { const notification = html`

${message}

`; document.body.appendChild(notification); setTimeout(() => { if (notification.parentNode) { notification.parentNode.removeChild(notification); } }, isError ? 5000 : 3000); }; // Helper: Download as SVG const downloadAsSvg = (svg, filename) => { const clone = svg.cloneNode(true); const serializer = new XMLSerializer(); const svgString = serializer.serializeToString(clone); const blob = new Blob([svgString], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); downloadBlob(blob, filename); }; // Helper: Download as raster (PNG/JPEG) const downloadAsRaster = (svg, filename, format) => { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { const clone = svg.cloneNode(true); const serializer = new XMLSerializer(); const svgString = serializer.serializeToString(clone); const svgBlob = new Blob([svgString], { type: 'image/svg+xml' }); const url = URL.createObjectURL(svgBlob); const img = new Image(); // Get dimensions from SVG attributes or bounding rect const svgWidth = svg.getAttribute('width') || svg.getAttribute('viewBox')?.split(' ')[2] || svg.getBoundingClientRect().width || 900; const svgHeight = svg.getAttribute('height') || svg.getAttribute('viewBox')?.split(' ')[3] || svg.getBoundingClientRect().height || 700; const width = typeof svgWidth === 'string' ? parseFloat(svgWidth) : svgWidth; const height = typeof svgHeight === 'string' ? parseFloat(svgHeight) : svgHeight; const canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); canvas.width = width; canvas.height = height; // Fill with white background for both PNG and JPEG ctx.fillStyle = 'white'; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); img.onload = () => { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0, width, height); URL.revokeObjectURL(url); canvas.toBlob( (blob) => { if (blob) { downloadBlob(blob, filename); resolve(); } else { reject(new Error('Failed to create blob from canvas')); } }, format === 'png' ? 'image/png' : 'image/jpeg', format === 'jpeg' || format === 'jpg' ? 0.92 : 1.0 ); }; img.onerror = (e) => { URL.revokeObjectURL(url); reject(new Error('Failed to load SVG image')); }; img.src = url; }); }; // Helper: Download as CSV const downloadAsCsv = (data, filename) => { if (!data || data.length === 0) { throw new Error(_lang(t.noDataAvailable)); } // Get headers from first object const headers = Object.keys(data[0]); // Create CSV content const csvRows = []; csvRows.push(headers.join(',')); for (const row of data) { const values = headers.map(header => { const value = row[header]; // Handle null/undefined if (value === null || value === undefined) return ''; // Escape quotes and wrap in quotes if contains comma, quote, or newline const stringValue = String(value); if (stringValue.includes(',') || stringValue.includes('"') || stringValue.includes('\n')) { return `"${stringValue.replace(/"/g, '""')}"`; } return stringValue; }); csvRows.push(values.join(',')); } const csvContent = csvRows.join('\n'); const blob = new Blob([csvContent], { type: 'text/csv;charset=utf-8;' }); downloadBlob(blob, filename); }; // Get SVG from plotIndicator const getSvg = () => { // Try to get SVG from plotIndicator directly const chartNode = plotIndicator; if (chartNode instanceof SVGElement) { return chartNode; } if (chartNode?.querySelector) { return chartNode.querySelector('svg'); } // Fallback: find in DOM (previous cell) const cells = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.observablehq--cell')); let currentCellIndex = -1; for (let i = 0; i < cells.length; i++) { if (cells[i].contains(select)) { currentCellIndex = i; break; } } if (currentCellIndex > 0) { const prevCell = cells[currentCellIndex - 1]; return prevCell ? prevCell.querySelector('svg') : null; } return null; }; // Get CSV data const getCsvData = () => { const plotData = walkthroughEconomicIndicators?.enriched ?? []; const selector = pickMetricWalkthrough; const fullYears = d3.range(0, 9); // 0 to 8 inclusive const completePlotData = fullYears.map(y => { const row = plotData.find(d => d.year === y); return row ?? { year: y }; }); // Create CSV data with year and the selected metric column return completePlotData.map(d => ({ year: d.year, [selector.label]: d[selector.columnName] ?? null })); }; // Main download function const downloadChart = async (format) => { if (format === 'csv') { try { const csvData = getCsvData(); const timestamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `indicator-chart-${timestamp}.csv`; downloadAsCsv(csvData, filename); showNotification(_lang(t.exportSuccess)); } catch (error) { console.error('CSV export failed:', error); showNotification(`${_lang(t.csvFailed)} ${error.message || error}`, true); } return; } const svg = getSvg(); if (!svg) { const errorMsg = _lang(t.chartNotFound); console.error(errorMsg); showNotification(errorMsg, true); return; } const timestamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, '-').split('T')[0]; const filename = `indicator-chart-${timestamp}.${format}`; try { if (format === 'svg') { downloadAsSvg(svg, filename); showNotification(_lang(t.exportSuccess)); } else { await downloadAsRaster(svg, filename, format); showNotification(_lang(t.exportSuccess)); } } catch (error) { console.error('Download failed:', error); showNotification(`${_lang(t.downloadFailed)} ${error.message || error}`, true); } }; const select = html``; select.onchange = async (event) => { const format = event.target.value; if (format) { await downloadChart(format); // Only reset on success event.target.value = ''; } }; return html`

