2c:null 2d:["$","title",null,{"children":"Decision support systems | Sandraviz | Observable"}] 32:T746,md`## Module overview Arcada is a multi-professional University of Applied Sciences in Helsinki (Finland) with the philosophy to work across disciplines and advance culture and knowledge. The curriculum of each degree programme at Arcada is composed of modules. The modules define the competencies that you need to attain in order to graduate. ### Competency aims The aim of this course is to provide the students with knowledge about thoughtful, responsible, and ethical uses of machine learning practice, which is a fundamental precondition to trustworthy development of AI. Recommendation systems, which simultaneously shape and predict the future in nearly all parts of human life, will be the main use case during the course. ### Learning outcomes At the end of the course the student is expected to have an understanding of the techniques behind automated decision making systems related to common ML practice, combined with the skill to judge if the decision seems reasonable or not. The students will have a detailed and holistic knowledge about the concerns and issues regarding algorithmic decision making and how to address them. ### Study activities - Lectures - Individual studies - Practical exercises (assignments) - Final project - Q+A sessions All lectures will be 3 hours with one break of 15 min. ### Assessment First assignment: 15p Decision tree example results using normal and biased dataset (python) Second assignment: 15p Recommender system example (python) Final Project: 70p To pass the course the student should, during the project work, show why and how automated decision making is designed and which potential issues and challenges may come with it. The use case will be a recommender system. ### Grading 70 - 75p Pass 76 - 81p 82 - 87p 88 - 93p 94 - 100p Excellent `33:T8b1,### Limitations of AI *"Premature optimization is the root of all evil."* Products and services that rely on machine learning, computer programs that constantly absorb new data and adapt their decisions in response don’t always make ethical or accurate choices. The first part of the course is about the challenges and limitations of AI. No prediction will ever be 100% correct nor certain, which is acceptable in some case and unacceptable in others. How to be aware of these "errors" and how to address them together with the discussion about their application is the content of the two first lectures. - Part 1 - 06/09/22 - Part 2 - 09/09/22 ### Algorithmic Bias *"The road to a civilized world goes through the dark woods of biases."*. Algorithmic bias is difficult to define. It is often understood as a systematic and repeatable error in computational systems, that is responsible for unfair, wrongful results of data processing. In this second part of the course we discussed the different types of algorithmic biases and their consequences especially regarding sexism and racism. - Part 1 - 13/09/22 - Part 2 - 16/09/22 - Assignment: Decision tree with ethical challenges (python) ### Recommender Systems *"Bluntly, technology is taken over advice."*. Recommender systems influence, the videos we watch, the books we read, the music we hear, the games we play, the investments we make, the friends we meet, the food we eat, the news we monitor, the products we buy, the software we code, the photos we share, the events we attend, the people we date, the jobs we apply for, in the end they practically and actually impact increasingly the life we live. As humans are more and more follow algorithmic recommendation systems the impact also possible negative one needs discussion, which is happening in the third part of the course - Part 1 - 20/09/22 - Part 2 - 23/09/22 - Assignment: Simple recommender system (python) - Part 3 - 27/09/22 - Part 4 - 30/09/22 ### Final project *Build, explain and evaluate RS* The idea is to deepen the student's knowledge about RS and their applications in real life using Spotify as a use case. Moreover they are asked to evaluate ethical challenges.34:Tb84,### Research Papers [When Machine Learning Goes Off the Rails](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3881422). Boris Babic. Independent I. Glenn Cohen. Harvard Law School 2021 [Three Machine Learning Solutions to the Bias-Variance Dilemma](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3588594). Marcos López de Prado. Cornell University. Operations Research & Industrial Engineering. 2020 [Artificial Intelligence Based Suicide Prediction](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3324874). Mason Marks Harvard Law School; Yale Law School; University of New Hampshire Franklin Pierce School of Law; Leiden Law School, Center for Law and Digital Technologies 2019 [Responsibility & Machine Learning: Part of a Process](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2860048). Jatinder Singh University of Cambridge 2016 [Social Implication of Algorithmic Bias](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349120634_SOCIAL_IMPLICATIONS_OF_ALGORITHMIC_BIAS). Łukasz Iwasiński University of Warsaw 2020 [Algorithmic Bias in Autonomous Systems](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318830422_Algorithmic_Bias_in_Autonomous_Systems). David Danks. Alex John London. Carnegie Mellon University. 2017 [Slave to the algorithm? Why a ‘right to an explanation’ is probably not the remedy you are looking for](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2972855). Lilian Edwards University of Newcastle - Law School Michael Veale University College London, Faculty of Laws; The Alan Turing Institute 2017 [Unfair Machine Learning Algorithms](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3408275). Runshan Fu Carnegie Mellon University. Manmohan Aseri Katz Graduate School of Business at University of Pittsburgh. Param Vir Singh, Kannan Srinivasan Carnegie Mellon University - David A. Tepper School of Business 2020 [Against the Dehumanisation of Decision-Making](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3188080). Guido Noto La Diega University of Stirling. 2018 [Recommendation Systems: The Different Filtering Techniques, Challenges and Review Ways to Measure the Recommender System](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3826124). Mahesh TR, Vivek V FET - JAIN - Deemed-to-Be University 2019 [Streaming Platform and Strategic Recommendation Bias](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3338744). Marc Bourreau. Telecom ParisTech. Germain Gaudin. University of Freiburg - College of Economics and Behavioral Sciences. 2018 [Recommender Systems and their ethical challenges](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3378581). Silvia Milano, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute 2019 35:T526,### Books

