25:["$","title",null,{"children":"Sugar and Terror: The Thibodaux Massacre and the Political Economy of Violence v1 | Digital History: Labor and Violence | Observable"}] 49:T64a,// Cell 2: Thibodaux Timeline html`

Thibodaux Massacre Timeline

${strikeData.filter(d => d.strike === "Thibodaux").map(d => { const size = Math.max(12, Math.sqrt(d.casualties + 1) * 3); return `

${d.date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', { month: 'short', day: 'numeric', year: 'numeric' })}

${d.event}

${d.description}

Violence: ${d.violence}/5 | Casualties: ${d.casualties}

`; }).join('')}

`4a:T443,// Cell 4: Strike Patterns Analysis html`

Thibodaux Massacre

Most deadly - 50+ killed in racially motivated violence against sugar workers

Homestead Strike

Industrial warfare - Famous battle between workers and Pinkerton agents

Pullman Strike

Federal intervention - First major use of federal troops against strikers

`4b:Tc89,// Cell 1: Data strikeData = [ {date: "1887-10-01", strike: "Thibodaux", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Strike begins", description: "10,000 sugar workers strike for higher wages"}, {date: "1887-11-01", strike: "Thibodaux", violence: 2, casualties: 0, event: "Tensions escalate", description: "White and Black workers initially united"}, {date: "1887-11-22", strike: "Thibodaux", violence: 4, casualties: 2, event: "Armed confrontation", description: "Sheriff's deputies and militia arrive"}, {date: "1887-11-23", strike: "Thibodaux", violence: 5, casualties: 50, event: "Massacre", description: "White paramilitaries massacre Black strikers"}, {date: "1891-09-01", strike: "Arkansas Cotton", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Strike begins", description: "Cotton pickers demand $1 per 100 pounds"}, {date: "1891-09-15", strike: "Arkansas Cotton", violence: 3, casualties: 3, event: "First violence", description: "Armed confrontations with strikebreakers"}, {date: "1891-09-20", strike: "Arkansas Cotton", violence: 4, casualties: 9, event: "Lee County killings", description: "Multiple Black strikers killed"}, {date: "1891-09-25", strike: "Arkansas Cotton", violence: 3, casualties: 0, event: "Mass arrests", description: "Hundreds of strikers arrested"}, {date: "1892-06-29", strike: "Homestead", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Lockout begins", description: "Carnegie Steel locks out workers"}, {date: "1892-07-06", strike: "Homestead", violence: 5, casualties: 16, event: "Battle of Homestead", description: "Gun battle with Pinkerton agents"}, {date: "1892-07-07", strike: "Homestead", violence: 4, casualties: 0, event: "Pinkertons surrender", description: "Agents beaten while leaving"}, {date: "1892-07-12", strike: "Homestead", violence: 2, casualties: 0, event: "State militia", description: "Pennsylvania National Guard arrives"}, {date: "1892-07-23", strike: "Homestead", violence: 4, casualties: 0, event: "Assassination attempt", description: "Berkman attempts to kill Frick"}, {date: "1892-11-20", strike: "Homestead", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Strike ends", description: "Union admits defeat"}, {date: "1894-05-11", strike: "Pullman", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Strike begins", description: "Pullman workers strike over wage cuts"}, {date: "1894-06-26", strike: "Pullman", violence: 2, casualties: 0, event: "Boycott spreads", description: "American Railway Union joins"}, {date: "1894-07-03", strike: "Pullman", violence: 3, casualties: 0, event: "Federal troops", description: "Cleveland sends troops to Chicago"}, {date: "1894-07-06", strike: "Pullman", violence: 4, casualties: 4, event: "Violence erupts", description: "Troops fire on crowds"}, {date: "1894-07-07", strike: "Pullman", violence: 5, casualties: 13, event: "Peak violence", description: "Widespread riots and buildings burned"}, {date: "1894-07-10", strike: "Pullman", violence: 3, casualties: 0, event: "Leaders arrested", description: "Eugene Debs arrested"}, {date: "1894-07-20", strike: "Pullman", violence: 1, casualties: 0, event: "Strike ends", description: "Workers return without gains"} ].map(d => ({...d, date: new Date(d.date)}))4c:[{"id":"6983db68a4d51d2a4dd6eccab8d09c9f2f34c5970de0a45827dbaaa670b68b4df3f4dcbe8dc3dd77ce2130d147a3115f191cd82977d68cd257cdb225555cc041","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/6983db68a4d51d2a4dd6eccab8d09c9f2f34c5970de0a45827dbaaa670b68b4df3f4dcbe8dc3dd77ce2130d147a3115f191cd82977d68cd257cdb225555cc041","name":"Screenshot 2025-10-03 at 5.06.53 PM.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1767459636112.877,"size":682939},{"id":"6f3de5a25ad24c33b560597e7862b40f7fc75e3db232e4826b84e4488e9161f3b77ecf201e6d172ad23e40e6cdb9ed059e78fa1e8e8c06dc794da6bff0b074bb","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/6f3de5a25ad24c33b560597e7862b40f7fc75e3db232e4826b84e4488e9161f3b77ecf201e6d172ad23e40e6cdb9ed059e78fa1e8e8c06dc794da6bff0b074bb","name":"Screenshot 2025-10-03 at 5.38.49 PM.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1767465809690.969,"size":226950},{"id":"785b28e2da41bf6324dd3f12e5eeda21fdf4493cc302dadfce7f805dab236129dfb664e6c87d276f323ce55e5980a4268338408446e7b197e8c4ca71b7aa0c4b","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/785b28e2da41bf6324dd3f12e5eeda21fdf4493cc302dadfce7f805dab236129dfb664e6c87d276f323ce55e5980a4268338408446e7b197e8c4ca71b7aa0c4b","name":"A Troublesome Strike on Sugar Plantations Nov 2.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1767467093893.212,"size":243309},{"id":"dd725a9e06cdf15fc8d953de015097326d05362fca7f94559163d3c3067fd92686bfd76e6aae14c43025b166e45aae5cdd12557f24e0b9939eae8c19a877bb9d","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/dd725a9e06cdf15fc8d953de015097326d05362fca7f94559163d3c3067fd92686bfd76e6aae14c43025b166e45aae5cdd12557f24e0b9939eae8c19a877bb9d","name":"Strike Data.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1767630681708.367,"size":1314}] 29:{"id":"dc39cba12554a4ab","slug":null,"title":"Sugar 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Violence","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/3b410e712fd4f5885d322884bc5069562bb711ac671dcbb3ca51f7d4240a865e","tier":"starter_2024","bio":"","following":false},"version":238,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"c0f36a08b3327bad","login":"jennifer-mills","name":"Jennifer Mills","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/ad43fcafa19db706388441f7899013dca4e87306db92ebdd675458ef00a00588","tier":null,"bio":"","following":false}],"members":[{"type":"team","id":"ea86b37d6b3872a7","login":"data-analysis3","name":"Digital History: Labor and Violence","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/3b410e712fd4f5885d322884bc5069562bb711ac671dcbb3ca51f7d4240a865e","tier":"starter_2024","role":"editor"},{"type":"individual","id":"c0f36a08b3327bad","login":"jennifer-mills","name":"Jennifer Mills","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/ad43fcafa19db706388441f7899013dca4e87306db92ebdd675458ef00a00588","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"Sugar and Terror: The Thibodaux Massacre and the Political Economy of Violence v1","cells":[{"id":208,"value":"