${_lang(t.title)}

${select}

• ${_lang(t.hintPng)}

• ${_lang(t.hintJpeg)}

• ${_lang(t.hintSvg)}

• ${_lang(t.hintCsv)}

`; } 4d:Tede7,nbText0=({ supportNbText: { labels: { quickInsights: { en: "Quick Insights", am: "ፈጣን ግንዛቤ", or: "Hubannoowwan Dafee", ti: "ቀልጢፍ ርዕይቶታት", so: "Fahamka Degdeg ah", af: "Le Qaddiime Sirrih" }, language: { en: "Language", am: "ቋንቋ", or: "Afaan", ti: "ቋንቋ", so: "Luqad", af: "Qafar" }, tocTitle: { en: "In this notebook", am: "በዚህ ኖትቡክ ውስጥ", or: "Barreeffama kana keessatti", ti: "ኣብዚ መጽሓፍ ዘሎ", so: "Buuggaan ku jira", af: "Maxcaw kinniih" }, crop: { en: "Crop", am: "እርሻ", or: "Mira", ti: "ፍረ", so: "Beeraha", af: "Bagsi" }, sort: { en: "Sort", am: "ማደርደሪያ", or: "Tuqi", ti: "መሰርዕ", so: "Kala saar", af: "Ummatta" }, sortTotals: { en: "Sort totals", am: "ጠቅላላዎችን ያዘጋጁ", or: "Walakkaa waliigalaa tuqi", ti: "ጠቅላልነት መሰርዕ", so: "Wadarta kala saar", af: "Summac ummatta" }, sortBars: { en: "Sort bars", am: "አሞሌዎችን ያዘጋጁ", or: "Saffisa tuqi", ti: "ቋጥሪ መሰርዕ", so: "Baarooyinka kala saar", af: "Sariiro ummatta" }, confidenceIntervals: { en: "Confidence intervals", am: "የመተማመን ክፍተቶች", or: "Iddoowwan amanamaa", ti: "ናይ ተቐራርባ መወዳእታ", so: "Kala duwanaan la aaminsan", af: "Cakkii Raabetak" }, highlightAez: { en: "Highlight AEZ", am: "AEZ አጉላ", or: "AEZ mul'isi", ti: "AEZ ኣጉል ገብር", so: "Soo bandhig AEZ", af: "AEZ Caxxa Qado" }, highlightPractice: { en: "Highlight a practice", am: "አንድ ልማድ አጉላ", or: "Hojiirra oolmaa tokko mul'isi", ti: "ልምዲ ኣጉል ገብር", so: "Soo bandhig hab", af: "Makooqa Caxxa Qado" } }, phrases: { inTotal: { en: "In total, there are", am: "በጠቅላላው፣ አሉ", or: "Waliigalaan, jiru", ti: "ብጠቕላል፣ ኣለዉ", so: "Wadarta guud, waxaa jira", af: "Summac, yanih" }, specificHas: { en: `**:::item:::** has`, am: `**:::item:::** አለው`, or: `**:::item:::** qaba`, ti: `**:::item:::** ኣለዎ`, so: `**:::item:::** leeyahay`, af: `**:::item:::** yeey` } }, words: { toBe: { singular: { en: "is", am: "ነው", or: "ta'a", ti: "እዩ", so: "waa", af: "yekke" }, plural: { en: "are", am: "ናቸው", or: "ta'an", ti: "እዮም", so: "waa", af: "yekken" } }, and: { en: "and", am: "እና", or: "fi", ti: "ከምኡ'ውን", so: "iyo", af: "kee" }, percentage: { singular: { en: "percentage", am: "መቶኛ", or: "dhibbeentaa", ti: "ኣብ ሚእቲ", so: "boqolkiiba", af: "kumootiyyah" }, plural: { en: "percentages", am: "መቶኛዎች", or: "dhibbeentoota", ti: "ኣብ ሚእቲታት", so: "boqolkiibada", af: "kumootiyyitte" } }, crop: { singular: { en: "crop", am: "እርሻ", or: "mira", ti: "ፍረ", so: "beer", af: "bagsi" }, plural: { en: "crops", am: "እርሻዎች", or: "mirootni", ti: "ፍራት", so: "beero", af: "bagsitte" } }, country: { singular: { en: "country", am: "ሀገር", or: "biyya", ti: "ሃገር", so: "dawl", af: "baysa" }, plural: { en: "countries", am: "ሀገራት", or: "biyyoota", ti: "ሃገራት", so: "dawlad", af: "baysitte" } }, region: { singular: { en: "region", am: "ክልል", or: "naannoo", ti: "ክልል", so: "gobol", af: "raagi" }, plural: { en: "regions", am: "ክልሎች", or: "naannolee", ti: "ክልላት", so: "gobollada", af: "raagitte" } }, subregion: { singular: { en: "subregion", am: "ክልል ውስጥ ክልል", or: "naannoo gadi fagoo", ti: "ንኡስ ክልል", so: "gobol yar", af: "raagi yakke" }, plural: { en: "subregions", am: "ክልል ውስጥ ክልሎች", or: "naannolee gadi fagoo", ti: "ንኡስ ክልላት", so: "gobollada yar", af: "raagitte yakke" } }, commodity: { singular: { en: "commodity", am: "ሸቀጥ", or: "bittaa", ti: "ዕንደይቲ", so: "alaab", af: "caagi" }, plural: { en: "commodities", am: "ሸቀጦች", or: "bittoota", ti: "ዕንደይትታት", so: "alaabada", af: "caagitte" } }, overview: { en: "overview", am: "አጠቃላይ እይታ", or: "dubban sagalee", ti: "ሓፈሻዊ ርኢ", so: "dulmar", af: "Summac geyta" }, practice: { singular: { en: "practice", am: "ልማድ", or: "hojiirra oolmaa", ti: "ልምዲ", so: "hab", af: "makooqa" }, plural: { en: "practices", am: "ልማዶች", or: "hojiirra oolmaawwan", ti: "ልምድታት", so: "habab", af: "makooqitte" } }, observation: { singular: { en: "observation", am: "ትንታኔ", or: "madaaluu", ti: "ምርኣይ", so: "daah-furid", af: "kite" }, plural: { en: "observations", am: "ትንታኔዎች", or: "madaalewwan", ti: "ምርኣያት", so: "daah-furayaasha", af: "kiteeh" } }, increase: { en: "increase", am: "ጭማሪ", or: "dabalata", ti: "ወሰኽ", so: "korodh", af: "xabbo" }, decrease: { en: "decrease", am: "ቅነሳ", or: "hir'isuu", ti: "ንኡስ", so: "hoos u dhac", af: "doyyo" } } }, indicators: { general: { terms: { indicator: { en: "Indicator", am: "አመላካች", or: "mallattoo", ti: "ኣመላካኺ", so: "calaamad", af: "matalo" } } }, irr: { label: { en: "IRR", am: "IRR", or: "IRR", ti: "IRR", so: "IRR", af: "IRR" }, labelLong: { en: "Internal rate of return", am: "ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን", or: "Saffisa deebii daangaa guddaa", ti: "ውሽጣዊ ምንጪ መመለሺ", so: "Heerka gudaha ee soo celinta", af: "Ayni Rabita Qimbisa" }, labelFull: { en: "Internal rate of return (IRR)", am: "ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (IRR)", or: "Saffisa deebii daangaa guddaa (IRR)", ti: "ውሽጣዊ ምንጪ መመለሺ (IRR)", so: "Heerka gudaha ee soo celinta (IRR)", af: "Ayni Rabita Qimbisa (IRR)" }, tooltip: { en: "Internal Rate of Return — the rate of growth a project is expected to generate, with higher values suggesting a more-desirable project", am: "ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን — አንድ ፕሮጀክት ለመፍጠር የሚጠበቀው የእድገት ተመን ነው፣ ከፍ ያሉ እሴቶች የበለጠ የሚፈለግ ፕሮጀክት እንደሆነ ያመለክታሉ", or: "Saffisa Deebii Daangaa Guddaa — saffisa guddinaa piroojektiin isa qophesu kan eegamu, guddina guddaa qaban piroojektota akka barbaachisaa ta'an agarsiisa", ti: "ውሽጣዊ ምንጪ መመለሺ — ናይ ምዕባለ ምንጪ ንሓደ ፕሮጀክት ክፍጥር እተጸበየ፣ ልዑላት ክእለት ንዝያዳ ዝፍቀድ ፕሮጀክት የምልክት", so: "Heerka Gudaha ee Soo Celinta — heerka koraanka uu mashruucu ku filayo inuu keeno, qiimayaasha sare waxay tilmaamaan mashruuc aad loogu baahan yahay", af: "Ayni Rabita Qimbisa — ayni baggu maxcaw xaylo kaa hayyaamak gaddalcem, ayni yuysuk kasah duddo maxcaw kaa masayak" }, info: { what: { en: "The IRR is the discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows (both positive and negative) from a particular project equal to zero. In simpler terms, it's the rate of growth a project is expected to generate.", am: "IRR የአንድ የተወሰነ ፕሮጀክት ሁሉንም የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች (አዎንታዊ እና አሉታዊ) የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV) ከዜር ጋር እኩል የሚያደርግ የቅናሽ ተመን ነው። በቀላል አገላለጽ፣ አንድ ፕሮጀክት ለመፍጠር የሚጠበቀው የእድገት ተመን ነው።", or: "IRR saffisa dhiibuu dha, kun immoo dhandhamiinsa NPV gatii ammaan walii gala cash flows hunduu (poozatiivi fi negaatiivi) piroojektii murtaa'e kan ta'e lakkoofsa dha. Jechoota salphaa ta'an keessatti, saffisa guddinaa piroojektiin qophesu isa eegamu.", ti: "IRR እቲ ዝኾነ ናይ ምቕናስ ምንጪ ንሓደ ፕሮጀክት ካብ ዝረኸበ ዅሉ የገንዘብ ፍሰት (ኣዎንታውን ኣሉታውን) NPV ናይ ዜሮ ዝገብሮ እዩ። ብቐሊሉ እንተበልና፣ ናይ ምዕባለ ምንጪ ንሓደ ፕሮጀክት ክፍጥር እተጸበየ።", so: "IRR waa heerka dhimista ee sameeya qiimaha hadda ee safka ah (NPV) ee dhammaan socodka lacagta (labadaba mid wanaagsan iyo mid xun) ee ka soo baxa mashruuc gaar ah u dhigma eber. Si fudud loogu dhigo, waa heerka koraanka mashruucu ku filayo inuu keeno.", af: "IRR kee ayni qasaasi makoyta summac diraa (NPV) faxxa cash flows summac (caagid kee maya) maxcaw takkee kaa taysem yabne. Amaanii kee, ayni baggu maxcaw xaylo kaa hayyaamak gaddalcem." }, interpret: { en: "The IRR is used to evaluate the attractiveness of a project or investment. If the IRR of a new project exceeds a company's required rate of return, that project is considered desirable. The higher the IRR, the more desirable the project. In most development or adaptation contexts, an IRR above **10–12%** is considered strong. Values below **6%** often suggest weak financial performance, unless there are compelling co-benefits such as resilience, equity, or sustainability. IRR values above the discount rate, coupled with a positive NPV and benefit-cost ratio above 1, are strong indicators of project viability.", am: "IRR የአንድ ፕሮጀክት ወይም ኢንቨስትመንት አስማሚነት ለመገምገም ያገለግላል። የአዲስ ፕሮጀክት IRR የኩባንያው የሚፈለገውን የመመለሻ ተመን ከበለጠ ከሆነ፣ ያ ፕሮጀክት የሚፈለግ እንደሆነ ይቆጠራል። IRR ከፍ ባለ መጠን፣ ፕሮጀክቱ የበለጠ የሚፈለግ ነው። በአብዛኛዎቹ የልማት ወይም የማስተካከያ አውዶች፣ ከ **10-12%** በላይ IRR ጠንካራ እንደሆነ ይቆጠራል። ከ **6%** በታች ያሉ እሴቶች አስገዳጅ የሆኑ ተጨማሪ ጥቅሞች ካልኖሩ እንደ ድንገተኛ የገንዘብ አፈፃፀም ያመለክታሉ። ከቅናሽ ተመን በላይ የሆኑ IRR እሴቶች፣ ከአዎንታዊ NPV እና ከ1 በላይ የሆነ የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ ጋር በማጣመር፣ የፕሮጀክት ተግባራዊነት ጠንካራ አመላካቾች ናቸው።", or: "IRR wantoota ykn dhaabbilee keessatti, saffisa guddinaa piroojektii bakka bu'uun ga'ee dha. IRR piroojektii haaraan saffisa deebii kan kompaniin barbaachise ta'e caalu yoo ta'e, piroojektii sun akka barbaachisaa ta'e ilaalama. IRR guddaan ta'uu isaa, piroojektichi akka barbaachisaa ta'e agarsiisa. Keessumaa piroojektota guddinaa ykn jijjiiramaa keessatti, IRR **10-12%** caalu akka guddaa ta'e ilaalama. Gatiiwwan **6%** gad bu'uun, yoo hangafinni akka qabeenyaan hin jijjiiramne agarsiisa, yoo faayidaalee waliigalaa akka dandeettii, walqixxummaa, ykn bulchiinsa hin jijjiiramne hin jiran. IRR gatiiwwan saffisa dhiibuu caalu, NPV poozatiivi fi gatiiwwan fayyaa/malla **1** caalu wajjin, wantoota piroojektii dandeettii qaban agarsiisuu keessatti guddaadha.", ti: "IRR ንሓደ ፕሮጀክት ወይ ኢንቨስትመንት ምርጫ ንምፍታሽ ይጥቀመሉ። ናይ ሓድሽ ፕሮጀክት IRR ናይ ኩባንያ ዝድለ መመለሺ እንተነፍጸ፣ እቲ ፕሮጀክት ከም ዝድለ ይቑጸር። ዝያዳ ልዑል IRR፣ ዝያዳ ዝድለ ፕሮጀክት። ኣብ መብዛሕትኡ ዕዮ ልምዓት ወይ ምትዕርራይ፣ ካብ **10-12%** ልዕሊ IRR ከም ሓያል ይቑጸር። ካብ **6%** ትሕቲ ዘለወ ክእለት ብተደጋጋሚ ድኻም ፋይናንሻዊ ኣፈፃፀም የምዕብል፣ ተጻዋርነት ከም ዕርካን፣ ማዕርነት፣ ወይ ምቕጻል ዝኣመሰሉ ናይ ሓባር ጥቕሚ እንተዘይነበረ። ካብ ምቕናስ ምንጪ ልዕሊ ዘለወ IRR ክእለት፣ ምስ ኣዎንታው NPVን ካብ 1 ልዕሊ ዘለወ ጥቕሚ-ወጻኢ ሬሾን ብሓባር፣ ናይ ፕሮጀክት ህላወ ሓያላት ኣመልካቺታት እዮም።", so: "IRR waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo qiimeeyo qalalaasa mashruuca ama maalgashiga. Haddii IRR-ka mashruuc cusub uu ka sarreeyo heerka soo celinta ee ay shirkadu u baahantahay, mashruucaa waa la tixgeliyay inuu u qalmo. IRR-ka inta uu sarreeyo, mashruuca ayaa sii ugu qalmada. Inta badan qaababka horumarinta ama isbeddelka, IRR ka sarreeya **10-12%** waa la tixgeliyay inuu adag yahay. Qiimaha ka hooseeya **6%** badanaa waxay tilmaamaan wax-qabad dhaqaale oo daciif ah, marka laga reebo haddii ay jiraan faa'iidooyin kale oo qumman sida iska caabbinta, sinnaanta, ama joogtaynta. Qiimayaasha IRR ee ka sarreeya heerka dhimista, oo lagu daray NPV wanaagsan iyo saamiga faa'iidada-qiimaha ee ka sarreeya 1, waa calaamado adag oo ku saabsan suurtagalnimada mashruuca.", af: "IRR summac maxcaw yanih ina le maxcaw amol kaah gaceeni yakkale. Maxcaw takke IRR maxcaw saytum kee rabeta qimbisa birti kaa hayyaamek kalah, maxcaw kinni masayak tet abeh. IRR yuysuk, maxcaw kinni masayuk. Maxcaw le summac caxxam kee madabal kee, IRR yuy **10-12%** kalah kattaabak tet abeh. Summac **6%** yabik, qaadil teexege geyto kee dudduyak, madqis kee wakki namma summac madabal kee yaabeeni maabin. IRR summac ayni qasaasi kalah yekke, NPV caagid kee summac-maaciyyo ayni **1** kalah, maxcaw le teetil masrayaak summac." }, tell: { en: "IRR focuses on the rate of return a project generates. It's unique in that it provides a single percentage figure that can easily compare different investments' efficiency. However, it doesn't give you the actual monetary value of the investment's return.", am: "IRR አንድ ፕሮጀክት የሚፈጥረውን የመመለሻ ተመን ላይ ያተኮረ ነው። የተለያዩ ኢንቨስትመንቶችን ቅልጥፍና በቀላሉ ለማነፃፀር የሚያስችል አንድ የመቶኛ አሃዝ የሚሰጥበት በዚሁ ልዩ ነው። ሆኖም ግን፣ የኢንቨስትመንቱ መመለሻ ትክክለኛ የገንዘብ ዋጋ አይሰጥህም።", or: "IRR saffisa deebii piroojektiin ittiin kennu irratti xiyyeeffata. Mallattoo tokko qofaaf kan kennu yoo ta'u, wantoota garaagaraa walii gala deeggarsaawwan akka salphaatti walbira qabuu danda'a. Garuu, gatiiwwan maallaqaatiin wantoota keessaa deebii kennan hin kennu.", ti: "IRR ኣብ ምንጪ መመለሺ ንሓደ ፕሮጀክት ዝፈጥረሉ ይተኵር። ብሓደ ድርቢ ቁጽሪ ዝቐርብ ስለ ዝኾነ፣ ንፈላማዊ ኢንቨስትመንታት ቅልጡፍነቶም ብቐሊሉ ንምንጻጽር የኽእል ፍሉይ እዩ። ይኹን እምበር፣ ናይ ኢንቨስትመንት መመለሺ ኣርእስታዊ ዋጋ ኣይክነስካን እዩ።", so: "IRR waxaa diiradda saaraya heerka soo celinta ee mashruucu soo saaro. Waa mid gaar ah sababtoo ah waxay bixisaa tiro hal boqolkiiba oo si fudud loogu isticmaali karo in la isku barbar dhiyo kala duwanaanta maalgashiyada. Si kastaba ha noqotee, ma bixiso qiimaha dhabta ah ee soo celinta maalgashiga.", af: "IRR ayni rabeta maxcaw kaa hayyaameh aninuk. Summac tinniih kumootiyyah kaa baxam ina le maalgacittem amol tet inkih kala fan kak gaceeni yan. Konna, summac kee maalgacit tet rabeta ayni caagi yanih." } }, overview: { en: `**Internal Rate of Return (IRR)** — The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a financial metric used to evaluate the profitability of an investment or project. It represents the annual rate of return at which the net present value (NPV) of all (discounted) cash flows from the investment equals zero. A project is generally considered to be a good investment if its IRR exceeds the rate of return that could be earned elsewhere at a similar risk level (the opportunity cost of capital).`, am: `**ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (IRR)** — ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (IRR) የአንድ ኢንቨስትመንት ወይም ፕሮጀክት ትርፋማነት ለመገምገም የሚጠቅም የገንዘብ መለኪያ ነው። ከኢንቨስትመንቱ ሁሉም (የተቀነሱ) የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV) ከዜሮ ጋር እኩል የሚሆንበትን ዓመታዊ የመመለሻ ተመን ይወክላል። የአንድ ፕሮጀክት IRR በተመሳሳይ የአደጋ ደረጃ በሌላ ቦታ ሊገኝ የሚችለውን የመመለሻ ተመን (የካፒታል ዕድል ዋጋ) ከበለጠ ከሆነ፣ አጠቃላይ ግምት ጥሩ ኢንቨስትመንት ነው።`, or: `**Saffisa Deebii Daangaa Guddaa (IRR)** — Saffisa Deebii Daangaa Guddaa (IRR) mallattoo maallaqaa dha. Wantoota ykn dhaabbilee keessatti fayyaa guddisuuf kan oolamu. Saffisa waggaa waggaa deebii wantoota keessaa kennamu kan agarsiisu yoo ta'u, kun immoo NPV gatii ammaan cash flows (dhiibamte) hunduu wantoota irraa dhufan kan ta'e lakkoofsa dha. Piroojektii tokko yoo IRR isaa saffisa deebii bakka biraatti saffisa waldhabbii waliigalaa wajjin kan argamu caalu ta'e, akka wanta barbaachisaa ta'e ilaalama (kostii carraa maallaqaa).`, ti: `**ውሽጣዊ ምንጪ መመለሺ (IRR)** — ውሽጣዊ ምንጪ መመለሺ (IRR) ናይ ሓደ ኢንቨስትመንት ወይ ፕሮጀክት ትርፋማነት ንምፍታሽ ዝጥቀመሉ ፋይናንሻዊ መለክዒ እዩ። ካብ ኢንቨስትመንት ዅሉ (ዝተቐነሰ) የገንዘብ ፍሰት NPV ናይ ዜሮ ዝዀነሉ ዓመታዊ መመለሺ ምንጪ የንጽግ። ሓደ ፕሮጀክት IRR ኣብ ምንጪ መመለሺ ኣብ ካልእ ቦታ ብማዕረ ሓደጋ ክረክብ ዝኽእል (ኣጋጣሚ ወጪ ካፒታል) እንተነፍጸ፣ ብሓፈሻ ጽቡቕ ኢንቨስትመንት እዩ።`, so: `**Heerka Gudaha ee Soo Celinta (IRR)** — Heerka Gudaha ee Soo Celinta (IRR) waa cabbir dhaqaale oo loo isticmaalo in la qiimeeyo wax-soo-saarka maalgashiga ama mashruuca. Waxay u taagan tahay heerka sanadlaha ah ee soo celinta ee uu qiimaha hadda ee safka ah (NPV) ee dhammaan socodka lacagta (loo dhimiray) ee ka soo baxa maalgashiga u dhigma eber. Mashruuc si guud ahaan loo tixgeliyay inuu yahay maalgashi wanaagsan haddii IRR-kiisu uu ka sarreeyo heerka soo celinta ee loo heli karo meel kale oo heer khatar ah isku mid ah (qiimaha fursadda maalgashiga).`, af: `**Ayni Rabita Qimbisa (IRR)** — Ayni Rabita Qimbisa (IRR) kee ayni maalgacit kee maxcaw tet wacayak ina le geyto caagi yan. Makoyta summac diraa (NPV) faxxa cash flows summac (qasaasimte) maalgacit kinniih ebe yabne ayni sanah rabeta kaa celsa. Maxcaw IRR ayni rabeta yekke takkee kee anu rabeta teetik aynik kasah madqis takkee rabeta yabne kalah, summac gaba tet rabaah maalgacit yekke.` } }, mirr: { label: { en: "MIRR", am: "MIRR", or: "MIRR", ti: "MIRR", so: "MIRR", af: "MIRR" }, labelLong: { en: "Modified Internal Rate of Return", am: "የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን", or: "Saffisa Deebii Daangaa Guddaa Jijjiiramaa", ti: "ዝተለዋወጸ ውሽጣዊ ምንጪ መመለሺ", so: "Heerka Gudaha ee Soo Celinta ee La Beddelay", af: "Madqaddim Ayni Rabita Qimbisa" }, labelFull: { en: "Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)", am: "የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (MIRR)", or: "Saffisa Deebii Daangaa Guddaa Jijjiiramaa (MIRR)", ti: "ዝተለዋወጸ ውሽጣዊ ምንጪ መመለሺ (MIRR)", so: "Heerka Gudaha ee Soo Celinta ee La Beddelay (MIRR)", af: "Madqaddim Ayni Rabita Qimbisa (MIRR)" }, tooltip: { en: "Modified Internal Rate of Return — accounts for both financing costs and reinvestment rate, offering a more realistic profitability measure than IRR.", am: "የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን — ሁለቱንም የገንዘብ ወጪዎች እና የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ተመን ግምት ውስጥ ያስገባል፣ ከ IRR የበለጠ ተጨባጭ የትርፋማነት መለኪያ ይሰጣል።", or: "Saffisa Deebii Daangaa Guddaa Jijjiiramaa — kostii maallaqaa fi saffisa maallaqaa irra deebi'ii galmaan gahuun, fayyaa guddisuu IRR caalaa madaala haqaatti", ti: "ዝተለዋወጸ ውሽጣዊ ምንጪ መመለሺ — ንክልቲኦም ወጻኢታት ፋይናንስን መመለሺ ናይ ምምላስ ዕድልን ይግባእ፣ ካብ IRR ዝያዳ ልኡላት መለክዒ ትርፋማነት የቕርብ።", so: "Heerka Gudaha ee Soo Celinta ee La Beddelay — waxaa loo tixgeliyaa labada dhinac ee kharashyada maaliyadda iyo heerka maalgashiga dib-u-gaadhista, waxayna bixisaa cabbir wax-soo-saar oo ka dhab ah IRR.", af: "Madqaddim Ayni Rabita Qimbisa — qasaasi kee ayni maalgacit duma kee kaah le maxcaw amol inkih kala fan, IRR kalah caxxa hayyaamak caagi le tet rabaah." }, info: { what: { en: "MIRR adjusts IRR by including the cost of borrowing (finance rate) and the rate of reinvestment for interim cash flows, offering a more accurate reflection of a project's profitability.", am: "MIRR የብድር ወጪን (የገንዘብ ተመን) እና ለጊዜያዊ የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ተመንን በማካተት IRR ያስተካክላል፣ ይህም የፕሮጀክቱን ትርፋማነት በበለጠ ትክክለኛነት ያንፀባርቃል።", or: "MIRR IRR jijjiirama, kun immoo kostii liqimssaa (saffisa maallaqaa) fi saffisa maallaqaa irra deebi'ii galmaan gahaa cash flows itti aanan keessatti kan hirmaata. Kuni immoo fayyaa piroojektii mirkanaa'e irratti kan deebise haqaadha.", ti: "MIRR IRR የማሻሻል በምንጪ ናይ ምቕስዓ (ፋይናንሽ ምንጪ)ን ናይ ምምላስ ዕድል ንግዲያዊ የገንዘብ ፍሰታትን ብምስራዕ፣ ናይ ፕሮጀክት ትርፋማነት ዝያዳ ቅኑዕ ምስላ የቕርብ።", so: "MIRR waxaa u beddela IRR adoo ku daraya qiimaha deynta (heerka maaliyadda) iyo heerka dib-u-maalgashiga ee socodka lacagta dhexdhexaadka ah, waxayna bixisaa muuqaal sax ah oo ka duwan wax-soo-saarka mashruuca.", af: "MIRR IRR madqadda, konnay qasaasi kee maalgacit duuma (ayni maalgacit) kee ayni maalgacit dumak kee cash flows yacceh kaah le. Kinni maalgacit tet rabaah amol inkih kala fanah geyta." }, interpret: { en: "MIRR is useful when reinvestment of cash flows is expected or required, as it assumes reinvestment at a realistic rate rather than the IRR's often-unrealistic assumptions. A higher MIRR indicates a more profitable and financially viable project. In most public investment contexts, a MIRR above **10%** suggests strong performance, while values below **6%** may indicate marginal viability unless justified by additional non-financial benefits.", am: "MIRR የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ሲጠበቅ ወይም ሲፈለግ ጠቃሚ ነው፣ ምክንያቱም በተጨባጭ ተመን እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት እንደሚደረግ ይገምታል ከ IRR ብዙውን ጊዜ የማይታመኑ ግምቶች ይልቅ። ከፍ ያለ MIRR የበለጠ ትርፋማ እና በገንዘብ መልኩ ተግባራዊ የሆነ ፕሮጀክት ያመለክታል። በአብዛኛዎቹ የህዝብ ኢንቨስትመንት አውዶች፣ ከ **10%** በላይ MIRR ጠንካራ አፈፃፀም እንደሆነ ያመለክታል፣ ከ **6%** በታች ያሉ እሴቶች ግን ተጨማሪ የሆኑ የገንዘብ ያልሆኑ ጥቅሞች ካልተገለጹ ገደብ አለፈ ተግባራዊነት ሊያመለክቱ ይችላሉ።", or: "MIRR fayyaa guddisuu cash flows irra deebi'ii galmaan gahaa yoo eegamu ykn barbaachisaa ta'e, fayyaan ga'ee jira. IRR keessatti akka hin jirre, MIRR guddaan fayyaa guddisuu piroojektii akka guddaa fi maallaqaaf akka dandeettii qabu agarsiisa. Wantoota maallaqaa ummataa keessatti, MIRR **10%** caalu akka guddaa ta'e agarsiisa, yoo gatiiwwan **6%** gad bu'uun immoo, yoo faayidaalee birootiin hin jijjiiramne hin jiran, dandeettii hin qabne akka ta'e agarsiisa.", ti: "MIRR ኣብ እዋን ምምላስ የገንዘብ ፍሰታት እተጸበየ ወይ እተወሰነ እዋናት ጠቒም እዩ፣ ምኽንያቱ ብልኡላት ምንጪ ምምላስ ከም ዝግበር ይገምት ኣብ ክንዲ IRR ብዙሕ ግዜ ዘይልኡላት ግምታት። ዝያዳ ልዑል MIRR ዝያዳ ትርፋማን ፋይናንሻዊ ህላወን ዘለዎ ፕሮጀክት የምዕብል። ኣብ መብዛሕትኡ ዕዮ ህዝባዊ ኢንቨስትመንት፣ ካብ **10%** ልዕሊ MIRR ሓያል ኣፈፃፀም የምዕብል፣ ካብ **6%** ትሕቲ ዘለወ ክእለት ግን ተወሳኺ ዘይፋይናንሻዊ ጥቕሚ እንተዘይነበረ ጠቕሊሎ ህላወ ሊያመልክት ይኽእል።", so: "MIRR waa mid faa'iido leh marka dib-u-maalgashiga socodka lacagta la filayo ama loo baahan yahay, maadaama ay ka dhigan tahay dib-u-maalgashiga heerka dhabta ah ee aan ahayn qiyaasaha IRR ee badanaa aan dhab ahayn. MIRR sare waxay tilmaamaysaa mashruuc ka sii wax-soo-saar badan oo maaliyadeed suurtagal ah. Inta badan goobaha maalgashiga dadweynaha, MIRR ka sarreeya **10%** waxay tilmaamaysaa wax-qabad adag, halka qiimaha ka hooseeya **6%** ay ku tilmaami karaan suurtagalnimo dhiman haddii aan lagu caddayn faa'iidooyin dheeraad ah oo aan dhaqaale ahayn.", af: "MIRR cash flows duma kee xaylo yekkeeni rabak yanih kee, ayni dudda kee IRR kee xaylo madqiseeni maabin. MIRR yuysuk maxcaw tet rabaah yuysuk kee maalgacit kee teetil yuysuk kaa hayyaamak. Maalgacit birti summac kee, MIRR **10%** kalah kattaabak tet abak, summac **6%** yabik, summac madabal kee maabin, gaba teetik masrayaak summac maabin." }, tell: { en: "MIRR provides a conservative and realistic return metric, especially when reinvestment assumptions are important. Unlike IRR, MIRR avoids multiple or misleading rates.", am: "MIRR የተጠበቀ እና ተጨባጭ የመመለሻ መለኪያ ይሰጣል፣ በተለይም የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ግምቶች አስፈላጊ በሚሆኑበት ጊዜ። ከ IRR በተለየ፣ MIRR ብዙ ወይም የሚያመልጡ ተመኖችን ያስወግዳል።", or: "MIRR fayyaa guddisuu madaala haqaafi deeggarsaawwan jijjiiramaa kennu, garuu yeroo wantoota maallaqaa irra deebi'ii galmaan gahaa barbaachisaa ta'an. IRR wajjin ala, MIRR saffisa tokko malee hin qabu.", ti: "MIRR ንሓደ ጥንቃቐን ልኡላትን መለክዒ መመለሺ የቕርብ፣ ብፍላይ ኣብ እዋን ምምላስ ዕድል ግምታት ኣገዳሲ እዮም። ካብ IRR ዝተፈልየ፣ MIRR ብዙሕ ወይ ምልክት ዝጋልብ ምንጪ የርሕቕ።", so: "MIRR waxay bixisaa cabbir soo celin oo degdeg ah oo dhab ah, gaar ahaan marka qiyaasaha dib-u-maalgashiga ay muhiim yihiin. Ka duwan IRR, MIRR waa ka fogaada heerar badan ama khaldan.", af: "MIRR tet rabaah madqaddim kee caagi le baxsa, cash flows duma kee xaylo gaba weh yekkeeni. IRR kah ankacay, MIRR aynitte kee gacan yanitte kee maabin." } }, overview: { en: "**Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)** — MIRR improves upon IRR by assuming reinvestment of cash flows at a realistic rate and incorporating financing costs. It gives a clearer picture of project profitability in practical investment scenarios.", am: "**የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (MIRR)** — MIRR የገንዘብ ፍሰቶችን በተጨባጭ ተመን እንደገና በመኖዝ እና የገንዘብ ወጪዎችን በማካተት በ IRR ላይ ያሻሽላል። በተግባራዊ የኢንቨስትመንት ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ የፕሮጀክት ትርፋማነት የበለጠ ግልፅ ምስል ይሰጣል።", or: "**Saffisa Deebii Daangaa Guddaa Jijjiiramaa (MIRR)** — MIRR IRR caalaa akka jijjiiramuun, cash flows saffisa haqaatti irra deebi'ii galmaan gahaa fi kostii maallaqaa hirmaachuun. Kuni immoo fayyaa guddisuu piroojektii wantoota dhaabbilee haqaatti akka ifa ta'e agarsiisa.", ti: "**ዝተለዋወጸ ውሽጣዊ ምንጪ መመለሺ (MIRR)** — MIRR IRR የማሻሻል ብምንጪ ናይ ምምላስ የገንዘብ ፍሰታት ብልኡላት ምንጪ ከም ዝግበር ንምግባርን ወጻኢታት ፋይናንስን ብምስራዕ። ኣብ ተግባራዊ ኢንቨስትመንት ኣጋጣሚታት ናይ ፕሮጀክት ትርፋማነት ዝያዳ ግሉጽ ምስላ የቕርብ።", so: "**Heerka Gudaha ee Soo Celinta ee La Beddelay (MIRR)** — MIRR wuxuu ka wanaagsan yahay IRR adoo u malaynaya dib-u-maalgashiga socodka lacagta heerka dhabta ah iyo ku darista kharashyada maaliyadda. Waxay bixisaa sawir ka cad ah oo ku saabsan wax-soo-saarka mashruuca goobaha maalgashiga ee dhabta ah.", af: "**Madqaddim Ayni Rabita Qimbisa (MIRR)** — MIRR IRR inkih kala fan, cash flows ayni dudda kee duma kee kaah le, kee qasaasi maalgacit kee kaah le. Maxcaw tet rabaah amol le gaba madqadda kee amol inkih kala fanah geyta." } }, npv: { label: { en: "NPV", am: "NPV", or: "NPV", ti: "NPV", so: "NPV", af: "NPV" }, labelLong: { en: "Net Present Value", am: "የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ", or: "Gatii Ammaan Walii Gala", ti: "ዝተነጽገ ዋጋ ሕጂ", so: "Qiimaha Hadda ee Safka", af: "Summac Diraa Ceetam" }, labelFull: { en: "Net Present Value (NPV)", am: "የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV)", or: "Gatii Ammaan Walii Gala (NPV)", ti: "ዝተነጽገ ዋጋ ሕጂ (NPV)", so: "Qiimaha Hadda ee Safka (NPV)", af: "Summac Diraa Ceetam (NPV)" }, tooltip: { en: "Net Present Value — the overall value of an investment after subtracting costs and taking into account discounting, with positive values suggesting a profitable investment", am: "የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ — ወጪዎችን ከቀነሰ በኋላ እና ቅናሽን ከግምት ውስጥ ካስገባ በኋላ ያለው የኢንቨስትመንት አጠቃላይ ዋጋ፣ አዎንታዊ እሴቶች ትርፋማ ኢንቨስትመንት እንደሆነ ያመለክታሉ", or: "Gatii Ammaan Walii Gala — gatii wantootaa kostii darbee fi dhiibuu eegaluun, gatiiwwan poozatiiviin wanta fayyaa qabdu akka ta'e agarsiisa", ti: "ዝተነጽገ ዋጋ ሕጂ — ናይ ኢንቨስትመንት ዅሉ ዋጋ ወጻእታት ምስ ቀንሱን ምቕናስ ምስ ገይሩን፣ ኣዎንታው ክእለት ትርፋማ ኢንቨስትመንት ከም ዝዀነ የምዕብል።", so: "Qiimaha Hadda ee Safka — qiimaha guud ee maalgashiga ka dib marka laga jaro kharashyada iyo la tixgaliyo dhimista, qiimayaasha wanaagsan waxay tilmaamaan maalgashi wax-soo-saar leh", af: "Summac Diraa Ceetam — maalgacit summac wac qasaasim kee qasaasi kaah le yakkale, summac caagid tet rabaah maalgacit masayak tet abeh." }, info: { what: { en: "NPV is the sum of the present values of incoming and outgoing cash flows over a period of time. It provides a method for evaluating and comparing projects with cash flows spread out over many years, factoring in the time value of money.", am: "NPV በተወሰነ ጊዜ ውስጥ የሚገቡትን እና የሚወጡትን የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የአሁኑ ዋጋ ድምር ነው። በብዙ ዓመታት ውስጥ የሚሰራጩ የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች ያላቸውን ፕሮጀክቶች ለመገምገም እና ለማነፃፀር ዘዴ ይሰጣል፣ የገንዘብ ጊዜ ዋጋን ግምት ውስጥ በማስገባት።", or: "NPV gatii ammaan cash flows dhufanii fi ba'an yeroo dheeraaf itti fufanii walitti qabuu dha. Kuni immoo mala wantoota cash flows waggaa waggaatti faca'aniif gargaaru, gatii yeroo maallaqaa eegaluun.", ti: "NPV ናይ የገንዘብ ፍሰታት ዝገብሩን ዝወጹን ኣብ ሓደ ግዜ ዝኣቱ ዋጋ ሕጂ ስራሕ እዩ። ንሓደ ኣገባብ የቕርብ ንፕሮጀክታት ንምፍታሽን ንምንጻጽርን ኣብ ብዙሕ ዓመታት ዝስራጩ የገንዘብ ፍሰታት፣ ዋጋ ግዜ ገንዘብ ከም ዝግበር ንምግባር።", so: "NPV waa wadarta qiimayaasha hadda ee socodka lacagta ee soo gala iyo soo baxa muddo waqti ah. Waxay bixisaa hab loo qiimeeyo oo loo isku barbar dhiyo mashruucyada leh socodka lacagta oo ku faafan sanado badan, iyadoo la tixgaliyo qiimaha waqtiga lacagta.", af: "NPV kee summac cash flows soo kee baxak ayrô fanah summac wac. Kinni maalgacitte cash flows sanaditte summac kee madqadda kee amol kak gaceeni yan, ayrô maalgacit tet wacayak kaah le." }, interpret: { en: "NPV represents the net value (in today's dollars) of all future cash flows from the project. A value above 0 means the investment adds value; below 0 means it destroys value. The higher the NPV, the greater the net benefit generated by the project. However, NPV is expressed in absolute monetary terms, so it should be interpreted relative to project size — a $1 million NPV on a $2 million investment is stronger than on a $50 million investment. Always compare NPV alongside other metrics like IRR or MIRR to get a fuller picture of performance.", am: "NPV ከፕሮጀክቱ ሁሉንም የወደፊት የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የተጣራ ዋጋ (በዛሬው ዶላር) ይወክላል። ከ 0 በላይ ያለ እሴት ማለት ኢንቨስትመንቱ ዋጋ ይጨምራል ማለት ነው፤ ከ 0 በታች ያለ እሴት ደግሞ ዋጋ እንደሚያጠፋ ያመለክታል። NPV ከፍ ባለ መጠን፣ በፕሮጀክቱ የሚፈጠረው የተጣራ ጥቅም ይበልጣል። ሆኖም ግን፣ NPV በፍፁም የገንዘብ ቃላት ይገለጻል፣ ስለዚህ ከፕሮጀክት መጠን ጋር በተያያዘ መተርጎም አለበት — በ 2 ሚሊዮን ዶላር ኢንቨስትመንት ላይ 1 ሚሊዮን ዶላር NPV ከ 50 ሚሊዮን ዶላር ኢንቨስትመንት ላይ ያለው ይበልጣል። የአፈፃፀም የበለጠ ሙሉ ምስል ለማግኘት NPVን ከ IRR ወይም MIRR ያሉ ሌሎች መለኪያዎች ጋር ሁልጊዜ ያነፃፅሩ።", or: "NPV gatii walii gala (doolaar ammaa kana) cash flows dhufu hundaa piroojektii irraa dhufanii agarsiisa. Gatii 0 caalu wantni kun gatii dabalata; gatii 0 gad bu'uun immoo gatii balleessa. NPV guddaan ta'uu isaa, wantni kun gatii guddaa dabalata. Haa ta'u malee, NPV maallaqaaf jechoota addaa ta'een ibsama, kanaafuu wantoota guddinaa wajjin walitti fufuu qaba — $1 mirriyoon NPV $2 mirriyoon wanta irratti akka guddaa ta'e, $50 mirriyoon wanta irratti caalaa. Yeroo hundaa NPV wajjin wantoota birootiin akka IRR ykn MIRR walbira qabuu dha, akka wantoota guddinaa ifa ta'ee argachuuf.", ti: "NPV ናይ ዅሉ ወደፊት የገንዘብ ፍሰታት ካብ ፕሮጀክት (ብዛሬይ ዶላር) ዝተነጽገ ዋጋ የንጽግ። ካብ 0 ልዕሊ ዘለወ ክእለት ማለት ኢንቨስትመንት ዋጋ ይውስኽ ማለት እዩ፤ ካብ 0 ትሕቲ ዘለወ ክእለት ደግሞ ዋጋ ከም ዝዓግት የምዕብል። NPV ዝያዳ ልዑል፣ ብፕሮጀክት ዝፍጠረ ዝተነጽገ ጥቕሚ ዝያዳ ዓቢ እዩ። ይኹን እምበር፣ NPV ብፍፁም ገንዘባዊ ቃላት ይገለጽ፣ ስለዚህ ንመጠን ፕሮጀክት ከም ዝምልከት ክትርጎም ኣለዎ — $1 ሚሊዮን NPV ኣብ $2 ሚሊዮን ኢንቨስትመንት ካብ $50 ሚሊዮን ኢንቨስትመንት ዝያዳ ሓያል እዩ። ንምሉእ ምስላ ኣፈፃፀም ንምርካብ NPV ምስ ካልእ መለክዒታት ከም IRR ወይ MIRR ኣብ ዅሉ ግዜ ንጻጸር።", so: "NPV waxay u taagan tahay qiimaha safka ah (doolarada maanta) ee dhammaan socodka lacagta ee mustaqbalka ee ka soo baxa mashruuca. Qiime ka sarreeya 0 waxay ka dhigan tahay maalgashigu wuxuu darsadayaa qiimo; ka hooseeya 0 waxay ka dhigan tahay wuxuu hallaynayaa qiimo. Inta uu NPV sarreeyo, faa'iidada safka ah ee uu mashruucu soo saaro ayaa sii weynaanaysaa. Si kastaba ha noqotee, NPV waxaa lagu muujiyaa ereyada dhaqaale ee qumman, sidaa darteed waa in la fasiraa iyadoo la tixgeliyayo cabirka mashruuca — $1 milyan NPV oo ku jira $2 milyan oo maalgashid ayaa ka adag $50 milyan oo maalgashid. Had iyo jeer isku barbar dhig NPV laftiisa iyo cabbiraado kale sida IRR ama MIRR si aad u hesho sawir buuxa oo ku saabsan wax-qabashada.", af: "NPV summac faxxa cash flows summac faxxa maxcaw (caagi maanta) kaa celsa. Summac **0** kalah summac kee maalgacit kinniih wac darsa; summac **0** yabik, wac balleessa. NPV yuysuk, maxcaw le summac wac yuysuk. Konna, NPV maalgacit summac kee wacayak inih geyto, maxcaw le ayni kaah le — $1 mirriyoon NPV $2 mirriyoon maalgacit kee, $50 mirriyoon maalgacit kee kalah kattaabak. Maalgacit tet rabaah amol inkih kala fanah geyto, NPV IRR kee MIRR kah amol kak gaceeni." }, tell: { en: "NPV gives a dollar value that represents the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows. Unlike IRR, it can help you understand the scale of an investment's value, which is crucial when determining the actual profitability of large projects.", am: "NPV የገቢ እና የወጪ የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የአሁኑ ዋጋ መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚወክል የዶላር ዋጋ ይሰጣል። ከ IRR በተለየ፣ የአንድ ኢንቨስትመንት ዋጋ መጠን ለመረዳት ይረዳል፣ ይህም የትላልቅ ፕሮጀክቶችን ትክክለኛ ትርፋማነት ሲወስኑ ወሳኝ ነው።", or: "NPV gatii doolaar kennu, kun immoo gatii ammaan cash flows dhufanii fi ba'an gidduu jiru agarsiisa. IRR wajjin ala, wantoota guddinaa keessatti gatii wantootaa akka guddaa ta'e hubachuuf gargaara, kun immoo wantoota guddaa keessatti fayyaa guddisuu addaan baasuu keessatti barbaachisaadha.", ti: "NPV ናይ ዶላር ዋጋ የቕርብ፣ እቲ ኣብ መንጎ ዋጋ ሕጂ የገንዘብ ፍሰታት ምግባርን ምውጻእን ዘሎ ፍልልይ የንጽግ። ካብ IRR ዝተፈልየ፣ ናይ ኢንቨስትመንት ዋጋ መጠን ንምርዳእ ክሕግዝ ይኽእል፣ እዚ ድማ ኣብ እዋን ምውሳኽ ትርፋማነት ዓባይ ፕሮጀክታት ኣገዳሲ እዩ።", so: "NPV waxay bixisaa qiimaha doolarka ee u taagan kala duwanaanta u dhexaysa qiimaha hadda ee socodka lacagta ee soo gala iyo soo baxa. Ka duwan IRR, waxay ku caawin kartaa inaad fahamtid cabirka qiimaha maalgashiga, taas oo muhiim tahay marka la go'aamiyo wax-soo-saarista dhabta ah ee mashruucyada waaweyn.", af: "NPV caagi doolar baxsa, konnay summac cash flows soo kee baxak gaba wac kak gaceeni. IRR kah ankacay, maalgacit tet wac ayni tet fahamta, maxcaw yuysuk tet rabaah gaba weh yekkeeni makinih." } }, overview: { en: `**Net Present Value (NPV)** — NPV measures an investment's profitability for development projects by comparing incoming and outgoing money, considering the time value of money. It accounts for changes in money value over time due to inflation or interest rates. A positive NPV indicates that the project's benefits are greater than its costs, marking it as a favorable investment.`, am: `**የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV)** — NPV የሚገቡትን እና የሚወጡትን ገንዘቦች በማነፃፀር የአንድ ኢንቨስትመንት ትርፋማነት ለልማት ፕሮጀክቶች ይለካል፣ የገንዘብ ጊዜ ዋጋን ግምት ውስጥ በማስገባት። በግልፅ ዋጋ ጭማሪ ወይም በወለድ ተመኖች ምክንያት በጊዜ ሂደት የገንዘብ ዋጋ ለውጦችን ግምት ውስጥ ያስገባል። አዎንታዊ NPV የፕሮጀክቱ ጥቅሞች ከወጪዎቹ በላይ እንደሆኑ ያመለክታል፣ እንደ የሚፈለግ ኢንቨስትመንት ምልክት ያደርገዋል።`, or: `**Gatii Ammaan Walii Gala (NPV)** — NPV fayyaa guddisuu wantootaa piroojektota guddinaaf safaru, maallaqa dhufaa fi baa addaan baasuu, gatii yeroo maallaqaa eegaluun. Jijjiirama gatii maallaqaa yeroo dheeraaf, sababni isaas hinjinfeessii ykn saffisa liqimssaa dha. NPV poozatiiviin wantni kun fayyaa isaa kostii caalu akka ta'e agarsiisa, wanta barbaachisaa akka ta'e mallattoo godha.`, ti: `**ዝተነጽገ ዋጋ ሕጂ (NPV)** — NPV ናይ ኢንቨስትመንት ትርፋማነት ንልምዓት ፕሮጀክታት ይለክዕ፣ ብምንጻጽር ገንዘብ ምግባርን ምውጻእን፣ ዋጋ ግዜ ገንዘብ ከም ዝግበር ንምግባር። ንለውጢ ዋጋ ገንዘብ በጊዜ ምኽንያት ምልዕዓል ወይ ወለድ ምንጪ ይግባእ። ኣዎንታው NPV ናይ ፕሮጀክት ጥቅሚታት ካብ ወጻኢታቱ ዝያዳ ከም ዘለዉ የምዕብል፣ ከም ዝድለ ኢንቨስትመንት ምልክት ይገብሮ።`, so: `**Qiimaha Hadda ee Safka (NPV)** — NPV waxay cabbirisaa wax-soo-saarka maalgashiga ee mashruucyada horumarinta adoo isku barbar dhiga lacagta soo gala iyo soo baxa, iyadoo la tixgaliyo qiimaha waqtiga lacagta. Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa isbeddelada qiimaha lacagta waqti ku gedisan sababtoo ah korodhka qiimaha ama heerarka faa'iidada. NPV wanaagsan waxay tilmaamaysaa in faa'iidada mashruucu ay ka weyn yihiin kharashyadiisa, taasoo calaamadeynaysaa inuu yahay maalgashi wanaagsan.`, af: `**Summac Diraa Ceetam (NPV)** — NPV maalgacit tet rabaah maxcaw le summac caxxam kee amol kak gacaa, maalgacit soo kee baxak amol inkih kala fan, ayrô maalgacit tet wacayak kaah le. Maalgacit tet wac ayni madabal kee deeqi aynitte kee yacceh kaah le. NPV caagid maxcaw le madabal qasaasim kalah yekke tet abeh, tet rabaah maalgacit masayak tet abeh.` } }, bcr: { label: { en: "BCR", am: "BCR", or: "BCR", ti: "BCR", so: "BCR", af: "BCR" }, labelLong: { en: "Benefit cost ratio", am: "የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ", or: "Fayyaa fi Kostiidhaan Walqixaa", ti: "ጥቕሚ-ወጻኢ ሬሾ", so: "Saamiga Faa'iidada-Qiimaha", af: "Madabal-Maaciyyo Ayni" }, labelFull: { en: "Benefit cost ratio (BCR)", am: "የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ (BCR)", or: "Fayyaa fi Kostiidhaan Walqixaa (BCR)", ti: "ጥቕሚ-ወጻኢ ሬሾ (BCR)", so: "Saamiga Faa'iidada-Qiimaha (BCR)", af: "Madabal-Maaciyyo Ayni (BCR)" }, tooltip: { en: "Benefit-Cost Ratio — the benefits of a project compared to its costs, with values greater than 1.0 suggesting that the benefits outweigh the costs", am: "የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ — የአንድ ፕሮጀክት ጥቅሞች ከወጪዎቹ ጋር በማነፃፀር፣ ከ 1.0 በላይ ያሉ እሴቶች ጥቅሞቹ ከወጪዎቹ በላይ እንደሆኑ ያመለክታሉ", or: "Fayyaa fi Kostiidhaan Walqixaa — fayyaa piroojektii kostii wajjin walbira qabuu, gatiiwwan 1.0 caalu fayyaan kostii caalu akka ta'e agarsiisa", ti: "ጥቕሚ-ወጻኢ ሬሾ — ናይ ፕሮጀክት ጥቕሚታት ምስ ወጻኢታቱ ብምንጻጽር፣ ካብ 1.0 ልዕሊ ዘለወ ክእለት ጥቕሚታት ካብ ወጻኢታት ዝያዳ ከም ዘለዉ የምዕብል።", so: "Saamiga Faa'iidada-Qiimaha — faa'iidada mashruuca marka loo barbar dhigo kharashyadiisa, qiimayaasha ka weyn 1.0 waxay tilmaamaan in faa'iidadu ay ka cuslaan kharashyada", af: "Madabal-Maaciyyo Ayni — maxcaw le madabal qasaasim amol inkih kala fan, summac **1.0** kalah madabal qasaasim kalah yekke tet abeh." }, info: { what: { en: "BCR is a financial ratio that compares the relative costs and benefits of a project. It's calculated by dividing the present value of benefits by the present value of costs.", am: "BCR የአንድ ፕሮጀክት አንጻራዊ ወጪዎችን እና ጥቅሞችን የሚያነፃፅር የገንዘብ ሬሾ ነው። የጥቅሞችን የአሁኑ ዋጋ በወጪዎች የአሁኑ ዋጋ በማካፈል ይሰላል።", or: "BCR gatii maallaqaa dha. Fayyaa fi kostiin piroojektii wajjin walbira qabuu dha. Gatii ammaan fayyaa gatii ammaan kostii irraa hiruun safaramu.", ti: "BCR ናይ ፋይናንሽ ሬሾ እዩ። ናይ ፕሮጀክት ኣንጻራዊ ወጻኢታትን ጥቕሚታትን የምንጻጽር። ብምንጻጽር ዋጋ ሕጂ ጥቕሚታት በዋጋ ሕጂ ወጻኢታት ብምካፈል ይሰላ።", so: "BCR waa saami dhaqaale oo isku barbar dhigaya kharashyada iyo faa'iidada mashruuca. Waxaa xisaabinta lagu sameeyaa iyadoo la qaybiyo qiimaha hadda ee faa'iidada qiimaha hadda ee kharashyada.", af: "BCR kee maalgacit ayni. Maxcaw le madabal kee qasaasim amol inkih kala fan. Summac wac madabal summac wac qasaasim makoyta kaa xisaabisam." }, interpret: { en: "The discounted BCR compares the present value of benefits to the present value of costs. A BCR greater than 1.0 indicates that discounted benefits exceed discounted costs, suggesting the project generates net value. For example, a BCR of 1.8 means that for every dollar of cost (in present value), the project returns 1.8 dollars in benefits. A BCR below 1.0 implies the investment may not be economically worthwhile.", am: "የተቀነሰው BCR የጥቅሞችን የአሁኑ ዋጋ ከወጪዎች የአሁኑ ዋጋ ጋር ያነፃፅራል። ከ 1.0 በላይ የሆነ BCR የተቀነሱ ጥቅሞች የተቀነሱ ወጪዎችን እንደሚበልጡ ያመለክታል፣ ይህም ፕሮጀክቱ የተጣራ ዋጋ እንደሚፈጥር ያመለክታል። ለምሳሌ፣ 1.8 BCR ማለት ለእያንዳንዱ የወጪ ዶላር (በአሁኑ ዋጋ)፣ ፕሮጀክቱ 1.8 ዶላር ጥቅም ይመልሳል። ከ 1.0 በታች ያለ BCR ኢንቨስትመንቱ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ማለት ይቻላል አይጠቅምም ማለት ነው።", or: "BCR dhiibamte fayyaa fi kostii gatii ammaan wajjin walbira qabuu dha. BCR 1.0 caalu fayyaa dhiibamte kostii dhiibamte caalu akka ta'e agarsiisa, piroojektichi gatii walii gala akka uume agarsiisa. Fakkeenyaaf, BCR 1.8 jechuun, kostii doolaar tokkoof (gatii ammaan), piroojektichi doolaar 1.8 fayyaa deebisa. BCR 1.0 gad bu'uun wantni kun maallaqaaf akka hin barbaachisne agarsiisa.", ti: "ተቐንሲ BCR ዋጋ ሕጂ ጥቕሚታት ምስ ዋጋ ሕጂ ወጻኢታት ይንጻጽር። ካብ 1.0 ልዕሊ BCR ተቐንሲ ጥቕሚታት ተቐንሲ ወጻኢታት ከም ዝበልጽ የምዕብል፣ እዚ ድማ ፕሮጀክት ዝተነጽገ ዋጋ ከም ዝፈጥር የምዕብል። ንኣብነት፣ BCR 1.8 ማለት፣ ንነፍሲ ወከፍ ዶላር ወጻኢ (ብዋጋ ሕጂ)፣ ፕሮጀክት 1.8 ዶላር ጥቕሚ ይመልስ። ካብ 1.0 ትሕቲ BCR ኢንቨስትመንት ብኢኮኖሚ ዋጋ ከም ዘይብሉ የምዕብል።", so: "BCR-ga la dhimay waxay isku barbar dhigeysaa qiimaha hadda ee faa'iidada iyo qiimaha hadda ee kharashyada. BCR ka weyn 1.0 waxay tilmaamaysaa in faa'iidada la dhimay ay ka weyn tahay kharashyada la dhimay, taasoo tilmaamaysaa in mashruucu uu soo saaro qiime saf ah. Tusaale ahaan, BCR 1.8 waxay ka dhigan tahay in doolar kasta oo kharash (qiimaha hadda), mashruucu uu soo celiyo 1.8 doolar oo faa'iido. BCR ka hooseeya 1.0 waxay ka dhigan tahay maalgashigu wax dhaqaale ahaan aanu macquul ahayn.", af: "BCR qasaasimte madabal kee qasaasim summac wac amol inkih kala fan. BCR **1.0** kalah madabal qasaasimte qasaasim qasaasimte kalah yekke tet abeh, maxcaw summac wac kaa hayyaamak. Tanni, BCR **1.8** kee, qasaasim doolar takkee (summac wac), maxcaw **1.8** doolar madabal kaa celsa. BCR **1.0** yabik, maalgacit maqaadir teetik mayan." }, tell: { en: "BCR simplifies investment outcomes to a ratio, which is particularly useful for quick comparisons and decision-making when evaluating multiple projects. It indicates whether the project is worth the investment but, like IRR, doesn't provide the project's value in terms of currency.", am: "BCR የኢንቨስትመንት ውጤቶችን ወደ ሬሾ ቀላል ያደርገዋል፣ ይህም በተለይ ብዙ ፕሮጀክቶችን ሲገመግሙ ለፈጣን ማነፃፀሪያ እና ለውሳኔ መድረስ ጠቃሚ ነው። ፕሮጀክቱ ኢንቨስትመንቱ ዋጋ ያለው እንደሆነ ያመለክታል ግን፣ እንደ IRR፣ የፕሮጀክቱን ዋጋ በምንዛሪ አሃድ አይሰጥም።", or: "BCR bu'aa wantootaa gatiiwwan salphaatti akka ta'an godhu, kun immoo wantoota baay'ee addaan baasuu fi murtee gochuu yeroo dheeraaf gargaara. Piroojektichi wantaaf akka barbaachisaa ta'e agarsiisa garuu, IRR akkuma, gatiiwwan piroojektii maallaqaaf jechootaan hin kennu.", ti: "BCR ናይ ኢንቨስትመንት ውጽኢታት ናብ ሬሾ ቀሊል ይገብሮ፣ እዚ ድማ ብፍላይ ንብዙሕ ፕሮጀክታት ምስ ዝፍትሕ ንቕልጡፍ ንጻጽርን ንውሳኔ ምውሳድን ጠቒም እዩ። ፕሮጀክት ንኢንቨስትመንት ዋጋ ከም ዘለዎ የምዕብል ግን፣ ከም IRR፣ ዋጋ ፕሮጀክት ብምንዛሪ ኣሃድ ኣይክነስካን እዩ።", so: "BCR waxay fududeyneysaa natiijooyinka maalgashiga si ay u noqdaan saami, taas oo gaar ahaan u fiican tahay isbarbar dhigista degdeg ah iyo go'aansashada marka la qiimeynayo mashruucyo badan. Waxay tilmaamaysaa haddii mashruucu uu u qalmo maalgashiga laakiin, sida IRR, ma bixiso qiimaha mashruuca ee ku saabsan lacagta.", af: "BCR maalgacit tet rabaah aynitte kee ayni madqadda, maxcawitte amol inkih kala fanah kee amol tet qaddiimeeni gaba weh yekkeeni. Maxcaw maalgacit tet wac yekke tet abeh konna, IRR kattey, maxcaw tet wac caagi yanih." } }, overview: { en: `**Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)** — This metric simply compares the benefits (or returns) of a project to its costs, with both values adjusted to present-day terms to account for the time value of money. A BCR greater than 1 indicates that the benefits of a project exceed its costs, suggesting the investment is likely to be profitable and beneficial. For projects focused on supporting farmers, a BCR above 1 means that for every dollar spent, the project is expected to return more than a dollar in benefits, making it a good investment that can improve farmers' productivity and livelihoods. Conversely, a BCR less than 1 would imply that the costs outweigh the benefits, signaling that the project may not deliver sufficient value to justify the investment.`, am: `**የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ (BCR)** — ይህ መለኪያ የአንድ ፕሮጀክት ጥቅሞችን (ወይም መመለሻዎችን) ከወጪዎቹ ጋር በቀላሉ ያነፃፅራል፣ ሁለቱም እሴቶች የገንዘብ ጊዜ ዋጋን ለመገምገም በዛሬው ጊዜ ውሎች ተስተካክለዋል። ከ 1 በላይ የሆነ BCR የፕሮጀክቱ ጥቅሞች ከወጪዎቹ በላይ እንደሆኑ ያመለክታል፣ ይህም ኢንቨስትመንቱ ትርፋማ እና ጠቃሚ እንደሚሆን ያመለክታል። ለአርሶ አደሮች ድጋፍ ላይ ለሚተኩ ፕሮጀክቶች፣ ከ 1 በላይ የሆነ BCR ማለት ለእያንዳንዱ የተወጣ ዶላር፣ ፕሮጀክቱ ከአንድ ዶላር በላይ ጥቅም ለመመለስ ይጠበቃል፣ ይህም የአርሶ አደሮችን ምርታማነት እና መኖርያ ሁኔታ ሊያሻሽል የሚችል ጥሩ ኢንቨስትመንት ያደርገዋል። በተቃራኒው፣ ከ 1 በታች ያለ BCR ወጪዎቹ ጥቅሞቹን እንደሚበልጡ ያመለክታል፣ ይህም ፕሮጀክቱ ኢንቨስትመንቱን ለማረጋገጥ በቂ ዋጋ ላይሰጥ እንደሚችል ያመለክታል።