28:null 29:["$","title",null,{"children":"I: Drawing water (in old maps) | Jack Kausch | Observable"}] 2e:T419,oldMaps_waves = { let waves_html = ``; waves_urls.forEach(function(d, i) { if (waves_data[i]) { waves_html = waves_html.concat( `

$${waves_data[i].title}$

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${waves_html}

`; }2f:T1ae6,waves_data = { let waves_data = d3.csvParse(`title,image_main_link,image_link,link "Map of the World from ‘Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things Existing’, Qazwīnī, Zakarīyā ibn Muḥammad. 944 [1537 or 1538]",,,https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/qazwini_home.html "‘General chart of the integrated world’, 17th/18th Century (disputed)",,,https://www.economist.com/1843/2015/05/21/did-china-discover-america "Early Sebastian Munster woodcut map of Scandinavia, based on the ‘Carta Marina’ of Olaus Magnus, 1539",,,https://antique-maps.lt/product/ca-1550-s-munster-schweden-gothen-norwegien-denmarck/ "‘Kunyu Wanguo Quantu’, Matteo Ricci, 1602",,,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_of_japan_in_ricci_world_map.jpg "‘Nansenbushu Bankoku Shoka No Zu (Outline Map of All Countries of the Universe)’, Rokashi Hotan, 1710",,,"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:1710_First_Japanese_Buddhist_Map_of_the_World_Showing_Europe,_America,_and_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_NansenBushu-hotan-1710.jpg" "1548 Gastaldi Map of the Indian Peninsula",,,"https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/India-gastaldi-1548" "‘Palestine or All the Promised Land’, Abraham Ortelius, 1575/1575",,,"https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/_/FwGpPJcCphMevw" "Complete geographical map of the great Qing Dynasty, Qianren Huang, 1814",,,"https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7820.ct002256/?r=-0.154,-0.137,1.37,0.85,0" "1550 Typus Orbis Universalis",,,"https://nwcartographic.com/products/1550-typus-orbis-universalis?variant=40292927760" "Waghenaer 1585 ‘Maritime chart of Yeu, La Rochelle, Ré, Oléron’",,,"https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/9szbxv/waghenaer_1585_carte_maritime_hollandaise_dyeu_la/" "‘The Fra Mauro map’, Fra Mauro, around 1450",,,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Mauro_map" "1929 reconstruction by Konrad Miller of the map ‘Tabula Rogeriana’ by Al Idrisi, 1154",,,"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg" "‘Iconografica rappresentatione della inclita città di Venezia consacrata al reggio serenissimo dominio veneto’ Giuseppe Baroni á S. Giuliano, [1729?]",,,"https://www.loc.gov/resource/g6714v.ct001653/?r=-0.188,-0.104,1.475,0.915,0" "Map depicting the Exodus from Egypt, unnamed, The National Library of Israel",,,"https://blog.nli.org.il/en/exodus-maps/" "‘Bünting Clover Leaf Map’, Heinrich Bünting, 1581",,,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCnting_Clover_Leaf_Map#/media/File:1581_Bunting_clover_leaf_map.jpg" "‘Carta Catalana’, circa 1450",,,"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1450_%C2%BF_Carta_Catalana_jpeg_copy.jpg" "A map of the ‘Norse lands’ from the Italian edition of Olaus Magnus’ ‘Carta Marina’, 1565",,,"https://apps.lib.umn.edu/bell/map/OLAUS/BOOK/publish.html" "Woodcut map of Exodus, from a Bible published by Richard Harrison (London, 1562)",,,"https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_MAPS_JER002368890/NLI_MAPS_JER?&_gl=1*13dufhc*_ga*ODM0MjE1NTg5LjE2MTI4NzQwNjg.