29:null 2a:["$","title",null,{"children":"Network Centralization | Lao | Observable"}] 2f:T697,viewof set = { let list = [ {label:'nodes', name:'nodes', min:2, max:50, step:1, value:30}, {label:'connections', name:'connect', min:1, max:10, step:1, value:3}, {label:'concentration', name:'concentration', min:0, max:2, step:.01, value:.75}, {label:'cyber-attacks', name:'attack', min:0, max:50, step:1, value:0}, {label:'centralization', name:'central', min:0, max:1, step:.01, value: .25}, ] // generates html table let form = ``; form = html`${form}` //outputs value on input let value , min form.oninput = () => { // prevent impossible number of connections min = Math.min(form.connect_box.valueAsNumber, form.nodes_box.valueAsNumber-1) form.connect_box.value = min form.connect_slide.value = min value = {} for(let i=0; i d.id).distance( 70 ).strength( .1 ) ) .force("x", d3.forceX().strength(.25)) .force("y", d3.forceY().strength(.25)) .on("tick", ticked); let getNode let getLinks function ticked() { node .attr("cx", d => d.x) .attr("cy", d => d.y) link.attr("d", d => drawLink(d3.path(), d.source, d.target)) symbol.attr("x", d => d.x - scale * d.r + 20 * (Math.random() d.y - scale * d.r - 1 + 20 * (Math.random() simulation.stop()); simulation.alphaTarget(.1) return Object.assign(svg.node(), { update({nodes, links}) { // Make a shallow copy to protect against mutation, while // recycling old nodes to preserve position and velocity. const old = new Map(node.data().map(d => [d.id, d])); nodes = nodes.map(d => Object.assign(old.get(d.id) || {}, d)); links = links.map(d => Object.assign({}, d)); getNode = (id) => nodes.find( e => e.id === id ) getLinks = () => links simulation.nodes(nodes); simulation.force("link").links(links); simulation.alpha(.5).restart(); link = link .data(links, d => `${d.source.id}\t${d.target.id}`) .join(enter => enter.append("path") .attr('opacity', 0) .transition().duration(100).ease(d3.easeExpIn) .attr('opacity', 1) ) node = node .data(nodes, d => d.id) .join(enter => enter.append("circle") .attr('id', d => "n_" + d.id) .attr("r", d => d.r) .attr("fill", d => { if( d.functional ){ return color.healthy } else{ return color.sick } }) .call( drag(simulation) ) ) node .attr("fill", d => { if( d.functional ){ return color.healthy } else{ return color.sick } }) .attr("r", d => d.r) symbol = symbol .data(nodes, d => d.id) .join(enter => enter.append("rect") .attr('id', d => "s_" + d.id) .attr("height", d => 2 * scale * d.r) .attr("width", d => 2 * scale * d.r) .attr("fill", d => d.fill) .attr("pointer-events", "none") .raise() .attr('opacity', 0) .transition().duration(100).ease(d3.easeExpIn) .attr('opacity', 1) ) .attr("height", d => 2 * scale * d.r) .attr("width", d => 2 * scale * d.r) .attr("fill", d => d.fill) /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// node .on('mouseover', function(d,event){ d3.select(this) .attr("fill", d => { if( d.functional ){ return color.healthyOver } else{ return color.sickOver } }) .style("filter", "url(#glow)") .raise() d3.select("#s_" + event.id) .raise() .style('filter', 'url(#black)') link .filter(l => l.source.id === event.id || l.target.id === event.id) .attr("stroke", d => { if(event.functional){ if( nodes.find( e => e.id === d.source.id).functional && nodes.find( e => e.id === d.target.id).functional ){ return color.linkOn } else{ return color.linkOff } }else{ return color.linkGlitch } }) .attr("stroke-width", 5) .style("filter", "url(#glow)") .raise() }) .on('mouseout', function(){ node .attr("fill", d => { if( d.functional ){ return color.healthy } else{ return color.sick } }) .style("filter", "none") link .attr("stroke-width", 1.5) .style("filter", "none") symbol.style('filter', 'none') setLink() }) .on('click', function(d,event) { event.functional = event.functional == false d3.select(this) .attr("fill", d => { if( d.functional ){ return color.healthyOver } else{ return color.sickOver } }) setLink() link .filter(l => l.source.id === event.id || l.target.id === event.id) .attr("stroke", d => { if(event.functional){ if( nodes.find( e => e.id === d.source.id).functional && nodes.find( e => e.id === d.target.id).functional ){ return color.linkOn } else{ return color.linkOff } }else{ return color.linkGlitch } }) }) let id function setLink(){ link .attr("stroke", color.linkOn) for( let i=0; i l.source.id === nodes[i].id || l.target.id === nodes[i].id) .attr("stroke", color.linkOff) .lower() } } } } setLink() } }); function drag(simulation) { function dragstarted(event) { if (!event.active) simulation.alphaTarget(0.2).restart(); event.subject.fx = event.subject.x; event.subject.fy = event.subject.y; } function dragged(event) { event.subject.fx = event.x; event.subject.fy = event.y; } function dragended(event) { if (!event.active) simulation.alphaTarget(.1); event.subject.fx = null; event.subject.fy = null; } return d3.drag() .on("start", dragstarted) .on("drag", dragged) .on("end", dragended); } }31:Tba2,function makeGraph(nodes, connect, concentration, central, attacks) { // settings let r1 = 50 let r2 = 25 let s1 = 10 let s2 = .1 let d1 = 15 let d2 = 40 let data = {nodes:[], links:[]} // make nodes in a sunflower distribution const gAngle = Math.PI * (3 - Math.sqrt(5)) const gSection = (1 + Math.sqrt(5))/2 const size = 1 const cx = (size * gSection) / 2; const cy = size / 2; let a, r for(let i=0; i 0 && i===0) ? r1 : r2, fill: (central > 0 && i===0) ? 'url(#fed)' : 'url(#bank)', functional: true, connections: 0 , group: (central > 0 && i===0) ? 0 : 1, label: null }) } // make links let distances for(let i=0; i e.source === 'node'+j && e.target === 'node'+i).length > 0 ) // does connection already exists? }) } } // sort distances descending distances.sort((a,b) => (a.distance > b.distance) ? 1 : ((b.distance > a.distance) ? -1 : 0)) if(i/nodes < central && i != 0){ data.links.push({ source: 'node'+i, target: 'node'+0, }) data.nodes[0].connections +=1 data.nodes[i].connections +=1 } else{ for(let k=0; k element.id === 'node'+distances[k].node).connections +=1 if( i > k){ data.links.push({ source: 'node'+i, target: 'node'+distances[k].node }) } else { data.links.push({ source: 'node'+distances[k].node, target: 'node'+i }) } } } } } // attack with most damage for( let i=0; i< attacks; i++){ data.nodes.sort((a,b) => (a.connections < b.connections) ? 1 : (a.connections > b.connections) ? -1 : 0 ) data.nodes[0].connections = -1 data.nodes[0].functional = false data.nodes[0].label = 'Hacked' // update node connectedness for( let j=0; j element.id === data.links[j].source).connections += -1 } if(data.links[j].source === data.nodes[0].id){ data.nodes.find(element => element.id === data.links[j].target).connections += -1 } } } return data }32:[{"id":"eab3e590971749332e7b3329ecc65be9b4f8e1bc32e11b6aec37f3c3bbe50fe9ce2135a2cb89e46fd649fa01667ecac8dda27b33b2ffe2e876b26d98fc7ec57b","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/eab3e590971749332e7b3329ecc65be9b4f8e1bc32e11b6aec37f3c3bbe50fe9ce2135a2cb89e46fd649fa01667ecac8dda27b33b2ffe2e876b26d98fc7ec57b","name":"cbdc-icon-06.svg","type":"image/svg+xml","lastModified":1674837572865.448,"size":2122},{"id":"a748f8bd6e7986aa9d1839550f88e2314b0809bd969bb3ce51636deabb34e00a575e123109bacbaeed9b77b3fc2837a7dbbf7eb38b9ed3023a369309f1449e2c","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/a748f8bd6e7986aa9d1839550f88e2314b0809bd969bb3ce51636deabb34e00a575e123109bacbaeed9b77b3fc2837a7dbbf7eb38b9ed3023a369309f1449e2c","name":"cbdc-icon-02.svg","type":"image/svg+xml","lastModified":1674837432013.28,"size":901}] 2d:{"id":"be66b69c248cb544","slug":null,"title":"Network Centralization","thumbnail":"35161eaa3c53de1c727ddf8fed85d72555f1242c861bd450bb52065c64cc85b0","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2023-01-27T16:32:04.486Z","update_time":"$D2023-11-29T17:21:18.923Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2023-01-27T17:18:43.690Z","fork":false,"stars":6,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"cf45be0120eccaad","login":"laotzunami","name":"Lao","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/aeddc181df6ca80a347940ba62e17601ac6395e9d2c21142887eca5fd277326a","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":80,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"5da1d0646b8496ac","login":"laotzunami","name":"Lao","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9c14da488e1a68ca1868ed025eb7edcce3d300c8a9f3fbcdae66a3daa9ccca63","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"5da1d0646b8496ac","login":"laotzunami","name":"Lao","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9c14da488e1a68ca1868ed025eb7edcce3d300c8a9f3fbcdae66a3daa9ccca63","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[{"id":"fae803dc955bea7c","reply_to_id":null,"content":"What