`, or: `**Fayyaa fi Kostiidhaan Walqixaa (BCR)** — Madaalli kun fayyaa (ykn deebii) piroojektii kostii wajjin salphaatti walbira qabuu dha, gatiiwwan lamaanuu gatii yeroo maallaqaa eegaluuf jechoota ammaa kanaatti jijjiiramaniiru. BCR 1 caalu fayyaa piroojektii kostii caalu akka ta'e agarsiisa, wantni kun fayyaa guddisuu fi fayyaa qabu akka ta'e agarsiisa. Piroojektota qotee-bulaa deeggarsan irratti xiyyeeffatan, BCR 1 caalu jechuun, kostii doolaar tokkoof, piroojektichi doolaar tokko caalaa fayyaa deebisuu eegalu, kun immoo wanta guddisuu dandeettii qotee-bulaa fi jireenya isaanii guddisuu danda'u godha. Akkasumas, BCR 1 gad bu'uun kostii fayyaa caalu akka ta'e agarsiisa, wantni kun fayyaa guddisuu dhiheessuu hin dandeenye akka ta'e agarsiisa.`, ti: `**ጥቕሚ-ወጻኢ ሬሾ (BCR)** — እዚ መለክዒ እዚ ብቐሊሉ ናይ ፕሮጀክት ጥቕሚታት (ወይ መመለሺ) ምስ ወጻኢታቱ ይንጻጽር፣ ክልቲኦም ክእለት ዋጋ ግዜ ገንዘብ ንምግባር ኣብ ዛሬይ ግዜ ቃላት ተሰሊሞም። ካብ 1 ልዕሊ BCR ናይ ፕሮጀክት ጥቕሚታት ካብ ወጻኢታቱ ዝያዳ ከም ዘለዉ የምዕብል፣ እዚ ድማ ኢንቨስትመንት ትርፋማን ጠቒምን ከም ዝኸውን የምዕብል። ንፕሮጀክታት ኣብ ደገፍ ኣርሶአደራት እተተኵሩ፣ ካብ 1 ልዕሊ BCR ማለት፣ ንነፍሲ ወከፍ ዶላር ዝጠፍእ፣ ፕሮጀክት ካብ ሓደ ዶላር በሊጽ ጥቕሚ ክመልስ እተጸበየ፣ እዚ ድማ ምርታዊነት ኣርሶአደራትን መነባብሮኦምን ከማሻሽል ዝኽእል ጽቡቕ ኢንቨስትመንት ይገብሮ። በተጻራሩ፣ ካብ 1 ትሕቲ BCR ወጻኢታት ጥቕሚታት ከም ዝበልጽ የምዕብል፣ እዚ ድማ ፕሮጀክት ብበቂ ዋጋ ንምሃብ ኢንቨስትመንት ከም ዘይካኣል ምልክት ይገብር።`, so: `**Saamiga Faa'iidada-Qiimaha (BCR)** — Cabbirkan wuxuu si fudud ugu isku barbar dhigeysaa faa'iidada (ama soo celinta) mashruuca iyo kharashyadiisa, iyadoo labada qiimoodba la hagaajiyay shuruudaha maanta si loo tixgaliyo qiimaha waqtiga lacagta. BCR ka weyn 1 waxay tilmaamaysaa in faa'iidada mashruucu ay ka weyn tahay kharashyadiisa, taasoo tilmaamaysaa in maalgashigu uu suuragal yahay inuu yahay mid wax-soo-saar leh oo faa'iido leh. Mashruucyada diiradda saaran taageerada beeraha, BCR ka sarreeya 1 waxay ka dhigan tahay in doolar kasta oo la kharash gareeyo, mashruucu lagu filayo inuu soo celiyo in ka badan doolar faa'iido, taasoo ka dhigtaysaa maalgashi wanaagsan oo kordhin karta wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo noloshooda. Dhinaca kale, BCR ka hooseeya 1 waxay ka dhigan tahay in kharashyadu ay ka cuslaan faa'iidada, taasoo calaamadeynaysaa in mashruucu aanu u dhiibin qiimo ku filan oo uu maalgashigu macquul ka dhigo.`, af: `**Madabal-Maaciyyo Ayni (BCR)** — Ayni kinni maxcaw le madabal (kee rabeta) qasaasim amol inkih kala fan, summac faxxa ayrô maalgacit tet wacayak kaah le amaani maanta teetik. BCR **1** kalah maxcaw le madabal qasaasim kalah yekke tet abeh, maalgacit tet rabaah kee madabal yuysuk kaa hayyaamak tet abeh. Maxcaw le birti yan kee gaba yan, BCR **1** kalah kee, qasaasim doolar takkee, maxcaw doolar takke kalah madabal kaa celsa, kinni birti kee maqaadir gaba yan kee teetik yuysuk kee makoona yuysuk kaa hayyaamak maalgacit yuysuk kaa hayyaamak. Kah anqasay, BCR **1** yabik, qasaasim madabal kalah yekke tet abeh, maxcaw wac darsa kee maalgacit tet fayyaam mayan tet abeh.` } } } })4e:Tae48,nbText1=({ overview: { blocks: { block1: { en: "Understanding the economic impacts of adaptation investments in agriculture is vital for investment planning. This notebook provides a detailed financial analysis for agricultural projects focused on adaptation, crucial for assessing the viability and strategic value of such investments.", am: "በርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ውስጥ የማስተካከል ኢንቨስትመንቶች ኢኮኖሚያዊ ተጽዕኖዎችን መረዳት ለኢንቨስትመንት ዕቅድ ወሳኝ ነው። ይህ ኖትቡክ በማስተካከል ላይ ለሚተኩ የርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ፕሮጀክቶች ዝርዝር የገንዘብ ትንታኔ ይሰጣል፣ ይህም ለእንደዚህ አይነት ኢንቨስትመንቶች ተግባራዊነት እና ስትራቴጂካዊ ዋጋ ለመገምገም ወሳኝ ነው።", or: "Guddina maallaqaa dhaabbilee jijjiiramaa qonnaa keessatti madaaluu guddaa qaba. Barreeffamni kun piroojektota qonnaa jijjiiramaa irratti xiyyeeffatanif herrega maallaqaa dhiheessa, wantoota dhaabbilee akkasii dandeettii fi gatii maamullaa addaan baasuu keessatti guddaa qaba.", ti: "ርዑይ ስራሕ ኢንቨስትመንታት ኣብ ግብርና ኢኮኖሚያውያን ጽልዋታት ምፍላጥ ንምዕጻፍ ኢንቨስትመንት ኣገዳሲ እዩ። እዚ መጽሓፍ እዚ ንግብርናውያን ፕሮጀክታት ብዝተኻኸለ ንዝሰራሕዎ ዝርዝር ፋይናንሻዊ ትንተና የቕርብ፣ እዚ ድማ ንህላወን ስትራተጂካውን ዋጋን ንዝኣመሰለ ኢንቨስትመንታት ንምግማት ኣገዳሲ እዩ።", so: "Fahamka saameynta dhaqaale ee maalgashiyada is-beddelka beeraha waa muhiim si loo qorsheeyo maalgashiga. Buuggaan waxay bixisaa faahfaahin dhaqaale oo faahfaahsan oo loogu talagalay mashruucyada beeraha ee diiradda saaran is-beddelka, kuwaas oo muhiim u ah qiimeynta suurtagalnimada iyo qiimaha istaraatiijiyadeed ee maalgashiyadaas.", af: "Maalgacitte madqaddim kee caxxam qado kee amol aamih gaba weh yekkeeni, maalgacit le kassow kaah le. Maxcaw kinni maalgacitte madqaddim kee caxxam qado kee amol inkih kala fanah geyto, summac madqadda le summac kee istaratijiyye summac kee gaba weh yekkeeni." }, block2: { en: "Use this tool to evaluate the returns on a potential adaptation investment through projected economic performance indicators, including the:", am: "ይህን መሣሪያ በሚጠበቁ ኢኮኖሚያዊ አፈፃፀም አመላካቾች በኩል ለሚከናወን የማስተካከል ኢንቨስትመንት መመለሻዎችን ለመገምገም ይጠቀሙ፣ ከነዚህም ውስጥ፦", or: "Qarshii kana fayyaa dhaabbilee jijjiiramaa eegamu addaan baasuuf deeggarsa, mallattoolee hojii dhaabbilee maallaqaa eegaman kanneen akka:", ti: "እዚ መሳርሒ ተጠቐም ንመመለሺ ናይ ምንጪ ኢንቨስትመንት ብዝተጸበየ ኢኮኖሚያውያን ኣፈፃፀም ኣመልካቺታት ንምግማት፣ ከምኡ'ውን፦", so: "Isticmaal qalabkan si aad u qiimeyso soo celinta maalgashiga is-beddelka ee suurtagalka ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo calaamadaha wax-qabashada dhaqaale ee la filayo, oo ay ku jiraan:", af: "Amaaga kaa adoo le maalgacit madqaddim takkee rabeta amol kak gacaa, tet hayyaamek amol inkih kala fan, yan summac:" }, block3: { en: "Designed for high-level insights (national, regional, or continental), this tool helps investors gauge the likelihood of net-positive economic benefits from their projects. It focuses on projects that introduce innovations to farmers, enhancing crop or livestock yields, reducing climate hazard impacts, and achieving gradual farmer adoption over time. Together, these metrics allow investors to understand not only the profitability, but also the relative risk and efficiency of their investments, making them important indicators to gauge financial health of the (adaptation) project, for making informed decisions.", am: "ለከፍተኛ ደረጃ ግንዛቤዎች (ብሔራዊ፣ ክልላዊ፣ ወይም አህጉራዊ) የተነደፈ፣ ይህ መሣሪያ ኢንቨስተሮች ከፕሮጀክቶቻቸው አዎንታዊ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥቅሞችን የማግኘት እድል ለመገምገም ይረዳቸዋል። ለአርሶ አደሮች አዳዲስ ነገሮችን የሚያስተዋውቁ፣ የእርሻ ወይም የእንስሳት ምርት የሚያሻሽሉ፣ የአየር ንብረት አደጋ ተጽዕኖዎችን የሚቀንሱ እና በጊዜ ሂደት የአርሶ አደር አጠቃቀምን የሚያሳኩ ፕሮጀክቶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው። አንድ ላይ፣ እነዚህ መለኪያዎች ኢንቨስተሮች ትርፋማነት ብቻ ሳይሆን የኢንቨስትመንቶቻቸውን አንጻራዊ አደጋ እና ቅልጥፍና እንዲረዱ ያስችላቸዋል፣ ይህም የ(ማስተካከል) ፕሮጀክቱን የገንዘብ ጤና ለመገምገም እና በመረጃ ላይ የተመሰረተ ውሳኔ ለማድረግ አስፈላጊ አመላካቾች ያደርጋቸዋል።", or: "Qophii guddaa qabuuf (biyya, naannoo, ykn kontinenteettii) kan qophaa'e, qarshii kun dhaabbattootaaf gargaara akka piroojektota isaanii irraa fayyaa dhaabbilee walii gala poozatiivi argachuuf dandeettii addaan baasanii. Piroojektota qotee-bulaaf haaraa fidaniif, birmannaa ykn bineensotaa guddisan, dhiibbaa balaa qilleensaa hir'isan, fi yeroo dheeraaf qotee-bulaa itti fayyadamuun qopheessaniif xiyyeeffata. Waliin, madaalli kun dhaabbattootaaf gargaara akka wantoota isaanii fayyaa malee, dandeettii fi tarsiimoo wantoota isaanii akkasumas hubatanii, mallattoo guddaa ta'an godhu piroojektii (jijjiiramaa) maallaqaaf akka ta'u addaan baasanii, murteeffannoo beekumsaa ta'e gochuuf.", ti: "ተኸዲኑ ንልዑላት ርዕይቶታት (ወግዓዊ፣ ክልላዊ፣ ወይ ኣህጉራዊ)፣ እዚ መሳርሒ እዚ ንኢንቨስተራት ምንጪ ናይ ኢንቨስትመንቶም ካብ ኢኮኖሚያውያን ጥቕሚታት ንምርካብ ዕድል ንምፍላጥ ይሕግዞም። ኣብ ፕሮጀክታት ንኣርሶአደራት ሓድሽ ነገራት የኣቱ፣ ምርት እርሻ ወይ እንስሳት የማሻሻሉ፣ ጽልዋ ሓደጋ ኩነታት ኣየር የቕንሱ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ብግዜ ምምሕዳር ናይ ኣርሶአደራት ኣጠቓቕማ የማለቅሉ ይተኵረሉ። ብሓባር፣ እዚ መለክዒታት እዚ ንኢንቨስተራት ትርፋማነት ጥራይ ዘይኰነስ፣ ናይ ኢንቨስትመንቶም ኣንጻራዊ ሓደጋን ቅልጥፍናን ንምፍላጥ የኽእሎም፣ እዚ ድማ ናይ (ምትካል) ፕሮጀክት ፋይናንሻዊ ጥዕና ንምግማትን ብሓበሬታ ዝተመስረተ ውሳኔ ንምውሳድን ኣገዳሲ ኣመልካቺታት ይገብሮም።", so: "Loo qorsheeyay faahfaahinta heer sare (qaran, gobol, ama qaarad), qalabkan wuxuu ka caawiyaa maalgashadayaasha inay cabbiraan suurtagalnimada faa'iidooyinka dhaqaale ee net-ka wanaagsan ee ka soo baxa mashruucyadooda. Waxaa diiradda saaray mashruucyada oo soo bandhiga cusboonaasiinta beeraha, oo kor u qaada wax-soo-saarka beeraha ama xoolaha, oo yareeya saameynta khatarta cimilada, oo gaadhsiiya gelitaanka beeraha si tartiib ah waqti ku dhow. Isku dheellitiranka, cabbiraadahan waxay u ogolaadaan maalgashadayaasha inay fahmaan aan kaliya wax-soo-saarka, balse iyo khatarta iyo wax-ku-oolashada maalgashiyadooda, taasoo ka dhigaysa calaamado muhiim ah oo lagu cabbiro caafimaadka maaliyadeed ee mashruuca (is-beddelka), si loo go'aamiyo go'aamo la xaqiijiyay.", af: "Summac aamih yuysuk gaba yan (birti, raagi, kee qaarad) kassow kaa hayyaamak, amaaga kinni maalgacitte summac caagid kee maalgacit tet teetik rabak yanih gaba tet fanatak. Maxcaw le birti yan kee haara summac hayyaamak, bagsitte kee maqa naqitte summac yuysuk, maqa naqis teetik doyyo, kee sanaditte summac birti yan kee amoq kaa hayyaamak summac. Tet summac, aynitte kinni maalgacitte tet rabaah maabin, kee tet rabaah madqadda kee teetik yuysuk tet fahamta, maxcaw (madqaddim) kee maalgacit tet amol kak gaceeni yan, tet makin tet rabaah gaba tet fanatak." }, block4: { en: "It is important to note that negative economic indicators might not deter investment if the initiative supports broader goals or offers significant societal or environmental benefits. In such cases, the project might be considered valuable for its potential to improve farmers' livelihoods or environmental sustainability, even if if the costs are greater than value of production added or de-risked from climate hazards.", am: "አሉታዊ ኢኮኖሚያዊ አመላካቾች ተነሳሽነቱ ሰፊ ግቦችን ከደገፈ ወይም ከፍተኛ ማህበራዊ ወይም አካባቢያዊ ጥቅሞችን ካቀረበ ኢንቨስትመንትን ሊያግድ ይችላል መሆኑን ልብ ማለት አስፈላጊ ነው። በእንደዚህ አይነት ሁኔታዎች፣ ወጪዎቹ ከተጨመረው የምርት ዋጋ ወይም ከአየር ንብረት አደጋዎች የተነሳ አደጋ ከተወገደ ቢበልጡም፣ ፕሮጀክቱ የአርሶ አደሮችን መኖርያ ሁኔታ ወይም የአካባቢ አቀፋዊነት ለማሻሻል አቅሙ ምክንያት ዋጋ ያለው እንደሆነ ሊቆጠር ይችላል።", or: "Mallattoolee dhaabbilee negaatiivi maallaqaa haasa'iin dhaabbii hin deebifne yoo ta'e, yoo haasa'ichi dhimmoota guddaa deeggare ykn fayyaa hawaasa ykn miseensota guddaa kenne. Yeroo akkasii, piroojektichi qotee-bulaa jireenya isaaniif ykn miseensota irratti guddisuu danda'uun gatii qaba, kostii gatii uumamaa dabalate ykn balaa qilleensaa irraa deebifame caalu yoo ta'e malee.", ti: "ኣገዳሲ እዩ ክትፈልጥ ኣሉታው ኢኮኖሚያውያን ኣመልካቺታት ኢንቨስትመንት ኣይከልክልን እንተዀነ፣ እቲ ተነሳሽነት ሰፊሕ ዕላማታት ይድግፍ ወይ ኣገዳሲ ማሕበራውያን ወይ ኣካባቢያውያን ጥቕሚታት የቕርብ። ኣብ ከምዚ �ዓይነት ኣጋጣሚታት፣ እቲ ፕሮጀክት ነቲ ንመነባብሮ ኣርሶአደራት ወይ ንመዕቆብ ኣካባቢ ንምሻሽል ዝኽእል ሓይሉ ምክንያት ንዋጋ ከም ዘለዎ ክቑጸር ይኽእል፣ ወጻኢታት ካብ ዋጋ ምርት ዝውሰኸ ወይ ካብ ሓደጋታት ኩነታት ኣየር ዝነጸገ እንተነበረ እውን እንተዀነ።", so: "Muhiim waa in la ogaado in calaamadaha dhaqaale ee xun ayaan ka celin karin maalgashiga haddii ololaha uu taageero u yeelo ujeedooyin dheeraad ah ama uu bixiyo faa'iidooyin muhiim ah oo bulsho ama deegaaneed. Xaaladahaas, mashruucu waxaa loo arki karaa mid qiimo leh sababtoo ah awooddiisa inuu hagaajiyo nolosha beeraha ama aan deegaanka la dhaafi karin, xitaa haddii kharashyadu ay ka weyn yihiin qiimaha wax-soo-saarka la kordhiyay ama laga ilaaliyay khataraha cimilada.", af: "Sihim inkih tet sihim summac caagid kee maalgacit maabin, madabal kee birti yan summac darsa kee madabal caxxa kee madabal qado yuysuk hayyaamak yanih. Konna, maxcaw birti yan kee maqa naqitte tet rabaah yuysuk kee makoona teetik yuysuk kee masrayaak tet abeh, qasaasim madabal kee bagsitte wac darsa kee maqa naqis teetik madqadda kaah hayyaamak yanih konna." } } }, projectSetup: { h1: { en: "Project Set-Up", am: "የፕሮጀክት አዋቅር", or: "Doggoggora Piroojektii", ti: "ምድላው ፕሮጀክት", so: "Dejinta Mashruuca", af: "Maxcaw Kassow" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "Agricultural projects can have different levels of production outcomes (in terms of production gains), while also helping in reducing climate impacts. The project set-up allows investors to gauge project cashflows and financial metrics by adjusting such parameters.", am: "የርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ፕሮጀክቶች የተለያዩ የምርት ውጤቶች (በምርት ጭማሪ ረገድ) ሊኖራቸው ይችላል፣ በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ የአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖዎችን በመቀነስ ረገድ ይረዳሉ። የፕሮጀክት አዋቅር ኢንቨስተሮች እንደነዚህ ያሉ መለኪያዎችን በማስተካከል የፕሮጀክት የገንዘብ ፍሰቶችን እና የገንዘብ መለኪያዎችን ለመገምገም ያስችላቸዋል።", or: "Piroojektota qonnaa bu'aa uumamaa garii (birmannaa guddisuu keessatti) qabaachuu danda'u, akkasumas dhiibbaa qilleensaa hir'isuu keessatti gargaaru. Doggoggora piroojektii dhaabbattootaaf gargaara akka cash flows piroojektii fi madaalla maallaqaa addaan baasanii, mallattoolee akkasii jijjiiramaa.", ti: "ፕሮጀክታት ግብርና ክፍልፍል ውጽኢታት ምርት (ብዓይነት ምርት ምውስኽ) ክህልዎም ይኽእል እዩ፣ ብሓገዝ ከምኡ'ውን ኣብ ምቕንስ ጽልዋ ኩነታት ኣየር ይሕግዙ። ምድላው ፕሮጀክት ንኢንቨስተራት የገንዘብ ፍሰታት ፕሮጀክትን ፋይናንሻውያን መለክዒታትን ብምንጻጽር ንምግማት የኽእሎም፣ ብምምሕዳር ከምዚ ዓይነት መለክዒታት።", so: "Mashruucyada beeraha waxay yeelan karaan heerar kala duwan oo natiijooyinka wax-soo-saarka (ee ku saabsan korodhka wax-soo-saarka), halka ay sidoo kale ka caawiyaan yareynta saameynta cimilada. Dejinta mashruuca waxay u ogolaataa maalgashadayaasha inay cabbiraan socodka lacagta mashruuca iyo cabbiraadaha maaliyadeed iyagoo wax ka beddelaya doorsoomayaashaas.", af: "Maxcaw qado kee buxa bagsitte yacce (bagsitte summac darsa kee), kee maqa naqis teetik doyyo kee gaba yan. Maxcaw kassow maalgacitte summac cash flows kee maalgacit aynitte amol kak gaceeni yan, aynitte kah madqadda." }, opener2: { en: "To begin, select target crops and locations. Then, specify project cost and duration. Finally, set-up the innovation impact on yields and climate hazard reduction and its annual rate of adoption.", am: "ለመጀመር፣ የታሰቡትን እርሻዎች እና ቦታዎች ይምረጡ። ከዚያ፣ የፕሮጀክት ወጪ እና ቆይታ ይግለጹ። በመጨረሻም፣ የአዳዲስ ነገሮችን ተጽዕኖ በምርት እና በአየር ንብረት አደጋ ቅነሳ ላይ እና ዓመታዊ የአጠቃቀም ተመኑን ያዘጋጁ።", or: "Eegaluuf, mirootni fi iddoowwan barbaachisoo ta'an filadhu. Sana booda, kostii piroojektii fi yeroo isaa ibsi. Dhumarratti, dhiibbaa haaraa birmannaa fi hir'isaa balaa qilleensaa fi saffisa waggaa waggaa itti fayyadamu isaa dogoggorsi.", ti: "ንምጅማር፣ ንዕላማ ፍራትን ቦታታትን ምረጽ። ድሕሪኡ፣ ወጻኢታት ፕሮጀክትን ግዜኡን ኣመልክት። ኣብ መወዳእታ፣ ምድላው ጽልዋ ሓድሽነት ኣብ ምርትን ምቕንስ ሓደጋ ኩነታት ኣየርን ከምኡ'ውን ናይ ዓመት ምንጪ ኣጠቓቕማኡ ምዃኑ ኣረጋግጽ።", so: "Si aad u bilowdo, dooro beeraha iyo goobaha la bartilmaameedsanay. Kadib, cadee qiimaha iyo muddada mashruuca. Ugu dambeyn, deji saameynta cusboonaasiinta ee wax-soo-saarka iyo yareynta khatarta cimilada iyo heerka sanadlaha ah ee gelitaanka.", af: "Madqoo kee, bagsitte kee meqe fanatak. Sihim, maxcaw qasaasim kee ayrô ibsisa. Caddi, summac kee haara teetik bagsitte kee maqa naqis teetik doyyo kee sanah amoq ayni kassow." }, locations: { h2: { en: "Locations and Commodities", am: "ቦታዎች እና ሸቀጦች", or: "Iddoowwan fi Bittoota", ti: "ቦታታትን ዕንደይትታትን", so: "Goobaha iyo Alaabta", af: "Meqe kee Caagitte" }, text: { en: "Choose the regions where your project occurs and the commodities it applies to.", am: "ፕሮጀክትዎ የሚከናወንባቸውን ክልሎች እና የሚተገበርባቸውን ሸቀጦች ይምረጡ።", or: "Naannolee piroojektii kee itti gaggeeffamtu fi bittoota itti oolamu filadhu.", ti: "ክልላት ፕሮጀክትካ ከም ዝግበርሉን ዕንደይትታት ከም ዝተገብርሉን ምረጽ።", so: "Dooro gobollada ay ku dhacayo mashruucaga iyo alaabta uu ku dhaco.", af: "Meqe kee maxcaw meqe kee duma yan kee caagitte kee tet adoo le fanata." }, inputs: { countryDropdown: { tooltip: { en: "Pick countries to include", am: "ሊካተቱ የሚገቡ ሀገራት ይምረጡ", or: "Biyyoota hirmaachisuuf filadhu", ti: "ሃገራት ንምስራዕ ምረጽ", so: "Xulo dawladaha la gelinayo", af: "Baysitte kaah le fanata" } }, regionDropdown: { tooltip: { en: "Refine country selections by region", am: "የሀገር ምርጫዎችን በክልል ያጥራቅፉ", or: "Filannoo biyyaa naannoon addaan baasi", ti: "ምርጫ ሃገር ብክልል ኣመሓክል", so: "Hagaaji doorashada dawlada ee ku xiran gobolka", af: "Baysa fanata raagi kaah le waccisa" } }, commodityDropdown: { tooltip: { en: "Choose which commodities to include", am: "ሊካተቱ የሚገቡ ሸቀጦች ይምረጡ", or: "Bittoota hirmaachisuuf filadhu", ti: "ዕንደይትታት ንምስራዕ ምረጽ", so: "Xulo alaabta la gelinayo", af: "Caagitte kaah le fanata" } } } }, costs: { h2: { en: "Costs and Duration", am: "ወጪዎች እና ቆይታ", or: "Kostii fi Yeroo", ti: "ወጻኢታትን ግዜኡን", so: "Kharashyada iyo Muddada", af: "Qasaasitte kee Ayrô" }, text: { en: "Choose your project's cost and the length of time you expect to spend paying for it. Payments will be divided evenly across this span.", am: "የፕሮጀክትዎን ወጪ እና ለመክፈል የሚጠብቁትን የጊዜ ርዝመት ይምረጡ። ክፍያዎች በዚህ ጊዜ ውስጥ በእኩልነት ይከፈላሉ።", or: "Kostii piroojektii kee fi dheerina yeroo kafaltii isaa eegdu filadhu. Kaffaltiwwan yeroo kana keessatti walqixaa ta'anii qoodamu.", ti: "ወጻኢታት ፕሮጀክትካን ንግዲ ክፍሊት ንምክፋል እትጽበዮ ዘለኻ ግዜ ምረጽ። ክፍሊታት ኣብዚ ግዜ እዚ ብማዕረ ክፍለፍል ክከፋለል እዩ።", so: "Dooro qiimaha mashruucaga iyo dhererka waqtiga aad ka filaysid inaad ku bixiso lacagtiisa. Lacag bixinta waxaa loo qaybin doonaa si siman inta muddadan.", af: "Maxcaw qasaasim kee ayrô kafal kee eceh fanata. Kafalitte ayrô kinniih tet wada faara kaa qasam." }, inputs: { costInput: { label: { en: "Project cost", am: "የፕሮጀክት ወጪ", or: "Kostii piroojektii", ti: "ወጻኢ ፕሮጀክት", so: "Qiimaha mashruuca", af: "Maxcaw Qasaasim" }, tooltip: { en: "The total cost of the project in USD", am: "የፕሮጀክቱ አጠቃላይ ወጪ በ USD", or: "Kostii waliigalaa piroojektii USD keessatti", ti: "ዅሉ ወጻኢ ፕሮጀክት ኣብ USD", so: "Qiimaha wadarta mashruuca ee USD", af: "Maxcaw wac qasaasim USD kee" } }, projectYearDropdown: { label: { en: "Project years", am: "የፕሮጀክት ዓመታት", or: "Waggoota piroojektii", ti: "ዓመታት ፕሮጀክት", so: "Sanadaha mashruuca", af: "Maxcaw Sanaditte" }, tooltip: { en: "The number of years across which project funds are disbursed", am: "የፕሮጀክት ገንዘቦች የሚከፈሉበት የዓመታት ብዛት", or: "Lakkoofsa waggaa maallaqa piroojektii itti kennaman", ti: "ቁጽሪ ዓመታት ገንዘብ ፕሮጀክት ከም ዝከፈልሉ", so: "Tirada sanadaha ee lacagta mashruuca la bixinayo", af: "Sanaditte maalgacit maalgacit kaa darsam" }, terms: { year: { singular: { en: "year", am: "ዓመት", or: "waggaa", ti: "ዓመት", so: "sannad", af: "sanad" }, plural: { en: "years", am: "ዓመታት", or: "waggoota", ti: "ዓመታት", so: "sanadaha", af: "sanaditte" } } } } }, calloutTemplate: { en: "**:::money:::** over **:::time:::**", am: "**:::money:::** በ **:::time:::** ላይ", or: "**:::money:::** **:::time:::** irra", ti: "**:::money:::** ኣብ **:::time:::** ላዕሊ", so: "**:::money:::** ka badan **:::time:::**", af: "**:::money:::** **:::time:::** kalah" } }, impacts: { h2: { en: "Impacts", am: "ተጽዕኖዎች", or: "Dhiibbaa", ti: "ጽልዋታት", so: "Saameynta", af: "Teetik" }, text: { en: "These parameters allow you to explore how the impact of an innovation changes project returns. You can adjust how much the innovation improves production yields, the rate at which your target community might adopt it, and how much it reduces the negative impacts of climate variability.", am: "እነዚህ መለኪያዎች የአዳዲስ ነገሮች ተጽዕኖ የፕሮጀክት መመለሻዎችን እንዴት እንደሚቀይሩ ለመመርመር ያስችልዎታል። አዳዲሱ ነገር የምርት ምርታማነት ምን ያህል እንደሚያሻሽል፣ የታሰበው ማህበረሰብ ምን ያህል በፍጥነት ሊተገበር እንደሚችል እና የአየር ንብረት ልዩነት አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖዎችን ምን ያህል እንደሚቀንስ ማስተካከል ይችላሉ።", or: "Mallattoolee kun dhiibbaa haaraa deebii piroojektii akka jijjiiramu addaan baasuuf dandeettii siif kennu. Haaraan birmannaa akka guddisu, saffisa hawaasa siif ta'etu akka itti fayyadamtu, fi dhiibbaa negaatiivi jijjiiramaa qilleensaa akka hir'isu mirkaneeffachuudha.", ti: "እዚ መለክዒታት እዚ ጽልዋ ሓድሽነት መመለሺ ፕሮጀክት ብኸመይ ከም ዝቀይር ንምርምር የኽእልካ። ሓድሽነት ምርት እንታይ ዓይነት ከም ዝማሻሽል፣ እቲ ዕላማኻ ዝኾነ ማሕበር ብኸመይ ከም ዝተገብሮ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ኣሉታው ጽልዋታት ልዩነት ኩነታት ኣየር ብኸመይ ከም ዝቕንስ ክትሰርሕ ትኽእል ኢኻ።", so: "Doorsoomayaashaan waxay kuu oggolaanayaan inaad baadhid sida saameynta cusboonaasiintu u beddesho soo celinta mashruuca. Waxaad hagaajin kartaa inta uu cusboonaasiintu kor u qaado wax-soo-saarka, heerka ay bulshadaada la bartilmaameedsanay u geli karto, iyo intee uu yareeyo saameynta xun ee kala duwanaanta cimilada.", af: "Aynitte kinni haara teetik maxcaw rabeta amol kak gaceeni yan. Haara teetik bagsitte amol kak gaceeni yan, ayni maqa naqitte kee amoq, kee maqa naqis teetik madqadda kee amol kak gaceeni yan." }, terms: { none: { en: "none", am: "የለም", or: "hin jiru", ti: "የለን", so: "midna", af: "maabin" }, high: { en: "high", am: "ከፍተኛ", or: "ol aanaa", ti: "ልዑል", so: "sare", af: "yuysuk" }, incremental: { en: "incremental", am: "በደረጃ", or: "dabalataa", ti: "ተወሰኽቲ", so: "kordhin", af: "darsa" }, low: { en: "low", am: "ዝቅተኛ", or: "gadi aanaa", ti: "ትሑት", so: "hooseeya", af: "yabak" }, moderate: { en: "moderate", am: "መጠነኛ", or: "giddu galeessa", ti: "መጠነኛ", so: "dhexdhexaad", af: "gabah" }, transformative: { en: "transformative", am: "ለውጣማ", or: "jijjiirama", ti: "ለውጣዊ", so: "beddelid", af: "madqaddim" } }, inputs: { prodImpactDropdown: { label: { en: "Production impact", am: "የምርት ተጽዕኖ", or: "Dhiibbaa uumamaa", ti: "ጽልዋ ምርት", so: "Saameynta wax-soo-saarka", af: "Bagsitte Teetik" }, tooltip: { en: "How much does adoption of an innovation improve the yield of selected crops or livestock?", am: "የአዳዲስ ነገሮች አጠቃቀም የተመረጡትን እርሻዎች ወይም እንስሳት ምርታማነት ምን ያህል ያሻሽላል?", or: "Haaraan filataman mirootni ykn bineensotaa birmannaa akka guddisu?", ti: "ሓድሽነት ኣጠቓቕማ ንተመሪጾም ፍራት ወይ እንስሳት ምርት ብኸመይ ከም ዝማሻሽል?", so: "Immisa gelitaanka cusboonaasiintu uu kor u qaado wax-soo-saarka beeraha ama xoolaha la doortay?", af: "Haara amoq bagsitte kee maqa naqitte fanatamte amol kak gaceen?" } }, adoptionRateDropdown: { label: { en: "Yearly Adoption rate", am: "ዓመታዊ የአጠቃቀም ተመን", or: "Saffisa waggaa waggaa itti fayyadamaa", ti: "ምንጪ ዓመት ኣጠቓቕማ", so: "Heerka gelitaanka sanadlaha ah", af: "Sanah Amoq Ayni" }, tooltip: { en: "What is the annual rate of innovation adoption amongst those who have not adopted?", am: "ከማይጠቀሙት መካከል ዓመታዊ የአዳዲስ ነገሮች አጠቃቀም ተመን ምንድን ነው?", or: "Saffisa waggaa waggaa itti fayyadamaa haaraa gidduu warra hin fayyadan?", ti: "እንታይ እዩ ናይ ዓመት ምንጪ ኣጠቓቕማ ሓድሽነት ኣብ መንጎ እቶም ዘይተጠቕሙ?", so: "Waa maxay heerka sanadlaha ah ee gelitaanka cusboonaasiinta ee ku dhex jira kuwa aan gelin?", af: "Sanah haara amoq ayni summac maabin amoq yanih?" } }, cisImpactDropdown: { label: { en: "Reduction of climate impacts", am: "የአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖ ቅነሳ", or: "Hir'isaa dhiibbaa qilleensaa", ti: "ምቕንስ ጽልዋ ኩነታት ኣየር", so: "Yareynta saameynta cimilada", af: "Maqa Naqis Teetik Doyyo" }, tooltip: { en: "How much does the innovation reduce the negative impacts of climate variability?", am: "አዳዲሱ ነገር የአየር ንብረት ልዩነት አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖዎችን ምን ያህል ይቀንሳል?", or: "Haaraan dhiibbaa negaatiivi jijjiiramaa qilleensaa meeqa hir'isa?", ti: "ሓድሽነት ኣሉታው ጽልዋታት ልዩነት ኩነታት ኣየር ብኸመይ ከም ዝቕንስ?", so: "Immisa cusboonaasiintu uu yareeyo saameynta xun ee kala duwanaanta cimilada?", af: "Haara maqa naqis teetik madqadda kee amol kak gaceen?" } } } } } }, investmentReturns: { h1: { en: "Investment Returns", am: "የኢንቨስትመንት መመለሻዎች", or: "Deebii Dhaabbii", ti: "መመለሺ ኢንቨስትመንት", so: "Soo Celinta Maalgashiga", af: "Maalgacit Rabeta" }, blocks: { insightReview: { setupBlock: { missingMessage: { en: "_Missing region and/or crop selections, please update selections_", am: "_ክልል እና/ወይም የእርሻ ምርጫዎች ጠፍተዋል፣ እባክዎ ምርጫዎችን ያዘምኑ_", or: "_Naannoo fi/ykn filannoo miraa hin arganne, maaloo filannoo haaromsaa_", ti: "_ክልልን/ወይ ምርጫ ፍራትን ጠፊኡ፣ በጃኹም ምርጫ ኣዘምኑ_", so: "_Gobolka iyo/ama doorashada beeraha ayaa maqan, fadlan cusboonaysii doorashada_", af: "_Raagi kee/ama bagsitte fanata maabin, amoyti fanata madqaddisa_" }, template: { en: "You are exploring an intervention about :::crop_string::: across **:::region_string:::** in :::country_string:::. Your project is set to cost **:::cost_string:::**, divided into equal payments over **:::year_string:::**.", am: "በ :::country_string::: ውስጥ በ **:::region_string:::** ላይ ስለ :::crop_string::: ጣልቃ ገብነት እያጠኑ ነው። ፕሮጀክትዎ ወጪ **:::cost_string:::** ተብሎ ተዘጋጅቷል፣ በ **:::year_string:::** ላይ በእኩል ክፍያዎች ተከፍሎ ይከፈላል።", or: "Dhiibbaa :::crop_string::: **:::region_string:::** :::country_string::: keessatti addaan baasaa jirta. Piroojektii kee kostii **:::cost_string:::** ta'uun dogoggordha, kaffaltii walqixaa ta'an **:::year_string:::** irratti qoodama.", ti: "ኣብ :::country_string::: ኣብ **:::region_string:::** ብዛዕባ :::crop_string::: ጣልቃ-ገብነት ትፈትሽ ኣለኻ። ፕሮጀክትካ ወጻኢ **:::cost_string:::** ከም ዝኸውን ተዳሊዩ ኣሎ፣ ብማዕረ ክፍሊታት ኣብ **:::year_string:::** ክፍለፍል እዩ።", so: "Waxaad baadhaysaa tallaabo ku saabsan :::crop_string::: ku faafka **:::region_string:::** ee :::country_string:::. Mashruucaga wuxuu qeexay qiimaha **:::cost_string:::**, oo loo qaybiyay lacag bixin siman **:::year_string:::**.", af: ":::crop_string::: kee **:::region_string:::** :::country_string::: kee gaba madqadda kee amol tet gaba. Maxcaw qasaasim **:::cost_string:::** tet kassowam, kafalitte wada faara **:::year_string:::** kalah qasam." } }, indicatorBlock: { en: "With a **:::prod_impact_label::: production impact**, a **:::adoption_rate_label::: yearly adoption rate**, and a **:::cis_impact_label::: reduction of climate impacts**, after **:::year_string:::** you are expected to see", am: "በ **:::prod_impact_label::: የምርት ተጽዕኖ**፣ በ **:::adoption_rate_label::: ዓመታዊ የአጠቃቀም ተመን** እና በ **:::cis_impact_label::: የአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖ ቅነሳ**፣ ከ **:::year_string:::** በኋላ ማየት የሚጠበቁት", or: "**:::prod_impact_label::: dhiibbaa uumamaa**, **:::adoption_rate_label::: saffisa waggaa waggaa itti fayyadamaa**, fi **:::cis_impact_label::: hir'isaa dhiibbaa qilleensaa** waliin, **:::year_string:::** booda argachuuf eegama", ti: "**:::prod_impact_label::: ጽልዋ ምርት**, **:::adoption_rate_label::: ምንጪ ዓመት ኣጠቓቕማ**, **:::cis_impact_label::: ምቕንስ ጽልዋ ኩነታት ኣየር** waliin, **:::year_string:::** ድሕሪ ክትርእዮ እትጽበየ", so: "**:::prod_impact_label::: saameyn wax-soo-saarka**, **:::adoption_rate_label::: heerka gelitaanka sanadlaha ah**, iyo **:::cis_impact_label::: yareynta saameynta cimilada**, ka dib **:::year_string:::** waxaad la filaysaa inaad aragto", af: "**:::prod_impact_label::: bagsitte teetik**, **:::adoption_rate_label::: sanah amoq ayni**, kee **:::cis_impact_label::: maqa naqis teetik doyyo**, **:::year_string:::** sihim aamak tet rabak" } }, exploreIndicators: { h2: { en: "Explore One of These Indicators in Detail", am: "ከእነዚህ አመላካቾች አንዱን በዝርዝር ያጥኑ", or: "Tokko mallattoota kana irraa addaan baasi", ti: "ሓደ ካብዚ ኣመልካቺታት እዚ ብዝርዝር ፈትሽ", so: "Baadh mid ka mid ah calaamadahan si faahfaahsan", af: "Tet aynitte kinni kee amol inkih kala fan" }, projectYear: { en: "Project year", am: "የፕሮጀክት ዓመት", or: "Waggaa piroojektii", ti: "ዓመት ፕሮጀክት", so: "Sanadka mashruuca", af: "Maxcaw Sanad" } }, infoListHeaders: { what: { en: "What it is", am: "ምንድን ነው", or: "Maal akka ta'e", ti: "እንታይ እዩ", so: "Waa maxay", af: "Yan summac" }, interpret: { en: "Interpretation", am: "ትርጉም", or: "Hiika", ti: "ትርጉም", so: "Fasiraad", af: "Gaba" }, tell: { en: "What it tells us", am: "ምን እንደሚነግረን", or: "Maal nuuf hima", ti: "እንታይ ከም ዝነግረና", so: "Waxa ay nagu sheegaysaa", af: "Yan summac kaa celsa" } }, closer1: { en: "Each of these indicators plays a vital role in the evaluation process, offering different perspectives on an investment's financial viability. Together, they provide a comprehensive understanding, enabling investors and managers to make well-informed decisions.", am: "እያንዳንዳቸው እነዚህ አመላካቾች በግምገማ ሂደት ውስጥ ወሳኝ ሚና ይጫወታሉ፣ ለአንድ ኢንቨስትመንት የገንዘብ ተግባራዊነት የተለያዩ እይታዎችን ያቀርባሉ። አንድ ላይ፣ አጠቃላይ ግንዛቤ ይሰጣሉ፣ ይህም ኢንቨስተሮችን እና አስተዳዳሪዎችን በደንብ መረጃ የተገነቡ ውሳኔዎችን እንዲያደርጉ ያስችላቸዋል።", or: "Tokkoon tokkoon mallattoota kana qaama guddaa ta'ee tattaaffii gadi fagoofi, akkaataa adda addaatiin dhaabbii maallaqaaf ta'uu dandeettii kennu. Waliin, hubannoo walitti qabu kennu, dhaabbattootaafi bulchitootaaf murteeffannoo beekumsaa ta'e gochuuf dandeettii kennu.", ti: "ነፍሲ ወከፍ ካብዚ ኣመልካቺታት እዚ ኣገዳሲ ሚና ኣብ ሂደት ግምገማ ይጻወት፣ ንፋይናንሻዊ ህላወ ኢንቨስትመንት ንተፈላለየ ኣረኣእያታት የቕርብ። ብሓባር፣ ንምሉእ ፍልጠት የቕርቡ፣ ንኢንቨስተራትን ኣሰልጣንን ብደንበ ሓበሬታ ዝተመስረተ ውሳኔ ንምውሳድ የኽእሎም።", so: "Mid kasta oo ka mid ah calaamadahan waxay ka qayb qaataan door muhiim ah oo ku saabsan habka qiimeynta, iyagoo bixiya aragtiyo kala duwan oo ku saabsan suurtagalnimada maaliyadeed ee maalgashiga. Isku dheellitiranka, waxay bixiyaan faham guud, iyagoo u oggolaaya maalgashadayaasha iyo maamullada inay go'aanno la xaqiijiyay sameeyaan.", af: "Tet aynitte kinni maxcaw le gaba maxcaw kee amol tet gaba yan, maalgacit tet maalgacit kee amol inkih kala fanah geyto. Tet summac, amol inkih kala fanah geyto, maalgacitte kee makoona tet rabaah tet makinite tet makin tet rabaah gaba tet fanatak." } } }, summary: { h1: { en: "Summary", am: "ማጠቃለያ", or: "Xumura", ti: "ጽማቝ", so: "Kooban", af: "Summac" }, blocks: { block1: { en: "The internal rate of return, net present value, and benefit-cost ratio offer valuable insight into the potential returns for an agriculture adaptation investment, which can help project makers evaluate and compare investment opportunities. In this tool, these indicators provide an economic performance analysis for agriculture projects based on key project criteria. This analysis can help guide organizations and farmers in making informed investment decisions aligned with their financial goals.", am: "ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን፣ የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ እና የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ ለርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ማስተካከል ኢንቨስትመንት ስለሚጠበቁ መመለሻዎች አስተዋፅዖ ያለው ግንዛቤ ይሰጣሉ፣ ይህም ለፕሮጀክት አዘጋጆች የኢንቨስትመንት እድሎችን ለመገምገም እና ለማነፃፀር ሊረዳ ይችላል። በዚህ መሣሪያ ውስጥ፣ እነዚህ አመላካቾች በመሠረታዊ የፕሮጀክት መስፈርቶች ላይ በመመስረት ለርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ፕሮጀክቶች ኢኮኖሚያዊ አፈፃፀም ትንታኔ ይሰጣሉ። ይህ ትንታኔ ድርጅቶችን እና አርሶ አደሮችን ከገንዘብ ግቦቻቸው ጋር በሚጣጣሙ በመረጃ ላይ የተመሰረቱ የኢንቨስትመንት ውሳኔዎችን በማድረግ ረገድ ሊመራ ይችላል።", or: "Saffisa deebii daangaa guddaa, gatii ammaan walii gala, fi fayyaa fi kostii walqixaa qooda hubannoo guddaa dhaabbilee jijjiiramaa qonnaa eegamuuf kennu, piroojektota qopheessotaaf dhaabbilee addaan baasuu fi walbira qabuu dandeettii kennu. Qarshi kana keessatti, mallattoonni kun tattaaffii hojii dhaabbilee piroojektota qonnaa irratti hundaa'uun piroojektota dhaabbilee guddinaa irratti hundaa'uun dhiheessu. Tattaaffiin kun dhaabbattootaafi qotee-bulaa dhaabbilee walii gala beekumsaa ta'an gochuuf qajeelfama kennu dhaabbilee maallaqaa isaaniif ta'an.", ti: "ምንጪ ውሽጣዊ መመለሺ፣ ዝተነጽገ ዋጋ ሕጂ፣ ከምኡ'ውን ጥቕሚ-ወጻኢ ሬሾ ንምንጪ ኢንቨስትመንት ምትካል ግብርና ንጥቕሚ ምንጪ ኢንቨስትመንት ዝበለጸ ርዕይቶ የቕርቡ፣ እዚ ድማ ንተቐዳድማት ፕሮጀክት ንጥቕሚ ኢንቨስትመንት ንምግማትን ንምንጻጽርን ክሕግዝ ይኽእል። ኣብዚ መሳርሒ እዚ፣ እዚ ኣመልካቺታት እዚ ትንተና ኣፈፃፀም ኢኮኖሚ ንፕሮጀክታት ግብርና ብመሰረት ኣገዳሲ መደብ ፕሮጀክት የቕርቡ። እዚ ትንተና እዚ ንውድባትን ኣርሶአደራትን ብሓበሬታ ዝተመስረተ ውሳኔ ኢንቨስትመንት ንምውሳድ ክመርሖም ይኽእል፣ ንፋይናንሻዊ ዕላማታቶም ዝሰማማዕ።", so: "Heerka gudaha ee soo celinta, qiimaha hadda ee safka ah, iyo saamiga faa'iidada-qiimaha waxay bixiyaan faham qiimo leh oo ku saabsan soo celinta suurtagalka ah ee maalgashiga is-beddelka beeraha, kaas oo ka caawin kara sameeyeyaasha mashruucyada inay qiimeeyaan oo isku barbar dhigaan fursadaha maalgashiga. Qalabkan, calaamadahan waxay bixiyaan falanqayn wax-qabashada dhaqaale ee mashruucyada beeraha iyadoo la saleynayo shuruudaha muhiimka ah ee mashruuca. Falanqayntan waxay ka caawin kartaa ururada iyo beeraha inay hagayaan go'aamada maalgashiga ee la xaqiijiyay ee u hoggaansan ujeedooyinkooda maaliyadeed.", af: "Ayni rabita qimbisa, summac diraa ceetam, kee madabal-maaciyyo ayni amol inkih kala fanah geyto maalgacit madqaddim kee caxxaam qado kee rabak yanih, maxcaw hayyaamak summac kee maalgacit tet rabaah amol kak gaceeni yan. Amaaga kinni, aynitte kinni maalgacitte madqaddim kee caxxaam qado kee amol inkih kala fanah geyto. Kinni maalgacitte kee birti yan kee tet rabaah tet makin tet rabaah gaba tet fanatak, summac le summac." }, block2: { en: "There are many factors to consider when calculating the returns for an investment, and the calculations above are founded on several assumptions — such as a fixed NPV discount rate (:::npvDisountRate:::) and farm BCR (:::farmBcr:::). More information about the methods can be found in the :::methodsSourcesTitle::: section below.", am: "የአንድ ኢንቨስትመንት መመለሻዎችን ሲያሰሉ ሊታዩ የሚገቡ ብዙ ምክንያቶች አሉ፣ እና ከላይ ያሉት ስሌቶች በበርካታ ግምቶች ላይ የተመሰረቱ ናቸው — እንደ ቋሚ NPV ቅናሽ ተመን (:::npvDisountRate:::) እና የግብርና BCR (:::farmBcr:::). ስለ ዘዴዎቹ ተጨማሪ መረጃ ከዚህ በታች ባለው :::methodsSourcesTitle::: ክፍል ውስጥ ማግኘት ይቻላል።", or: "Haala baay'ee dhaabbii deebii herreguuf eegaluu qabu, fi herreegnichi ol fuudhamu haala tokko tokko irratti hundaa'a — akka saffisa dhiibuu NPV fixaa (:::npvDisountRate:::) fi BCR qonnaa (:::farmBcr:::). Odeeffannoo dheeraaf malaa irratti :::methodsSourcesTitle::: gabaabaa armaa gadii argachuu dandeessa.", ti: "ብዙሕ ረቛሒታት ክትግምት ኣለዎም ምስ ዝሰልጥን መመለሺ ኢንቨስትመንት፣ እቲ ሰልጢን ኣብ ላዕሊ ኣብ ሓያሎ ግምታት ዝተመስረተ — ከም ማዕረ ምቕናስ NPV (:::npvDisountRate:::) ከምኡ'ውን BCR መንጎ (:::farmBcr:::). ተወሳኺ ሓበሬታ ብዛዕባ ኣገባብ ኣብቲ :::methodsSourcesTitle::: ክፍሊ ኣብ ታሕቲ ክርከብ ይኽእል።", so: "Waxaa jira waxyaabo badan oo loo tixgeliayo marka la xisaabinayo soo celinta maalgashiga, xisaabinta kor ku xusan waxaa lagu salaynayaa qiyaasyo dhowr ah — sida heerka dhimista ee NPV ee go'an (:::npvDisountRate:::) iyo BCR beer (:::farmBcr:::). Macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan hababka waxaa laga heli karaa qaybta :::methodsSourcesTitle::: ee hoose.", af: "Sihim yuysuk summac kee maalgacit tet rabaah amol kak gacaa, kee xisaabisitte yuysuk kee le tet amol kak gacaa — ayni qasaasi NPV fixaa (:::npvDisountRate:::) kee BCR qado (:::farmBcr:::). Summac kala fan amol kee qado :::methodsSourcesTitle::: caddi argisa." } } } })4f:T3261,nbTextMethods1=({ methods: { h1: { en: "Methods & Sources", am: "ዘዴዎች እና ምንጮች", or: "Malaafi Kan Faayidaa", ti: "መሳርያትን ንጥረ ምንፆችን", so: "Hababka & Ilaha", af: "Uggola Keê Xixxibisa" }, intro: { en: `The tool utilizes the best available production value datasets covering all of sub-Saharan Africa, enabling cross-country, crop, and livestock comparisons. While suitable for macro-scale analysis to determine economic viability and regional differences, the data's applicability diminishes at smaller scales. For projects with defined targets and contexts, we recommend engaging with local communities and governance through participatory approaches to refine investment targeting and design. This Spotlight implements a model developed for the Accelerating the Impact of CGIAR Climate Research in Africa (AICCRA) program.`, am: `መሣሪያው ሁሉንም ከሰሃራ በታች ያለችውን አፍሪካ የሚሸፍኑ ከሚገኙት ምርቶች የተሻሉ የውሂብ ስብስቦችን ይጠቀማል፣ ይህም በሀገሮች፣ በእርሻዎች እና በእንስሳት መካከል ማነፃፀር ያስችላል። ለኢኮኖሚያዊ ተግባራዊነት እና ለክልላዊ ልዩነቶች ለመወሰን ለማክሮ ደረጃ ትንታኔ ቢስማሙም፣ የውሂቡ ተግባራዊነት በትናንሽ ደረጃዎች ላይ ይቀንሳል። የተገለጹ ዒላማዎች እና አውዶች ላላቸው ፕሮጀክቶች፣ የኢንቨስትመንት ዒላማ እና ንድፍ ለማጥራቅ ከአካባቢያዊ ማህበረሰቦች እና ከመንግስት ጋር በተሳታፊ አቀራረቦች መሥራትን እንመክራለን። ይህ ስፖትላይት ለ Accelerating the Impact of CGIAR Climate Research in Africa (AICCRA) ፕሮግራም የተዘጋጀ ሞዴል አፈፃፀም ያቀርባል።`, or: `Qalamaan kun daataa waa'ee qindiiyyii fi gatii gurgurtaa lafa Afrikaa Saahaaraa gadii hunda qabatu fayyadama. Daataan kun walga'ii adda addaatti, daldala lafaatiifi qaama xayyaanootiif yaalii akka fidu taasisaa danda'a. Yaalii yeroo guddaatti akka daldala sochii gochuufi akka mul'attoo naannoo adda addaa fuulduratti akka qabu godhuuf ooluu ni danda'a. Haala kanaan, daataan kun bu'uura argaannoo mikroo irratti akka hin taane godha. Gochaalee bakka bu'uuraan qopheeffamanii fi fira mancaa qaban yoo argattan, hawaasa biyyattiifi mootummaa biyyattii waliin ta'uun, daldala biyyattii fi qophii isaa akka fooyya'uuf yaala. Fulduraan kun hojii maqaa "Accelerating the Impact of CGIAR Climate Research in Africa (AICCRA)" jedhamu irratti hojjetama.`, ti: `እታ መሳርያ ንምሉእ ኣፍሪቃ ትሕተ ሰሃራ ዘሽፍን ኣማእከላዊ ውጽኢታዊ ውሑዳት ትጥቀም፣ እዚ ድማ ኣብ መንጎ ሃገራት፣ ኣትክልቲ ከምኡውን እንስሳት ንምንጽጻር የኽእል እዩ። ንኢኮኖሚያዊ ተግባራዊነትን ክልላዊ ፍልልያትን ንምውሳን ኣብ ማክሮ ደረጃ ንትንተና ዝጠቅም እኳ እንተኾነ፣ ተግባራዊነት ናይቲ ውሑድ ኣብ ንእሽቶ ደረጃታት ይንኪ እዩ። ንበጃሕታት ዝተወሰኑ ዕላማታትን እተወሰኑ እዋናትን ዘለዎም ፕሮጀክታት፣ ንትካፈልን ንምዕቃብን ናይቲ ምእታውን ዲዛይንን ንምምሕዳር ምስ ናይቲ ቀበሌ ማሕበረሰብን መንግስትን ብተሳተፍቲ ኣገባብ ንምርካብ ንመክር። እዚ ስፖትላይት እዚ ንኢንፋስት ኣማእከላዊ ናይ ኤስ. ጂ. ኣይ. ኤ. ኣር. (CGIAR) ኣብ ኣፍሪቃ ዝርከብ ናይ ኩነታት ኣየር ምርምር ንምጋዓዝ እተዳለወ ናይ ሞዴል ኣፈፃፀም እዩ።`, so: `Qalabkani wuxuu u isticmaalaa xogta ugu fiican ee qiimaha wax soo saarka ee ka buuxa dhamaan Afrika hoose ee Saaxilka, taasoo u oggolaanaysa is-barbardhiga dalalka, dalagga iyo xoolaha. In kasta oo ku habboon cabbirka weyn ee falanqaynta si loo go'aamiyo karti dhaqaale iyo kala duwanaansho goboleed, adeegsiga xogta ayaa yaraada cabbiro yaryar. Mashruucyada leh bartilmaameed go'an iyo dhawaaqyo, waxaan ku talinaynaa in la la shaqeeyo bulshada iyo maamulka maxalliga ah iyagoo loo marayo hababka ka qaybqaadashada si loo hagaajiyo bartilmaameedka maalgashiga iyo naqshadeynta. Iftiimahan wuxuu ku dhaqaaqaa qaabka loo sameeyay barnaamijka Accelerating the Impact of CGIAR Climate Research in Africa (AICCRA).`, af: `Tikse kee namma baaxol tika tekme kaa xongoloonam kee worrih tanqibih gexsimta tan xongol lubbute xongolih garci daffeyak gacsa ken daffeyam kee worri tekme kaa macfuuzuh adda tan asmat xiqta. Kulli makinaay asmat gaaduk tan mise waytoh qiddi gactam kee seeh adda tani tekme baaxooy anqasah raqta, daatat tekme tani waytoh ittak raqta. Ama tet abe tet barrih gexsimtaay tet baaxol edde anqasaana tet gexsimtak, tet baaxol kee isi edde baahino ayrod kak maacisenna baaxol garcitte saytunnoysak adal ken kee mablo gubatulle kak iyyam fanah tan geyta teetik mabloy buluulussa. Tamaante kaa AICCRA buxhuk kaa CGIAR caagiida Baaxol caagiidak addal yabali kaa ah tu- kah Buuxuk waytoh tamaantam wadirri hee edde gufana.` }, section1: { h2: { en: "Datasets", am: "የውሂብ ስብስቦች", or: "Daataa", ti: "ኣብነታት ውሑድ", so: "Xogta", af: "Datasets" }, subsections: { en: ` - **[Spatial crop production](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/exposure_catalog/mapspam2017/collection.json)** data for 2017 comes from MapSPAM 2017 V2r3 (Spatial Production Allocation Model) - **Spatial livestock distribution** data comes from the [Gridded Livestock of the World - 2015](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/glw_4) dataset. - **National producer price** data comes from [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Prices_E_Africa.zip) - **National production and yield** data comes from [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip) - **[Administrative boundaries](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/boundary_catalog/geoBoundaries_SSA/collection.json)** are provided by geoBoundaries 6.0.0. The gbHumanitarian boundaries are used and if not available then the gbOpen boundaries are substituted.`, am: ` - **[የቦታ እርሻ ምርት](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/exposure_catalog/mapspam2017/collection.json)** ውሂብ ለ 2017 ከ MapSPAM 2017 V2r3 (የቦታ ምርት አመታት ሞዴል) የተገኘ ነው - **የቦታ እንስሳት ስርጭት** ውሂብ ከ [Gridded Livestock of the World - 2015](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/glw_4) የውሂብ ስብስብ የተገኘ ነው። - **የብሔራዊ አምራች ዋጋ** ውሂብ ከ [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Prices_E_Africa.zip) የተገኘ ነው - **የብሔራዊ ምርት እና ምርታማነት** ውሂብ ከ [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip) የተገኘ ነው - **[አስተዳደራዊ ድንበሮች](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/boundary_catalog/geoBoundaries_SSA/collection.json)** በ geoBoundaries 6.0.0 የተሰጡ ናቸው። gbHumanitarian ድንበሮች ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ እና ካልገኙ በስተቀር gbOpen ድንበሮች ይተካሉ።`, or: ` - **[Daataa sochii lafaa](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/exposure_catalog/mapspam2017/collection.json)** 2017 kan MapSPAM 2017 V2r3 (Spatial Production Allocation Model) irraa kan argame. - **[Daataa sochii qaama xayyaanootii](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/glw_4)** kan [Gridded Livestock of the World - 2015](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/glw_4) irraa argame. - **[Daataa gatii gurgurtaa biyyattii](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Prices_E_Africa.zip)** kan [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Prices_E_Africa.zip) irraa argame. - **[Daataa sochii biyyattii fi qindiiyyii](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip)** kan [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip) irraa argame. - **[Daannaa mootummaa](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/boundary_catalog/geoBoundaries_SSA/collection.json)** kan geoBoundaries 6.0.0 irraa argame. Daannaan gbHumanitarian fayyadama, yoo hin argamin immoo gbOpen daannaa itti fayyadama.