*_ga_8P5PPG5E6Z*MTYxMjg3NDA2OC4xLjEuMTYxMjg3NDMxOC45&_ga=2.20945016.195899468.1612874068-834215589.1612874068#$FL35704919" "Map of Canaan, from ‘Itinerarium Sacre Scipturae’, Helmstadt, Jacobus Lucius, 1585.",,,"http://rosenshinekaufman.blogspot.com/2012/11/blog-post_19.html" "Plan of Paris by Truschet et Hoyau, 1980 facsimile of the original map, c.1553",,,"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_de_Paris_vers_1550_color.jpg" "‘Cosmographia universalis et exactissima juxta postremam neotericorum traditionem...’, Giacomo Gastaldi, 1539-1565 ",,,"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b531793215" "Map of Edo [Tokyo], 1844-1848",,,"http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/edo.html" "Mantova, between 1740 and 1799?",,,https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/scanned-maps/catalog/44-990137759900203941 "Scenic Plan of Lyon, 19th-century facsimile of 16th-Century original version",,,http://www.renlyon.org/Comparison.html "Itinerariu[m] Portugalle[n]siu[m]..., Milan: Johannes Angel Scinzenzeler, 1508",,,https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/CB/itinerarium.htm "Map of China from Mercator’s Atlas of 1606",,,https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/_/4wEZYbV26HZomQ "The Ebstorf Map, Gervase of Ebstorf, 1200s original (1898 reproduction)",,,"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~291124~90062684:Monialium-Ebstorfensium-mappa-mundi" "‘Hispanien nach aller seiner Gelegenheit in bergen / wassern...’, woodcut published in Cosmographia, Sebastian Muenster, 1553",,,https://lovelyantiqueprints.com/products/maps-spain-espana-muenster "‘Americae sive qvartae orbis partis nova et exactissima descriptio’, 1562",,,"https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3290.ct000342/?r=0.307,0.535,0.916,0.422,0" "The Giacomo Gastaldi World Map, 1546",,,"http://cartography.web.auth.gr/Livieratos/fil/Ricci_Map.html" "‘Geographiae opus novissima traductione e Grecorum archetypis castigatissime pressum’, Johannes Schott, 1513",,,"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claudius_Ptolemaeus_-_Geographiae_opus_novissima_traductione_e_Grecorum_archetypis_castigatissime_pressum.jpg" "Zelandia, 1570",,,"https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200m.gct00126/?sp=46&r=0.037,0.153,0.534,0.246,0" "Israel, Middle East and Holy Land (Palestine), Jacob Lucius der Ältere, Woodblock print from Heinrich Bunting's ‘Itinerarum Sacrae Scripturae’ 1582",,,"https://www.catawiki.com/l/23643097-israel-middle-east-and-holy-land-palestine-jacob-lucius-der-altere-beschreibung-des-gelobten-landes-canaan-1581-1600" "Second world map of Bünting's Itinerarium, 1582",,,"https://sanderusmaps.com/our-catalogue/antique-maps/world-and-polar-regions/antique-map-of-world-by-bunting-h-22643" "Eryn. Hiberniae, Brittanicae Insulae, Nova Descriptio. Irlandt. Abraham Ortelius, 1580 or 1589",,,"https://www.vintage-maps.com/en/antique-maps/europe/ireland/ortelius-ireland-1580-or-1589::11897" "Africa Tertia Pars Terræ, Heinrich Bünting, 1581",,,"https://purl.stanford.edu/hw977rt2571" "LJ Waghenaer - North Sea Naval Charter, 1585",,,"https://en.todocoleccion.net/art-cartography/l-j-waghenaer-carta-naval-mar-norte-1585-spieghel-der-zeevaerdt-litografia-vintage-1979-~x122958643" "Jacob Ziegler's map of the north, 1532 or 1536",,,"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Zieglers_nordenkart,_1532_eller_1536.jpg" "The Mosken Maelstrom. Coronelli's 1693 atlas",,,"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~303184~90060752:Voragine-di-Moske-Stroom-;JSESSIONID=8b866323-ef3a-41c0-8171-595faa3c7b60?sort=date" "Carta marina, Hieronymo Quirino, 1539",,,"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carta_Marina.jpeg" `); waves_data.forEach(function(d, i) { waves_data[i].image_link = waves_full_urls[i]; waves_data[i].image_main_link = waves_urls[i]; }); return waves_data; }30:T676,html`

