2d:null 2e:["$","title",null,{"children":"Assignment 8: Art & Probability II | KarlieDoesNotExist | Observable"}] 33:T6c3,md` ### [A Beginner’s Guide to Neural](https://towardsdatascience.com/a-beginners-guide-to-neural-networks-b6be0d442fa4) perceptron, linear combination and the threshold... ### [Sentiment: A Lab Notebook](https://www.tentacularmag.com/issue-4a/kyle-booten) The example of adapting poems via algorithmic guidance to maximize emotional oscillation is very interesting. In this model, a method is defined: a poem's emotional oscillation score is equal to the sum of the absolute values of the differences between the sentiment scores of all pairs of adjacent sentences. So the first question would be what criteria was taken to evaluate the sentiment score of a sentence. I mean, of course, the machine recognises the words with strong emotional tendencies and calculate the counts. However, in our natural language, the emotion of a sentence is not necessarily the same as the collection of words used in this sentence (even though for most of the time, they're the same). The algorithm currently might not be able to distinguish sarcasm or irony, or when the emotion is implicitly delivered through seemingly natural words. However, as another method of distant reading, this algorithm is very useful for, say, analyzing the emotional changing curve of a passage, and it will be more interesting when combined with data visualization or a large database. ### [A Long History of Generated Poetics: cutups from Dickinson to Melitzah](https://everestpipkin.medium.com/a-long-history-of-generated-poetics-cutups-from-dickinson-to-melitzah-fce498083233) Generative text itself doesn't really make sense. But working with generative text means endless reading. So the creative act here is in both the reader and the writer/creator. `34:T4e5,md`
## CODE ### So you want to write a science-fiction without writing a single word?
Academic articles on science are generally regarded as logical, rational, serious and precise, while fictions that are emotional, poetic (perhaps?), descriptive and creative are more preferable most of the time. However, science fictions often lay somewhere between - the overlapped area between science and literature. So why not have an experiment on combining the texts from the two extremes?