`, ti: ` - **[ናይ ቦታ ኣትክልቲ ምርት](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/exposure_catalog/mapspam2017/collection.json)** ውሑድ ን2017 ካብ MapSPAM 2017 V2r3 (ሞዴል ናይ ቦታ ምርት ኣተሓሕዛ) ዝመጸ - **[ናይ ቦታ እንስሳት ስርጭት](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/glw_4)** ውሑድ ካብ [Gridded Livestock of the World - 2015](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/glw_4) ዝመጸ - **[ናይ ሃገራዊ ኣምራች ዋጋ](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Prices_E_Africa.zip)** ውሑድ ካብ [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Prices_E_Africa.zip) ዝመጸ - **[ናይ ሃገራዊ ምርትን ምርታማነትን](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip)** ውሑድ ካብ [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip) ዝመጸ - **[ኣስተደዳርያዊ ዶባታት](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/boundary_catalog/geoBoundaries_SSA/collection.json)** ብ geoBoundaries 6.0.0 ዝቐረበ። gbHumanitarian ዶባታት ይጥቀመሉ እዩ፣ እንተዘይተረኽበ ግን gbOpen ዶባታት ይቕመጥ።`, so: ` - **[Xogta wax soo saarka beeraha](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/exposure_catalog/mapspam2017/collection.json)** ee 2017 waxay ka soo baxday MapSPAM 2017 V2r3 (Spatial Production Allocation Model) - **Xogta qaybinta xoolaha** waxay ka soo baxday [Gridded Livestock of the World - 2015](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/glw_4). - **Xogta qiimaha soo saarayaasha qaranka** waxay ka soo baxday [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Prices_E_Africa.zip) - **Xogta wax soo saarka qaranka iyo saamiga** waxay ka soo baxday [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip) - **[Xuduudaha maamulka](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/boundary_catalog/geoBoundaries_SSA/collection.json)** waxaa bixiya geoBoundaries 6.0.0. Xuduudaha gbHumanitarian ayaa la isticmaalaa haddii aan la helin gbOpen ayaa lagu badalaa.`, af: ` - **[Daatat baaxol xongoloy dalag yakme](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/exposure_catalog/mapspam2017/collection.json)** kaa 2017 le MapSPAM 2017 V2r3 (Baaxol Dalag Xongoloy Dalag Model) kee axcuk. - **Baaxol xongoloy worri daata** le [Gridded Livestock of the World - 2015](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/glw_4) dataset kee axcuk. - **Daatat worri tekme xiinqa buxhuk** le [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Prices_E_Africa.zip) kee axcuk. - **Daatat worri tekme dalag kee qiddi** le [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip) kee axcuk. - **[Xongoloy daffeyak ticaaqa](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/boundary_catalog/geoBoundaries_SSA/collection.json)** le geoBoundaries 6.0.0 kee baxsimta. gbHumanitarian xongoloyti tekme ticawina, kee tama numuk ticawa gbOpen xongoloyti heenih.` } } } })50:T11b64,nbTextMethods2=({ methods:{ section2: { h2: { en: "Methods", am: "ዘዴዎች", or: "Mala", ti: "መሳርያት", so: "Hababka", af: "Uggola" }, intro: { en: `This tool implements the methodology developed by [Philip Thorton](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wx_me7EAAAAJ&hl=en) used to inform the [Economic and Financial Analysis (EFA)](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA/blob/main/Documents/AICCRA%20EFA%27-07-20.docx) for the [Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA)](https://aiccra.cgiar.org/) project.`, am: `ይህ መሣሪያ በ [Philip Thorton](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wx_me7EAAAAJ&hl=en) የተዘጋጀውን ዘዴ አፈፃፀም ያቀርባል እና ለ [Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA)](https://aiccra.cgiar.org/) ፕሮጀክት [ኢኮኖሚክ እና ፋይናንሻል አናሊሲስ (EFA)](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA/blob/main/Documents/AICCRA%20EFA%27-07-20.docx) ለመገምገም ጥቅም ላይ ውሏል።`, or: `Qalamaan kun mala [Philip Thorton](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wx_me7EAAAAJ&hl=en) irraa kan dhufe fayyadama. Malaan kun [Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA)](https://aiccra.cgiar.org/) jedhamu irratti [Economic and Financial Analysis (EFA)](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA/blob/main/Documents/AICCRA%20EFA%27-07-20.docx) jedhamuuf yaalii godhuuf fayyadama.`, ti: `እታ መሳርያ እዚኣ ነቲ ብ[Philip Thorton](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wx_me7EAAAAJ&hl=en) ዝተማዕበለ መሳርያ ትፍጽም፣ እዚ ድማ ን[Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA)](https://aiccra.cgiar.org/) ፕሮጀክት ን[ኢኮኖሚያዊን ፋይናንሻልን ትንተና (EFA)](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA/blob/main/Documents/AICCRA%20EFA%27-07-20.docx) ንምፍላጥ ይጥቀመሉ እዩ።`, so: `Qalabkani wuxuu ku dhaqaaqaa habka uu sameeyay [Philip Thorton](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wx_me7EAAAAJ&hl=en) ee loo isticmaalo [Falanqaynta Dhaqaalaha iyo Maaliyadeed (EFA)](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA/blob/main/Documents/AICCRA%20EFA%27-07-20.docx) ee mashruuca [Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA)](https://aiccra.cgiar.org/).`, af: `Tikse kee mala [Philip Thorton](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wx_me7EAAAAJ&hl=en) kee akah [Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA)](https://aiccra.cgiar.org/) buxhu gubatulle gexsimtak [Economic and Financial Analysis (EFA)](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA/blob/main/Documents/AICCRA%20EFA%27-07-20.docx) kee addal yecee.` }, subsection1: { h3: { en: "Data preparation", am: "የውሂብ አዘጋጅታ", or: "Qopheessuu Daataa", ti: "ኣተኻኽያ ውሑድ", so: "Diyaarinta Xogta", af: "Data Agabi" }, subsection: { en: `#### Producer Prices 1. FAOstat production in USD is averaged by commodity and country for the period 2015-2019. 2. Data gaps for combinations of country and commodity are filled by using, in order of preference: a) the average of neighbouring countries; b) the regional average for the worldbank region the country belongs to; c) the continental average for sub-Saharan Africa. 3. The producer prices are then merged with country level (admin0) administrative boundaries and rasterized. 4. Code availability: [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R) #### Livestock Value of Production 1. As spatial livestock production comes from 2000, we rescaled values to 2017 using the proportional national change in faostat production between 2000 and 2017. The scaling method preferentially adds production increases to the middle of the production distribution for a country and not the tails. For example, areas without production in 2000 do not suddenly become producers and heavy producing areas do not increase as much as intermediate producing areas. 2. Livestock production scaled to 2017 is then multiplied by the corresponding producer price data to generate livestock value of production in USD in 2017. 3. Meat and milk are added together for sheep, goats and cattle. 4. Values are extracted for administrative areas, summed and converted into tabular form. 5. Code availability: [fao_producer_prices_livestock.R]( https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices_livestock.R) #### Crop Value 1. MapSPAM crop production is multiplied by the corresponding producer price data to live crop value of production in USD in 2017. 2. Code availability: [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R)`, am: `#### የአምራች ዋጋዎች 1. የ FAOstat ምርት በ USD ለ 2015-2019 ጊዜው በሸቀጥ እና በሀገር አማካኝ ተደርጓል። 2. ሀገር እና ሸቀጥ ጥምረቶች የውሂብ ክፍተቶች በሚከተለው ቅደም ተከተል በማጣመር ተሞልተዋል፦ ሀ) የጎረቤት ሀገራት አማካኝ፤ ለ) ሀገሩ የሚፈነገልበት የዓለም ባንክ ክልል አማካኝ፤ ሐ) ለከሰሃራ በታች ያለችው አፍሪካ የአህጉር አማካኝ። 3. የአምራች ዋጋዎች ከዚያ በኋላ ከሀገር ደረጃ (admin0) አስተዳደራዊ ድንበሮች ጋር ተዋህደው ራስተር ተደርገዋል። 4. የኮድ ተገኝነት፦ [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R) #### የእንስሳት ምርት ዋጋ 1. የቦታ እንስሳት ምርት ከ 2000 ስለሚመጣ፣ እሴቶችን ለ 2017 እንደገና ለመጠን በ 2000 እና 2017 መካከል በ faostat ምርት ውስጥ ያለውን ተመጣጣኝ ብሔራዊ ለውጥ በመጠቀም አድርገናል። የመጠን ዘዴው በተለይ የምርት ጭማሪዎችን ለአንድ ሀገር የምርት ስርጭት መካከል ያክላል እና ጭራዎቹን አይደለም። ለምሳሌ፣ በ 2000 ምርት የሌላቸው አካባቢዎች በድንገት አምራቾች አይሆኑም እና ከባድ ምርት ያላቸው አካባቢዎች እንደ መካከለኛ ምርት ያላቸው አካባቢዎች አይጨምሩም። 2. ወደ 2017 የተገመተው የእንስሳት ምርት ከዚያ በኋላ በ 2017 ውስጥ የእንስሳት ምርት ዋጋ በ USD ለመፍጠር በተዛማጅ የአምራች ዋጋ ውሂብ ይባዛል። 3. ለበጎች፣ ፍየሎች እና ላሞች ሥጋ እና ወተት አንድ ላይ ይጨመራሉ። 4. እሴቶች ለአስተዳደራዊ አካባቢዎች ይወገዳሉ፣ ይጠቃለላሉ እና ወደ ሰንጠረዥ ቅርጽ ይቀየራሉ። 5. የኮድ ተገኝነት፦ [fao_producer_prices_livestock.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices_livestock.R) #### የእርሻ ዋጋ 1. የ MapSPAM እርሻ ምርት በ 2017 ውስጥ የእርሻ ምርት ዋጋ በ USD ለመኖር በተዛማጅ የአምራች ዋጋ ውሂብ ይባዛል። 2. የኮድ ተገኝነት፦ [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R)`, or: `#### Gatii Gurgurtaa 1. Sochii FAOstat USD keessatti bifa 2015-2019tti gatii gurgurtaa fi biyya keessatti bakka bu'uuraan ni jijjirama. 2. Bu'uuraan daataa biyya fi gatii gurgurtaa keessatti argamu bifa bu'uuraan ni jijjirama: a) gatii gurgurtaa biyyaa wallaggaa; b) gatii gurgurtaa naannoo bankii addunyaa biyyi akka jiru; c) gatii gurgurtaa Afrikaa Saahaaraa gadii. 3. Gatii gurgurtaa sana booda daannaa mootummaa biyyattii (admin0) waliin walitti qabamu fi rasterized ta'u. 4. Fayyadama koodii: [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R) #### Qindiiyyii Qaama Xayyaanootii 1. Sochii qaama xayyaanootii bifa 2000 irraa dhufu, gatii 2017tti bifa jijjirama sochii faostat 2000 fi 2017 gidduutti ni jijjirama. Mala jijjiramaa kun sochii dabaluu keessatti gidduu sochii biyyattii keessatti dabaluu fi muraa sochii hin dabalu. Fakkeenyaaf, bakka sochii 2000tti hin jirre hin jijjiramu fi bakka sochii guddaa qaban akka bakka sochii gidduu qaban hin dabalu. 2. Sochii qaama xayyaanootii 2017tti jijjirame sana booda gatii gurgurtaa daataa waliin ni baay'isu, gatii qaama xayyaanootii USD 2017 keessatti argamu. 3. Foon fi aannan hundaaf re'ee, bizaan fi loon ni dabalu. 4. Gatii daannaa mootummaa keessatti ni baafamu, walitti aansu fi tabular formtti ni jijjirama. 5. Fayyadama koodii: [fao_producer_prices_livestock.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices_livestock.R) #### Gatii Lafaa 1. Sochii lafaa MapSPAM gatii gurgurtaa daataa waliin ni baay'isu, gatii lafaa USD 2017 keessatti argamu. 2. Fayyadama koodii: [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R)`, ti: ` #### ዋጋታት ኣምራች 1. ምርት FAOstat ብUSD ንጥፈት 2015-2019 ብዕንግዲን ሃገርን ኣማካኝ ተዋሂቡ። 2. ንጥፈት ሃገርን ዕንግዲን ኣብ ውሑድ ኣውታት ብዚኸውን ቅደም ተኸተል ተመሊኹ፦ ሀ) ኣማካኝ ጎረቤት ሃገራት፤ ለ) ኣማካኝ ክልል ናይቲ ሃገር ዓለም ባንክ ክልል፤ ሐ) ኣማካኝ ኣፍሪቃ ትሕተ ሰሃራ። 3. ዋጋታት ኣምራች ካብኣቶም ምስ ሃገራዊ ደረጃ (admin0) ኣስተደዳርያዊ ዶባታት ተዋህዱ፣ ራስተር ኣበሉ። 4. ምህርቲ ኮድ፦ [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R) #### ዋጋ ምርት እንስሳት 1. ምርት እንስሳት ቦታ ካብ 2000 ስለ ዝመጽእ፣ ኣብ 2000ን 2017ን ኣብ ምርት faostat ዘሎ ሃገራዊ ለውጢ ብመጠን ናብ 2017 ንዋጋታት ኣዳለይና። እቲ መጠን ኣተሓሕዛ ብተመሓጣጡ ንመንጎ ስርጭት ምርት ናይ ሓደ ሃገር ንዝለዓለ ምርት የእትዎ፣ ንጫፍ ኣይኮነን። ንኣብነት፣ ኣብ 2000 ምርት ዘይብሎም ከባቢታት ብሃንደበት ኣምራች ኣይኮኑን፣ ከምኡውን ከቢድ ምርት ዘለዎም ከባቢታት ከም መንጎ ምርት ዘለዎም ከባቢታት ኣይዕብዩን። 2. ምርት እንስሳት ናብ 2017 ዝተመደበ ካብኡ ቀጺሉ ብምድግጋም ዋጋ ኣምራች ዝሰማማዕ ውሑድ ንምርት እንስሳት ዋጋ ብUSD ኣብ 2017 ንምፍጣር ይባዝ። 3. ስጋን ጸባትን ንኣባጊዕ፣ ንፍየል፣ ንበሬ ሓዊሱ ይውሃብ። 4. ኣብ ኣስተደዳርያዊ ከባቢታት ዋጋታት ይወጽእ፣ ይድምቀስ፣ ናብ ቅጽ ሰንጠረዥ ይቕየር። 5. ምህርቲ ኮድ፦ [fao_producer_prices_livestock.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices_livestock.R) #### ዋጋ ኣትክልቲ 1. ምርት ኣትክልቲ MapSPAM ብምድግጋም ዋጋ ኣምራች ዝሰማማዕ ውሑድ ንህላወ ዋጋ ኣትክልቲ ብUSD ኣብ 2017 ይባዝ። 2. ምህርቲ ኮድ፦ [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R)`, so: ` #### Qiimaha Soo Saarayaasha 1. Wax soo saarka FAOstat ee USD waa lagu celceliyay alaabta iyo dalka muddada 2015-2019. 2. Faylalka xogta ee isku-darka dal iyo alaab waxaa lagu buuxiyaa, kala soocida: a) celceliska dalalka deriska ah; b) celceliska gobolka ee Bankiga Aduunka ee uu dalku ka tirsan yahay; c) celceliska qaaradda Afrika hoose ee Saaxilka. 3. Qiimaha soo saarayaasha markaa waa la isku daray xuduudaha maamulka heerka dalka (admin0) waxaana lagu sameeyay raster. 4. Helitaanka koodhka: [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R) #### Qiimaha Wax soo Saarka Xoolaha 1. Maadaama wax soo saarka xoolaha ee hawada ka yimaado 2000, waxaan u celcelinay qiyamka 2017 iyadoo la adeegsanayo isbeddelka qaranka ee ku yimaada wax soo saarka faostat u dhexeeya 2000 iyo 2017. Habka celcelinta si gaar ah ayuu ku darayaa kororka wax soo saarka dhexda qaybinta wax soo saarka ee dalka, halkii ay ugu jiri lahayd dhinacyada. Tusaale ahaan, goobaha aan wax soo saarayn 2000 si degdeg ah ma noqdaan soo saarayaal, goobaha wax soo saarka culusna ma kordiyaan sida goobaha dhexe ee wax soo saarka. 2. Wax soo saarka xoolaha ee loo celceliyay 2017 markaa waxaa lagu dhuftaa xogta qiimaha soo saaraha la xiriira si loo soo saaro qiimaha wax soo saarka xoolaha USD 2017. 3. Hilibka iyo caanaha waa la isku daray idaha, riyaha iyo lo'da. 4. Qiimaha waxaa laga soo saaraa goobaha maamulka, waa la soo koobayaa waxaana loo badalaa qaabka miiska. 5. Helitaanka koodhka: [fao_producer_prices_livestock.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices_livestock.R) #### Qiimaha Beeraha 1. Wax soo saarka beeraha MapSPAM waa lagu dhuftaa xogta qiimaha soo saaraha la xiriira si loo helo qiimaha wax soo saarka beeraha USD 2017. 2. Helitaanka koodhka: [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R)`, af: ` #### Xiinqi Buxhuk 1. FAOstat dalag USD kee 2015-2019 kalah dalag kee worri kee garci gacta. 2. Datat num kaa worri kee garci tama num tani gacta tama usuk kalah: a) worri gacti tammi kee gacta; b) baaxol kee worri kaa worldbank baaxol kee worri kee garci gacta; c) baaxol kee Afrika hoose kee Saaxil garci gacta. 3. Xiinqi buxhuk kee edde tammitte worri heer (admin0) xongoloy daffeyak ticaaqa kee tu gacta edde lubbute. 4. Code agabi: [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R) #### Worri Dalag Xiinqi 1. Worri dalag baaxol kaa 2000 leh, xiinqi 2017 kee kala tammi worri kee faostat kee 2000 kee 2017 kala gacta. Usuk xiinqi kee dalag edde buxeh adda worri kee worri teetil gacti kee worri teetil qaylo kee macfuuzuh. Namma, worri 2000 kee dalagin teetih tama num buxeh yakkale, kee worri dalagin yan teetih worri dalagin teetih akah yan buxeh tama. 2. Worri dalag 2017 kee xiinqi buxhuk daatat kee mabulule worri dalag xiinqi USD 2017 kee edde gubulle. 3. Ayda kee sakar reeda, malak kee laaqa edde gacta. 4. Xiinqi daffeyak ticaaqa teetih kee tet qiddi teetil kee tet aroocaqak kee tet qiddi agabi. 5. Code agabi: [fao_producer_prices_livestock.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices_livestock.R) #### Dalag Xiinqi 1. MapSPAM dalag xiinqi buxhuk daatat kee mabulule dalag xiinqi USD 2017 kee edde gubulle. 2. Code agabi: [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R)` } }, subsection2: { h3: { en: "Calculations", am: "ስሌቶች", or: "Himannoota", ti: "ግምታት", so: "Xisaabinta", af: "Xisaaba" }, subsections: { en: `#### Yield and Production Variability - FAOstat yield and production data from 2000-2022 are used to calculate the [coefficient of variation(CV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation) for crops (yield) and livestock (production). We use production data rather than yields for livestock because livestock yield data appears to be highly calculated in FAOstat and shows very little variability over time, whereas production data is variable. - Commodity yields and production amounts in many countries show a strong increase over time. Where temporal trends are significant, we detrend to the data (linear) before calculating the CV. - Data gaps in CV for combinations of country and commodity are filled by using, in order of preference: a) the average of neighbouring countries; b) the regional average for the World Bank region the country belongs to; c) the continental average for sub-Saharan Africa. - Code availability: [fao_production_cv.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_production_cv.R) #### Economic Benefits We estimate project-level economic benefits by heuristically modeling how innovations affect value of production (VoP) and climate-related losses across time, space, and user-defined adoption rates. The main steps are: 1. **VoP under Innovation Adoption**: We apply user-defined adoption rates over time, shrinking the pool of non-adopters each year. For instance, with an initial VoP of 1000 and 10% adoption: year 1 sees 100 under innovation, year 2 adds 90 (from the remaining 900), totaling 190, and so on. 2. **Production Impact Gains**: We multiply the total VoP under adoption by the selected production impact (e.g. 20% yield increase). The marginal gain is the difference between VoP with and without innovation. 3. **Avoided Climate Losses**: To estimate avoided losses due to innovations that reduce climate impacts, we assume: - Yield/production follows a normal distribution - Adoption reduces yield variability (CV) proportionally For each crop and area, we generate two normal distributions (mean = 1): one for non-adopters (baseline CV) and one for adopters (reduced CV). The avoided loss proportion is the difference in expected loss in the lower tail (below 0) of each distribution. 4. **Total Marginal Benefit**: The total VoP under adoption is adjusted upward using the avoided loss proportion. The marginal benefit from climate impact reduction is added to the production gain, giving total marginal benefit. 5. **Total Project Benefit**: The total benefit is calculated as: \`\` Total Benefit = Marginal Benefit – (Marginal Benefit / BCR) \`\` where BCR = 1.62 (assumed from Harris & Orr, 2014). We then discount both benefits and costs over time using the selected discount rate to obtain time-adjusted values for indicator computation. 6. **Code Availability**: See [4_roi.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/4_roi.R) #### Economic Indicators The four indicators presented — IRR, MIRR, NPV, and BCR — capture different aspects of financial performance and can diverge for several reasons: 1. **Timing of cash flows**: IRR and MIRR reflect return rates over time and can appear high when large benefits arrive late in a project. However, NPV and BCR account for discounting, so delayed benefits reduce their values even if the project is profitable in the long run. 2. **Scale of investment**: Small investments with modest benefits can generate high IRR or MIRR due to efficiency, but the total net gain (NPV) or cost-effectiveness (BCR) may still be low. 3. **Discount rate effects**: Since NPV and BCR rely on discounting, a high discount rate (default 8%) can make delayed gains appear smaller. IRR and MIRR are unaffected by this rate in their core calculation, but MIRR incorporates reinvestment assumptions (also 8% here). 4. **Cumulative structure**: Each year's values represent cumulative discounted returns to date, which helps track how financial indicators evolve across the life of the project. These indicators should be used together for a balanced view of financial viability. **Methodological Notes on Indicator Calculations** This notebook computes four financial indicators — Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Discounted Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) — using the following methodology: 1. **Cash Flow Construction**: - A project cash flow is created by subtracting user-defined project costs from estimated economic benefits. - Benefits are derived from the value of increased agricultural production (VoP) and the reduction of climate-related yield losses, both calculated annually based on user inputs. - Adoption rate is applied progressively over time, reducing the pool of non-adopters and reflecting diminishing marginal expansion. 2. **Discounting**: - All future cash flows are discounted to present value using a user-specified discount rate (default: 8%). - Cumulative discounted benefits and cumulative discounted costs are stored for each project year. 3. **Net Present Value (NPV)**: - NPV is calculated as the sum of discounted net returns (benefit minus cost) up to the selected year. - A positive NPV implies the project's benefits exceed its costs in present-value terms. - **Note**: We use discrete annual discounting \`PV = FV / (1 + r)^t\`, not continuous compounding. 4. **Discounted Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)**: - BCR is calculated as the ratio of cumulative discounted benefits to cumulative discounted costs. - A BCR > 1 indicates a financially efficient project. - Unlike some simplified BCR approaches, this version uses full discounted benefit and cost streams. 5. **Internal Rate of Return (IRR)**: - IRR is estimated via a secant method to find the discount rate that sets the net present value of the project's cumulative cash flow to zero. - IRR reflects the annualized rate of return implied by the cash flows. 6. **Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)**: - MIRR addresses limitations of IRR by assuming: - Negative cash flows (investments) are financed at the discount (finance) rate - Positive cash flows (returns) are reinvested at the same (reinvestment) rate - MIRR is calculated from the future value of positive flows and the present value of negative flows using the formula: \`\`MIRR = (FV of inflows / |PV of outflows|)^(1/n) - 1\`\`, where \`n\` is the project duration. - We assume the finance and reinvestment rates are equal to the discount rate used in NPV and BCR (default: 8%). 7. **Cumulative Time Horizon**: - Each metric is calculated cumulatively: i.e., IRR and MIRR at year 3 reflect performance based on the first 4 years of project cash flows (year 0 to year 3). - This provides a dynamic view of how financial indicators evolve as the project progresses. 8. **Edge Case Handling**: - If IRR or MIRR cannot be calculated (e.g., due to all-positive or all-negative flows), the result is returned as null. - Indicators are rounded (NPV to 1 decimal, BCR to 2 decimals, IRR and MIRR to 1 decimal %) for clarity. All indicator calculations are implemented natively within the Observable notebook (no external APIs), enabling real-time interactivity and transparency. An earlier and more technical version of this methodology was developed into a tool using Shiny R and can be found on the github [AICCRA_EFA](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA).`, am: `#### የምርታማነት እና የምርት ልዩነት - የ FAOstat ምርታማነት እና ምርት ውሂብ ከ 2000-2022 ለእርሻዎች (ምርታማነት) እና ለእንስሳት (ምርት) [coefficient of variation (CV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation) ለማስላት ጥቅም ላይ ውለዋል። ለእንስሳት ምርታማነት ይልቅ ምርት ውሂብ እንጠቀማለን ምክንያቱም የእንስሳት ምርታማነት ውሂብ በ FAOstat ውስጥ በጣም የተሰላ ይመስላል እና በጊዜ ሂደት በጣም አናሳ ልዩነት ያሳያል፣ ምርት ውሂብ ግን ተለዋዋጭ ነው። - በብዙ ሀገራት ውስጥ የሸቀጦች ምርታማነት እና ምርት መጠኖች በጊዜ ሂደት ጠንካራ ጭማሪ ያሳያሉ። የጊዜ አዝማሚያዎች ጉልህ በሚሆኑበት ቦታ፣ CVን ከማስላት በፊት ውሂቡን ከአዝማሚያ (መስመራዊ) እናስወግዳለን። - ለሀገር እና ለሸቀጥ ጥምረቶች በ CV ውስጥ ያሉ የውሂብ ክፍተቶች በሚከተለው ቅደም ተከተል በማጣመር ተሞልተዋል፦ ሀ) የጎረቤት ሀገራት አማካኝ፤ ለ) ሀገሩ የሚፈነገልበት የዓለም ባንክ ክልል አማካኝ፤ ሐ) ለከሰሃራ በታች ያለችው አፍሪካ የአህጉር አማካኝ። - የኮድ ተገኝነት፦ [fao_production_cv.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_production_cv.R) #### ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥቅሞች የፕሮጀክት-ደረጃ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥቅሞችን በጊዜ፣ በቦታ እና በተጠቃሚ-ተገለጹ የአጠቃቀም ተመኖች ላይ አዳዲስ ነገሮች የምርት ዋጋ (VoP) እና ከአየር ንብረት ጋር የተያያዙ ኪሳራዎችን እንዴት እንደሚነኩ በ heuristically ሞዴሊንግ እንገምታለን። ዋና ደረጃዎቹ፦ 1. **VoP በአዳዲስ ነገሮች አጠቃቀም ስር**: በጊዜ ሂደት በተጠቃሚ-ተገለጹ የአጠቃቀም ተመኖች እንጠቀማለን፣ የማይጠቀሙትን መጠን በየዓመቱ እንቀንሳለን። ለምሳሌ፣ በመጀመሪያ VoP 1000 እና 10% አጠቃቀም ያለው፦ ዓመት 1 100 በአዳዲስ ነገሮች ስር ያያል፣ ዓመት 2 90 ይጨምራል (ከቀሩት 900)፣ በጠቅላላው 190፣ እና የመሳሰሉት። 2. **የምርት ተጽዕኖ ጭማሪዎች**: አጠቃላይ VoP በአጠቃቀም ስር በተመረጠው የምርት ተጽዕኖ (ለምሳሌ 20% የምርታማነት ጭማሪ) እናባዛለን። የገደብ ጭማሪ በአዳዲስ ነገሮች እና ያለ አዳዲስ ነገሮች መካከል ያለው ልዩነት ነው። 3. **የተከለከሉ የአየር ንብረት ኪሳራዎች**: የአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖዎችን የሚቀንሷቸው አዳዲስ ነገሮች ምክንያት የተከለከሉ ኪሳራዎችን ለመገመት እንገምታለን፦ - ምርታማነት/ምርት መደበኛ ስርጭት ይከተላል - አጠቃቀም የምርታማነት ልዩነት (CV) በተመጣጣኝ መጠን ይቀንሳል ለእያንዳንዱ እርሻ እና አካባቢ፣ ሁለት መደበኛ ስርጭቶችን (አማካኝ = 1) እንፈጥራለን፦ አንደኛው ለማይጠቀሙ (መሠረታዊ CV) እና ሌላኛው ለሚጠቀሙ (የተቀነሰ CV)። የተከለከለው የኪሳራ ሬሾ በእያንዳንዱ ስርጭት ዝቅተኛ ጭራ (ከ 0 በታች) ውስጥ በሚጠበቀው ኪሳራ ላይ ያለው ልዩነት ነው። 4. **ጠቅላላ የገደብ ጥቅም**: አጠቃላይ VoP በአጠቃቀም ስር በተከለከለው የኪሳራ ሬሾ በመጠቀም ወደ ላይ ይስተካከላል። ከአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖ ቅነሳ የሚመጣው የገደብ ጥቅም ከምርት ጭማሪ ጋር ይጨመራል፣ ጠቅላላ የገደብ ጥቅም ይሰጣል። 5. **ጠቅላላ የፕሮጀክት ጥቅም**: ጠቅላላ ጥቅም እንደሚከተለው ይሰላል፦ \`\` ጠቅላላ ጥቅም = የገደብ ጥቅም – (የገደብ ጥቅም / BCR) \`\` በዚህ ላይ BCR = 1.62 (ከ Harris & Orr, 2014 የተገመተ)። ከዚያ ሁለቱንም ጥቅሞች እና ወጪዎች በጊዜ ሂደት በተመረጠው ቅናሽ ተመን በመጠቀም እናቀንሳለን ለአመላካች ስሌት የጊዜ ተስተካክሎ እሴቶችን ለማግኘት። 6. **የኮድ ተገኝነት**: ይመልከቱ [4_roi.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/4_roi.R) #### ኢኮኖሚያዊ አመላካቾች የቀረቡት አራት አመላካቾች — IRR, MIRR, NPV, እና BCR — የተለያዩ የገንዘብ አፈፃፀም ገጽታዎችን ይይዛሉ እና በበርካታ ምክንያቶች ሊለያዩ ይችላሉ፦ 1. **የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች ጊዜ**: IRR እና MIRR በጊዜ ሂደት የመመለሻ ተመኖችን ያንፀባርቃሉ እና ትላልቅ ጥቅሞች በፕሮጀክት መጨረሻ ላይ ሲደርሱ ከፍ ያለ ሊመስሉ ይችላሉ። ሆኖም ግን፣ NPV እና BCR ቅናሽን ግምት ውስጥ ያስገባሉ፣ ስለዚህ የተዘገዩ ጥቅሞች ፕሮጀክቱ በረጅም ጊዜ ትርፋማ ቢሆንም እሴቶቻቸውን ይቀንሳሉ። 2. **የኢንቨስትመንት መጠን**: ትናንሽ ኢንቨስትመንቶች ከባድ ጥቅሞች ሊኖራቸው ይችላል ከፍ ያለ IRR ወይም MIRR በቅልጥፍና ምክንያት ሊፈጥሩ ይችላሉ፣ ግን ጠቅላላ የተጣራ ጭማሪ (NPV) ወይም የወጪ-ቅልጥፍና (BCR) አሁንም ዝቅተኛ ሊሆን ይችላል። 3. **የቅናሽ ተመን ተጽዕኖዎች**: NPV እና BCR በቅናሽ ስለሚመረኮቱ፣ ከፍ ያለ ቅናሽ ተመን (ነባሪ 8%) የተዘገዩ ጭማሪዎችን ትናንሽ ሊያደርጋቸው ይችላል። IRR እና MIRR በመሠረታዊ ስሌታቸው በዚህ ተመን አይጎዱም፣ ግን MIRR የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ግምቶችን ያካትታል (እዚህም 8%)። 4. **ድምርያዊ መዋቅር**: የእያንዳንዱ ዓመት እሴቶች እስከ አሁን ያሉትን ድምርያዊ የተቀነሱ መመለሻዎች ይወክላሉ፣ ይህም የገንዘብ አመላካቾች በፕሮጀክቱ የህይወት ዘመን እንዴት እየተሻሻሉ ለመከታተል ይረዳል። እነዚህ አመላካቾች ለተመጣጣኝ የገንዘብ ተግባራዊነት እይታ አንድ ላይ መጠቀም አለባቸው። **ስለ አመላካች ስሌቶች ዘዴአዊ ማስታወሻዎች** ይህ ኖትቡክ አራት የገንዘብ አመላካቾችን — ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (IRR)፣ የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (MIRR)፣ የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV)፣ እና የተቀነሰ የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ (BCR) — በሚከተለው ዘዴ በመጠቀም ያሰላል፦ 1. **የገንዘብ ፍሰት ግንባታ**: - የፕሮጀክት የገንዘብ ፍሰት በተጠቃሚ-ተገለጹ የፕሮጀክት ወጪዎች ከተገመቱ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥቅሞች በመቀነስ ይፈጠራል። - ጥቅሞች ከየፈሳሽ ርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ምርት ዋጋ (VoP) እና ከአየር ንብረት ጋር የተያያዙ የምርታማነት ኪሳራዎች ቅነሳ የተገኙ ናቸው፣ ሁለቱም በተጠቃሚ ግብዓቶች ላይ በመመስረት በዓመታዊ ይሰላሉ። - የአጠቃቀም ተመን በጊዜ ሂደት በደረጃ ይተገበራል፣ የማይጠቀሙትን መጠን ይቀንሳል እና የገደብ ማስፋፊያ መቀነስን ያንፀባርቃል። 2. **ቅናሽ**: - ሁሉም የወደፊት የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች በተጠቃሚ-ተገለጸ ቅናሽ ተመን (ነባሪ፦ 8%) በመጠቀም ወደ አሁኑ ዋጋ ይቀነሳሉ። - ድምርያዊ የተቀነሱ ጥቅሞች እና ድምርያዊ የተቀነሱ ወጪዎች ለእያንዳንዱ የፕሮጀክት ዓመት ይከማቻሉ። 3. **የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV)**: - NPV እስከ ተመረጠው ዓመት ድረስ የተቀነሱ የተጣራ መመለሻዎች (ጥቅም ሲቀነስ ወጪ) ድምር ነው። - አዎንታዊ NPV የፕሮጀክቱ ጥቅሞች ከወጪዎቹ በአሁኑ ዋጋ ቃላት እንደሚበልጡ ያመለክታል። - **ማስታወሻ**: እኛ የተለየ ዓመታዊ ቅናሽ \`PV = FV / (1 + r)^t\` እንጠቀማለን፣ ቀጣይነት ያለው ውህደት አይደለም። 4. **የተቀነሰ የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ (BCR)**: - BCR እንደ ድምርያዊ የተቀነሱ ጥቅሞች እና ድምርያዊ የተቀነሱ ወጪዎች ሬሾ ይሰላል። - BCR > 1 በገንዘብ መልኩ ቅልጥፍና ያለው ፕሮጀክት ያመለክታል። - ከአንዳንድ ቀላል የሆኑ የ BCR አቀራረቦች በተለየ፣ ይህ ስሪት ሙሉ የተቀነሱ ጥቅም እና የወጪ ፍሰቶችን ይጠቀማል። 5. **ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (IRR)**: - IRR የፕሮጀክቱን ድምርያዊ የገንዘብ ፍሰት የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ ከዜሮ ጋር እኩል የሚያደርግ ቅናሽ ተመን ለማግኘት በ secant ዘዴ ይገመታል። - IRR በገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የሚጠቁም ዓመታዊ የመመለሻ ተመንን ያንፀባርቃል። 6. **የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (MIRR)**: - MIRR የ IRR ገደቦችን በሚከተለው በመገመት ይፈታል፦ - አሉታዊ የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች (ኢንቨስትመንቶች) በቅናሽ (ገንዘብ) ተመን ይፋይናንስ ይደረጋሉ - አዎንታዊ የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች (መመለሻዎች) በተመሳሳይ (የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት) ተመን እንደገና ይኖዛሉ - MIRR ከአዎንታዊ ፍሰቶች የወደፊት ዋጋ እና ከአሉታዊ ፍሰቶች የአሁኑ ዋጋ በመጠቀም በቀመር ይሰላል፦ \`\`MIRR = (የገቢ ፍሰቶች FV / |የወጪ ፍሰቶች PV|)^(1/n) - 1\`\`፣ በዚህ ላይ \`n\` የፕሮጀክቱ ቆይታ ነው። - የገንዘብ እና የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ተመኖች ከበ NPV እና BCR ውስጥ ከሚጠቀሙት ቅናሽ ተመን ጋር እኩል ናቸው ብለን እንገምታለን (ነባሪ፦ 8%)። 7. **ድምርያዊ የጊዜ አድማስ**: - እያንዳንዱ መለኪያ በድምርያዊ መልኩ ይሰላል፦ ማለትም፣ በዓመት 3 IRR እና MIRR በመጀመሪያ 4 ዓመታት የፕሮጀክት የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች (ከዓመት 0 እስከ ዓመት 3) ላይ በመመስረት አፈፃፀምን ያንፀባርቃሉ። - ይህ የገንዘብ አመላካቾች ፕሮጀክቱ እየተሻሻለ ሲሄድ እንዴት እየተሻሻሉ ለማየት ተለዋዋጭ እይታ ይሰጣል። 8. **የጫፍ ጉዳይ ማስተናገድ**: - IRR ወይም MIRR ሊሰሉ ካልቻሉ (ለምሳሌ፣ ሁሉም-አዎንታዊ ወይም ሁሉም-አሉታዊ ፍሰቶች ምክንያት)፣ ውጤቱ እንደ null ይመለሳል። - አመላካቾች ለግልጽነት ይጠጋጋሉ (NPV ወደ 1 አስርዮሽ፣ BCR ወደ 2 አስርዮሽ፣ IRR እና MIRR ወደ 1 አስርዮሽ %)። ሁሉም አመላካች ስሌቶች በ Observable ኖትቡክ ውስጥ በተፈጥሯዊ መልኩ ተግብረዋል (ውጫዊ APIዎች የሉም)፣ ይህም በቀጥታ ጊዜ መስራትን እና ግልጽነትን ያስችላል። የዚህ ዘዴ ቀደምት እና የበለጠ ቴክኒካል ስሪት በ Shiny R በመጠቀም ወደ መሣሪያ ተዘጋጅቷል እና በ github [AICCRA_EFA](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA) ላይ ማግኘት ይቻላል።`, or: `#### Qindiiyyii fi Sochii Daddabarsaa - Daataa qindiiyyii fi sochii FAOstat 2000-2022 irraa [coefficient of variation(CV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation) lafaa (qindiiyyii) fi qaama xayyaanootii (sochii) himannootaaf fayyadama. Sochii daataa qindiiyyii qaama xayyaanootii irra fayyadama, qindiiyyii daataa qaama xayyaanootii FAOstat keessatti baay'ee himatamaa fi yeroo gidduutti daddabarsaa xiqqaa qaba, sochii daataan immoo daddabarsaa qaba. - Qindiiyyii fi sochii gatii gurgurtaa biyyoota baay'ee keessatti yeroo gidduutti cimaa dabalu. Yoo trendiin yeroo gidduutti guddaa ta'e, CV himannoo kessaa daataa (linear) dhiifnu. - CV daataa bu'uuraan biyya fi gatii gurgurtaa gidduutti argamu bifa bu'uuraan ni jijjirama: a) gatii gurgurtaa biyyaa wallaggaa; b) gatii gurgurtaa naannoo bankii addunyaa biyyi akka jiru; c) gatii gurgurtaa Afrikaa Saahaaraa gadii. - Fayyadama koodii: [fao_production_cv.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_production_cv.R) #### Daldala Faayidaa Faayidaa daldala piraajeektii himannoo kessaa daldala faayidaa (VoP) fi ho'ina qilleensaa dhiifama yeroo, bakka, fi fayyadama fayyadama fayyadamtootaaf himannoo kessaa himanna. Ka'umsi guddaan: 1. **VoP Fayyadama Haaraa**: Fayyadama fayyadama fayyadamtootaaf yeroo gidduutti fayyadama, poolii fayyadamtoota hin fayyadamin yeroo hundaa ni dhiphisa. Fakkeenyaaf, jalqabaa VoP 1000 fi 10% fayyadama: jaarraa 1 100 fayyadama haaraa, jaarraa 2 90 dabalu (900 irraa), walitti 190, fi kana fakkaatan. 2. **Sochii Faayidaa**: VoP guutuu fayyadama kessaa sochii faayidaa filataman (fakkeenyaaf 20% qindiiyyii dabalu) ni baay'isu. Faayidaa marginaalii VoP fayyadama haaraa qabu fi hin qabne gidduutti argamu. 3. **Ho'ina Qilleensaa Dhiifama**: Ho'ina qilleensaa dhiifama fayyadama haaraa ho'ina qilleensaa dhiphisu himannoo kessaa himanna: - Qindiiyyii/sochii distribution normal ta'u - Fayyadama daddabarsaa qindiiyyii (CV) proportional dhiphisa Lafaa fi bakka hundaa, distribution normal lama (mean = 1) uumu: tokko fayyadamtoota hin fayyadamin (baseline CV) fi tokko fayyadamtoota (CV dhiphame). Dhiifama ho'ina proportion expected loss lower tail (0 gadii) distribution hundaa gidduutti argamu. 4. **Faayidaa Marginaalii Guutuu**: VoP guutuu fayyadama kessaa proportion dhiifama ho'ina fayyadama ni jijjirama. Faayidaa marginaalii ho'ina qilleensaa dhiphisu sochii faayidaa dabalu, faayidaa marginaalii guutuu kennu. 5. **Faayidaa Piraajeektii Guutuu**: Faayidaa guutuu himannoo kessaa himanna: \`\` Faayidaa Guutuu = Faayidaa Marginaalii – (Faayidaa Marginaalii / BCR) \`\` BCR = 1.62 (Harris & Orr, 2014 irraa). Faayidaa fi kostii yeroo gidduutti discount rate filataman fayyadama, indicator computation faayidaa yeroo jijjirame argachuuf. 6. **Fayyadama Koodii**: Ilali [4_roi.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/4_roi.R) #### Daldala Indicator Indicator afur — IRR, MIRR, NPV, fi BCR — daldala faayidaa adda addaa qabu fi sababa adda addaatiin adda ta'uu danda'a: 1. **Yeroo Cash Flow**: IRR fi MIRR return rate yeroo gidduutti agarsiisu fi faayidaa guddaan piraajeektii dhumaatti yeroo ga'u guddaa ta'uu danda'a. Garuu NPV fi BCR discounting qabu, faayidaa yeroo dheeraaf piraajeektii faayidaa qabaachuu yoo ta'u immoo gatii isaa ni dhiphisa. 2. **Daldala Saayizii**: Daldala xiqqaa faayidaa xiqqaa qabu IRR yookiin MIRR guddaa uumu efficiency tiin, garuu faayidaa net guutuu (NPV) yookiin kost-effectiveness (BCR) xiqqaa ta'uu danda'a. 3. **Discount Rate Effect**: NPV fi BCR discounting irratti hundaa'a, discount rate guddaa (default 8%) faayidaa yeroo dheeraa xiqqaa ta'uu danda'a. IRR fi MIRR calculation isaanii keessatti rate kanaan hin dhibaman, garuu MIRR reinvestment assumption (akkasumas 8% as) qaba. 4. **Cumulative Structure**: Gatii jaarraa hundaa cumulative discounted return har'aa agarsiisa, daldala indicator piraajeektii yeroo gidduutti akka jijjiramu himannoo kessaa gargaara. Indicator kana waliin fayyadamuuf daldala viability balanced view argachuuf. **Methodological Note Indicator Calculation** Notebook kana indicator daldala afur — Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Net Present Value (NPV), fi Discounted Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) — methodology armaan gadii fayyadamuun himanna: 1. **Cash Flow Construction**: - Piraajeektii cash flow fayyadama piraajeektii kostii fayyadama fayyadamtoota irraa faayidaa daldala himatama irraa hojjetama. - Faayidaa gatii sochii lafaa dabaluu (VoP) fi ho'ina qilleensaa dhiphisu irraa argamu, lamaanuu fayyadama fayyadamtoota irratti hundaa'anii jaarraa jaarraa himannoo ta'u. - Fayyadama rate yeroo gidduutti progressive fayyadama, poolii fayyadamtoota hin fayyadamin dhiphisa fi marginal expansion dhiphisu agarsiisa. 2. **Discounting**: - Cash flow future hundaa present value discount rate fayyadama fayyadamtoota (default: 8%) fayyadamuun jijjirama. - Cumulative discounted faayidaa fi cumulative discounted kostii jaarraa piraajeektii hundaa keessatti store ta'u. 3. **Net Present Value (NPV)**: - NPV discounted net return (faayidaa minus kostii) jaarraa filataman hanga walitti aantuun himannoo ta'u. - NPV positive piraajeektii faayidaan kostii present-value termii danda'u. - **Note**: Discrete annual discounting \`PV = FV / (1 + r)^t\` fayyadama, continuous compounding hin ta'u. 4. **Discounted Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)**: - BCR ratio cumulative discounted faayidaa fi cumulative discounted kostii ta'u. - BCR > 1 piraajeektii daldala efficient ta'u. - BCR approach simplified tokko tokko irraa adda, version kana faayidaa discounted guutuu fi kostii stream fayyadama. 5. **Internal Rate of Return (IRR)**: - IRR secant method fayyadamuun discount rate piraajeektii cumulative cash flow net present value zero taasisu argachuuf himannoo ta'u. - IRR return rate annualized cash flow irraa argamu agarsiisa. 6. **Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)**: - MIRR limitation IRR fudhachuu: - Cash flow negative (investment) discount (finance) rate finance ta'u - Cash flow positive (return) same (reinvestment) rate reinvest ta'u - MIRR future value inflow fi present value outflow formula fayyadamuun himannoo ta'u: \`\`MIRR = (FV inflow / |PV outflow|)^(1/n) - 1\`\`, \`n\` piraajeektii duration ta'u. - Finance fi reinvestment rate discount rate NPV fi BCR keessatti fayyadamuu (default: 8%) wal qixa ta'a. 7. **Cumulative Time Horizon**: - Metric hundaa cumulative himannoo ta'u: IRR fi MIRR jaarraa 3 performance piraajeektii cash flow jalqabaa 4 jaarraa (jaarraa 0 hanga jaarraa 3) irratti hundaa'anii agarsiisa. - Daldala indicator piraajeektii yeroo gidduutti akka jijjiramu dynamic view kennu. 8. **Edge Case Handling**: - IRR yookiin MIRR himannoo hin dandeenye (fakkeenyaaf, cash flow guutuu positive yookiin negative), result null ta'u. - Indicator round (NPV 1 decimal, BCR 2 decimal, IRR fi MIRR 1 decimal %) clarity irratti. Indicator calculation hundaa Observable notebook keessatti natively implement ta'u (external API hin qabu), real-time interactivity fi transparency danda'u. Methodology kana version durii fi technical baay'ee Shiny R fayyadamuun qalmaa ta'ee, github [AICCRA_EFA](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA) irraa argachuu danda'a.`, ti: ` #### ምርታማነትን ምርትን ልዝብነት - ውሑድ ምርታማነትን ምርትን FAOstat ካብ 2000-2022 ንኣትክልቲ (ምርታማነት) ከምኡውን ንእንስሳት (ምርት) [coefficient of variation (CV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation) ንምግላጽ ይጥቀመሉ እዩ። ንእንስሳት ምርታማነት ዘይኮነስ ምርት ውሑድ ንጥቀመሉ፣ ምኽንያቱ ውሑድ ምርታማነት እንስሳት ኣብ FAOstat ኣዝዩ እተገምተ ይመስል እዩ ከምኡውን ብግዜ ኣዝዩ ንእሽቶ ልዝብነት የርኢ፣ እቲ ውሑድ ምርት ግን ልዝብ እዩ። - ምርታማነትን መጠን ምርትን ዕንግዲ ኣብ ብዙሓት ሃገራት ብግዜ ኣዝዩ ዝለዓለ ምዕባለ የርኢ። ኣብተን ግዜያዊ ኣዝማሚያታት ኣገዳሲ ዝኾና ቦታታት፣ CV ቅድሚ ምግላጽና ነቲ ውሑድ ካብ ኣዝማሚያ (ቀጥታዊ) ንስግሮ። - ኣብ CV ዘለዉ ኣውታት ውሑድ ንጥፈት ሃገርን ዕንግዲን ብዚኸውን ቅደም ተኸተል ተመሊኹ፦ ሀ) ኣማካኝ ጎረቤት ሃገራት፤ ለ) ኣማካኝ ክልል ናይቲ ሃገር ዓለም ባንክ ክልል፤ ሐ) ኣማካኝ ኣፍሪቃ ትሕተ ሰሃራ። - ምህርቲ ኮድ፦ [fao_production_cv.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_production_cv.R) #### ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥቅምታት ንጥቅምታት ናይ ፕሮጀክት-ደረጃ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ብሜላ ሞዴል ኣብ ግዜ፣ ቦታ፣ ከምኡውን ኣብ ደረጃታት ተጠቃሚ-ተገልጸ ዝርከቡ ኣጠቓቕማት ኣዳዲስ ነገራት ዋጋ ምርት (VoP) ከምኡውን ኪሳራታት ኣብ ኩነታት ኣየር ከመይ ጌሮም ከም ዝጸልዉ ንገምት። እቶም ቀንዲ ስጉምትታት፦ 1. **VoP በቲ ኣጠቓቕማ ናይቲ ኣዳዲስ ነገራት**: ኣብ ግዜ ነቶም ደረጃታት ተጠቃሚ-ተገልጸ ዝርከቡ ኣጠቓቕማት ንጥቀመሉ፣ ነቶም ዘይተጠቃሙ መጠን ብዓመት ንንኪ። ንኣብነት፣ ብመጀመርታ VoP 1000ን 10% ኣጠቓቕማን ዘለዎ፦ ዓመት 1 100 በቲ ኣዳዲስ ነገራት ይርአ፣ ዓመት 2 90 ይውስኽ (ካብቲ ዝተረፈ 900)፣ ብጠቕላላ 190፣ ወዘተ። 2. **ውጽኢታት ናይቲ ምርት ጥቅምታት**: ብጠቕላላ VoP በቲ ኣጠቓቕማ ብተመርጸ ውጽኢት ምርት (ንኣብነት 20% ምዕባለ ምርታማነት) ንዕባዮ። እቲ ወሰናዊ ጥቅም ኣብ መንጎ VoP ምስ ኣዳዲስ ነገራትን ዘይብሉን ዘሎ ፍልልያ እዩ። 3. **ኪሳራታት ኣብ ኩነታት ኣየር ዝተከለከሉ**: ንኪሳራታት ኣብ ኩነታት ኣየር ዝተከለከሉ በቲ ኣዳዲስ ነገራት ኣብ ኩነታት ኣየር ዝንኪ ዝገበሩ ንምግላጽ ንገምት፦ - ምርታማነት/ምርት መደበኛ ስርጭት ይኸተል - ኣጠቓቕማ ልዝብነት ምርታማነት (CV) ብመጠን ይንኪ ንነፍሲ ወከፍ ኣትክልትን ከባቢን፣ ንሰለስተ መደበኛ ስርጭታት (ኣማካኝ = 1) ንፈጥር፦ ሓደ ንዘይተጠቃሙ (መሰረታዊ CV) ከምኡውን ሓደ ንተጠቃሚታት (ዝተነኸሰ CV)። እቲ ዝተከለከለ ሬሾ ኪሳራ ኣብቲ ዝተፈላለየ መጠበቂ ኪሳራ ኣብቲ ዝተፈላለየ ጫፍ (ትሕቲ 0) ኣብ ነፍሲ ወከፍ ስርጭት ዘሎ ፍልልያ እዩ። 4. **ብጠቕላላ ወሰናዊ ጥቅም**: ብጠቕላላ VoP በቲ ኣጠቓቕማ በቲ ዝተከለከለ ሬሾ ኪሳራ ተሰሊጹ ናብ ላዕሊ ይቕየር። እቲ ወሰናዊ ጥቅም ካብ ምንኪ ናይቲ ኣብ ኩነታት ኣየር ውጽኢት ናብቲ ጥቅም ምርት ይውሰኽ፣ ብጠቕላላ ወሰናዊ ጥቅም የቕርብ። 5. **ብጠቕላላ ጥቅም ፕሮጀክት**: ብጠቕላላ ጥቅም ከምዚ ይግለጽ፦ \`\` ብጠቕላላ ጥቅም = ወሰናዊ ጥቅም – (ወሰናዊ ጥቅም / BCR) \`\` ኣብዚ BCR = 1.62 (ካብ Harris & Orr, 2014 ዝተገመተ)። ካብኡ ቀጺልና ክልቲኡ ጥቅምታትን ወጻኢታትን ብግዜ በቲ ተመርጸ ደረጃ ምንኪ ተመን ንንኪ፣ ንኣገባብ ኣመልካቺ ንዝተስተካከለ ዋጋታት ምእንቲ ክንረኽብ። 6. **ምህርቲ ኮድ**: ርአ [4_roi.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/4_roi.R) #### ኢኮኖሚያዊ ኣመልካቺታት እቶም ኣርባዕተ ኣመልካቺታት — IRR, MIRR, NPV, ከምኡውን BCR — ዝተፈላለዩ ገጽታታት ናይቲ ፋይናንሻል ኣፈፃፀም የርኢ፣ ከምኡውን ብሓጺር ምኽንያታት ክፈላለዩ ይኽእሉ እዮም፦ 1. **ግዜ ናይቲ ገንዘብ ፍሰታት**: IRR ከምኡውን MIRR ኣብ ግዜ ደረጃታት መመለሻ የርኢ፣ ከምኡውን ዓቢን ጥቅምታት ኣብ መወዳእታ ፕሮጀክት ምስ ዝደርቁ ከፍ ከም ዝበሉ ይመስሉ። ስለዚ፣ NPV ከምኡውን BCR ምንኪ ግምት ውስጥ የእትዉ፣ ስለዚ ዝተዘገዩ ጥቅምታት ፕሮጀክቱ ኣብ ረጅም ግዜ ትርፊ እንተኾነ ዋጋታቶም ይንኪ። 2. **መጠን ናይቲ ኢንቨስትመንት**: ንእሽቶ ኢንቨስትመንታት ምስ መጠን ዝተገደበ ጥቅምታት ብቅልጥፍና ከፍ ዝበለ IRR ወይ MIRR ክፈጥሩ ይኽእሉ እዮም፣ ስለዚ ብጠቕላላ ነጻ ጥቅም (NPV) ወይ ወጪ-ቅልጥፍና (BCR) ግን ክቀልጥ ይኽእል እዩ። 3. **ውጽኢታት ናይቲ ደረጃ ምንኪ**: ካብ እተን NPV ከምኡውን BCR ኣብ ምንኪ ስለ ዝጸግዓ፣ ከፍ ዝበለ ደረጃ ምንኪ (ነባሪ 8%) ዝተዘገዩ ጥቅምታት ንእሽቶ ከም ዝግበሩ ይገብር። IRR ከምኡውን MIRR ኣብ መሰረታዊ ስሌቶም በዚ ደረጃ ኣይጎድኡን እዮም፣ ስለዚ MIRR ግን ናይ ገንዘብ ዳግም ኢንቨስትመንት ግምታት (ኣብዚ 8%) የሕዝ። 4. **ድምርያዊ መዋቅር**: ዋጋታት ናይ ነፍሲ ወከፍ ዓመት ክሳብ ሕጂ ዘለዉ ድምርያዊ ዝተነኸሱ መመለሻታት የርኢ፣ እዚ ድማ ፋይናንሻል ኣመልካቺታት ብመላገጺ ህይወት ፕሮጀክት ከመይ ጌሮም ከም ዝተሻሻሉ ንምክትታል ይሕግዝ። ነዚ ኣመልካቺታት ንተመጣጣኝ ኣረኣእያ ፋይናንሻል ተግባራዊነት ሓደ ሓዊሱ ክጥቀመሉ ኣለዎም። **ማስታወሻታት ናይ ዘዴ ብዛዕባ ስሌት ኣመልካቺታት** እዚ ኖትቡክ እዚ ኣርባዕተ ፋይናንሻል ኣመልካቺታት — ውስጣዊ ደረጃ መመለሻ (IRR)፣ ተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ ደረጃ መመለሻ (MIRR)፣ ነጻ ዋጋ ኣብዚ እዋን (NPV)፣ ከምኡውን ዝተነኸሰ ሬሾ ጥቅም-ወጪ (BCR) — በዚ ዝስዕብ ዘዴ ይግለጽ፦ 1. **ግንባታ ገንዘብ ፍሰት**: - ገንዘብ ፍሰት ፕሮጀክት በቲ ወጻኢታት ፕሮጀክት ተጠቃሚ-ተገልጸ ካብቲ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥቅምታት ዝተገመተ ብምንካይ ይፈጥር። - ጥቅምታት ካብቲ ዋጋ ዝዓበየ ምርት ኣግሪካልትራል (VoP) ከምኡውን ካብ ምንኪ ናይቲ ኪሳራታት ምርታማነት ኣብ ኩነታት ኣየር ይመጽእ፣ ክልቲኡ በቲ ግብዓት ተጠቃሚ ተመርኲሶም ብዓመታዊ ይግለጽ። - ደረጃ ኣጠቓቕማ ብግዜ ብደረጃ ይተግበር፣ ነቲ መጠን ዘይተጠቃሙ ይንኪ፣ ከምኡውን ወሰናዊ ምዕባወ ንንኪ የርኢ። 2. **ምንኪ**: - ኩሎም ገንዘብ ፍሰታት መጻኢ በቲ ደረጃ ምንኪ ተጠቃሚ-ተገልጸ (ነባሪ፦ 8%) ናብ ዋጋ ኣብዚ እዋን ይንከ። - ድምርያዊ ዝተነኸሱ ጥቅምታትን ድምርያዊ ዝተነኸሱ ወጻኢታትን ንነፍሲ ወከፍ ዓመት ፕሮጀክት ይከማች። 3. **ነጻ ዋጋ ኣብዚ እዋን (NPV)**: - NPV ከም ድምር ዝተነኸሱ ነጻ መመለሻታት (ጥቅም ሲንካይ ወጪ) ክሳብ እቲ ተመሪጸ ዓመት ይግለጽ። - NPV ኣወንታዊ ጥቅምታት ፕሮጀክት ካብ ወጻኢታቱ በዋጋ ኣብዚ እዋን ቃላት ከም ዝዓቢ የመልክት። - **ማስታወሻ**: ንሰላስተ ዓመታዊ ምንኪ \`PV = FV / (1 + r)^t\` ንጥቀመሉ፣ ቀጻልነት ዘይብሉ ውህደት ኣይኮነን። 