is the cyber-attacks slider simulating? I expected that it would show me how the level of centralization affects their effectiveness, or other network effects of such attacks, but it appears to \"just\" mark the nr of attacks?","create_time":"$D2023-11-30T12:19:18.958Z","update_time":null,"resolved":true,"user":{"type":"individual","id":"d36034ddfb454bdd","login":"jobleonard","name":"Job van der Zwan","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/808373580aa09723ceabb9cb31d01ea6db287280b59eaa63618e259f5d28dd71","tier":null}},{"id":"3b1e0b80e8716f1f","reply_to_id":"fae803dc955bea7c","content":"Yes, it is just the number of nodes taken down by cyber attacks. It choses the nodes with the most connections to target. The thing to notice is how the network of healthy nodes is effected. With default settings, consider the effects of 4 cyber attacks:\n\ncentralization = 0.0 : only the nodes attacked are effected. All others can work around\ncentralization = 0.5 : the 6 nodes connected to the central are isolated, but the network is still unified.\ncentralization = 0.6 : the network is broken into three isolated groups\ncentralization = 1.0 : All nodes are isolated, the network is completely broken","create_time":"$D2023-12-01T20:09:48.797Z","update_time":null,"resolved":true,"user":{"type":"individual","id":"5da1d0646b8496ac","login":"laotzunami","name":"Lao","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9c14da488e1a68ca1868ed025eb7edcce3d300c8a9f3fbcdae66a3daa9ccca63","tier":null}},{"id":"1195dbb08c503664","reply_to_id":"fae803dc955bea7c","content":"Aaah, I didn't pay attention to the vertices so didn't see the isolated nodes! That makes a lot more sense now. Maybe giving the isolated nodes their own highlight to indicate they are separated would make it more obvious?","create_time":"$D2023-12-03T10:07:26.316Z","update_time":null,"resolved":true,"user":{"type":"individual","id":"d36034ddfb454bdd","login":"jobleonard","name":"Job van der Zwan","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/808373580aa09723ceabb9cb31d01ea6db287280b59eaa63618e259f5d28dd71","tier":null}},{"id":"e1d4c79c5915b398","reply_to_id":"fae803dc955bea7c","content":"That's a great idea! I might have to implement that when I return to this project. Thanks for the suggestion! (^u^)","create_time":"$D2023-12-04T05:07:01.148Z","update_time":null,"resolved":true,"user":{"type":"individual","id":"5da1d0646b8496ac","login":"laotzunami","name":"Lao","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9c14da488e1a68ca1868ed025eb7edcce3d300c8a9f3fbcdae66a3daa9ccca63","tier":null}}],"custom_thumbnail":true,"trashed":false,"subscribed":null,"forks":5,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"Network Centralization","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# Network Centralization","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":7,"value":"$2f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":15,"value":"$30","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":45,"value":"One of the most fundamental differences in networks is the degree of centralization. I first found out about this when learning about the attempt to implement a central bank digital currency in the United States, but it has profound implications to many social systems, like military hierarchies, social networks, and perhaps even types of consciousness. The spectrum of network centralization ranges from centralized, to decentralized and distributed networks. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":43,"value":"## Functions and Assets","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":12,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":24,"value":"update = chart.update(makeGraph(set.nodes, set.connect, set.concentration, set.central, set.attack))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":19,"value":"cbdcIcon02 = FileAttachment(\"cbdc-icon-02.svg\").url()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":17,"value":"cbdcIcon01 = FileAttachment(\"cbdc-icon-06.svg\").url()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"},{"id":10,"value":"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W32","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 2e:"$2d:body"