Let's say, the dialogue starts with a very common description of the weather: *"It was a bright cold day in April..."* but at some point jumps to an academic theory that we are completely unfamiliar with. The content is constantly jumping back and forth between the two, but since they are generated in the way of the Markov chain, the transition might be imperceptible and smooth. ### How? - **1. Find at least two pieces of text: one is about science, the other one is a work of literature.** In the following example, I chose: *A Brief History of Time* by Stephen Hawking, and *1984* by George Orwell. (And one for backup: *A Tale of Two Cities* by Charles Dicken.) - **2. Make sure the pieces are about the same length. If not, trim them! ** `35:T5ee,md`
## What is this and how did I make...? Part personal diary, part wide-spreading [news](https://www.who.int/news), makes up the majority of the text in this work. While people are so focused on the "human side" (the cases, personal health, the daily life during pandemic...) of this pandemic, they inevitably lose sight of the environmental consequences brought by. This work attempts to call attention to the worldwide ecological problems, especially marine pollution.
Each paragraph of text contains: - Time and weather - [sentence A:] A sentence from the "diary". *(Or in a diary-style, so to say.)* - [sentence B:] A sentence generated by the markov chain, derived from the news and papers, starting with the same words of sentence A *(occasionally appears)*. When the mouse is hovering on one word, it will gradually change to another word. This new word is either one of those: "plastic bag/plastic bag/straw/mask", but it has been translated into another world's major language. These items come from this [paper](https://oceansasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Marine-Plastic-Pollution-FINAL.pdf), in which they listed up the top 10 objects collected from the marine. Ah right, I found [this free translator](https://smodin.me/translate-one-text-into-multiple-languages) that allows you to translate one text into multiple languages, and download the JSON file at once, all translations contained. `36:T737,function generateText(wordCount) { let sentence = ""; let path = []; // track the last N words let current = model; for (let j = 0; j < wordCount; ) { let totalCount = 0; if (Object.keys(current.children).length != 0) { //if current node is not at the bottom (it has at least one child) for (let w in current.children) { totalCount += current.children[w].count; } let dice = Math.random() * totalCount; let p = 0; for (let w in current.children) { let crtWord = current.children[w].word; // pick the next word if (dice >= p && dice < p + current.children[w].count) { if (sentence == "") { if (properStartWord(current.children[w].word)) { sentence += crtWord.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + crtWord.slice(1); //if a noun/adj/adv... is picked as the starting word, capitalize it } else { break; //if a verb/prep/... is picked as the starting word, pick a new word again } } else { sentence += " " + crtWord; } path.push(crtWord); j++; //if a word is added, increase the iteration index current = current.children[w]; break; } else { p += current.children[w].count; } } } else { // reach to the bottom: start over from the root current = model; path.shift(); // delete the first item in path[]; for (let i = 0; i < path.length; i++) { current = current.children[path[i]]; } } console.log(path); } //add a proper punctuation at the end if (!isEndingPunct(sentence)) { if (RiTa.isPunct(sentence.slice(-1))) { sentence = sentence.slice(0, -1) + "."; } else { sentence += "."; } } return sentence; }37:[{"id":"ebc3082576655e1246c804b5fac3fd0137fde9953fedd920b1deb1e3ef3c285edbdfaad6aa6c91b9ab3fffbcb74bf73f1bc56bac88d32b8bd421dfc914379472","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/ebc3082576655e1246c804b5fac3fd0137fde9953fedd920b1deb1e3ef3c285edbdfaad6aa6c91b9ab3fffbcb74bf73f1bc56bac88d32b8bd421dfc914379472","name":"1984@1.txt","type":"text/plain","lastModified":1615818478307.759,"size":67796},{"id":"add27b501e0052c09dba2331f8028e28325dd5278179666b6e5fb204a64f4bea5a7d4582732915ac94a19343b3d9ae3a1c00ce6449e08397fbfba4f7177b34e3","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/add27b501e0052c09dba2331f8028e28325dd5278179666b6e5fb204a64f4bea5a7d4582732915ac94a19343b3d9ae3a1c00ce6449e08397fbfba4f7177b34e3","name":"A_Brief_History_of_Time@8.txt","type":"text/plain","lastModified":1615818649431.938,"size":83923},{"id":"4ffe1c11a675d55fdefa551846722074425f9e05d9413fe17948b8c1dfd271b89ac7e63e047372e62b6d0a438173e960e59b53b7d3ddf19649036feaa9cc5f06","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/4ffe1c11a675d55fdefa551846722074425f9e05d9413fe17948b8c1dfd271b89ac7e63e047372e62b6d0a438173e960e59b53b7d3ddf19649036feaa9cc5f06","name":"A_Tale_of_Two_Cities@7.txt","type":"text/plain","lastModified":1615818649342.171,"size":51127}] 31:{"id":"a610db19cd357e0a","slug":"assignment-8-art-probability-ii","title":"Assignment 8: Art & Probability II","thumbnail":"e0f0a01fe255ed6bba7d9e27494dae7404f8b3550187173f87f0bfcc55cace5a","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2021-03-14T06:13:33.347Z","update_time":"$D2021-03-18T03:01:38.925Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2021-03-18T03:01:51.598Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":{"id":"6fadc4e47cce69d0","slug":"n-gram-exercise","title":"Word-level n-gram (model-only)","owner":{"id":"7d112ba7925a6c02","login":"scm","name":"SCM Software Art Studio"}},"stars":1,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"b34c988451399e98","login":"wenrazhao2","name":"KarlieDoesNotExist","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/64edd542e55cff350a7503e5050267fb1768e8cc5052184b8a8cb49162d172f3","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":998,"publish_version":998,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"302ba7635bb9b25d","login":"wenrazhao2","name":"KarlieDoesNotExist","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/64edd542e55cff350a7503e5050267fb1768e8cc5052184b8a8cb49162d172f3","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"302ba7635bb9b25d","login":"wenrazhao2","name":"KarlieDoesNotExist","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/64edd542e55cff350a7503e5050267fb1768e8cc5052184b8a8cb49162d172f3","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":1,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"Assignment 8: Art & Probability II","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`# Assignment 8: Art & Probability II\n ***16th Mar, 2021*** \n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":760,"value":"md`\n## READ\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":975,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":261,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":459,"value":"{\n return col2(text2.substring(0, 424) + \"...\", text3.substring(0, 429) + \"...\");\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":745,"value":"md`\n
\n- **3. Set a proper number. (2-4 recommended) **\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":274,"value":"N = 3","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":775,"value":"md`\n
\n- **4. Give names to your protagonists. **\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":786,"value":"viewof name1 = text({\n title: \"protagonist's name #1\",\n value: \"Winston Smith\",\n placeholder: \"You may also leave it blank\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":808,"value":"name1","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":798,"value":"viewof name2 = text({\n title: \"protagonist's name #2\",\n placeholder: \"You may also leave it blank\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":824,"value":"viewof name3 = text({\n title: \"protagonist's name #3\",\n placeholder: \"You may also leave it blank\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":175,"value":"viewof input = slider({\n min: 20,\n max: 1000,\n step: 1,\n value: 200,\n title: \"