4. **ዝተነኸሰ ሬሾ ጥቅም-ወጪ (BCR)**: - BCR ከም ሬሾ ድምርያዊ ዝተነኸሱ ጥቅምታትን ድምርያዊ ዝተነኸሱ ወጻኢታትን ይግለጽ። - BCR > 1 ፕሮጀክት ፋይናንሻል ቅልጥፍና ዘለዎ የመልክት። - ካብ ገለ ቀሊል ኣገባባት BCR ዝተፈልዩ፣ እዚ ስሪት እዚ ምሉእ ዝተነኸሰ ጥቅምን ወጪ ፍሰታትን ይጥቀመሉ። 5. **ውስጣዊ ደረጃ መመለሻ (IRR)**: - IRR በ secant ኣገባብ ተገምቲ ንደረጃ ምንኪ ናይቲ ፕሮጀክት ድምርያዊ ገንዘብ ፍሰት ነጻ ዋጋ ኣብዚ እዋን ናብ ዜሮ ዝምዕብሎ ምእንቲ ክንረክብ። - IRR ደረጃ መመለሻ ዓመታዊ እተገልጸ በቲ ገንዘብ ፍሰታት የርኢ። 6. **ተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ ደረጃ መመለሻ (MIRR)**: - MIRR ንሰንኪታት IRR በዚ ኣገባብ ይፈትሖ፦ - ገንዘብ ፍሰታት ኣሉታዊ (ኢንቨስትመንታት) በደረጃ ምንኪ (ፋይናንስ) ደረጃ ይፋይናንስ ይከኣል - ገንዘብ ፍሰታት ኣወንታዊ (መመለሻታት) በተመሳሰሉ (ገንዘብ ዳግም ኢንቨስትመንት) ደረጃ ዳግም ይኢንቨስት ይከኣል - MIRR ካብቲ ወደፊት ዋጋ ናይቲ ኣወንታዊ ፍሰታትን ካብቲ ዋጋ ኣብዚ እዋን ናይቲ ኣሉታዊ ፍሰታትን በቀመር ይግለጽ፦ \`\`MIRR = (FV ናይቲ ምእታው / |PV ናይቲ ምውፃእ|)^(1/n) - 1\`\`፣ ኣብዚ \`n\` እቲ ፕሮጀክት ቆይታ እዩ። - ንፋይናንስን ገንዘብ ዳግም ኢንቨስትመንት ደረጃታትን ምስቲ ደረጃ ምንኪ ኣብ NPV ከምኡውን BCR ዝጥቀመሉ (ነባሪ፦ 8%) ኣዝዮም ከም ዝኾኑ ንገምት። 7. **ድምርያዊ ኣድማስ ግዜ**: - ነፍሲ ወከፍ መለክዒ በድምርያዊ መልኩ ይግለጽ፦ ማለት፣ IRR ከምኡውን MIRR ኣብ ዓመት 3 ኣፈፃፀም በቶም ቀዳሞት 4 ዓመታት ናይቲ ፕሮጀክት ገንዘብ ፍሰታት (ካብ ዓመት 0 ክሳብ ዓመት 3) ተመርኲሶም የርኢ። - እዚ ድማ ፋይናንሻል ኣመልካቺታት ፕሮጀክቱ ከም ዝተሻሻለ ኣብ ዝለዓለ ምሉእ ግዜ ከመይ ጌሮም ከም ዝተሻሻሉ ተለዋዋጭ ኣረኣእያ ይህብ። 8. **ማስተናገድ ኣጋጣሚ ጫፍ**: - IRR ወይ MIRR ክግለጽ እንተዘይተኻእለ (ምሳሌ፣ ምኽንያት ኩሎም-ኣወንታዊ ወይ ኩሎም-ኣሉታዊ ፍሰታት)፣ እቲ ውጽኢት null ከም ዝኸውን ይመለስ። - ኣመልካቺታት ለግልጽነት ይዓጥቅ (NPV ናብ 1 ዲሲማል፣ BCR ናብ 2 ዲሲማላት፣ IRR ከምኡውን MIRR ናብ 1 ዲሲማል %)። ኩሎም ስሌታት ኣመልካቺታት ኣብ ውሽጢ እቲ Observable ኖትቡክ በተፈጥሮኣዊ መልኩ ተግቢሮም (ውጫዊ APIታት የብሉን)፣ ቀጥታ ግዜ መስራሕን ፍጹምነትን የኽእል ገይሩ። ቀዳማይ ከምኡውን ዝያዳ ቴክኒካል ስሪት ናይዚ ዘዴ በ Shiny R ተጠቒሙ ናብ መሳርያ ተዳልዩ ኣብ github [AICCRA_EFA](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA) ክርከብ ይኽእል እዩ።`, so: ` #### Saamiga iyo Kala Duwanaanshaha Wax soo Saarka - Xogta saamiga iyo wax soo saarka ee FAOstat laga soo bilaabo 2000-2022 ayaa loo isticmaalaa xisaabinta [coefficient of variation (CV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation) ee beeraha (saamiga) iyo xoolaha (wax soo saarka). Waxaan u isticmaalaynaa xogta wax soo saarka halkii saamiga xoolaha maxaa yeelay xogta saamiga xoolaha waxay u muuqataa in la xisaabiyay badan FAOstat waxayna muujinaysaa kala duwanaansho aad u yar marka laga joogo waqti, halka xogta wax soo saarka ay kala duwan tahay. - Saamiga alaabta iyo qiyamka wax soo saarka dalal badan ayaa muujinaya kordhin adag marka laga joogo waqti. Goobaha ay trendyada waqtiga muhiim u yihiin, waxaan ka saaraynaa trendyada xogta (toosan) ka hor inta aanan xisaabin CV. - Faylalka xogta ee CV ee isku-darka dal iyo alaab waxaa lagu buuxiyaa, kala soocida: a) celceliska dalalka deriska ah; b) celceliska gobolka ee Bankiga Aduunka ee uu dalku ka tirsan yahay; c) celceliska qaaradda Afrika hoose ee Saaxilka. - Helitaanka koodhka: [fao_production_cv.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_production_cv.R) #### Faaiidooyinka Dhaqaalaha Waxaan qiimeyneynaa faaiidooyinka dhaqaalaha ee heerka mashruuca iyadoo la samaynayo qaab heuristic oo ku saabsan sida cusboonaysiinta u saameeyaan qiimaha wax soo saarka (VoP) iyo khasaarooyinka la xiriira cimilada ku dhex mara waqti, meel, iyo heerarka istiemaalka ee qofka. Tallaabooyinka ugu muhiimsan waa: 1. **VoP Hoos Isticmaalka Cusboonaysiinta**: Waxaan ku dabaqaynaa heerarka istiemaalka ee qofka ku dhex mara waqti, iyadoo la yareynayo tirada aan isticmaalin sanad kasta. Tusaale ahaan, leh VoP bilow ah oo 1000 ah iyo istiemaal 10%: sanadka 1aad wuxuu arkayaa 100 hoos cusboonaysiint, sanadka 2aad wuxuu ku darayaa 90 (ka mid ah 900 ee hadhay), wadarta 190, iyo wixii la mid ah. 2. **Faaiidooyinka Saamaynta Wax soo Saarka**: Waxaan ku dhuftaynaa wadarta VoP hoos istiemaalka saamaynta wax soo saarka ee la dooran (tusaale 20% kordhin saamiga). Faaiidada marjinalka waa farqiga u dhexeeya VoP leh cusboonaysiint iyo aan lahayn. 3. **Khasaarooyinka Cimilada ee La Iska Daayo**: Si loo qiimeeyo khasaarooyinka la iska daayo sababtoo ah cusboonaysiinno ay yareeyaan saamaynta cimilada, waxaan u malaynaynaa: - Saamiga/wax soo saarka wuxuu raacaa qaybinta caadiga ah - Istiemaalka wuxuu yareeyaa kala duwanaanshaha saamiga (CV) si is le'eg Beer kasta iyo goob kasta, waxaan soo saaraynaa laba qaybin oo caadi ah (celcelis = 1): mid uu aan isticmaalin (CV saldhig) iyo mid istiemaale (CV yar). Qiyaasta khasaaraha la iska daayo waa farqiga u dhexeeya khasaaraha la filayo ee dhinaca hoose (ka hooseeya 0) ee qaybin kasta. 4. **Wadarta Faaiidada Marjinalka**: Wadarta VoP hoos istiemaalka waxaa la hagaajiyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo qiyaasta khasaaraha la iska daayo. Faaiidada marjinalka ee ka yimid yareynta saamaynta cimilada waxaa lagu darayaa faaiidada wax soo saarka, iyadoo la siinayo wadarta faaiidada marjinalka. 5. **Wadarta Faaiidada Mashruuca**: Wadarta faaiidada waxaa la xisaabiyaa sidan: \`\` Wadarta Faaiidada = Faaiidada Marjinalka – (Faaiidada Marjinalka / BCR) \`\` halka BCR = 1.62 (loo malaynayo laga soo qaado Harris & Orr, 2014). Markaa waxaan hoos u dhignaa labada dhinac faaiidooyinka iyo kharashyada ku dhex mara waqti iyadoo la isticmaalayo heerka hoos u dhigista ee la dooran si loo helo qiyamyo waqti la hagaajiyay xisaabinta tilmaamaha. 6. **Helitaanka Koodhka**: Eeg [4_roi.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/4_roi.R) #### Tilmaamaha Dhaqaalaha Afarta tilmaamaha ee la soo bandhigay — IRR, MIRR, NPV, iyo BCR — waxay qabaan dhinacyo kala duwan oo ah waxqabad maaliyadeed waxayna kala gadoodaan sababo kala duwan: 1. **Waqtiga Maareynta Lacagta**: IRR iyo MIRR waxay muujinayaan heerarka soo celinta ku dhex mara waqti waxayna u muuqan kartaa in ay kor u kacaan marka faaiidooyin waaweyn ku soo gaaraan dhamaadka mashruuca. Si kastaba ha noqotee, NPV iyo BCR waxay tixgelinayaan hoos u dhigista, sidaa darteed faaiidooyinka daahayaan waxay yareeyaan qiyamkooda inkastoo mashruucu uu faa'iido leeyahay muddada dheer. 2. **Cabbirka Maalgashiga**: Maalgashiyo yar oo leh faaiidooyin dhexdhexaad ah ayaa keeni kara IRR ama MIRR sarreeya sababtoo ah wax kasta oo habboon, laakiin wadarta faaiidada net (NPV) ama wax kasta oo ku habboon kharashka (BCR) waxay weli hoos u dhigan kartaa. 3. **Saamaynta Heerka Hoos u Dhigista**: Maadaama NPV iyo BCR ay ku tiirsan yihiin hoos u dhigista, heer hoos u dhigista sarreeya (asal ahaan 8%) ayaa yeelan kara faaiidooyinka daahayaan in ay u muuqdaan yar. IRR iyo MIRR ma saameeyaan heerkan xisaabinta aasaasiga ah, laakiin MIRR waxay ku jirtaa malaawaadka dib u maalgashiga (sidoo kale 8% halkan). 4. **Qaabka Isugeyn**: Qiyamka sanad kasta waxay matalaan soo celinta la soo koobay ee ilaa hadda, taasoo ka caawisaa sidii tilmaamaha maaliyadeed ugu horumari lahaayeen nolasha mashruuca. Tilmaamahan waa in la isticmaalaa wadajir si loo helo aragti dheeli tiran oo ah karti maaliyadeed. **Xusuusyada Habka Xisaabinta Tilmaamaha** Buug-yarahan wuxuu xisaabiyaa afar tilmaamaha maaliyadeed — Heerka Soo Celinta Gudaha (IRR), Heerka Soo Celinta Gudaha ee La Beddelay (MIRR), Qiimaha Net ee Hada (NPV), iyo Saamiga Faaiido-Kharash ee La Hoos u Dhigay (BCR) — iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka soo socda: 1. **Dhisidda Socodka Lacagta**: - Socodka lacagta ee mashruuca waxaa lagu dhisaa iyadoo laga jarayo kharashyada mashruuca ee qofka u qeexan faaiidooyinka dhaqaalaha ee la qiimeeyay. - Faaiidooyinka waxaa laga helaa qiimaha korodhka wax soo saarka beeraha (VoP) iyo yareynta khasaarooyinka saamiga ee la xiriira cimilada, labadaba waxaa la xisaabiyaa sanad kasta iyadoo lagu saleeyay gelinta isticmaalaha. - Heerka istiemaalka waxaa lagu dabaqaa si kordhoweysa ku dhex mara waqti, iyadoo la yareynayo tirada aan isticmaalin iyo muujinta yareynta fidinta marjinalka. 2. **Hoos u Dhigista**: - Dhamaan socodka lacagta ee mustaqbalka waxaa loo hoos u dhignayaa qiimaha hada iyadoo la isticmaalayo heerka hoos u dhigista ee qofka u qeexan (asal ahaan: 8%). - Faaiidooyinka la soo koobay ee la hoos u dhignay iyo kharashyada la soo koobay ee la hoos u dhignay waxaa la keydiyay sanad kasta ee mashruuca. 3. **Qiimaha Net ee Hada (NPV)**: - NPV waxaa la xisaabiyaa sidii wadarta soo celinta net ee la hoos u dhignay (faaiidooyinka laga jarayo kharashyada) ilaa sanadka la dooran. - NPV wanaagsan waxay tilmaamaysaa in faaiidooyinka mashruucu ka badan yihiin kharashyadiisa ee qiimaha hada. - **Ogow**: Waxaan u isticmaalaynaa hoos u dhigista sanadeed oo gaar ah \`PV = FV / (1 + r)^t\`, aan ahayn isku darka sii wadaya. 4. **Saamiga Faaiido-Kharash ee La Hoos u Dhigay (BCR)**: - BCR waxaa la xisaabiyaa sidii saamiga faaiidooyinka la soo koobay ee la hoos u dhignay iyo kharashyada la soo koobay ee la hoos u dhignay. - BCR > 1 waxay tilmaamaysaa mashruuc wax kasta oo ku habboon maaliyadeed. - Ka duwan qaabab qaabaysan oo BCR ah, noocan wuxuu u isticmaalayaa faaiidooyinka iyo kharashyada la hoos u dhignay oo buuxa. 5. **Heerka Soo Celinta Gudaha (IRR)**: - IRR waxaa la qiimeeyaa iyadoo la marayo hab secant si loo helo heerka hoos u dhigista ee uu qiimaha net ee hada ee socodka lacagta la soo koobay ee mashruuca uu u dhigo eber. - IRR waxay muujisaa heerka sanadeed ee soo celinta ee lagu tilmaamayo socodka lacagta. 6. **Heerka Soo Celinta Gudaha ee La Beddelay (MIRR)**: - MIRR waxay la xisaabisaa xadka IRR iyadoo la malaynayo: - Socodka lacagta ee taban (maalgashiyada) waxaa loo maaliyadeeyaa heerka hoos u dhigista (maaliyadeed) - Socodka lacagta ee wanaagsan (soo celinta) waxaa loo dib u maalgashayaa heerka isku midka ah (dib u maalgashiga) - MIRR waxaa laga xisaabiyaa qiimaha mustaqbalka ee socodka wanaagsan iyo qiimaha hada ee socodka taban iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaacidad: \`\`MIRR = (FV socodka soo gala / |PV socodka baxaya|)^(1/n) - 1\`\`, halka \`n\` uu yahay muddada mashruuca. - Waxaan u malaynaynaa in heerarka maaliyadeedka iyo dib u maalgashigu ay la mid yihiin heerka hoos u dhigista ee la isticmaalayo NPV iyo BCR (asal ahaan: 8%). 7. **Muddada Wadarta Waqtiga**: - Miisaanka kasta waxaa la xisaabiyaa si wadarteed: taas macnaheedu waa, IRR iyo MIRR sanadka 3aad waxay muujinayaan waxqabad ku saleysan afar sanadood ee ugu horreeya ee socodka lacagta ee mashruuca (sanadka 0 ilaa sanadka 3). - Tani waxay siinaysaa aragti dhinac leh oo ku saabsan sida tilmaamaha maaliyadeed ugu horumari lahaayeen marka mashruucu sii wado. 8. **Xallinta Kiiska Xadka**: - Haddii IRR ama MIRR aan la xisaabin karin (tusaale, sababtoo ah socod oo dhan wanaagsan ama oo dhan taban), natiijada waxaa loo soo celinayaa null. - Tilmaamaha waxaa loo wareegiyaa (NPV ilaa 1 jajab, BCR ilaa 2 jajab, IRR iyo MIRR ilaa 1 jajab %) si loo caddeeyo. Dhamaan xisaabinta tilmaamaha waxaa la fuliyay asal ahaan gudaha buug-yaraha Observable (API-deeda dibadda ma jiraan), taasoo suurtagelinaysa isdhexgalka waqti dhab ah iyo iftiimin. Nooc hore oo farsamo badan oo ka mid ah habkan waxaa loo horumariyay qalab iyadoo la isticmaalayo Shiny R waxaana laga heli karaa github [AICCRA_EFA](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA).`, af: ` #### Qiddi kee Dalag Adda Tani - FAOstat qiddi kee dalag daatat kaa 2000-2022 leh [coefficient of variation(CV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation) dalag (qiddi) kee worri (dalag) kee adda xisaaba. Worri daatat qiddi worri daatat usuk anqibeh, worri qiddi daatat FAOstat kee addal yan xisaaba kee tama waqti teetik adda tani yan qiddi macfuuzu, worri daatat tama adda tani. - Garci qiddi kee dalag worri kee adda teetih tama waqti teetik yan buxeh. Tama waqti teetik adda tani tama usuk teetik, CV kee adda xisaaba tama daatat (linear) kee tammite. - CV daatat num kaa worri kee garci tama num tani gacta tama usuk kalah: a) worri gacti tammi kee gacta; b) baaxol kee worri kaa worldbank baaxol kee worri kee garci gacta; c) baaxol kee Afrika hoose kee Saaxil garci gacta. - Code agabi: [fao_production_cv.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_production_cv.R) #### Dhaqaale Faayida Ama tet buxhu heer dhaqaale faayida adda xisaaba tama usuk kaa tama waqti, baaxol, kee isi kee tama num tani kaa isi adda xongoloy daffeyak ticaaqa tama buxhu dhaqaale faayida (VoP) kee baaxol caagiida kala num tama. Ama usuk adda tani: 1. **VoP Cusboonaysiinta Hoos**: Ama isi kee tama num tani kaa isi adda xongoloy daffeyak ticaaqa tama waqti teetik tama buxhu, tama num tama num kee tama num kaa isi adda num tama. Namma, VoP yakkale 1000 kee 10% tama num: jaarra 1 100 cusboonaysiinta hoos, jaarra 2 90 buxe (900 num teetik), walitti 190, kee tama. 2. **Dalag Faayida**: VoP guutu tama num kee dalag faayida filataman (namma 20% qiddi buxe) kee mabulule. Faayida marginaalii VoP cusboonaysiinta qabu kee num qabne kala adda. 3. **Baaxol Caagiida Num Kala**: Baaxol caagiida num kala cusboonaysiinta baaxol caagiida tammite tama xisaaba: - Qiddi/dalag distribution normal ta'u - Tama num qiddi adda tani (CV) proportional tammite Dalag kee baaxol teetik, distribution normal lama (mean = 1) uumu: tokko tama num (baseline CV) kee tokko tama (CV tammite). Num baaxol caagiida proportion expected loss lower tail (0 gadii) distribution teetik kala adda. 4. **Faayida Marginaalii Guutuu**: VoP guutu tama num kee proportion num baaxol caagiida kee tama num ni jijjirama. Faayida marginaalii baaxol caagiida tammite dalag faayida kee buxe, faayida marginaalii guutuu kennu. 5. **Buxhu Faayida Guutuu**: Faayida guutuu xisaaba: \`\` Faayida Guutuu = Faayida Marginaalii – (Faayida Marginaalii / BCR) \`\` BCR = 1.62 (Harris & Orr, 2014 kaa). Faayida kee galti waqti teetik discount rate filataman kee tama num, indicator computation faayida waqti jijjirame argachuuf. 6. **Code Agabi**: Ilali [4_roi.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/4_roi.R) #### Dhaqaale Indicator Indicator afur — IRR, MIRR, NPV, kee BCR — dhaqaale faayida adda addaa qabu kee sababa adda addaa kala ta'uu danda'a: 1. **Waqti Cash Flow**: IRR kee MIRR return rate waqti teetik agarsiisu kee faayida guddaan buxhu xongoloyti waqti ga'u guddaa ta'uu danda'a. Qassi NPV kee BCR discounting qabu, faayida waqti dheeraaf buxhu faayida qabaachuu yoo ta'u gatii isaa ni tammite. 2. **Dhaqaale Saayizii**: Dhaqaale xiqqaa faayida xiqqaa qabu IRR yookiin MIRR guddaa uumu efficiency tiin, qassi faayida net guutuu (NPV) yookiin galti-effectiveness (BCR) xiqqaa ta'uu danda'a. 3. **Discount Rate Effect**: NPV kee BCR discounting irratti hundaa'a, discount rate guddaa (default 8%) faayida waqti dheeraa xiqqaa ta'uu danda'a. IRR kee MIRR calculation isaanii keessatti rate kanaan hin dhibaman, qassi MIRR reinvestment assumption (akkasumas 8% as) qaba. 4. **Cumulative Structure**: Gatii jaarraa teetik cumulative discounted return har'aa agarsiisa, dhaqaale indicator buxhu waqti teetik akka jijjiramu xisaaba keessaa gargaara. Indicator kana waliin tama numuuf dhaqaale viability balanced view argachuuf. **Methodological Note Indicator Calculation** Notebook kana indicator dhaqaale afur — Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Net Present Value (NPV), kee Discounted Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) — methodology armaan gadii tama numuun xisaaba: 1. **Cash Flow Construction**: - Buxhu cash flow buxhu galti isi kee tama num irraa faayida dhaqaale xisaaba irraa hojjetama. - Faayida gatii dalag buxeh (VoP) kee baaxol caagiida tammite irraa argamu, lamaanuu isi kee tama num irratti hundaa'anii jaarraa jaarraa xisaaba ta'u. - Tama num rate waqti teetik progressive tama num, poolii tama num tammite kee marginal expansion tammite agarsiisa. 2. **Discounting**: - Cash flow future teetik present value discount rate isi kee tama num (default: 8%) tama numuun jijjirama. - Cumulative discounted faayida kee cumulative discounted galti jaarraa buxhu teetik keessatti store ta'u. 3. **Net Present Value (NPV)**: - NPV discounted net return (faayida minus galti) jaarraa filataman hanga walitti aantuun xisaaba ta'u. - NPV positive buxhu faayidaan galtii present-value termii danda'u. - **Note**: Discrete annual discounting \`PV = FV / (1 + r)^t\` tama num, continuous compounding hin ta'u. 4. **Discounted Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)**: - BCR ratio cumulative discounted faayida kee cumulative discounted galti ta'u. - BCR > 1 buxhu dhaqaale efficient ta'u. - BCR approach simplified tokko tokko irraa adda, version kana faayida discounted guutuu kee galti stream tama num. 5. **Internal Rate of Return (IRR)**: - IRR secant method tama numuun discount rate buxhu cumulative cash flow net present value zero taasisu argachuuf xisaaba ta'u. - IRR return rate annualized cash flow irraa argamu agarsiisa. 6. **Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)**: - MIRR limitation IRR fudhachuu: - Cash flow negative (investment) discount (finance) rate finance ta'u - Cash flow positive (return) same (reinvestment) rate reinvest ta'u - MIRR future value inflow kee present value outflow formula tama numuun xisaaba ta'u: \`\`MIRR = (FV inflow / |PV outflow|)^(1/n) - 1\`\`, \`n\` buxhu duration ta'u. - Finance kee reinvestment rate discount rate NPV kee BCR keessatti tama numuu (default: 8%) wal qixa ta'a. 7. **Cumulative Time Horizon**: - Metric teetik cumulative xisaaba ta'u: IRR kee MIRR jaarraa 3 performance buxhu cash flow jalqabaa 4 jaarraa (jaarraa 0 hanga jaarraa 3) irratti hundaa'anii agarsiisa. - Dhaqaale indicator buxhu waqti teetik akka jijjiramu dynamic view kennu. 8. **Edge Case Handling**: - IRR yookiin MIRR xisaaba hin dandeenye (namma, cash flow guutuu positive yookiin negative), result null ta'u. - Indicator round (NPV 1 decimal, BCR 2 decimal, IRR kee MIRR 1 decimal %) clarity irratti. Indicator calculation teetik Observable notebook keessatti natively implement ta'u (external API hin qabu), real-time interactivity kee transparency danda'u. Methodology kana version durii kee technical baay'ee Shiny R tama numuun qalmaa ta'ee, github [AICCRA_EFA](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA) irraa argachuu danda'a.` } } } } })51:T1022,nbText=({ ...nbText0, ...nbText1, methods: { ...nbTextMethods1.methods, ...nbTextMethods2.methods }, export: { plotIndicator: { title: { en: "Export Indicator Chart:", am: "የአመላካች ቻርት ላክ:", or: "Chaartii Tilmaamaa Ba'aa:", ti: "ውጻኢ ቻርት ኣመላኽቲ:", so: "Soo deji chartaanka tilmaamaha:", af: "Chaartii Tilmaamaa Ba'aa:" }, chooseFormat: { en: "Choose format...", am: "የፎርማት ምርጫ...", or: "Qormaata filadhaa...", ti: "ሓይሊ ምረጹ...", so: "Dooro nooca...", af: "Qormaata filadhaa..." }, png: { en: "PNG (High Quality)", am: "PNG (ከፍተኛ ጥራት)", or: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)", ti: "PNG (ጥራት ህያው)", so: "PNG (Tayada sarreysa)", af: "PNG (Qulqullina Ol)" }, jpeg: { en: "JPEG (Smaller File)", am: "JPEG (ትንሽ ፋይል)", or: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)", ti: "JPEG (ፋይል ንኣሽቱ)", so: "JPEG (Faylka yar)", af: "JPEG (Faayili Xinnacha)" }, svg: { en: "SVG (Vector)", am: "SVG (ቬክተር)", or: "SVG (Veektora)", ti: "SVG (ቬክተር)", so: "SVG (Vector)", af: "SVG (Veektora)" }, csv: { en: "CSV (Data)", am: "CSV (ውሂብ)", or: "CSV (Daata)", ti: "CSV (ውሂብ)", so: "CSV (Xogta)", af: "CSV (Daata)" }, chartNotFound: { en: "Chart not found. Please make sure the indicator chart is rendered.", am: "ቻርት አልተገኘም። እባክዎ የአመላካች ቻርቱ መገናኛ እንደሆነ ያረጋግጡ።", or: "Chaartii hin argamne. Chaartii tilmaamaa mul'ata jiraachuu hubadhaa.", ti: "ቻርት ኣይተረኽበን። ቻርት ኣመላኽቲ ምስላ ከም ዝወሃብ ኣረጋግጹ።", so: "Chartaanka ma la helin. Hubi in chartaanka tilmaamaha lagu muujiyay.", af: "Chaartii hin argamne. Chaartii tilmaamaa mul'ata jiraachuu hubadhaa." }, noDataAvailable: { en: "No data available for CSV export", am: "ለ CSV ላክ ውሂብ የለም", or: "Daataan ba'uu CSV irratti hin jiru", ti: "ንውጻኢ CSV ውሂብ የለን", so: "Xogta dhoofinta CSV ma jirto", af: "Daataan ba'uu CSV irratti hin jiru" }, csvFailed: { en: "CSV export failed:", am: "የ CSV ላክ አልተሳካም:", or: "Ba'e CSV didde:", ti: "ውጻኢ CSV ኣይዓወተን:", so: "Dhoofinta CSV way fashilantay:", af: "Ba'e CSV didde:" }, downloadFailed: { en: "Download failed:", am: "ማውረድ አልተሳካም:", or: "Laadachuu didde:", ti: "ምውራድ ኣይዓወተን:", so: "Soo dejinta way fashilantay:", af: "Laadachuu didde:" }, exportSuccess: { en: "Export successful", am: "ላክ ተሳክቷል", or: "Ba'e milkoofe", ti: "ውጻኢ ዓወተ", so: "Dhoofinta way ku guulaysatay", af: "Ba'e milkoofe" }, hintPng: { en: "PNG: High quality raster image", am: "PNG: ከፍተኛ ጥራት ያለው ራስተር ምስል", or: "PNG: Suura raasterii qulqullina ol", ti: "PNG: ስእሊ ራስተር ጥራት ህያው", so: "PNG: Sawir raster ah oo tayo leh", af: "PNG: Suura raasterii qulqullina ol" }, hintJpeg: { en: "JPEG: Smaller file size", am: "JPEG: ትንሽ ፋይል መጠን", or: "JPEG: Guddina faayilaa xinnacha", ti: "JPEG: መጠን ፋይል ንኣሽቱ", so: "JPEG: Cabbir fayl yar", af: "JPEG: Guddina faayilaa xinnacha" }, hintSvg: { en: "SVG: Vector format (best quality, scalable)", am: "SVG: ቬክተር ቅርጸት (ምርጡ ጥራት፣ በመለካት ሊጨምር)", or: "SVG: Qormaata veektora (qulqullina gaariitiin, bal'inaan)", ti: "SVG: መልክዕ ቬክተር (ጥራት ህያው፣ ብጽንድር ዝወሰኽ)", so: "SVG: Qaab vector (tayada ugu fiican, cabbir la beddeli karo)", af: "SVG: Qormaata veektora (qulqullina gaariitiin, bal'inaan)" }, hintCsv: { en: "CSV: Data export (year and selected metric)", am: "CSV: የውሂብ ላክ (ዓመት እና የተመረጠ መለኪያ)", or: "CSV: Ba'aa daataa (waggaa fi tilmaama filatame)", ti: "CSV: ውጻኢ ዳታ (ዓመት ንኣስተዳዳሪ ምርጫ)", so: "CSV: Dhoofinta xogta (sano iyo cabbirka la doortay)", af: "CSV: Ba'aa daataa (waggaa fi tilmaama filatame)" } } } })52:T11a4c,nbTextOriginal = { // text in the notebook // recommendation: only use objects for better tab-completion return { supportNbText: { labels: { quickInsights: { en: "Quick Insights", am: "ፈጣን ግንዛቤ" }, language: { en: "Language", am: "ቋንቋ" }, tocTitle: { en: "In this notebook", am: "በዚህ ኖትቡክ ውስጥ" }, crop: { en: "Crop", am: "እርሻ" }, sort: { en: "Sort", am: "ማደርደሪያ" }, sortTotals: { en: "Sort totals", am: "ጠቅላላዎችን ያዘጋጁ" }, sortBars: { en: "Sort bars", am: "አሞሌዎችን ያዘጋጁ" }, confidenceIntervals: { en: "Confidence intervals", am: "የመተማመን ክፍተቶች" }, highlightAez: { en: "Highlight AEZ", am: "AEZ አጉላ" }, highlightPractice: { en: "Highlight a practice", am: "አንድ ልማድ አጉላ" } }, phrases: { inTotal: { en: "In total, there are", am: "በጠቅላላው፣ አሉ" }, specificHas: { en: `**:::item:::** has`, am: `**:::item:::** አለው` } }, words: { toBe: { singular: { en: "is", am: "ነው" }, plural: { en: "are", am: "ናቸው" } }, and: { en: "and", am: "እና" }, percentage: { singular: { en: "percentage", am: "መቶኛ" }, plural: { en: "percentages", am: "መቶኛዎች" } }, crop: { singular: { en: "crop", am: "እርሻ" }, plural: { en: "crops", am: "እርሻዎች" } }, country: { singular: { en: "country", am: "ሀገር" }, plural: { en: "countries", am: "ሀገራት" } }, region: { singular: { en: "region", am: "ክልል" }, plural: { en: "regions", am: "ክልሎች" } }, subregion: { singular: { en: "subregion", am: "ክልል ውስጥ ክልል" }, plural: { en: "subregions", am: "ክልል ውስጥ ክልሎች" } }, commodity: { singular: { en: "commodity", am: "ሸቀጥ" }, plural: { en: "commodities", am: "ሸቀጦች" } }, overview: { en: "overview", am: "አጠቃላይ እይታ" }, practice: { singular: { en: "practice", am: "ልማድ" }, plural: { en: "practices", am: "ልማዶች" } }, observation: { singular: { en: "observation", am: "ትንታኔ" }, plural: { en: "observations", am: "ትንታኔዎች" } }, increase: { en: "increase", am: "ጭማሪ" }, decrease: { en: "decrease", am: "ቅነሳ" } } }, indicators: { general: { terms: { indicator: { en: "Indicator", am: "አመላካች" } } }, irr: { label: { en: "IRR", am: "IRR" }, labelLong: { en: "Internal rate of return", am: "ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን" }, labelFull: { en: "Internal rate of return (IRR)", am: "ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (IRR)" }, tooltip: { en: "Internal Rate of Return — the rate of growth a project is expected to generate, with higher values suggesting a more-desirable project", am: "ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን — አንድ ፕሮጀክት ለመፍጠር የሚጠበቀው የእድገት ተመን ነው፣ ከፍ ያሉ እሴቶች የበለጠ የሚፈለግ ፕሮጀክት እንደሆነ ያመለክታሉ" }, info: { what: { en: "The IRR is the discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows (both positive and negative) from a particular project equal to zero. In simpler terms, it's the rate of growth a project is expected to generate.", am: "IRR የአንድ የተወሰነ ፕሮጀክት ሁሉንም የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች (አዎንታዊ እና አሉታዊ) የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV) ከዜሮ ጋር እኩል የሚያደርግ የቅናሽ ተመን ነው። በቀላል አገላለጽ፣ አንድ ፕሮጀክት ለመፍጠር የሚጠበቀው የእድገት ተመን ነው።" }, interpret: { en: "The IRR is used to evaluate the attractiveness of a project or investment. If the IRR of a new project exceeds a company's required rate of return, that project is considered desirable. The higher the IRR, the more desirable the project.In most development or adaptation contexts, an IRR above **10–12%** is considered strong. Values below **6%** often suggest weak financial performance, unless there are compelling co-benefits such as resilience, equity, or sustainability. IRR values above the discount rate, coupled with a positive NPV and benefit-cost ratio above 1, are strong indicators of project viability.", am: "IRR የአንድ ፕሮጀክት ወይም ኢንቨስትመንት አስማሚነት ለመገምገም ያገለግላል። የአዲስ ፕሮጀክት IRR የኩባንያው የሚፈለገውን የመመለሻ ተመን ከበለጠ ከሆነ፣ ያ ፕሮጀክት የሚፈለግ እንደሆነ ይቆጠራል። IRR ከፍ ባለ መጠን፣ ፕሮጀክቱ የበለጠ የሚፈለግ ነው። በአብዛኛዎቹ የልማት ወይም የማስተካከያ አውዶች፣ ከ **10-12%** በላይ IRR ጠንካራ እንደሆነ ይቆጠራል። ከ **6%** በታች ያሉ እሴቶች አስገዳጅ የሆኑ ተጨማሪ ጥቅሞች ካልኖሩ እንደ ድንገተኛ የገንዘብ አፈፃፀም ያመለክታሉ። ከቅናሽ ተመን በላይ የሆኑ IRR እሴቶች፣ ከአዎንታዊ NPV እና ከ1 በላይ የሆነ የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ ጋር በማጣመር፣ የፕሮጀክት ተግባራዊነት ጠንካራ አመላካቾች ናቸው።" }, tell: { en: "IRR focuses on the rate of return a project generates. It's unique in that it provides a single percentage figure that can easily compare different investments' efficiency. However, it doesn't give you the actual monetary value of the investment's return.", am: "IRR አንድ ፕሮጀክት የሚፈጥረውን የመመለሻ ተመን ላይ ያተኮረ ነው። የተለያዩ ኢንቨስትመንቶችን ቅልጥፍና በቀላሉ ለማነፃፀር የሚያስችል አንድ የመቶኛ አሃዝ የሚሰጥበት በዚሁ ልዩ ነው። ሆኖም ግን፣ የኢንቨስትመንቱ መመለሻ ትክክለኛ የገንዘብ ዋጋ አይሰጥህም።" } }, overview: { en: `**Internal Rate of Return (IRR)** — The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a financial metric used to evaluate the profitability of an investment or project. It represents the annual rate of return at which the net present value (NPV) of all (discounted) cash flows from the investment equals zero. A project is generally considered to be a good investment if its IRR exceeds the rate of return that could be earned elsewhere at a similar risk level (the opportunity cost of capital).`, am: `**ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (IRR)** — ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (IRR) የአንድ ኢንቨስትመንት ወይም ፕሮጀክት ትርፋማነት ለመገምገም የሚጠቅም የገንዘብ መለኪያ ነው። ከኢንቨስትመንቱ ሁሉም (የተቀነሱ) የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV) ከዜሮ ጋር እኩል የሚሆንበትን ዓመታዊ የመመለሻ ተመን ይወክላል። የአንድ ፕሮጀክት IRR በተመሳሳይ የአደጋ ደረጃ በሌላ ቦታ ሊገኝ የሚችለውን የመመለሻ ተመን (የካፒታል ዕድል ዋጋ) ከበለጠ ከሆነ፣ አጠቃላይ ግምት ጥሩ ኢንቨስትመንት ነው።` } }, mirr: { label: { en: "MIRR", am: "MIRR" }, labelLong: { en: "Modified Internal Rate of Return", am: "የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን" }, labelFull: { en: "Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)", am: "የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (MIRR)" }, tooltip: { en: "Modified Internal Rate of Return — accounts for both financing costs and reinvestment rate, offering a more realistic profitability measure than IRR.", am: "የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን — ሁለቱንም የገንዘብ ወጪዎች እና የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ተመን ግምት ውስጥ ያስገባል፣ ከ IRR የበለጠ ተጨባጭ የትርፋማነት መለኪያ ይሰጣል።" }, info: { what: { en: "MIRR adjusts IRR by including the cost of borrowing (finance rate) and the rate of reinvestment for interim cash flows, offering a more accurate reflection of a project's profitability.", am: "MIRR የብድር ወጪን (የገንዘብ ተመን) እና ለጊዜያዊ የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ተመንን በማካተት IRR ያስተካክላል፣ ይህም የፕሮጀክቱን ትርፋማነት በበለጠ ትክክለኛነት ያንፀባርቃል።" }, interpret: { en: "MIRR is useful when reinvestment of cash flows is expected or required, as it assumes reinvestment at a realistic rate rather than the IRR's often-unrealistic assumptions. A higher MIRR indicates a more profitable and financially viable project. In most public investment contexts, a MIRR above **10%** suggests strong performance, while values below **6%** may indicate marginal viability unless justified by additional non-financial benefits.", am: "MIRR የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ሲጠበቅ ወይም ሲፈለግ ጠቃሚ ነው፣ ምክንያቱም በተጨባጭ ተመን እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት እንደሚደረግ ይገምታል ከ IRR ብዙውን ጊዜ የማይታመኑ ግምቶች ይልቅ። ከፍ ያለ MIRR የበለጠ ትርፋማ እና በገንዘብ መልኩ ተግባራዊ የሆነ ፕሮጀክት ያመለክታል። በአብዛኛዎቹ የህዝብ ኢንቨስትመንት አውዶች፣ ከ **10%** በላይ MIRR ጠንካራ አፈፃፀም እንደሆነ ያመለክታል፣ ከ **6%** በታች ያሉ እሴቶች ግን ተጨማሪ የሆኑ የገንዘብ ያልሆኑ ጥቅሞች ካልተገለጹ ገደብ አለፈ ተግባራዊነት ሊያመለክቱ ይችላሉ።" }, tell: { en: "MIRR provides a conservative and realistic return metric, especially when reinvestment assumptions are important. Unlike IRR, MIRR avoids multiple or misleading rates.", am: "MIRR የተጠበቀ እና ተጨባጭ የመመለሻ መለኪያ ይሰጣል፣ በተለይም የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ግምቶች አስፈላጊ በሚሆኑበት ጊዜ። ከ IRR በተለየ፣ MIRR ብዙ ወይም የሚያመልጡ ተመኖችን ያስወግዳል።" } }, overview: { en: "**Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)** — MIRR improves upon IRR by assuming reinvestment of cash flows at a realistic rate and incorporating financing costs. It gives a clearer picture of project profitability in practical investment scenarios.", am: "**የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (MIRR)** — MIRR የገንዘብ ፍሰቶችን በተጨባጭ ተመን እንደገና በመኖዝ እና የገንዘብ ወጪዎችን በማካተት በ IRR ላይ ያሻሽላል። በተግባራዊ የኢንቨስትመንት ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ የፕሮጀክት ትርፋማነት የበለጠ ግልፅ ምስል ይሰጣል።" } }, npv: { label: { en: "NPV", am: "NPV" }, labelLong: { en: "Net Present Value", am: "የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ" }, labelFull: { en: "Net Present Value (NPV)", am: "የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV)" }, tooltip: { en: "Net Present Value — the overall value of an investment after subtracting costs and taking into account discounting, with positive values suggesting a profitable investment", am: "የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ — ወጪዎችን ከቀነሰ በኋላ እና ቅናሽን ከግምት ውስጥ ካስገባ በኋላ ያለው የኢንቨስትመንት አጠቃላይ ዋጋ፣ አዎንታዊ እሴቶች ትርፋማ ኢንቨስትመንት እንደሆነ ያመለክታሉ" }, info: { what: { en: "NPV is the sum of the present values of incoming and outgoing cash flows over a period of time. It provides a method for evaluating and comparing projects with cash flows spread out over many years, factoring in the time value of money.", am: "NPV በተወሰነ ጊዜ ውስጥ የሚገቡትን እና የሚወጡትን የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የአሁኑ ዋጋ ድምር ነው። በብዙ ዓመታት ውስጥ የሚሰራጩ የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች ያላቸውን ፕሮጀክቶች ለመገምገም እና ለማነፃፀር ዘዴ ይሰጣል፣ የገንዘብ ጊዜ ዋጋን ግምት ውስጥ በማስገባት።" }, interpret: { en: "NPV represents the net value (in today's dollars) of all future cash flows from the project. A value above 0 means the investment adds value; below 0 means it destroys value. The higher the NPV, the greater the net benefit generated by the project. However, NPV is expressed in absolute monetary terms, so it should be interpreted relative to project size — a $1 million NPV on a $2 million investment is stronger than on a $50 million investment. Always compare NPV alongside other metrics like IRR or MIRR to get a fuller picture of performance.", am: "NPV ከፕሮጀክቱ ሁሉንም የወደፊት የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የተጣራ ዋጋ (በዛሬው ዶላር) ይወክላል። ከ 0 በላይ ያለ እሴት ማለት ኢንቨስትመንቱ ዋጋ ይጨምራል ማለት ነው፤ ከ 0 በታች ያለ እሴት ደግሞ ዋጋ እንደሚያጠፋ ያመለክታል። NPV ከፍ ባለ መጠን፣ በፕሮጀክቱ የሚፈጠረው የተጣራ ጥቅም ይበልጣል። ሆኖም ግን፣ NPV በፍፁም የገንዘብ ቃላት ይገለጻል፣ ስለዚህ ከፕሮጀክት መጠን ጋር በተያያዘ መተርጎም አለበት — በ 2 ሚሊዮን ዶላር ኢንቨስትመንት ላይ 1 ሚሊዮን ዶላር NPV ከ 50 ሚሊዮን ዶላር ኢንቨስትመንት ላይ ያለው ይበልጣል። የአፈፃፀም የበለጠ ሙሉ ምስል ለማግኘት NPVን ከ IRR ወይም MIRR ያሉ ሌሎች መለኪያዎች ጋር ሁልጊዜ ያነፃፅሩ።" }, tell: { en: "NPV gives a dollar value that represents the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows. Unlike IRR, it can help you understand the scale of an investment's value, which is crucial when determining the actual profitability of large projects.", am: "NPV የገቢ እና የወጪ የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የአሁኑ ዋጋ መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚወክል የዶላር ዋጋ ይሰጣል። ከ IRR በተለየ፣ የአንድ ኢንቨስትመንት ዋጋ መጠን ለመረዳት ይረዳል፣ ይህም የትላልቅ ፕሮጀክቶችን ትክክለኛ ትርፋማነት ሲወስኑ ወሳኝ ነው።" } }, overview: { en: `**Net Present Value (NPV)** — NPV measures an investment's profitability for development projects by comparing incoming and outgoing money, considering the time value of money. It accounts for changes in money value over time due to inflation or interest rates. A positive NPV indicates that the project's benefits are greater than its costs, marking it as a favorable investment.`, am: `**የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV)** — NPV የሚገቡትን እና የሚወጡትን ገንዘቦች በማነፃፀር የአንድ ኢንቨስትመንት ትርፋማነት ለልማት ፕሮጀክቶች ይለካል፣ የገንዘብ ጊዜ ዋጋን ግምት ውስጥ በማስገባት። በግልፅ ዋጋ ጭማሪ ወይም በወለድ ተመኖች ምክንያት በጊዜ ሂደት የገንዘብ ዋጋ ለውጦችን ግምት ውስጥ ያስገባል። አዎንታዊ NPV የፕሮጀክቱ ጥቅሞች ከወጪዎቹ በላይ እንደሆኑ ያመለክታል፣ እንደ የሚፈለግ ኢንቨስትመንት ምልክት ያደርገዋል።` } }, bcr: { label: { en: "BCR", am: "BCR" }, labelLong: { en: "Benefit cost ratio", am: "የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ" }, labelFull: { en: "Benefit cost ratio (BCR)", am: "የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ (BCR)" }, tooltip: { en: "Benefit-Cost Ratio — the benefits of a project compared to its costs, with values greater than 1.0 suggesting that the benefits outweigh the costs", am: "የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ — የአንድ ፕሮጀክት ጥቅሞች ከወጪዎቹ ጋር በማነፃፀር፣ ከ 1.0 በላይ ያሉ እሴቶች ጥቅሞቹ ከወጪዎቹ በላይ እንደሆኑ ያመለክታሉ" }, info: { what: { en: "BCR is a financial ratio that compares the relative costs and benefits of a project. It's calculated by dividing the present value of benefits by the present value of costs.", am: "BCR የአንድ ፕሮጀክት አንጻራዊ ወጪዎችን እና ጥቅሞችን የሚያነፃፅር የገንዘብ ሬሾ ነው። የጥቅሞችን የአሁኑ ዋጋ በወጪዎች የአሁኑ ዋጋ በማካፈል ይሰላል።" }, interpret: { en: "The discounted BCR compares the present value of benefits to the present value of costs. A BCR greater than 1.0 indicates that discounted benefits exceed discounted costs, suggesting the project generates net value. For example, a BCR of 1.8 means that for every dollar of cost (in present value), the project returns 1.8 dollars in benefits. A BCR below 1.0 implies the investment may not be economically worthwhile.", am: "የተቀነሰው BCR የጥቅሞችን የአሁኑ ዋጋ ከወጪዎች የአሁኑ ዋጋ ጋር ያነፃፅራል። ከ 1.0 በላይ የሆነ BCR የተቀነሱ ጥቅሞች የተቀነሱ ወጪዎችን እንደሚበልጡ ያመለክታል፣ ይህም ፕሮጀክቱ የተጣራ ዋጋ እንደሚፈጥር ያመለክታል። ለምሳሌ፣ 1.8 BCR ማለት ለእያንዳንዱ የወጪ ዶላር (በአሁኑ ዋጋ)፣ ፕሮጀክቱ 1.8 ዶላር ጥቅም ይመልሳል። ከ 1.0 በታች ያለ BCR ኢንቨስትመንቱ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ማለት ይቻላል አይጠቅምም ማለት ነው።" }, tell: { en: "BCR simplifies investment outcomes to a ratio, which is particularly useful for quick comparisons and decision-making when evaluating multiple projects. It indicates whether the project is worth the investment but, like IRR, doesn't provide the project's value in terms of currency.", am: "BCR የኢንቨስትመንት ውጤቶችን ወደ ሬሾ ቀላል ያደርገዋል፣ ይህም በተለይ ብዙ ፕሮጀክቶችን ሲገመግሙ ለፈጣን ማነፃፀሪያ እና ለውሳኔ መድረስ ጠቃሚ ነው። ፕሮጀክቱ ኢንቨስትመንቱ ዋጋ ያለው እንደሆነ ያመለክታል ግን፣ እንደ IRR፣ የፕሮጀክቱን ዋጋ በምንዛሪ አሃድ አይሰጥም።" } }, overview: { en: `**Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)** — This metric simply compares the benefits (or returns) of a project to its costs, with both values adjusted to present-day terms to account for the time value of money. A BCR greater than 1 indicates that the benefits of a project exceed its costs, suggesting the investment is likely to be profitable and beneficial. For projects focused on supporting farmers, a BCR above 1 means that for every dollar spent, the project is expected to return more than a dollar in benefits, making it a good investment that can improve farmers' productivity and livelihoods. Conversely, a BCR less than 1 would imply that the costs outweigh the benefits, signaling that the project may not deliver sufficient value to justify the investment.`, am: `**የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ (BCR)** — ይህ መለኪያ የአንድ ፕሮጀክት ጥቅሞችን (ወይም መመለሻዎችን) ከወጪዎቹ ጋር በቀላሉ ያነፃፅራል፣ ሁለቱም እሴቶች የገንዘብ ጊዜ ዋጋን ለመገምገም በዛሬው ጊዜ ውሎች ተስተካክለዋል። ከ 1 በላይ የሆነ BCR የፕሮጀክቱ ጥቅሞች ከወጪዎቹ በላይ እንደሆኑ ያመለክታል፣ ይህም ኢንቨስትመንቱ ትርፋማ እና ጠቃሚ እንደሚሆን ያመለክታል። ለአርሶ አደሮች ድጋፍ ላይ ለሚተኩ ፕሮጀክቶች፣ ከ 1 በላይ የሆነ BCR ማለት ለእያንዳንዱ የተወጣ ዶላር፣ ፕሮጀክቱ ከአንድ ዶላር በላይ ጥቅም ለመመለስ ይጠበቃል፣ ይህም የአርሶ አደሮችን ምርታማነት እና መኖርያ ሁኔታ ሊያሻሽል የሚችል ጥሩ ኢንቨስትመንት ያደርገዋል። በተቃራኒው፣ ከ 1 በታች ያለ BCR ወጪዎቹ ጥቅሞቹን እንደሚበልጡ ያመለክታል፣ ይህም ፕሮጀክቱ ኢንቨስትመንቱን ለማረጋገጥ በቂ ዋጋ ላይሰጥ እንደሚችል ያመለክታል።