Sugar and Terror: The Thibodaux Massacre and the Political Economy of Violence v1

","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":204,"value":"## The Problem of the Gatling Gun","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":201,"value":"## A Troublesome Strike on Sugar Plantations","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":175,"value":"screenshot20251003At50653Pm = FileAttachment(\"A Troublesome Strike on Sugar Plantations Nov 2.png\").image()\n","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":169,"value":"$49","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":24,"value":"$4a","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":26,"value":"// Cell 5: Historical Context\nmd`## Historical Context\n\nThese Three labor strikes represent some of the most violent episodes in American labor history during the Gilded Age:\n\n**Thibodaux Massacre (1887)** - The deadliest labor conflict, where sugar plantation workers were massacred by white paramilitaries. This strike highlighted the intersection of labor and racial violence in the post-Reconstruction South.\n\n**Homestead Strike (1892)** - The famous battle between steelworkers and private Pinkerton agents became a symbol of industrial warfare and corporate power.\n\n**Pullman Strike (1894)** - A railway boycott that spread nationwide, prompting unprecedented federal military intervention and establishing important precedents for labor law.\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":132,"value":"Plot.plot({\n width: 900,\n height: 610,\n projection: {\n type: \"albers-usa\",\n domain: {\n type: \"Polygon\",\ncoordinates: [[\n [-94.00, 42.50], // Northwestern corner\n [-76.00, 42.50], // Northeastern corner \n [-76.00, 29.00], // Southeastern corner\n [-94.00, 29.00], // Southwestern corner\n [-94.00, 42.50] // Close polygon\n]]\n }\n },\n color: {\n domain: [0, 50], // Adjusted for your data\n scheme: \"reds\", // Better for casualty data\n label: \"Total Casualties\",\n legend: true\n },\n marks: [\n Plot.geo(counties, Plot.centroid({\n fill: d => strikeDataMap.get(d.id) || 0, // Your processed data\n tip: true,\n channels: {\n County: d => d.properties.name,\n State: d => statemap.get(d.id.slice(0,2))?.properties.name,\n Casualties: d => strikeDataMap.get(d.id) || 0\n }\n })),\n Plot.geo(states, {stroke: \"white\"})\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":117,"value":"## Import Data\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":90,"value":"import {us} from \"@observablehq/us-geographic-data\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":95,"value":"import {nation} from \"ea5db47ea5bf6882\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":103,"value":"import {states} from \"ea5db47ea5bf6882\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":105,"value":"import {counties} from \"ea5db47ea5bf6882\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":107,"value":"import {ForceGraph} from \"@d3/force-directed-graph-component\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":135,"value":"import {statemap} from \"@observablehq/plot-choropleth\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":150,"value":"us = d3.json(\"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/us-atlas@3/counties-albers-10m.json\")\nstates = topojson.feature(us, us.objects.states) \ncounties = topojson.feature(us, us.objects.counties)\nstatemap = new Map(states.features.map(d => [d.id, d]))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":223,"value":"strikeData1 = await FileAttachment(\"Strike Data.csv\").csv({typed: \"auto\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"strikeData1","database":"$undefined"},{"id":22,"value":"// Cell 3: Summary Table\nInputs.table(strikeData1, {\n columns: [\n \"date\",\n \"strike\", \n \"event\",\n \"violence\",\n \"casualties\",\n \"description\"\n ],\n header: {\n date: \"Date\",\n strike: \"Strike\",\n event: \"Event\", \n violence: \"Violence Level\",\n casualties: \"Casualties\",\n description: \"Description\"\n },\n format: {\n date: d => d.toLocaleDateString(),\n violence: d => `${d}/5`\n },\n sort: \"date\",\n reverse: false\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":143,"value":"stateMetrics = {\n const metrics = new Map();\n strikeDataWithLocations.forEach(strike => {\n const fips = strike.stateFips;\n if (!metrics.has(fips)) {\n metrics.set(fips, {\n stateName: strike.state,\n totalEvents: 0,\n totalCasualties: 0,\n maxViolence: 0,\n // ... other metrics\n });\n }\n // Update metrics...\n });\n return metrics;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":18,"value":"$4b","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":141,"value":"strikeDataWithLocations = strikeData.map(d => {\n const locationMap = {\n \"Thibodaux\": { state: \"Louisiana\", stateFips: \"22\" },\n \"Arkansas Cotton\": { state: \"Arkansas\", stateFips: \"05\" },\n \"Homestead\": { state: \"Pennsylvania\", stateFips: \"42\" },\n \"Pullman\": { state: \"Illinois\", stateFips: \"17\" }\n };\n \n const location = locationMap[d.strike] || { state: \"Unknown\", stateFips: \"00\" };\n return { ...d, ...location };\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":152,"value":"strikeDataMap = {\n const dataMap = new Map();\n const strikesToCountyFips = {\n \"Thibodaux\": \"22057\", // Lafourche Parish, LA\n \"Homestead\": \"42003\", // Allegheny County, PA\n \"Pullman\": \"17031\" // Cook County, IL\n };\n \n strikeData.forEach(strike => {\n const fips = strikesToCountyFips[strike.strike];\n if (fips) {\n dataMap.set(fips, (dataMap.get(fips) || 0) + strike.casualties);\n }\n });\n \n return dataMap;\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","tool":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W4c","stdlib":"1"}} 24:null