Map of an Englishman - Grayson Perry, 2004

The Island of Bad Art - Grayson Perry, 2013

1650 Fuller Map of Judaea and the Dead Sea

`31:T8ff,dots_data = { let dots_data = d3.csvParse(`title,image_main_link,image_link,link "Il Disegno del discoperto della nova Franza..., Paolo Forlani, 1566",,,"https://exhibits.stanford.edu/ruderman/catalog/dc426xh5720" "[Isolario] Per aprobor questa operata fata per me / Bartolomeo da li Sonetti..., 1485",,,https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55007621n/f74.item.zoom# "Map of Canaan, John Speed, 1651",,,"https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/19421/lot/1037/" "Scotia, Thomaso Porcacchi, 1572",,,"https://maps.nls.uk/view/00000217" "Composite: Tavola 1-60. (Map of the World), Urbano Monte (Monti), 1587",,,"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~303661~90074314:Composite--Tavola-1-60---Map-of-the?qvq=q%3Apub_list_no%3D%2210130.000%22%3Bsort%3APub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No%3Blc%3ARUMSEY%7E8%7E1&sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&mi=0&trs=94" "Tabula Asiae IIII, Copper etching from "Geographia" by Claudio Ptolemy, 1562",,,"https://lovelyantiqueprints.com/products/maps-near-east-holy-land-iraq-iran-saudi-arabia-turkey-armenia-ptolemy" "The world map of Ruysch, 1507-1508",,,"https://www.wikiwand.com/it/Planisfero_di_Ruysch" "Composite: Carte de France, Cesar-Francois Cassini, 1750",,,"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~30613~90030001:-Composite-of--Carte-de-France---Le" "Ein neűe ganz nuzliche chorographische Wegweisung..., Joseph Furttenbach, 1627",,,"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=d308acff91544f90af5f1ebdde50549f" "Islandia, Abraham Ortelius, 1598",,,"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=d308acff91544f90af5f1ebdde50549f" "Nueva Hispania Tabula Nova, Girolamo Ruscelli, 1561 (1598)",,,"https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/66996/nueva-hispania-tabula-nova-third-state-with-many-new-place-ruscelli" "Africae Tabula Nova, Abraham Ortelius, 1603",,,"https://www.vintage-maps.com/en/antique-maps/africa/ortelius-africa-continent-1603::624" "Geografia tavole moderne di geografia, 1575?",,,"https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200m.gct00087/?sp=15&r=0.376,0.242,0.246,0.148,0 " `); dots_data.forEach(function(d, i) { dots_data[i].image_link = dots_full_urls[i]; dots_data[i].image_main_link = dots_urls[i]; }); return dots_data; }32:T4fd,hatching_data = { let hatching_data = d3.csvParse(`title,image_main_link,image_link,link "Waldseemüller map, 1507",,,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldseem%C3%BCller_map" "Kai Ichiran Zu map of Japan, 1806",,,"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg" "John Smith’s Map of Virginia, 1612",,,"https://www.nps.gov/cajo/learn/smith-maps.htm" "British possessions in North America, Aaron Arrowsmith & John Russell, 1809",,,"https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:wd376506q" "Clavdii Ptolomaei Geographicae enarrationis libri octo..., Iohannes Grieningerus, 1525",,,"https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=d308acff91544f90af5f1ebdde50549f " "Cary's New Map of England and Wales (1794) Cumbria",,,"https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/quakers/maps/roadmaps.html " "A Map of the Empire of Morocco Comprehending the Kingdom of Fez, Morocco etc. By Thomas Kitchin, circa 1790",,,"https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/553923.html" "Map of Asia, John Tallis, 1851 circa",,,"https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/59734/asia-tallis" `); hatching_data.forEach(function(d, i) { hatching_data[i].image_link = hatches_full_urls[i]; hatching_data[i].image_main_link = hatches_urls[i]; }); return hatching_data; }33:T896,md`Looking at these images, I think there are a couple of interesting things to say. Firstly, while I'm no expert on this, I suspect the way the map has been made—whether it's hand-painted, printed with woodcut or engraved copper plate etc.