` } } }, overview: { blocks: { block1: { en: "Understanding the economic impacts of adaptation investments in agriculture is vital for investment planning. This notebook provides a detailed financial analysis for agricultural projects focused on adaptation, crucial for assessing the viability and strategic value of such investments.", am: "በርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ውስጥ የማስተካከል ኢንቨስትመንቶች ኢኮኖሚያዊ ተጽዕኖዎችን መረዳት ለኢንቨስትመንት ዕቅድ ወሳኝ ነው። ይህ ኖትቡክ በማስተካከል ላይ ለሚተኩ የርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ፕሮጀክቶች ዝርዝር የገንዘብ ትንታኔ ይሰጣል፣ ይህም ለእንደዚህ አይነት ኢንቨስትመንቶች ተግባራዊነት እና ስትራቴጂካዊ ዋጋ ለመገምገም ወሳኝ ነው።" }, block2: { en: "Use this tool to evaluate the returns on a potential adaptation investment through projected economic performance indicators, including the:", am: "ይህን መሣሪያ በሚጠበቁ ኢኮኖሚያዊ አፈፃፀም አመላካቾች በኩል ለሚከናወን የማስተካከል ኢንቨስትመንት መመለሻዎችን ለመገምገም ይጠቀሙ፣ ከነዚህም ውስጥ፦" }, block3: { en: "Designed for high-level insights (national, regional, or continental), this tool helps investors gauge the likelihood of net-positive economic benefits from their projects. It focuses on projects that introduce innovations to farmers, enhancing crop or livestock yields, reducing climate hazard impacts, and achieving gradual farmer adoption over time. Together, these metrics allow investors to understand not only the profitability, but also the relative risk and efficiency of their investments, making them important indicators to gauge financial health of the (adaptation) project, for making informed decisions.", am: "ለከፍተኛ ደረጃ ግንዛቤዎች (ብሔራዊ፣ ክልላዊ፣ ወይም አህጉራዊ) የተነደፈ፣ ይህ መሣሪያ ኢንቨስተሮች ከፕሮጀክቶቻቸው አዎንታዊ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥቅሞችን የማግኘት እድል ለመገምገም ይረዳቸዋል። ለአርሶ አደሮች አዳዲስ ነገሮችን የሚያስተዋውቁ፣ የእርሻ ወይም የእንስሳት ምርት የሚያሻሽሉ፣ የአየር ንብረት አደጋ ተጽዕኖዎችን የሚቀንሱ እና በጊዜ ሂደት የአርሶ አደር አጠቃቀምን የሚያሳኩ ፕሮጀክቶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው። አንድ ላይ፣ እነዚህ መለኪያዎች ኢንቨስተሮች ትርፋማነት ብቻ ሳይሆን የኢንቨስትመንቶቻቸውን አንጻራዊ አደጋ እና ቅልጥፍና እንዲረዱ ያስችላቸዋል፣ ይህም የ(ማስተካከል) ፕሮጀክቱን የገንዘብ ጤና ለመገምገም እና በመረጃ ላይ የተመሰረተ ውሳኔ ለማድረግ አስፈላጊ አመላካቾች ያደርጋቸዋል።" }, block4: { en: "It is important to note that negative economic indicators might not deter investment if the initiative supports broader goals or offers significant societal or environmental benefits. In such cases, the project might be considered valuable for its potential to improve farmers' livelihoods or environmental sustainability, even if if the costs are greater than value of production added or de-risked from climate hazards.", am: "አሉታዊ ኢኮኖሚያዊ አመላካቾች ተነሳሽነቱ ሰፊ ግቦችን ከደገፈ ወይም ከፍተኛ ማህበራዊ ወይም አካባቢያዊ ጥቅሞችን ካቀረበ ኢንቨስትመንትን ሊያግድ ይችላል መሆኑን ልብ ማለት አስፈላጊ ነው። በእንደዚህ አይነት ሁኔታዎች፣ ወጪዎቹ ከተጨመረው የምርት ዋጋ ወይም ከአየር ንብረት አደጋዎች የተነሳ አደጋ ከተወገደ ቢበልጡም፣ ፕሮጀክቱ የአርሶ አደሮችን መኖርያ ሁኔታ ወይም የአካባቢ አቀፋዊነት ለማሻሻል አቅሙ ምክንያት ዋጋ ያለው እንደሆነ ሊቆጠር ይችላል።" } } }, projectSetup: { h1: { en: "Project Set-Up", am: "የፕሮጀክት አዋቅር" }, blocks: { opener1: { en: "Agricultural projects can have different levels of production outcomes (in terms of production gains), while also helping in reducing climate impacts. The project set-up allows investors to gauge project cashflows and financial metrics by adjusting such parameters.", am: "የርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ፕሮጀክቶች የተለያዩ የምርት ውጤቶች (በምርት ጭማሪ ረገድ) ሊኖራቸው ይችላል፣ በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ የአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖዎችን በመቀነስ ረገድ ይረዳሉ። የፕሮጀክት አዋቅር ኢንቨስተሮች እንደነዚህ ያሉ መለኪያዎችን በማስተካከል የፕሮጀክት የገንዘብ ፍሰቶችን እና የገንዘብ መለኪያዎችን ለመገምገም ያስችላቸዋል።" }, opener2: { en: "To begin, select target crops and locations. Then, specify project cost and duration. Finally, set-up the innovation impact on yields and climate hazard reduction and its annual rate of adoption.", am: "ለመጀመር፣ የታሰቡትን እርሻዎች እና ቦታዎች ይምረጡ። ከዚያ፣ የፕሮጀክት ወጪ እና ቆይታ ይግለጹ። በመጨረሻም፣ የአዳዲስ ነገሮችን ተጽዕኖ በምርት እና በአየር ንብረት አደጋ ቅነሳ ላይ እና ዓመታዊ የአጠቃቀም ተመኑን ያዘጋጁ።" }, locations: { h2: { en: "Locations and Commodities", am: "ቦታዎች እና ሸቀጦች" }, text: { en: "Choose the regions where your project occurs and the commodities it applies to.", am: "ፕሮጀክትዎ የሚከናወንባቸውን ክልሎች እና የሚተገበርባቸውን ሸቀጦች ይምረጡ።" }, inputs: { countryDropdown: { tooltip: { en: "Pick countries to include", am: "ሊካተቱ የሚገቡ ሀገራት ይምረጡ" } }, regionDropdown: { tooltip: { en: "Refine country selections by region", am: "የሀገር ምርጫዎችን በክልል ያጥራቅፉ" } }, commodityDropdown: { tooltip: { en: "Choose which commodities to include", am: "ሊካተቱ የሚገቡ ሸቀጦች ይምረጡ" } } } }, costs: { h2: { en: "Costs and Duration", am: "ወጪዎች እና ቆይታ" }, text: { en: "Choose your project's cost and the length of time you expect to spend paying for it. Payments will be divided evenly across this span.", am: "የፕሮጀክትዎን ወጪ እና ለመክፈል የሚጠብቁትን የጊዜ ርዝመት ይምረጡ። ክፍያዎች በዚህ ጊዜ ውስጥ በእኩልነት ይከፈላሉ።" }, inputs: { costInput: { label: { en: "Project cost", am: "የፕሮጀክት ወጪ" }, tooltip: { en: "The total cost of the project in USD", am: "የፕሮጀክቱ አጠቃላይ ወጪ በ USD" } }, projectYearDropdown: { label: { en: "Project years", am: "የፕሮጀክት ዓመታት" }, tooltip: { en: "The number of years across which project funds are disbursed", am: "የፕሮጀክት ገንዘቦች የሚከፈሉበት የዓመታት ብዛት" }, terms: { year: { singular: { en: "year", am: "ዓመት" }, plural: { en: "years", am: "ዓመታት" } } } } }, calloutTemplate: { en: `**:::money:::** over **:::time:::**`, am: `**:::money:::** በ **:::time:::** ላይ` } }, impacts: { h2: { en: "Impacts", am: "ተጽዕኖዎች" }, text: { en: "These parameters allow you to explore how the impact of an innovation changes project returns. You can adjust how much the innovation improves production yields, the rate at which your target community might adopt it, and how much it reduces the negative impacts of climate variability.", am: "እነዚህ መለኪያዎች የአዳዲስ ነገሮች ተጽዕኖ የፕሮጀክት መመለሻዎችን እንዴት እንደሚቀይሩ ለመመርመር ያስችልዎታል። አዳዲሱ ነገር የምርት ምርታማነት ምን ያህል እንደሚያሻሽል፣ የታሰበው ማህበረሰብ ምን ያህል በፍጥነት ሊተገበር እንደሚችል እና የአየር ንብረት ልዩነት አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖዎችን ምን ያህል እንደሚቀንስ ማስተካከል ይችላሉ።" }, terms: { none: { en: "none", am: "የለም" }, high: { en: "high", am: "ከፍተኛ" }, incremental: { en: "incremental", am: "በደረጃ" }, low: { en: "low", am: "ዝቅተኛ" }, moderate: { en: "moderate", am: "መጠነኛ" }, transformative: { en: "transformative", am: "ለውጣማ" } }, inputs: { prodImpactDropdown: { label: { en: "Production impact", am: "የምርት ተጽዕኖ" }, tooltip: { en: "How much does adoption of an innovation improve the yield of selected crops or livestock?", am: "የአዳዲስ ነገሮች አጠቃቀም የተመረጡትን እርሻዎች ወይም እንስሳት ምርታማነት ምን ያህል ያሻሽላል?" } }, adoptionRateDropdown: { label: { en: "Yearly Adoption rate", am: "ዓመታዊ የአጠቃቀም ተመን" }, tooltip: { en: "What is the annual rate of innovation adoption amongst those who have not adopted?", am: "ከማይጠቀሙት መካከል ዓመታዊ የአዳዲስ ነገሮች አጠቃቀም ተመን ምንድን ነው?" } }, cisImpactDropdown: { label: { en: "Reduction of climate impacts", am: "የአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖ ቅነሳ" }, tooltip: { en: "How much does the innovation reduce the negative impacts of climate variability?", am: "አዳዲሱ ነገር የአየር ንብረት ልዩነት አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖዎችን ምን ያህል ይቀንሳል?" } } } } } }, investmentReturns: { h1: { en: "Investment Returns", am: "የኢንቨስትመንት መመለሻዎች" }, blocks: { insightReview: { setupBlock: { missingMessage: { en: `_Missing region and/or crop selections, please update selections_`, am: `_ክልል እና/ወይም የእርሻ ምርጫዎች ጠፍተዋል፣ እባክዎ ምርጫዎችን ያዘምኑ_` }, template: { en: `You are exploring an intervention about :::crop_string::: across **:::region_string:::** in :::country_string:::. Your project is set to cost **:::cost_string:::**, divided into equal payments over **:::year_string:::**.`, am: `በ :::country_string::: ውስጥ በ **:::region_string:::** ላይ ስለ :::crop_string::: ጣልቃ ገብነት እያጠኑ ነው። ፕሮጀክትዎ ወጪ **:::cost_string:::** ተብሎ ተዘጋጅቷል፣ በ **:::year_string:::** ላይ በእኩል ክፍያዎች ተከፍሎ ይከፈላል።` } }, indicatorBlock: { en: `With a **:::prod_impact_label::: production impact**, a **:::adoption_rate_label::: yearly adoption rate**, and a **:::cis_impact_label::: reduction of climate impacts**, after **:::year_string:::** you are expected to see`, am: `በ **:::prod_impact_label::: የምርት ተጽዕኖ**፣ በ **:::adoption_rate_label::: ዓመታዊ የአጠቃቀም ተመን** እና በ **:::cis_impact_label::: የአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖ ቅነሳ**፣ ከ **:::year_string:::** በኋላ ማየት የሚጠበቁት` } }, exploreIndicators: { h2: { en: "Explore One of These Indicators in Detail", am: "ከእነዚህ አመላካቾች አንዱን በዝርዝር ያጥኑ" }, projectYear: { en: "Project year", am: "የፕሮጀክት ዓመት" } }, infoListHeaders: { what: { en: "What it is", am: "ምንድን ነው" }, interpret: { en: "Interpretation", am: "ትርጉም" }, tell: { en: "What it tells us", am: "ምን እንደሚነግረን" } }, closer1: { en: "Each of these indicators plays a vital role in the evaluation process, offering different perspectives on an investment's financial viability. Together, they provide a comprehensive understanding, enabling investors and managers to make well-informed decisions.", am: "እያንዳንዳቸው እነዚህ አመላካቾች በግምገማ ሂደት ውስጥ ወሳኝ ሚና ይጫወታሉ፣ ለአንድ ኢንቨስትመንት የገንዘብ ተግባራዊነት የተለያዩ እይታዎችን ያቀርባሉ። አንድ ላይ፣ አጠቃላይ ግንዛቤ ይሰጣሉ፣ ይህም ኢንቨስተሮችን እና አስተዳዳሪዎችን በደንብ መረጃ የተገነቡ ውሳኔዎችን እንዲያደርጉ ያስችላቸዋል።" } } }, summary: { h1: { en: "Summary", am: "ማጠቃለያ" }, blocks: { block1: { en: "The internal rate of return, net present value, and benefit-cost ratio offer valuable insight into the potential returns for an agriculture adaptation investment, which can help project makers evaluate and compare investment opportunities. In this tool, these indicators provide an economic performance analysis for agriculture projects based on key project criteria. This analysis can help guide organizations and farmers in making informed investment decisions aligned with their financial goals.", am: "ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን፣ የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ እና የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ ለርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ማስተካከል ኢንቨስትመንት ስለሚጠበቁ መመለሻዎች አስተዋፅዖ ያለው ግንዛቤ ይሰጣሉ፣ ይህም ለፕሮጀክት አዘጋጆች የኢንቨስትመንት እድሎችን ለመገምገም እና ለማነፃፀር ሊረዳ ይችላል። በዚህ መሣሪያ ውስጥ፣ እነዚህ አመላካቾች በመሠረታዊ የፕሮጀክት መስፈርቶች ላይ በመመስረት ለርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ፕሮጀክቶች ኢኮኖሚያዊ አፈፃፀም ትንታኔ ይሰጣሉ። ይህ ትንታኔ ድርጅቶችን እና አርሶ አደሮችን ከገንዘብ ግቦቻቸው ጋር በሚጣጣሙ በመረጃ ላይ የተመሰረቱ የኢንቨስትመንት ውሳኔዎችን በማድረግ ረገድ ሊመራ ይችላል።" }, block2: { en: `There are many factors to consider when calculating the returns for an investment, and the calculations above are founded on several assumptions — such as a fixed NPV discount rate (:::npvDisountRate:::) and farm BCR (:::farmBcr:::). More information about the methods can be found in the :::methodsSourcesTitle::: section below.`, am: `የአንድ ኢንቨስትመንት መመለሻዎችን ሲያሰሉ ሊታዩ የሚገቡ ብዙ ምክንያቶች አሉ፣ እና ከላይ ያሉት ስሌቶች በበርካታ ግምቶች ላይ የተመሰረቱ ናቸው — እንደ ቋሚ NPV ቅናሽ ተመን (:::npvDisountRate:::) እና የግብርና BCR (:::farmBcr:::)። ስለ ዘዴዎቹ ተጨማሪ መረጃ ከዚህ በታች ባለው :::methodsSourcesTitle::: ክፍል ውስጥ ማግኘት ይቻላል።` } } }, methods: { h1: { en: "Methods & Sources", am: "ዘዴዎች እና ምንጮች" }, intro: { en: `The tool utilizes the best available production value datasets covering all of sub-Saharan Africa, enabling cross-country, crop, and livestock comparisons. While suitable for macro-scale analysis to determine economic viability and regional differences, the data's applicability diminishes at smaller scales. For projects with defined targets and contexts, we recommend engaging with local communities and governance through participatory approaches to refine investment targeting and design. This Spotlight implements a model developed for the Accelerating the Impact of CGIAR Climate Research in Africa (AICCRA) program.`, am: `መሣሪያው ሁሉንም ከሰሃራ በታች ያለችውን አፍሪካ የሚሸፍኑ ከሚገኙት ምርቶች የተሻሉ የውሂብ ስብስቦችን ይጠቀማል፣ ይህም በሀገሮች፣ በእርሻዎች እና በእንስሳት መካከል ማነፃፀር ያስችላል። ለኢኮኖሚያዊ ተግባራዊነት እና ለክልላዊ ልዩነቶች ለመወሰን ለማክሮ ደረጃ ትንታኔ ቢስማሙም፣ የውሂቡ ተግባራዊነት በትናንሽ ደረጃዎች ላይ ይቀንሳል። የተገለጹ ዒላማዎች እና አውዶች ላላቸው ፕሮጀክቶች፣ የኢንቨስትመንት ዒላማ እና ንድፍ ለማጥራቅ ከአካባቢያዊ ማህበረሰቦች እና ከመንግስት ጋር በተሳታፊ አቀራረቦች መሥራትን እንመክራለን። ይህ ስፖትላይት ለ Accelerating the Impact of CGIAR Climate Research in Africa (AICCRA) ፕሮግራም የተዘጋጀ ሞዴል አፈፃፀም ያቀርባል።` }, section1: { h2: { en: "Datasets", am: "የውሂብ ስብስቦች" }, subsections: { en: ` - **[Spatial crop production](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/exposure_catalog/mapspam2017/collection.json)** data for 2017 comes from MapSPAM 2017 V2r3 (Spatial Production Allocation Model) - **Spatial livestock distribution** data comes from the [Gridded Livestock of the World - 2015](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/glw_4) dataset. - **National producer price** data comes from [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Prices_E_Africa.zip) - **National production and yield** data comes from [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip) - **[Administrative boundaries](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/boundary_catalog/geoBoundaries_SSA/collection.json)** are provided by geoBoundaries 6.0.0. The gbHumanitarian boundaries are used and if not available then the gbOpen boundaries are substituted.`, am: ` - **[የቦታ እርሻ ምርት](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/exposure_catalog/mapspam2017/collection.json)** ውሂብ ለ 2017 ከ MapSPAM 2017 V2r3 (የቦታ ምርት አመታት ሞዴል) የተገኘ ነው - **የቦታ እንስሳት ስርጭት** ውሂብ ከ [Gridded Livestock of the World - 2015](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/glw_4) የውሂብ ስብስብ የተገኘ ነው። - **የብሔራዊ አምራች ዋጋ** ውሂብ ከ [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Prices_E_Africa.zip) የተገኘ ነው - **የብሔራዊ ምርት እና ምርታማነት** ውሂብ ከ [FAOstat](https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_Africa.zip) የተገኘ ነው - **[አስተዳደራዊ ድንበሮች](https://radiantearth.github.io/stac-browser/#/external/digital-atlas.s3.amazonaws.com/stac/public_stac/boundary_catalog/geoBoundaries_SSA/collection.json)** በ geoBoundaries 6.0.0 የተሰጡ ናቸው። gbHumanitarian ድንበሮች ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ እና ካልገኙ በስተቀር gbOpen ድንበሮች ይተካሉ።` } }, section2: { h2: { en: "Methods", am: "ዘዴዎች", }, intro: { en: `This tool implements the methodology developed by [Philip Thorton](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wx_me7EAAAAJ&hl=en) used to inform the [Economic and Financial Analysis (EFA)](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA/blob/main/Documents/AICCRA%20EFA%27-07-20.docx) for the [Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA)](https://aiccra.cgiar.org/) project.`, am: `ይህ መሣሪያ በ [Philip Thorton](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Wx_me7EAAAAJ&hl=en) የተዘጋጀውን ዘዴ አፈፃፀም ያቀርባል እና ለ [Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA)](https://aiccra.cgiar.org/) ፕሮጀክት [ኢኮኖሚክ እና ፋይናንሻል አናሊሲስ (EFA)](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA/blob/main/Documents/AICCRA%20EFA%27-07-20.docx) ለመገምገም ጥቅም ላይ ውሏል።`, }, subsection1: { h3: { en: "Data preparation", am: "የውሂብ አዘጋጅታ", }, subsection: { en: `#### Producer Prices 1. FAOstat production in USD is averaged by commodity and country for the period 2015-2019. 2. Data gaps for combinations of country and commodity are filled by using, in order of preference: a) the average of neighbouring countries; b) the regional average for the worldbank region the country belongs to; c) the continental average for sub-Saharan Africa. 3. The producer prices are then merged with country level (admin0) administrative boundaries and rasterized. 4. Code availability: [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R) #### Livestock Value of Production 1. As spatial livestock production comes from 2000, we rescaled values to 2017 using the proportional national change in faostat production between 2000 and 2017. The scaling method preferentially adds production increases to the middle of the production distribution for a country and not the tails. For example, areas without production in 2000 do not suddenly become producers and heavy producing areas do not increase as much as intermediate producing areas. 2. Livestock production scaled to 2017 is then multiplied by the corresponding producer price data to generate livestock value of production in USD in 2017. 3. Meat and milk are added together for sheep, goats and cattle. 4. Values are extracted for administrative areas, summed and converted into tabular form. 5. Code availability: [fao_producer_prices_livestock.R]( https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices_livestock.R) #### Crop Value 1. MapSPAM crop production is multiplied by the corresponding producer price data to live crop value of production in USD in 2017. 2. Code availability: [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R)`, am: `#### የአምራች ዋጋዎች 1. የ FAOstat ምርት በ USD ለ 2015-2019 ጊዜው በሸቀጥ እና በሀገር አማካኝ ተደርጓል። 2. ለሀገር እና ለሸቀጥ ጥምረቶች የውሂብ ክፍተቶች በሚከተለው ቅደም ተከተል በማጣመር ተሞልተዋል፦ ሀ) የጎረቤት ሀገራት አማካኝ፤ ለ) ሀገሩ የሚፈነገልበት የዓለም ባንክ ክልል አማካኝ፤ ሐ) ለከሰሃራ በታች ያለችው አፍሪካ የአህጉር አማካኝ። 3. የአምራች ዋጋዎች ከዚያ በኋላ ከሀገር ደረጃ (admin0) አስተዳደራዊ ድንበሮች ጋር ተዋህደው ራስተር ተደርገዋል። 4. የኮድ ተገኝነት፦ [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R) #### የእንስሳት ምርት ዋጋ 1. የቦታ እንስሳት ምርት ከ 2000 ስለሚመጣ፣ እሴቶችን ለ 2017 እንደገና ለመጠን በ 2000 እና 2017 መካከል በ faostat ምርት ውስጥ ያለውን ተመጣጣኝ ብሔራዊ ለውጥ በመጠቀም አድርገናል። የመጠን ዘዴው በተለይ የምርት ጭማሪዎችን ለአንድ ሀገር የምርት ስርጭት መካከል ያክላል እና ጭራዎቹን አይደለም። ለምሳሌ፣ በ 2000 ምርት የሌላቸው አካባቢዎች በድንገት አምራቾች አይሆኑም እና ከባድ ምርት ያላቸው አካባቢዎች እንደ መካከለኛ ምርት ያላቸው አካባቢዎች አይጨምሩም። 2. ወደ 2017 የተገመተው የእንስሳት ምርት ከዚያ በኋላ በ 2017 ውስጥ የእንስሳት ምርት ዋጋ በ USD ለመፍጠር በተዛማጅ የአምራች ዋጋ ውሂብ ይባዛል። 3. ለበጎች፣ ፍየሎች እና ላሞች ሥጋ እና ወተት አንድ ላይ ይጨመራሉ። 4. እሴቶች ለአስተዳደራዊ አካባቢዎች ይወገዳሉ፣ ይጠቃለላሉ እና ወደ ሰንጠረዥ ቅርጽ ይቀየራሉ። 5. የኮድ ተገኝነት፦ [fao_producer_prices_livestock.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices_livestock.R) #### የእርሻ ዋጋ 1. የ MapSPAM እርሻ ምርት በ 2017 ውስጥ የእርሻ ምርት ዋጋ በ USD ለመኖር በተዛማጅ የአምራች ዋጋ ውሂብ ይባዛል። 2. የኮድ ተገኝነት፦ [fao_producer_prices.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_producer_prices.R)`, } }, subsection2: { h3: { en: "Calculations", am: "ስሌቶች", }, subsections: { en: `#### Yield and Production Variability - FAOstat yield and production data from 2000-2022 are used to calculate the [coefficient of variation(CV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation) for crops (yield) and livestock (production). We use production data rather than yields for livestock because livestock yield data appears to be highly calculated in FAOstat and shows very little variability over time, whereas production data is variable. - Commodity yields and production amounts in many countries show a strong increase over time. Where temporal trends are significant, we detrend to the data (linear) before calculating the CV. - Data gaps in CV for combinations of country and commodity are filled by using, in order of preference: a) the average of neighbouring countries; b) the regional average for the World Bank region the country belongs to; c) the continental average for sub-Saharan Africa. - Code availability: [fao_production_cv.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_production_cv.R) #### Economic Benefits We estimate project-level economic benefits by heuristically modeling how innovations affect value of production (VoP) and climate-related losses across time, space, and user-defined adoption rates. The main steps are: 1. **VoP under Innovation Adoption**: We apply user-defined adoption rates over time, shrinking the pool of non-adopters each year. For instance, with an initial VoP of 1000 and 10% adoption: year 1 sees 100 under innovation, year 2 adds 90 (from the remaining 900), totaling 190, and so on. 2. **Production Impact Gains**: We multiply the total VoP under adoption by the selected production impact (e.g. 20% yield increase). The marginal gain is the difference between VoP with and without innovation. 3. **Avoided Climate Losses**: To estimate avoided losses due to innovations that reduce climate impacts, we assume: - Yield/production follows a normal distribution - Adoption reduces yield variability (CV) proportionally For each crop and area, we generate two normal distributions (mean = 1): one for non-adopters (baseline CV) and one for adopters (reduced CV). The avoided loss proportion is the difference in expected loss in the lower tail (below 0) of each distribution. 4. **Total Marginal Benefit**: The total VoP under adoption is adjusted upward using the avoided loss proportion. The marginal benefit from climate impact reduction is added to the production gain, giving total marginal benefit. 5. **Total Project Benefit**: The total benefit is calculated as: \`\` Total Benefit = Marginal Benefit – (Marginal Benefit / BCR) \`\` where BCR = 1.62 (assumed from Harris & Orr, 2014). We then discount both benefits and costs over time using the selected discount rate to obtain time-adjusted values for indicator computation. 6. **Code Availability**: See [4_roi.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/4_roi.R) #### Economic Indicators The four indicators presented — IRR, MIRR, NPV, and BCR — capture different aspects of financial performance and can diverge for several reasons: 1. **Timing of cash flows**: IRR and MIRR reflect return rates over time and can appear high when large benefits arrive late in a project. However, NPV and BCR account for discounting, so delayed benefits reduce their values even if the project is profitable in the long run. 2. **Scale of investment**: Small investments with modest benefits can generate high IRR or MIRR due to efficiency, but the total net gain (NPV) or cost-effectiveness (BCR) may still be low. 3. **Discount rate effects**: Since NPV and BCR rely on discounting, a high discount rate (default 8%) can make delayed gains appear smaller. IRR and MIRR are unaffected by this rate in their core calculation, but MIRR incorporates reinvestment assumptions (also 8% here). 4. **Cumulative structure**: Each year's values represent cumulative discounted returns to date, which helps track how financial indicators evolve across the life of the project. These indicators should be used together for a balanced view of financial viability. **Methodological Notes on Indicator Calculations** This notebook computes four financial indicators — Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Discounted Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) — using the following methodology: 1. **Cash Flow Construction**: - A project cash flow is created by subtracting user-defined project costs from estimated economic benefits. - Benefits are derived from the value of increased agricultural production (VoP) and the reduction of climate-related yield losses, both calculated annually based on user inputs. - Adoption rate is applied progressively over time, reducing the pool of non-adopters and reflecting diminishing marginal expansion. 2. **Discounting**: - All future cash flows are discounted to present value using a user-specified discount rate (default: 8%). - Cumulative discounted benefits and cumulative discounted costs are stored for each project year. 3. **Net Present Value (NPV)**: - NPV is calculated as the sum of discounted net returns (benefit minus cost) up to the selected year. - A positive NPV implies the project's benefits exceed its costs in present-value terms. - **Note**: We use discrete annual discounting \`PV = FV / (1 + r)^t\`, not continuous compounding. 4. **Discounted Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)**: - BCR is calculated as the ratio of cumulative discounted benefits to cumulative discounted costs. - A BCR > 1 indicates a financially efficient project. - Unlike some simplified BCR approaches, this version uses full discounted benefit and cost streams. 5. **Internal Rate of Return (IRR)**: - IRR is estimated via a secant method to find the discount rate that sets the net present value of the project's cumulative cash flow to zero. - IRR reflects the annualized rate of return implied by the cash flows. 6. **Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)**: - MIRR addresses limitations of IRR by assuming: - Negative cash flows (investments) are financed at the discount (finance) rate - Positive cash flows (returns) are reinvested at the same (reinvestment) rate - MIRR is calculated from the future value of positive flows and the present value of negative flows using the formula: \`\`MIRR = (FV of inflows / |PV of outflows|)^(1/n) - 1\`\`, where \`n\` is the project duration. - We assume the finance and reinvestment rates are equal to the discount rate used in NPV and BCR (default: 8%). 7. **Cumulative Time Horizon**: - Each metric is calculated cumulatively: i.e., IRR and MIRR at year 3 reflect performance based on the first 4 years of project cash flows (year 0 to year 3). - This provides a dynamic view of how financial indicators evolve as the project progresses. 8. **Edge Case Handling**: - If IRR or MIRR cannot be calculated (e.g., due to all-positive or all-negative flows), the result is returned as null. - Indicators are rounded (NPV to 1 decimal, BCR to 2 decimals, IRR and MIRR to 1 decimal %) for clarity. All indicator calculations are implemented natively within the Observable notebook (no external APIs), enabling real-time interactivity and transparency. An earlier and more technical version of this methodology was developed into a tool using Shiny R and can be found on the github [AICCRA_EFA](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA).`, am: `#### የምርታማነት እና የምርት ልዩነት - የ FAOstat ምርታማነት እና ምርት ውሂብ ከ 2000-2022 ለእርሻዎች (ምርታማነት) እና ለእንስሳት (ምርት) [coefficient of variation (CV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_variation) ለማስላት ጥቅም ላይ ውለዋል። ለእንስሳት ምርታማነት ይልቅ ምርት ውሂብ እንጠቀማለን ምክንያቱም የእንስሳት ምርታማነት ውሂብ በ FAOstat ውስጥ በጣም የተሰላ ይመስላል እና በጊዜ ሂደት በጣም አናሳ ልዩነት ያሳያል፣ ምርት ውሂብ ግን ተለዋዋጭ ነው። - በብዙ ሀገራት ውስጥ የሸቀጦች ምርታማነት እና ምርት መጠኖች በጊዜ ሂደት ጠንካራ ጭማሪ ያሳያሉ። የጊዜ አዝማሚያዎች ጉልህ በሚሆኑበት ቦታ፣ CVን ከማስላት በፊት ውሂቡን ከአዝማሚያ (መስመራዊ) እናስወግዳለን። - ለሀገር እና ለሸቀጥ ጥምረቶች በ CV ውስጥ ያሉ የውሂብ ክፍተቶች በሚከተለው ቅደም ተከተል በማጣመር ተሞልተዋል፦ ሀ) የጎረቤት ሀገራት አማካኝ፤ ለ) ሀገሩ የሚፈነገልበት የዓለም ባንክ ክልል አማካኝ፤ ሐ) ለከሰሃራ በታች ያለችው አፍሪካ የአህጉር አማካኝ። - የኮድ ተገኝነት፦ [fao_production_cv.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/fao_production_cv.R) #### ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥቅሞች የፕሮጀክት-ደረጃ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥቅሞችን በጊዜ፣ በቦታ እና በተጠቃሚ-ተገለጹ የአጠቃቀም ተመኖች ላይ አዳዲስ ነገሮች የምርት ዋጋ (VoP) እና ከአየር ንብረት ጋር የተያያዙ ኪሳራዎችን እንዴት እንደሚነኩ በ heuristically ሞዴሊንግ እንገምታለን። ዋና ደረጃዎቹ፦ 1. **VoP በአዳዲስ ነገሮች አጠቃቀም ስር**: በጊዜ ሂደት በተጠቃሚ-ተገለጹ የአጠቃቀም ተመኖች እንጠቀማለን፣ የማይጠቀሙትን መጠን በየዓመቱ እንቀንሳለን። ለምሳሌ፣ በመጀመሪያ VoP 1000 እና 10% አጠቃቀም ያለው፦ ዓመት 1 100 በአዳዲስ ነገሮች ስር ያያል፣ ዓመት 2 90 ይጨምራል (ከቀሩት 900)፣ በጠቅላላው 190፣ እና የመሳሰሉት። 2. **የምርት ተጽዕኖ ጭማሪዎች**: አጠቃላይ VoP በአጠቃቀም ስር በተመረጠው የምርት ተጽዕኖ (ለምሳሌ 20% የምርታማነት ጭማሪ) እናባዛለን። የገደብ ጭማሪ በአዳዲስ ነገሮች እና ያለ አዳዲስ ነገሮች መካከል ያለው ልዩነት ነው። 3. **የተከለከሉ የአየር ንብረት ኪሳራዎች**: የአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖዎችን የሚቀንሷቸው አዳዲስ ነገሮች ምክንያት የተከለከሉ ኪሳራዎችን ለመገመት እንገምታለን፦ - ምርታማነት/ምርት መደበኛ ስርጭት ይከተላል - አጠቃቀም የምርታማነት ልዩነት (CV) በተመጣጣኝ መጠን ይቀንሳል ለእያንዳንዱ እርሻ እና አካባቢ፣ ሁለት መደበኛ ስርጭቶችን (አማካኝ = 1) እንፈጥራለን፦ አንደኛው ለማይጠቀሙ (መሠረታዊ CV) እና ሌላኛው ለሚጠቀሙ (የተቀነሰ CV)። የተከለከለው የኪሳራ ሬሾ በእያንዳንዱ ስርጭት ዝቅተኛ ጭራ (ከ 0 በታች) ውስጥ በሚጠበቀው ኪሳራ ላይ ያለው ልዩነት ነው። 4. **ጠቅላላ የገደብ ጥቅም**: አጠቃላይ VoP በአጠቃቀም ስር በተከለከለው የኪሳራ ሬሾ በመጠቀም ወደ ላይ ይስተካከላል። ከአየር ንብረት ተጽዕኖ ቅነሳ የሚመጣው የገደብ ጥቅም ከምርት ጭማሪ ጋር ይጨመራል፣ ጠቅላላ የገደብ ጥቅም ይሰጣል። 5. **ጠቅላላ የፕሮጀክት ጥቅም**: ጠቅላላ ጥቅም እንደሚከተለው ይሰላል፦ \`\` ጠቅላላ ጥቅም = የገደብ ጥቅም – (የገደብ ጥቅም / BCR) \`\` በዚህ ላይ BCR = 1.62 (ከ Harris & Orr, 2014 የተገመተ)። ከዚያ ሁለቱንም ጥቅሞች እና ወጪዎች በጊዜ ሂደት በተመረጠው ቅናሽ ተመን በመጠቀም እናቀንሳለን ለአመላካች ስሌት የጊዜ ተስተካክሎ እሴቶችን ለማግኘት። 6. **የኮድ ተገኝነት**: ይመልከቱ [4_roi.R](https://github.com/AdaptationAtlas/hazards_prototype/blob/main/R/4_roi.R) #### ኢኮኖሚያዊ አመላካቾች የቀረቡት አራት አመላካቾች — IRR, MIRR, NPV, እና BCR — የተለያዩ የገንዘብ አፈፃፀም ገጽታዎችን ይይዛሉ እና በበርካታ ምክንያቶች ሊለያዩ ይችላሉ፦ 1. **የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች ጊዜ**: IRR እና MIRR በጊዜ ሂደት የመመለሻ ተመኖችን ያንፀባርቃሉ እና ትላልቅ ጥቅሞች በፕሮጀክት መጨረሻ ላይ ሲደርሱ ከፍ ያለ ሊመስሉ ይችላሉ። ሆኖም ግን፣ NPV እና BCR ቅናሽን ግምት ውስጥ ያስገባሉ፣ ስለዚህ የተዘገዩ ጥቅሞች ፕሮጀክቱ በረጅም ጊዜ ትርፋማ ቢሆንም እሴቶቻቸውን ይቀንሳሉ። 2. **የኢንቨስትመንት መጠን**: ትናንሽ ኢንቨስትመንቶች ከባድ ጥቅሞች ሊኖራቸው ይችላል ከፍ ያለ IRR ወይም MIRR በቅልጥፍና ምክንያት ሊፈጥሩ ይችላሉ፣ ግን ጠቅላላ የተጣራ ጭማሪ (NPV) ወይም የወጪ-ቅልጥፍና (BCR) አሁንም ዝቅተኛ ሊሆን ይችላል። 3. **የቅናሽ ተመን ተጽዕኖዎች**: NPV እና BCR በቅናሽ ስለሚመረኮቱ፣ ከፍ ያለ ቅናሽ ተመን (ነባሪ 8%) የተዘገዩ ጭማሪዎችን ትናንሽ ሊያደርጋቸው ይችላል። IRR እና MIRR በመሠረታዊ ስሌታቸው በዚህ ተመን አይጎዱም፣ ግን MIRR የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ግምቶችን ያካትታል (እዚህም 8%)። 4. **ድምርያዊ መዋቅር**: የእያንዳንዱ ዓመት እሴቶች እስከ አሁን ያሉትን ድምርያዊ የተቀነሱ መመለሻዎች ይወክላሉ፣ ይህም የገንዘብ አመላካቾች በፕሮጀክቱ የህይወት ዘመን እንዴት እየተሻሻሉ ለመከታተል ይረዳል። እነዚህ አመላካቾች ለተመጣጣኝ የገንዘብ ተግባራዊነት እይታ አንድ ላይ መጠቀም አለባቸው። **ስለ አመላካች ስሌቶች ዘዴአዊ ማስታወሻዎች** ይህ ኖትቡክ አራት የገንዘብ አመላካቾችን — ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (IRR)፣ የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (MIRR)፣ የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV)፣ እና የተቀነሰ የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ (BCR) — በሚከተለው ዘዴ በመጠቀም ያሰላል፦ 1. **የገንዘብ ፍሰት ግንባታ**: - የፕሮጀክት የገንዘብ ፍሰት በተጠቃሚ-ተገለጹ የፕሮጀክት ወጪዎች ከተገመቱ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥቅሞች በመቀነስ ይፈጠራል። - ጥቅሞች ከየፈሳሽ ርዕይ ተፈጥሮ ምርት ዋጋ (VoP) እና ከአየር ንብረት ጋር የተያያዙ የምርታማነት ኪሳራዎች ቅነሳ የተገኙ ናቸው፣ ሁለቱም በተጠቃሚ ግብዓቶች ላይ በመመስረት በዓመታዊ ይሰላሉ። - የአጠቃቀም ተመን በጊዜ ሂደት በደረጃ ይተገበራል፣ የማይጠቀሙትን መጠን ይቀንሳል እና የገደብ ማስፋፊያ መቀነስን ያንፀባርቃል። 2. **ቅናሽ**: - ሁሉም የወደፊት የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች በተጠቃሚ-ተገለጸ ቅናሽ ተመን (ነባሪ፦ 8%) በመጠቀም ወደ አሁኑ ዋጋ ይቀነሳሉ። - ድምርያዊ የተቀነሱ ጥቅሞች እና ድምርያዊ የተቀነሱ ወጪዎች ለእያንዳንዱ የፕሮጀክት ዓመት ይከማቻሉ። 3. **የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ (NPV)**: - NPV እስከ ተመረጠው ዓመት ድረስ የተቀነሱ የተጣራ መመለሻዎች (ጥቅም ሲቀነስ ወጪ) ድምር ነው። - አዎንታዊ NPV የፕሮጀክቱ ጥቅሞች ከወጪዎቹ በአሁኑ ዋጋ ቃላት እንደሚበልጡ ያመለክታል። - **ማስታወሻ**: እኛ የተለየ ዓመታዊ ቅናሽ \`PV = FV / (1 + r)^t\` እንጠቀማለን፣ ቀጣይነት ያለው ውህደት አይደለም። 4. **የተቀነሰ የጥቅም-ወጪ ሬሾ (BCR)**: - BCR እንደ ድምርያዊ የተቀነሱ ጥቅሞች እና ድምርያዊ የተቀነሱ ወጪዎች ሬሾ ይሰላል። - BCR > 1 በገንዘብ መልኩ ቅልጥፍና ያለው ፕሮጀክት ያመለክታል። - ከአንዳንድ ቀላል የሆኑ የ BCR አቀራረቦች በተለየ፣ ይህ ስሪት ሙሉ የተቀነሱ ጥቅም እና የወጪ ፍሰቶችን ይጠቀማል። 5. **ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (IRR)**: - IRR የፕሮጀክቱን ድምርያዊ የገንዘብ ፍሰት የተጣራ የአሁኑ ዋጋ ከዜሮ ጋር እኩል የሚያደርግ ቅናሽ ተመን ለማግኘት በ secant ዘዴ ይገመታል። - IRR በገንዘብ ፍሰቶች የሚጠቁም ዓመታዊ የመመለሻ ተመንን ያንፀባርቃል። 6. **የተሻሻለ ውስጣዊ የመመለሻ ተመን (MIRR)**: - MIRR የ IRR ገደቦችን በሚከተለው በመገመት ይፈታል፦ - አሉታዊ የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች (ኢንቨስትመንቶች) በቅናሽ (ገንዘብ) ተመን ይፋይናንስ ይደረጋሉ - አዎንታዊ የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች (መመለሻዎች) በተመሳሳይ (የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት) ተመን እንደገና ይኖዛሉ - MIRR ከአዎንታዊ ፍሰቶች የወደፊት ዋጋ እና ከአሉታዊ ፍሰቶች የአሁኑ ዋጋ በመጠቀም በቀመር ይሰላል፦ \`\`MIRR = (የገቢ ፍሰቶች FV / |የወጪ ፍሰቶች PV|)^(1/n) - 1\`\`፣ በዚህ ላይ \`n\` የፕሮጀክቱ ቆይታ ነው። - የገንዘብ እና የገንዘብ እንደገና ኢንቨስትመንት ተመኖች ከበ NPV እና BCR ውስጥ ከሚጠቀሙት ቅናሽ ተመን ጋር እኩል ናቸው ብለን እንገምታለን (ነባሪ፦ 8%)። 7. **ድምርያዊ የጊዜ አድማስ**: - እያንዳንዱ መለኪያ በድምርያዊ መልኩ ይሰላል፦ ማለትም፣ በዓመት 3 IRR እና MIRR በመጀመሪያ 4 ዓመታት የፕሮጀክት የገንዘብ ፍሰቶች (ከዓመት 0 እስከ ዓመት 3) ላይ በመመስረት አፈፃፀምን ያንፀባርቃሉ። - ይህ የገንዘብ አመላካቾች ፕሮጀክቱ እየተሻሻለ ሲሄድ እንዴት እየተሻሻሉ ለማየት ተለዋዋጭ እይታ ይሰጣል። 8. **የጫፍ ጉዳይ ማስተናገድ**: - IRR ወይም MIRR ሊሰሉ ካልቻሉ (ለምሳሌ፣ ሁሉም-አዎንታዊ ወይም ሁሉም-አሉታዊ ፍሰቶች ምክንያት)፣ ውጤቱ እንደ null ይመለሳል። - አመላካቾች ለግልጽነት ይጠጋጋሉ (NPV ወደ 1 አስርዮሽ፣ BCR ወደ 2 አስርዮሽ፣ IRR እና MIRR ወደ 1 አስርዮሽ %)። ሁሉም አመላካች ስሌቶች በ Observable ኖትቡክ ውስጥ በተፈጥሯዊ መልኩ ተግብረዋል (ውጫዊ APIዎች የሉም)፣ ይህም በቀጥታ ጊዜ መስራትን እና ግልጽነትን ያስችላል። የዚህ ዘዴ ቀደምት እና የበለጠ ቴክኒካል ስሪት በ Shiny R በመጠቀም ወደ መሣሪያ ተዘጋጅቷል እና በ github [AICCRA_EFA](https://github.com/CIAT/AICCRA_EFA) ላይ ማግኘት ይቻላል።` } } } } }; }53:Tc0c,styling = { return !toggleCustomStyling ? "no custom styling" : htl.html`` }54:T4cf,function tocOneliner({ selector = "h1", // selectors to include (can comma-separate, like "h1,h2,h3") heading = "In this notebook", // heading for ToC delim = ' | ', // delimiter between links skip = [], // text content for headers to exclude } = {}) { // return a one-liner table of contents // allow for skips // modified from https://observablehq.com/@mbostock/toc return Generators.observe(notify => { let headings = []; function observed() { let h = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(selector)); h = h.filter((d) => !skip.includes(d.textContent)) if (h.length !== headings.length || h.some((h, i) => headings[i] !== h)) { notify(html`${heading}
${Array.from(headings = h, (h, i) => { const end = i === headings.length - 1 return Object.assign( html`${DOM.text(h.textContent)}${end ? '' : delim}`, {onclick: e => (e.preventDefault(), h.scrollIntoView())} ); })}`); } } const observer = new MutationObserver(observed); observer.observe(document.body, {childList: true, subtree: true}); observed(); return () => observer.disconnect(); }); }55:T769,walkthroughEconomicIndicators = { const selection = walkthroughSelections; const data = dataFinanceSelectedAdminCrop.filter( (d) => d.adoption == selection.adoption && d.prod_impact == selection.prod_impact && d.cis_impact == selection.cis_impact && d.discount_rate == selection.discount_rate ); const years = data.map(d => d.year); const benefit = data.map(d => d.project_benefit); const cost = data.map(d => d.cost); const cashflow = benefit.map((b, i) => b - cost[i]); const discountRate = selection.discount_rate; // === NPV cumulative === const npvDiscreteCumulative = (values, rate) => values.map((_, i) => values .slice(0, i + 1) .reduce((acc, val, j) => acc + val / Math.pow(1 + rate, j), 0) ); const npv = npvDiscreteCumulative(cashflow, discountRate); const npv_benefit = npvDiscreteCumulative(benefit, discountRate); const npv_cost = npvDiscreteCumulative(cost, discountRate); const discounted_bcr = npv_benefit.map((b, i) => npv_cost[i] === 0 ? null : b / npv_cost[i]); const proj_irr = calculateIRR(cashflow); const proj_mirr = calcMIRR(cashflow, discountRate, discountRate); const proj_npv = npv.at(-1); const proj_bcr = discounted_bcr.at(-1); // === Enriched table const enrichedData = years.map((year, i) => { const cashflowToDate = cashflow.slice(0, i + 1); return { year, project_benefit: benefit[i], cost: cost[i], cashflow: cashflow[i], discounted_benefit_cum: npv_benefit[i], discounted_cost_cum: npv_cost[i], discounted_bcr: discounted_bcr[i], irr: calculateIRR(cashflowToDate)*100, mirr: calcMIRR(cashflowToDate, discountRate, discountRate)*100, npv: npv[i] }; }); return { summary: { proj_npv, proj_irr, proj_mirr, proj_bcr }, enriched: enrichedData }; }56:T874,dataPickMetric = { function _getIt(path) { return _lang(path); } return [ { key: "irr", columnName: "irr", label: _getIt(nbText.indicators.irr.label), tooltip: _getIt(nbText.indicators.irr.tooltip), labelLong: _getIt(nbText.indicators.irr.labelLong), labelFull: _getIt(nbText.indicators.irr.labelFull), info: { what: _getIt(nbText.indicators.irr.info.what), interpret: _getIt(nbText.indicators.irr.info.interpret), tell: _getIt(nbText.indicators.irr.info.tell) }, yFormat: (d) => `${d.toFixed(1)}%` }, { key: "mirr", columnName: "mirr", label: _getIt(nbText.indicators.mirr.label), tooltip: _getIt(nbText.indicators.mirr.tooltip), labelLong: _getIt(nbText.indicators.mirr.labelLong), labelFull: _getIt(nbText.indicators.mirr.labelFull), info: { what: _getIt(nbText.indicators.mirr.info.what), interpret: _getIt(nbText.indicators.mirr.info.interpret), tell: _getIt(nbText.indicators.mirr.info.tell) }, yFormat: (d) => `${d.toFixed(1)}%` }, { key: "npv", columnName: "npv", label: _getIt(nbText.indicators.npv.label), tooltip: _getIt(nbText.indicators.npv.tooltip), labelLong: _getIt(nbText.indicators.npv.labelLong), labelFull: _getIt(nbText.indicators.npv.labelFull), info: { what: _getIt(nbText.indicators.npv.info.what), interpret: _getIt(nbText.indicators.npv.info.interpret), tell: _getIt(nbText.indicators.npv.info.tell) }, yFormat: (d) => formatCurrencyAuto(d, 1) }, { key: "bcr", columnName: "discounted_bcr", label: _getIt(nbText.indicators.bcr.label), tooltip: _getIt(nbText.indicators.bcr.tooltip), labelLong: _getIt(nbText.indicators.bcr.labelLong), labelFull: _getIt(nbText.indicators.bcr.labelFull), info: { what: _getIt(nbText.indicators.bcr.info.what), interpret: _getIt(nbText.indicators.bcr.info.interpret), tell: _getIt(nbText.indicators.bcr.info.tell) }, yFormat: d3.format(".2f") } ]; }57:T42c,// options for input inputOptions_projectCost = { // Default value: $50,000,000 USD = ETB equivalent const defaultUsdValue = 50_000_000; const defaultEtbValue = Math.round(defaultUsdValue * usdToEtbExchangeRate); const defaultEtbFormatted = defaultEtbValue.toLocaleString(); // Example value: $5,000,000 USD = ETB equivalent const exampleUsdValue = 5_000_000; const exampleEtbValue = Math.round(exampleUsdValue * usdToEtbExchangeRate); const exampleEtbFormatted = exampleEtbValue.toLocaleString(); return { range: [1e6, 5e8], label: _lang(nbText.projectSetup.blocks.costs.inputs.costInput.label), tooltip: _lang(nbText.projectSetup.blocks.costs.inputs.costInput.tooltip), step: 1e5, value: 50_000_000, // Keep USD value for internal calculations format: d3.format('$.3s'), outputWidth: 90, placeholder: `Ex. ETB${exampleEtbFormatted}`, pattern: "^(ETB|etb)?\\s*[1-9][0-9,]*$", // Allow optional ETB prefix (case-insensitive) followed by numbers with commas valueString: `ETB${defaultEtbFormatted}` } } 58:Tae8,{ const text = `### v1.1.0: Support feedback - #37: update data to 'roi_data_v2.parquet' from bucket. Updated dataset source text and methods citations. - #83: excluded 'Sudan' admin region (filtered out from country dropdown) ### v0.6.1: Project Cost text box ### v1.0.0: adding language conversion - language toggle ### v0.6.1: Project Cost text box - Use text box as input for project cost - Typing in options, ignore $/, then parse as number - Have cutoff in wrangling to return if cost is zero ### v0.6: Checking calculations, rejigger cashflows - Cashflow should be calculated using current year cost, not cumulative - Note: data for admin0 is the sum of the individual admin1's ### v0.5 - naming some cells for embeds - adding first pass of methods and sources ### Outstanding notes - lingering multi-select boxes - Incorporating "additional benefit" of CIS climate impacts (compared to CIS being zero) with the big numbers - External connection to Risk data ### v0.4.1: updating CIS impact values (2024-03-22) - uses 0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 for climate reduction percentages ### v0.4 Fork: Tooltips and more - Adding text explaining the indicators - Adding tooltips to explain choices - Consolidate chart: remove time horizon - Wording/defaults for dropdowns 2024-03-19 - Add tooltips to selectors - Move CIS impact up as control value - Use methods and sources as title for reference - Project years uses a dropdown - Update section names - organization - title-case - Add Pete's info about terms and understanding - Updated defaults for dropdowns - Add indicator info - explain terms - dynamic text based on chart indicator - Chopping block - timeseries with separate curves 2024-03-20 - Remove time horizon - Removed input - Chart restricted to project span only - Update wording for CIS control - Add tooltips to number cards ### v0.2: Tighten up organization (2024-03-11) - Tightened up investment summary - Formatted crop names in dropdown ### v0.1: start organizing, multi-select 2024-03-08 Admin - Simplify notebook title - Cull chopping block: test plots and financial values calculations - Remove internal understanding under appendix Multi-select crop and region - external multi-select, define region table; crop multi Adopting organization from spec sheet - Sections and walkthrough of choices Applying styling - Default styling to true - Horizontal a bunch of inputs - Styling results, boxy Merge in v0.1.1: CSS updates and multi-select massaging `; const newestVersion = text.split('###') .filter(d => d) .map(d => d.trim()) ?.[0] .split('\n') ?.[0] return makeDevNotes({ text: md`${text}`, title: newestVersion ?? "Dev notes", emojis: "🪵✏️" }) }59:T68e, // Standalone formatCurrencyToBirr function for this notebook (no default year) formatCurrencyToBirr = { return function formatCurrencyToBirr(dollarValue, options = {}) { const { year = null, // No default year for this notebook includeYear = year !== null, // Whether to include year prefix (auto-set based on year param) includeCurrency = true, // Whether to include "ETB" prefix locale = language?.locale || "en-US" } = options; if (dollarValue === null || dollarValue === undefined || isNaN(dollarValue)) { return options.missingValue || "---"; } const birrValue = dollarValue * usdToEtbExchangeRate; let birrOutput; let newMagnitudeLabel = ''; // Determine the new magnitude based on the converted value if (birrValue >= 1000000000000) { newMagnitudeLabel = 'T'; // Trillion birrOutput = (birrValue / 1000000000000).toFixed(1); } else if (birrValue >= 1000000000) { newMagnitudeLabel = 'B'; // Billion birrOutput = (birrValue / 1000000000).toFixed(1); } else if (birrValue >= 1000000) { newMagnitudeLabel = 'M'; // Million birrOutput = (birrValue / 1000000).toFixed(1); } else { birrOutput = Math.round(birrValue).toLocaleString(locale); } // Construct the final string let result = ''; if (includeYear && year !== null && year !== undefined) { result += `${year} `; } if (includeCurrency) { result += 'ETB'; } result += birrOutput + newMagnitudeLabel; return result; }; 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${_lang(nbText.summary.h1)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2178,"value":"md`${_lang(nbText.summary.blocks.block1)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2177,"value":"{\n const npv_rate = options_econPerfWalkthroughAdvanced.discount_rate.label;\n const farm_bcr = options_econPerfWalkthroughAdvanced.bcr;\n const methods_title = methodsTitle;\n \n const template = _lang(nbText.summary.blocks.block2)\n const templateItems = [\n {name: \"npvDisountRate\", value: npv_rate},\n {name: \"farmBcr\", value: farm_bcr},\n {name: \"methodsSourcesTitle\", value: methods_title},\n ]\n const formatted = Lang.reduceReplaceTemplateItems(template, templateItems)\n return md`${formatted}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2176,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methods.h1)\n return md`# ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2175,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methods.intro)\n return md` ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2174,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methods.section1.h2)\n return md`## ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2173,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methods.section1.subsections)\n return md` ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2172,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methods.section2.h2)\n return md`## ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2171,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methods.section2.intro)\n return md` ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2170,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methods.section2.subsection1.h3)\n return md`### ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2169,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methods.section2.subsection1.subsection)\n return md` ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2168,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methods.section2.subsection2.h3)\n return md`### ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2167,"value":"{\n const text = _lang(nbText.methods.section2.subsection2.subsections)\n return md` ${text}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1769,"value":"