5. How long text do you want to generate?\"\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":844,"value":"md`\n
\n*It may seem unreasonable but... sci-fi doesn't need to be rational :)*\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":134,"value":"{\n let el = html`\n\n\n\n

${newText}

`;\n el.onclick = () => (mutable newText = generateText(input));\n return el;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":830,"value":"md`\n
\n## CREATE\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":867,"value":"md`\n[Click to view me in a new tag](https://editor.p5js.org/Karlieee/embed/7B1XoYtBu)\n\n**Full screen recommended**\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":876,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":930,"value":"md`\n
\n## Further improvement...?\n\n- I'm pretty aware of that the content of the text still needs to be polished...but how? *(And I'm not sure whether it's a good idea to translate the words into different languages.)*\n

\n\n- *original poem + texts from relative sources -> markov = new poem*\n- *news - filter out some words - sort by freq - a new poem*\n- *words from somewhere (perhaps news/novels?) - rita rephrase - new poem*\n\n\n- The layout of the text...since I found it very difficult to make it seem normal as plain text, I decided to make this a feature.😅\n\n- Make it more adaptable when the window is resized.\n\n- I would probably write a html&JS version, instead of P5, as I want all the text to be displayed as plain text, instead of displayed on a canvas.\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":140,"value":"md`---------------\n# Appendix\n
\n### Markov\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":764,"value":"model = {\n // create the root node\n let root = new Node(\"ROOT\");\n\n // loop over each word in the text\n for (let j = 0; j < words.length; j++) {\n // look at each sequence of N items\n let ngram = words.slice(j, j + N);\n\n // start with root as the 'current' node\n let current = root;\n\n // loop over our N tokens\n for (let i = 0; i < ngram.length; i++) {\n let word = ngram[i];\n\n // does 'current' have this word as child already?\n if (!current.children[word]) {\n // if not, then we create it\n current.children[word] = new Node(word);\n }\n\n // now we increment the count for the child\n current.children[word].count++;\n\n // now set the child to be the new 'current'\n current = current.children[word];\n }\n }\n return root;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":435,"value":"mutable newText = generateText(input)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":593,"value":"function isEndingPunct(text) {\n let exp = /^.*[.?!\"]$/;\n if (text.match(exp)) {\n return true;\n } else {\n return false;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":421,"value":"function fetchWords(text) {\n let raw = RiTa.tokenize(text);\n let word = [];\n let punct = /[.,?!\":;]/;\n let index = 0;\n\n for (var i = 0; i < raw.length; i++) {\n if (raw[i].match(punct)) {\n word[index - 1] += raw[i];\n } else if (raw[i] == \"\\r\" || raw[i] == \"\\n\") {\n continue;\n } else {\n word[index] = raw[i];\n index++;\n }\n }\n\n return word;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":427,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":690,"value":"function properStartWord(word) {\n if (\n (RiTa.isNoun(word) || RiTa.isAdjective(word) || RiTa.isAdverb(word)) &&\n !RiTa.isPunct(word)\n ) {\n return true;\n } else {\n return false;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":441,"value":"class Node {\n constructor(word) {\n this.word = word;\n this.count = 0;\n this.children = {};\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":431,"value":"md`----------------\n### Imports and Loads\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":9,"value":"RiTa = require('rita');","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":172,"value":"import { slider } from \"@jashkenas/inputs\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":788,"value":"import { text } from \"@jashkenas/inputs\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":272,"value":"import { select } from \"@jashkenas/inputs\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":803,"value":"function changeName(w) {\n if (name1 != \"\") {\n for (let i = 0; i < w.length; i++) {\n if (w[i] == \"Winston Smith\" || w[i] == \"Winston\" || w[i] == \"Smith\") {\n w[i] = name1;\n } else if (i == \"Winston's\") {\n w[i] = name1 + \"\\'s\";\n }\n }\n }\n return w;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":814,"value":"words = changeName(rawWords)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":496,"value":"rawWords = words2.concat(words3)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":486,"value":"words1 = fetchWords(text1)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":500,"value":"words2 = fetchWords(text2)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":720,"value":"words3 = fetchWords(text3)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":365,"value":"text1 = FileAttachment(\"A_Tale_of_Two_Cities@7.txt\").text()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":387,"value":"text2 = FileAttachment(\"A_Brief_History_of_Time@8.txt\").text()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":718,"value":"text3 = FileAttachment(\"1984@1.txt\").text()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":452,"value":"md`--------------\n### Style\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":456,"value":"col2 = (item1, item2) => {\n return html`\n \n\n

${item1}

${item2}

`;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W37","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 32:"$31:body"