— plays an important role in what kinds of graphics are easier to do with that medium. Dots or notches make sense if you're working in woodcut while other kinds of shapes become much more reasonable if you are making the image some other way. An artistic medium comes with its own aesthetic. Christensen makes the point that while waterlines were used in copper plate printing of maps - they were really difficult to engrave well, and the engravers who could do it were specialists and costly. The constraints of image-making technologies, of course, never go away. It's the same drawing using the native graphics technologies of a web browser. There are always some edges for what is possible, or easier, or quicker. On top of this, it's amazing just how diverse the array of textures and patterns are. Interestingly, a couple of maps created in Japan feature cultural motifs like [*seigaiha*, meaning "blue ocean waves" or *nami*](https://olafolsson.com/blogs/blog-1/wagara-traditional-japanese-patterns-and-designs#:~:text=The%20Nami%2C%20or%20wave%2C%20pattern,the%20gods%20of%20the%20sea.&text=In%20Japan%2C%20the%20Seigaiha%20pattern,Japanese%20court%20dance%20called%20Seigaiha.) - [that you find on textiles](https://int.kateigaho.com/articles/tradition/patterns-18/). (@mattdzugan shared a [notebook](https://observablehq.com/@mattdzugan/visualizing-jacob-colliers-moon-river) recently with a viz inspired by [traditional Japanese Wave Illustrations on the Internet Archive](https://mymodernmet.com/japanese-art-wave-illustrations-internet-archive/)). Some of the designs feel like they are stretching against the boundaries of what looks like water (you can get away with a lot by using the colour blue). Some of these look to me like smoke, or hair, or hills, or even [hedges](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b531793215). Where are the boundaries of what looks like water, and where do the graphics start to look like something else?`34:T6e9,style = html` `35:T523,waves_urls = Promise.all( [ FileAttachment("1@2.jpg"), FileAttachment("2@2.png"), FileAttachment("3@2.png"), FileAttachment("4@2.jpg"), FileAttachment("5@1.png"), FileAttachment("6@1.jpg"), FileAttachment("7@1.jpg"), FileAttachment("8@1.png"), FileAttachment("9@1.png"), FileAttachment("10@1.png"), FileAttachment("11@1.png"), FileAttachment("12@1.jpg"), FileAttachment("13@1.png"), FileAttachment("14@1.png"), FileAttachment("15@1.png"), FileAttachment("16@1.png"), FileAttachment("17@1.jpg"), FileAttachment("18@2.jpg"), FileAttachment("19@1.png"), FileAttachment("20@1.png"), FileAttachment("21@1.png"), FileAttachment("22@1.png"), FileAttachment("23@1.png"), FileAttachment("24@1.jpg"), FileAttachment("25@1.png"), FileAttachment("26@1.png"), FileAttachment("27@1.png"), FileAttachment("28@1.png"), FileAttachment("29@1.png"), 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2c:{"id":"c86b7f12ad413892","slug":null,"title":"I: Drawing water (in old maps)","thumbnail":"1d1f3cf25f8388c5f7fa6d096c99a5fca7f1770e4e31650272b5571512332cdc","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2023-03-11T13:41:54.012Z","update_time":"$D2023-03-11T13:41:54.012Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2023-03-11T13:41:54.012Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":{"id":"a30e1bcd9e8ba1f1","slug":"i-drawing-water-in-old-maps","title":"I: Drawing water (in old maps)","owner":{"id":"51a17a9a0cd3fee1","login":"oliviafvane","name":"Olivia Vane"}},"stars":0,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"bb3ac436a9b9d54d","login":"universalcharacter","name":"Jack Kausch","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/a295578e4e158a431c08da58084bb28a5a58eb2c13165ae77e87375a60cb207c","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":4506,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"8c4dffd10a3a2551","login":"universalcharacter","name":"Jack 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maps)`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":368,"value":"FileAttachment('Hockney-water.png').image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":371,"value":"md`^{*Details from a selection of David Hockney's artworks depicting water*}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4345,"value":"md` > *This is collection of 4 notebooks about drawing and animating 'waterlines'—an old technique for showing water in maps—in JavaScript. *\n\n> *The notebooks are a journey creating some historical/viz mash-ups, making some fun images, thinking about graphics and abstraction, and getting inspired by historical materials.*\n\n> *From a technical perspective, they cover using Turf.js to create buffer paths in a web worker (and introducing what this means), overlaying historical imagery from map tiles with waterlines drawn in JS, D3 path transitions + SVG morphing, and creating animation frames using Canvas.