","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":40,"value":"***\n# Appendix\nThis large section includes all the cells that power the notebook.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":286,"value":"toc()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":228,"value":"---\n## Work by Topic\n*Cells that power different sections*","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":229,"value":"---\n### Notebook Variables\n_Main variables across notebook_","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":244,"value":"// main title of the notebook\nnotebookTitle = \"Estimate Economic Returns on Adaptation\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1944,"value":"// methods section, used for any references\nmethodsTitle = \"Methods & Sources\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2165,"value":"// format number, short notation\nformatNumCompactShort = ({ locale = \"en-US\" } = {}) =>\n new Intl.NumberFormat(locale, {\n notation: \"compact\",\n compactDisplay: \"short\"\n }).format","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2164,"value":"function formatUSD({ locale = \"en-US\" } = {}) {\n const formatter = formatNumCompactShort({ locale });\n\n return (number) => {\n const formattedNum = formatter(number)\n return \"$\" + formattedNum;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2163,"value":"**Language and notebook text**","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2162,"value":"import { Lang } from \"7d46679f7d0d917e\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2161,"value":"Lang","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2160,"value":"languages = [\n { key: \"en\", label: \"English\", locale: 'en-US' },\n { key: \"am\", label: \"አማርኛ\", locale: 'am-ET' },\n {key: \"or\", label: \"Afaan Oromoo\", locale: 'or-ET'},\n {key: \"ti\", label: \"ትግርኛ\", locale: 'ti-ET'},\n {key: \"so\", label: \"Soomaali\", locale: 'so-ET'},\n {key: \"af\", label: \"Qafar af\", locale: 'af-ET'}\n]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2159,"value":"// get the default language key from parameter, or use default\ndefaultLangKey = {\n const name = \"lang\";\n const list = languages.map((d) => d.key);\n const defaultKey = \"en\";\n\n const queryParam = await Lang.getParamFromList({ name, list });\n\n return queryParam ?? defaultKey;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2158,"value":"// main toggle of language key\nviewof language = Inputs.radio(languages, {\n label: \"Main language toggle\",\n format: (d) => d.key,\n value: languages.find((x) => x.key === defaultLangKey),\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2157,"value":"// helper shorthand for Lang text-getting\n_lang = Lang.lg(language.key)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2337,"value":"$4d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2341,"value":"$4e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2347,"value":"$4f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2371,"value":"$50","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2350,"value":"$51","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2156,"value":"$52","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2155,"value":"// data translation values\ntd = {\n let data = await FileAttachment(\"translation_v2-1 (2)-1 (1).json\").json();\n\n return data\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":248,"value":"---\n### Notebook Styling\n*styling helpers*\nStylesheet is a named cell, which is necessary to include for embeds.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":251,"value":"viewof toggleCustomStyling = Inputs.toggle({label: \"Use custom styling\", value: true})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":253,"value":"$53","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1755,"value":"### Multi-Select Dropdowns\nFor country/region and crops. Use id's to find correct values.\n- detached selectors for layout using html\n- Imported from [external notebook](https://observablehq.com/d/0e35474715ee0c22)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1982,"value":"import {dropdownInput, dropdownCSS} from \"@adaptationatlas/data-spotlight-multi-select\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1981,"value":"dropdownCSSCell = dropdownCSS // include in cell","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1871,"value":"debounceDelay = 500 // ms delay to respond","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1870,"value":"debounce = (delay, input) => {\n class DelayedEvent extends Event {};\n let id;\n input.addEventListener(\"input\", (e) => {\n if(e instanceof DelayedEvent) return;\n e.stopImmediatePropagation();\n clearTimeout(id);\n id = setTimeout(() => input.dispatchEvent(new DelayedEvent(\"input\", {bubbles: true})), delay);\n });\n return input;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1752,"value":"// admin multi-select: countries\nviewof select_country = {\n const removeAccents = (str) => str.normalize(\"NFD\").replace(/[\\u0300-\\u036f]/g, \"\")\n const data = dataAdminCountries\n .map((d) => ({\n value: d.id,\n label: _lang(d.translation)\n }))\n .sort((a, b) => removeAccents(a.label) > removeAccents(b.label));\n const selectedIds = dataAdminCountries\n .filter((d) => [\"Ethiopia\"].includes(d.admin0_name))\n .map((d) => d.id);\n const text = {\n label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.country.plural),\n tooltip: _lang(\n nbText.projectSetup.blocks.locations.inputs.countryDropdown.tooltip\n )\n };\n const input = dropdownInput({\n inputLabel: makeTooltipLabel({\n labelText: text.label,\n tooltipText: text.tooltip\n }),\n inputId: \"positionsTest\",\n placeholderText: \"Select Countries...\",\n options: data,\n selected: selectedIds\n });\n return debounce(debounceDelay, input);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1751,"value":"// admin multi-select: regions\nviewof select_region = {\n // filter regions based on country id's\n const filteredRegions = dataAdminRegions.filter((d) =>\n select_country.includes(d.idAdmin0)\n );\n const translateCountry = (d) => _lang(td.admin0_name.values?.[d]);\n const data = filteredRegions.map((d) => ({\n value: d.id,\n label: `${translateCountry(d.admin0_name)}: ${d.admin1_name}`\n }));\n const selectedIds = filteredRegions.map((d) => d.id);\n const text = {\n label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.region.plural),\n tooltip: _lang(nbText.projectSetup.blocks.locations.inputs.regionDropdown.tooltip),\n }\n const input = dropdownInput({\n inputLabel: makeTooltipLabel({labelText: text.label, tooltipText: text.tooltip}),\n inputId: \"positionsTest\",\n placeholderText: \"Select regions...\",\n options: data,\n selected: selectedIds\n });\n\n return debounce(debounceDelay, input);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1750,"value":"// admin multi-select: countries\nviewof select_crop = {\n const data = dataCrops\n .map((d) => ({\n value: d.id,\n label: Lang.toSentenceCase(_lang(d.translation))\n }))\n .sort((a,b) => a.label > b.label);\n const selectedId = dataCrops\n .filter((d) => [\"bean\", \"goats\", \"maize\"].includes(d.item))\n .map((d) => d.id);\n const text = {\n label: _lang(nbText.supportNbText.words.commodity.plural),\n tooltip: _lang(\n nbText.projectSetup.blocks.locations.inputs.commodityDropdown.tooltip\n )\n };\n const input = dropdownInput({\n inputLabel: makeTooltipLabel({\n labelText: text.label,\n tooltipText: text.tooltip\n }),\n inputId: \"positionsTest\",\n placeholderText: \"Select crops...\",\n options: data,\n selected: selectedId\n });\n\n return debounce(debounceDelay, input);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":258,"value":"### Table of Contents","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":260,"value":"$54","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1939,"value":"### Tooltip labels","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1938,"value":"// make a label for selector\n// html with tooltip on hover\nfunction makeTooltipLabel({\n labelText=\"Dropdown label\",\n tooltipText=\"Tooltip text\"\n}={}) {\n return htl.html`\n ${labelText}\n ${tooltipText}\n`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1937,"value":"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"stylingTooltip","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1749,"value":"***\n### Economic performance walkthrough","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1748,"value":"Advanced values: these values are set to defaults, noted above in the narrative","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1747,"value":"viewof options_econPerfWalkthroughAdvanced = {\n const dataNpvDiscountRate = [\n { label: \"4%\", value: 0.04 },\n { label: \"8%\", value: 0.08 },\n { label: \"12%\", value: 0.12 },\n ];\n const inputNpvDiscountRate = Inputs.select(dataNpvDiscountRate, {\n label: \"NPV Discount Rate\",\n format: (x) => x.label,\n value: dataNpvDiscountRate.find(d => d.value == 0.08)\n });\n return Inputs.form(\n {\n // cis_impact: inputCisImpact,\n discount_rate: inputNpvDiscountRate,\n bcr: Inputs.select([1.62], { label: \"Farm BCR (only 1)\" })\n },\n {\n template: (inputs) =>\n htl.html`