* `","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1402,"value":"md`What does water look like? What is its shape? How can you draw it? \n\nFor something so everyday, water is slippery to describe visually. We often think of its shape—waves, ripples, drops—in terms of what it looks like moving. David Hockney has returned again and again to painting water; it's a fascination that has stayed with him through his whole career (those endless swimming pools): \"*[it can be anything – it can be any colour, it's movable, it has no set visual description](https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/hockney-a-bigger-splash-t03254/understanding-david-hockneys-bigger-splash#water)*\".`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1414,"value":"md`Away from art, where else do we need to be able to depict water? In map design. To the obvious response—hang on, isn't water just the blue bit of the map—well often yes, but there are lots of other ways map makers have depicted water, especially when colour is absent. Maps are an interesting case because they represent features symbolically and minimally: it's a test of abstraction.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1437,"value":"md`Albert H J Christensen wrote a paper in *The Cartographic Journal* looking at early western maps and the different ways water is represented ('A reflection on the waterlining technique in relation to the history of map ornamentation', *The Cartographic Journal 45*, no. 1 (2008): pp.68-78). He categorises early designs into waves, dots, hatching and, finally, the technique that became most popular in the nineteenth-century, waterlines— which look like ripples radiating out from the shoreline. This last one is an especially beautiful technique, though one that has fallen out of favour in modern mapping. \n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4267,"value":"FileAttachment(\"Screenshot 2020-12-31 at 14.54.14.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4275,"value":"md`^{Waterlines on a map of [The Isles of Scilly, Ordnance Survey, 1896](https://maps.nls.uk/view/101169311). From National Library of Scotland.}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4270,"value":"md`In the next 3 notebooks, I have some fun experimenting with drawing waterlines in JavaScript, and even animating them so they move like real ripples. \n\nBut before getting on to that, I've collected together a zoo of different ways water has been depicted in historical maps, adding to the ones mentioned in Christensen's paper, and including a few from non-western cartographic traditions too. (When I say 'water' in maps, I mostly mean the sea, though there are some good river examples too. I am aware there can be [subtleties in the different cartographic symbols used for waterbodies](https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/76900/76926/76926_waterftr-sym.htm), but that's not so important here).\n\n**Hover over any of the squares below to see the full map picture and title; they're all linked to where they came from.**\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1547,"value":"md`## Waves`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1552,"value":"md` Who knew there are so many ways you can draw waves. There's everything here from mountains, snaking squiggles, to thick tresses of blue hair (in the [Fra Mauro map from ~1450](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Mauro_map)). `","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3047,"value":"$2e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3636,"value":"$2f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2265,"value":"md`These next two (below left and middle) are not historical examples but the fantastical map imaginings of artist Grayson Perry. They are inspired by 17th Century map designs, pushing the patterns even further. The first of these actually looks very similar to this real 1650 [map](https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/judaea-fuller-1650), shown on the right.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4221,"value":"$30","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1580,"value":"md`## Dots`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3766,"value":"{\n let dots_html = ``;\n\n dots_data.forEach(function(d, i) {\n dots_html = dots_html.concat(\n `