${Object.values(\n inputs\n )}

`\n }\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1746,"value":"walkthroughSelections = {\n return {\n countries: select_country,\n regions: select_region,\n crops: select_crop,\n project_years: selectProjectYears.value,\n project_cost: rangeProjectCost,\n prod_impact: options_econPerfWalkthrough.inputProdImpact.value,\n adoption: options_econPerfWalkthrough.inputAdoption.value,\n cis_impact: options_econPerfWalkthrough.inputCisImpact.value,\n discount_rate: options_econPerfWalkthroughAdvanced.discount_rate.value,\n bcr: options_econPerfWalkthroughAdvanced.bcr,\n // time_horizon: options_econPerfWalkthrough.inputTime.value,\n };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2242,"value":"function npvDiscreteCumulative(values, discountRate) {\n return values.map((_, i) =>\n values\n .slice(0, i + 1)\n .reduce((acc, val, j) => acc + val / Math.pow(1 + discountRate, j), 0)\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2241,"value":"function calcMIRR(cf, financeRate, reinvestRate) {\n const n = cf.length - 1;\n const inflows = cf.map(x => (x > 0 ? x : 0));\n const outflows = cf.map(x => (x < 0 ? x : 0));\n\n const FV_inflows = inflows.reduce(\n (acc, x, i) => acc + x * Math.pow(1 + reinvestRate, n - i),\n 0\n );\n const PV_outflows = outflows.reduce(\n (acc, x, i) => acc + x / Math.pow(1 + financeRate, i),\n 0\n );\n\n if (PV_outflows === 0 || FV_inflows <= 0) return null;\n\n return Math.pow(FV_inflows / Math.abs(PV_outflows), 1 / n) - 1;\n }","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2240,"value":" // === Custom IRR (secant method)\n function calculateIRR(cf, guess = 0.1, maxIterations = 100, tol = 1e-6) {\n const npv = (rate) =>\n cf.reduce((acc, val, i) => acc + val / Math.pow(1 + rate, i), 0);\n\n let r0 = guess;\n let r1 = guess + 0.05;\n\n for (let i = 0; i < maxIterations; i++) {\n const npv0 = npv(r0);\n const npv1 = npv(r1);\n const denom = npv1 - npv0;\n if (Math.abs(denom) < 1e-10) return null;\n const r2 = r1 - npv1 * (r1 - r0) / denom;\n if (Math.abs(r2 - r1) < tol) return r2;\n r0 = r1;\n r1 = r2;\n }\n return null;\n }\n ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2239,"value":"$55","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1932,"value":"---\n### Timeseries chart","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1774,"value":"// base selector for metric type\nviewof pickMetricWalkthrough = {\n return Inputs.select(dataPickMetric, {\n label: _lang(nbText.indicators.general.terms.indicator),\n format: (x) => x.labelFull,\n value: dataPickMetric.find((d) => d.key == \"irr\")\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2238,"value":"function formatCurrencyAuto(value, precision = 1) {\n // Convert USD to ETB and format without currency prefix (for use in charts/axes)\n return formatCurrencyToBirr(value, { year: null, includeCurrency: false });\n}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1929,"value":"$56","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":971,"value":"---\n## Filtering","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":977,"value":"### Define admin and crop selections","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1740,"value":"// all data admin regions (remove country-wide)\n// add id column\ndataAdminCountries = {\n const tidy = T.tidy(\n await db.query(`\nselect distinct admin0_name\n from roi_combined\n where admin1_name is null\n and admin0_name != 'Sudan'\n order by admin0_name\n`),\n T.mutateWithSummary({ id: T.rowNumber() }),\n T.mutate({ id: (d) => String(d.id) }),\n T.select([\"id\", \"admin0_name\"])\n )\n // apostophe fix\n .map((d) => ({ ...d, admin0_name: d.admin0_name.replaceAll(\"’\", \"'\") }));\n\n const translated = tidy.map(d => ({...d, translation: td.admin0_name.values?.[d.admin0_name]}))\n\n return translated\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1739,"value":"/* all data admin regions (remove country-wide)\n- add unique id's\n\nid: full id\nidAdmin0: id of admin 0 (country)\nidAdmin1: id of admin 1 (withing country)\n- use idAdmin1 to connect to countries\n*/\ndataAdminRegions = {\n const regions = await db.query(`\nselect distinct admin0_name\n , admin1_name\n from roi_combined\n where admin1_name is not null\n order by 1, 2\n`);\n return T.tidy(\n regions,\n T.leftJoin(dataAdminCountries, {by: \"admin0_name\"}),\n T.rename({id: 'idAdmin0'}),\n T.groupBy(['admin0_name'], [\n T.mutateWithSummary({idAdmin1: T.rowNumber()}),\n T.mutate({idAdmin1: d => String(d.idAdmin1)})\n ]),\n T.mutate({id: d => `${d.idAdmin0}_${d.idAdmin1}`}),\n T.select([\n 'id',\n 'idAdmin0',\n 'idAdmin1',\n 'admin0_name',\n 'admin1_name'\n ])\n )\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":984,"value":"dataCrops = {\n const data = await db.query(`\nselect distinct crop as item\n from roi_combined\n order by item\n`);\n const tidy = T.tidy(\n data,\n T.mutateWithSummary({ id: T.rowNumber() }),\n T.mutate({ id: (d) => String(d.id) }),\n T.select([\"id\", \"item\"]),\n T.mutate({\n label: d => d.item.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + d.item.slice(1)\n })\n );\n\n const translated = tidy.map(d => ({...d, translation: td.crop.values?.[d.item]}))\n\n return translated\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":234,"value":"---\n## Data\n*Data sources*\n- **ROI Data**: Project benefits for different admin regions and parameters\n - From s3: `risk_prototype/data/roi/roi_data.parquet`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1737,"value":"Note: need extended sql to allow for dynamic inputs to select admin regions","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1736,"value":"import {extendDB, sql, extended} from \"@observablehq/mix-queries-and-arrays-into-sql\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":296,"value":"db = {\n const db = extendDB(await DuckDBClient.of({\n roi: FileAttachment(\"roi_data_v2(1).parquet\"),\n mock_local_roi_data: FileAttachment(\"mock_local_roi_data@1.csv\")\n }));\n \n // Merge mock local data with main roi table\n await db.query(`\n CREATE VIEW roi_combined AS\n SELECT \n admin0_name,\n admin1_name,\n crop,\n adoption,\n prod_impact,\n cis_impact,\n bcr,\n year,\n project_benefit\n FROM roi\n UNION ALL\n SELECT \n admin0_name,\n admin1_name,\n crop,\n CAST(adoption AS DOUBLE) as adoption,\n CAST(prod_impact AS DOUBLE) as prod_impact,\n CAST(cis_impact AS DOUBLE) as cis_impact,\n CAST(bcr AS DOUBLE) as bcr,\n CAST(year AS INTEGER) as year,\n CAST(project_benefit AS DOUBLE) as project_benefit\n FROM mock_local_roi_data\n `);\n \n return db;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1733,"value":"--- \n## Make the data","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1032,"value":"This section calculates the project financial values. We end up with project benefit data, with financial values calculated.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1064,"value":"### Sum across admins and crops","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1729,"value":"We select all the data for admin regions and crops, and sum up to get the benefit across all parameter combos. This is done in a single sql query cell, otherwise a fetch of the data would be too large.\n- Using extended sql to allow for cases where no selections are made. This needs to be done in a sql cell.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1728,"value":"// choices for admin regions and crops from selectors\nadminCropChoices = {\n const crops = dataCrops.filter(d => select_crop.includes(d.id))\n const regions = dataAdminRegions.filter(d => select_region.includes(d.id))\n \n return {\n crops,\n regions\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1727,"value":"with tbl as (\n -- get all the data based on selections\n select *\n from roi_combined\n where ${\n adminCropChoices.crops.length && adminCropChoices.regions.length\n ? sql`admin0_name in (${ adminCropChoices.regions.map(d => d.admin0_name) })\n and admin1_name in (${ adminCropChoices.regions.map(d => d.admin1_name) })\n and crop in (${ adminCropChoices.crops.map(d => d.item) })`\n : sql`FALSE`\n }\n)\n\n-- sum the benefits for admin and crops\nselect adoption\n , prod_impact\n , cis_impact\n , bcr\n , year\n , SUM(project_benefit)::float as project_benefit\n from tbl\n group by adoption\n , prod_impact\n , cis_impact\n , bcr\n , year","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"sql","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"recipe_dataSummed","database":"var:db"},{"id":1039,"value":"### Define project payment schedule\nBelow we define the project cost schedule\n- Cost is evenly distributed across years (\n - Ex. 1M over 5 years is 200K, 400K, 600K, 800K, 1M; the first year has no project benefit ($200K, 0 benefit)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1436,"value":"$57","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1864,"value":"// options for input\ninputOptions_projectYears = {\n const label = _lang(\n nbText.projectSetup.blocks.costs.inputs.projectYearDropdown.label,\n \n );\n const tooltip = _lang(\n nbText.projectSetup.blocks.costs.inputs.projectYearDropdown.tooltip,\n \n );\n const year = {\n singular: _lang(\n nbText.projectSetup.blocks.costs.inputs.projectYearDropdown.terms.year.singular,\n \n ),\n plural: _lang(\n nbText.projectSetup.blocks.costs.inputs.projectYearDropdown.terms.year.plural,\n \n )\n }\n return {\n range: [2, 16],\n data: d3\n .range(2, 16 + 1, 1)\n .map((d) => ({ label: `${d} ${year.plural}`, value: d })),\n label,\n tooltip,\n step: 1,\n value: 8,\n outputWidth: 90\n };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2104,"value":"// text input, defining project cost\nviewof textProjectCost = Inputs.text({\n label: makeTooltipLabel({\n labelText: inputOptions_projectCost.label,\n tooltipText: inputOptions_projectCost.tooltip\n }),\n pattern: inputOptions_projectCost.pattern,\n placeholder: inputOptions_projectCost.placeholder,\n value: inputOptions_projectCost.valueString\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2103,"value":"// format project cost text as a number\nrangeProjectCost = {\n // Remove ETB prefix, commas, and spaces, then convert to number\n let cleaned = textProjectCost.replace(/[ETB,etb,$,\\s]/g, \"\");\n const etbValue = Number(cleaned);\n \n if (isNaN(etbValue) || etbValue <= 0) {\n return 0;\n }\n \n // Convert ETB back to USD for internal calculations (data is in USD)\n const usdValue = etbValue / usdToEtbExchangeRate;\n return usdValue;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1925,"value":"viewof selectProjectYears = {\n return Inputs.select(inputOptions_projectYears.data, {\n label: makeTooltipLabel({\n labelText: inputOptions_projectYears.label,\n tooltipText: inputOptions_projectYears.tooltip\n }),\n format: x => x.label,\n value: inputOptions_projectYears.data.find(x => x.value == inputOptions_projectYears.value)\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1057,"value":"// make payment schedule\nrecipe_paymentSchedule = Array.from({length: selectProjectYears.value}).map((_, i) => {\n return {\n year: i,\n cost: (1 / selectProjectYears.value) * rangeProjectCost,\n cost_cum: ((i + 1) / selectProjectYears.value) * rangeProjectCost\n }\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1067,"value":"#### Add project scope to data\n- Add a zero year at the start (the return rate is hardcoded to one year)\n- Also if the project cost is zero, return an empty array","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1072,"value":"recipe_dataCashflow = {\n if (rangeProjectCost == 0) return []\n const data = T.tidy(\n recipe_dataSummed,\n // I want to add a zero year with no benefit to each combo\n T.groupBy(\n [\"adoption\", \"prod_impact\", \"cis_impact\", \"bcr\"],\n [T.addRows({ year: 0, project_benefit: 0 }), T.arrange(\"year\")]\n ),\n // add payment schedule\n T.leftJoin(recipe_paymentSchedule, { by: [\"year\"] }),\n // set cost to zero for later years\n T.replaceNully({ cost: 0 }),\n // set cumulative cost to total cost for later years\n T.replaceNully({ cost_cum: rangeProjectCost }),\n // find cashflow\n T.mutate({\n cashflow: (d) => d.project_benefit - d.cost\n })\n );\n return data\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1292,"value":"#### Add discount rates\nDuplicate the data for each discount rate (added parameter)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1307,"value":"recipe_discountRates = [0.04, 0.08, 0.12]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1304,"value":"recipe_dataCashflowAndDiscountRate = {\n const joinData = recipe_discountRates.map((d) => {return {discount_rate: d}})\n return T.tidy(\n recipe_dataCashflow, \n T.leftJoin(joinData),\n T.select(['adoption', 'prod_impact', 'cis_impact', 'bcr', 'discount_rate', 'year', T.everything()]),\n T.arrange(['adoption', 'prod_impact', 'cis_impact', 'bcr', 'discount_rate', 'year', T.everything()])\n );\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1100,"value":"#### Calculate values","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1319,"value":"recipe_dataFinancialValues = T.tidy(\n recipe_dataCashflowAndDiscountRate,\n T.groupBy(['adoption', 'prod_impact', 'cis_impact', 'bcr', 'discount_rate'], [\n T.mutate({\n cashflowArray: (d, i, arr) => arr.map(x => x.cashflow).slice(0, i + 1),\n proj_irr: (d) => irrnpv.irr(d.cashflowArray),\n proj_npv: (d) => irrnpv.npv(d.cashflowArray, d.discount_rate),\n proj_bcr: (d) => d.proj_npv / d.cost_cum\n })\n ])\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1326,"value":"At this point, following the recipe, we have the timeseries for all combinations of parameters, with financial values calculated. Specifically:\n- adoption\n- prod_impact\n- cis_impact\n- bcr\n- discount_rate\n\nAcross:\n- year\n\nData:\n- project_benifit\n- cost and cashflow\n- Project IRR\n- Project NPV\n- Project BCR","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1330,"value":"We can apply this to a variable for working with it:","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1331,"value":"dataFinanceSelectedAdminCrop = recipe_dataFinancialValues","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1861,"value":"## Format ranges","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1860,"value":"function replaceOutput({input, format=d=>d, outputWidth=100}={}) {\n // local scope\n const output = htl.html``;\n input.number.replaceWith(output);\n const update = () => (output.value = format(input.value));\n input.addEventListener(\"input\", update);\n update();\n\n return input\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1859,"value":"function forceEvent(input) {\n return Object.defineProperty(htl.html`

${input}`, \"value\", {\n get: () => input.value,\n set: (v) => {\n input.value = v;\n input.dispatchEvent(new Event(\"input\"));\n }\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":238,"value":"***\n## Imports\n*External imports*\n- **irr-npv**: for calculations of irr and npv ([source](https://www.npmjs.com/package/irr-npv))\n- **yamultiselect**: for multi-select admin regions and crops ([source](https://observablehq.com/@saneef/yet-another-multi-select))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":101,"value":"irrnpv = import('https://cdn.skypack.dev/irr-npv@1.0.1?min')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":180,"value":"import {toc} from \"@nebrius/indented-toc\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":35,"value":"import {T} from \"@pbeshai/tidyjs\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1704,"value":"---\n## Other","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":263,"value":"---\n### Dev notes\nHelper to include dev notes, but keep them out of sight","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":265,"value":"function makeDevNotes({\n // adding dev notes as a html summary (collapsible)\n title = \"Plot dev notes\",\n emojis = \"👆🛠\",\n text = md`Update this text using the \\`text\\` field.`\n} = {}) {\n return htl.html`

${title} ${emojis}

${text}