\n \n

\n $\"${dots_data[i].title}\"$ \n\n

${dots_data[i].title}

\n\n

`\n );\n });\n\n return html`\n

\t\t\t\t\t\n

\n${dots_html}\n

\n \n

\n $\"${hatching_data[i].title}\"$ \n\n

${hatching_data[i].title}

\n\n

`\n );\n });\n\n return html`\n

\t\t\t\t\t\n

\n${hatching_html}\n

\n`;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3921,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4005,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1590,"value":"md`## Waterlining`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":7,"value":"md`The technique that rose to the top in western cartography by the 19th Century was waterlining: lines radiating out parallel to the coast or shoreline. [The Ordnance Survey's 1896 map of The Isles of Scilly](https://maps.nls.uk/view/101169311) (South West off the British coast) at One Inch to the Mile has to be one of the most beautiful examples.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2291,"value":"FileAttachment(\"Screenshot 2020-12-31 at 14.53.59@1.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2294,"value":"FileAttachment(\"Screenshot 2020-12-31 at 14.54.14.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4322,"value":"md`^{[The Isles of Scilly, Ordnance Survey, 1896](https://maps.nls.uk/view/101169311). From National Library of Scotland.}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4495,"value":"FileAttachment(\"Screenshot 2021-02-24 at 13.57.56.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4502,"value":"md`^{[Shetland, Ordnance Survey, 1896](https://maps.nls.uk/view/74491101). From National Library of Scotland.}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":31,"value":"md`Or [this stonker of a map](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84391854/f1.item.zoom) showing the spread of Cholera across Europe in 1884 by Louis Carvin. It looks almost like there has been a earthquake, or that the land masses are standing out in relief above the water.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":20,"value":"FileAttachment('Screenshot 2020-05-23 at 14.51.33.png').image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":25,"value":"FileAttachment('Screenshot 2020-05-23 at 14.51.48.png').image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2303,"value":"md`^{[Le Choléra, 1884. Carte du choléra en Europe / dressée par L. Carvin.](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84391854/f1.item.zoom) From Bibliotheque Nationale de France.}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1069,"value":"md`Daniel Huffman writes about why waterlines are such a good device in map design and that it's a shame we rarely see waterlines in modern maps (Huffman, D.P., 2010. On waterlines: arguments for their Employment, Advice on their Generation. *Cartographic Perspectives*, (66), pp.24-5.). Just like the wealth of designs of waves, dots and hatching, waterlines have a diversity of styles too: have a look at [these wavey waterlines]((https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D._1836._%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99._%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%94_1883.jpg)):`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3462,"value":"FileAttachment(\"Screenshot 2021-01-25 at 16.51.02.png\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3468,"value":"md`^{[אהרן בן חיים. 1836. מפת גבולי ארץ הצבי. ורשה 1883](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D._1836._%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99._%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%94_1883.jpg)\n}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4365,"value":"md`In [the next notebook](https://observablehq.com/@oliviafvane/ii-drawing-waterlines-on-maps?collection=@oliviafvane/watermarks), I explore drawing waterlines in JavaScript.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3512,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3011,"value":"md`---\n## Images`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3737,"value":"md`#### Waves`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3388,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3704,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3741,"value":"md`#### Dots`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3553,"value":"dots_urls = Promise.all(\n [\n FileAttachment(\"d1@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d2@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d3@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d4@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d5@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d6@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d7@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d8@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d9@1.jpg\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d10@1.jpg\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d11@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d12@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d13.png\")\n ].map(file => file.url())\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3758,"value":"dots_full_urls = Promise.all(\n [\n FileAttachment(\"d1b.jpg\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d2b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d3b.jpg\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d4b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d5b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d6b.jpg\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d7b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d8b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d9b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d10b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d11b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d12b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"d13b.png\")\n ].map(file => file.url())\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3744,"value":"md`#### Hatching`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4439,"value":"hatches_urls = Promise.all(\n [\n FileAttachment(\"h1@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h2@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h3@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h4@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h5@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h6@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h7@1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h8@2.png\")\n ].map(file => file.url())\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3805,"value":"hatches_full_urls = Promise.all(\n [\n FileAttachment(\"h1b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h2b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h3b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h4b.jpg\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h5b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h6b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h7b.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"h8b.png\")\n ].map(file => file.url())\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4205,"value":"md`#### Grayson Perry`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":4218,"value":"perry_urls = Promise.all(\n [\n FileAttachment(\"Perry1.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"Perry2.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"Perry1b.jpg\"),\n FileAttachment(\"Perry2b.jpeg\"),\n FileAttachment(\"Perry3.png\"),\n FileAttachment(\"Perry3b@1.jpg\")\n ].map(file => file.url())\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":3306,"value":"d3 = require('d3-dsv')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W37","stdlib":"1"}} 2d:"$2c:body"