[The Alignment Problem](https://brianchristian.org/the-alignment-problem/) Brian Christian 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0393635829

[Machine Learning, revised](https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/machine-learning-revised-and-updated-edition) Ethem Alpaydin 2021 ISBN-13: 978-0262542524

[Data Science from Scratch](https://github.com/joelgrus/data-science-from-scratch) Joel Grus 2019 (2nd edition) ISBN-13: 978-1491901427

[Recommendation Engines](https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/recommendation-engines) Michael Schrage 2020 ISBN: 978-0262539074

[Hands-On Recommendation Systems with Python](https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Hands-On-Recommendation-Systems-with-Python) Rounak Banik 2018 ISBN: 978-178899375336:T98b,### Web links - [AI Is All Around You](https://okai.brown.edu/chapter1.html) - [Facebook apology as AI labels black men 'primates'](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-58462511) - [A visual introduction to machine learning](http://www.r2d3.us/visual-intro-to-machine-learning-part-1/) - [Model Tuning and the Bias-Variance Tradeoff](http://www.r2d3.us/visual-intro-to-machine-learning-part-2/) - [Machine bias](https://www.propublica.org/series/machine-bias) - [Representation and Bias](https://towardsdatascience.com/representation-big-data-and-algorithmic-bias-in-social-data-science-c285350ccc2c) - [Algorithmic Bias](https://towardsdatascience.com/algorithmic-bias-fff4d8c31290) - [How Algorithms Can Fight Bias Instead of Entrench It](https://behavioralscientist.org/how-algorithms-can-fight-bias-instead-of-entrench-it/). - [Anti-racism, algorithmic bias, and policing: a brief introduction](https://towardsdatascience.com/anti-racism-algorithmic-bias-and-policing-a-brief-introduction-bafa0dc75ac6) - [Why algorithms can be racist and sexist](https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/2/18/21121286/algorithms-bias-discrimination-facial-recognition-transparency) - [Algorithmic Solutions to Algorithmic Bias: A Technical Guide](https://towardsdatascience.com/algorithmic-solutions-to-algorithmic-bias-aef59eaf6565) - [AI experts say research into algorithms that claim to predict criminality must end](https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/24/21301465/ai-machine-learning-racist-crime-prediction-coalition-critical-technology-springer-study) - [Human - cognitive biases](https://cassandraxia.com/cogbiases/) - [The Human Bias-Accuracy Trade-off](https://towardsdatascience.com/the-human-bias-accuracy-trade-off-ad95e3c612a9) - [Fairness-in-algorithmic-decision-making](https://www.brookings.edu/research/fairness-in-algorithmic-decision-making/) - [Collaborative Filtering based Recommendation Systems exemplified..](https://towardsdatascience.com/collaborative-filtering-based-recommendation-systems-exemplified-ecbffe1c20b1) - [Recommender system in-python part-1](https://towardsdatascience.com/recommender-system-in-python-part-1-preparation-and-analysis-d6bb7939091e) - [Conference on Recommender Systems](https://recsys.acm.org/recsys21/accepted-contributions/) - [Hybrid technique for recommender system](https://dewaleofficial.medium.com/hybrid-technique-for-recommender-system-86cfb748f585) 37:T446,38:[{"id":"e939a0ab870c1acfbae2b59332f160c004675dca69379383869a2c17d782a1c9d67263dc8c04ee80e5050e4fff9618845110b4efa9402436bee1a7a5e8a95010","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/e939a0ab870c1acfbae2b59332f160c004675dca69379383869a2c17d782a1c9d67263dc8c04ee80e5050e4fff9618845110b4efa9402436bee1a7a5e8a95010","name":"arcarda.jpg","type":"image/jpeg","lastModified":1632144527382.345,"size":28825},{"id":"d006a232ad523c7631e389e68ce8511038953c426b548491be5491168a80b1ddf6b7f7c8cdd997b263f6d8967d95ccecc65fdf20a03ccfc5584de3fbe42eb024","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/d006a232ad523c7631e389e68ce8511038953c426b548491be5491168a80b1ddf6b7f7c8cdd997b263f6d8967d95ccecc65fdf20a03ccfc5584de3fbe42eb024","name":"recommender@1.jpg","type":"image/jpeg","lastModified":1661798397793.339,"size":24102},{"id":"7da358cefc0f968175efad60fcbc1b19c8b90eff0414b17b6ca2ffe2035f16d8b2d240f09255401c952a1143f55c769c24e146e921b965c34daafe3b1fc2d876","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/7da358cefc0f968175efad60fcbc1b19c8b90eff0414b17b6ca2ffe2035f16d8b2d240f09255401c952a1143f55c769c24e146e921b965c34daafe3b1fc2d876","name":"align.jpeg","type":"image/jpeg","lastModified":1632125448495.484,"size":95351},{"id":"bf8a795499b3d1da0b11319552780bf6e6145c5db78a295bacba521fd8f7940d86dc0290e2274c02bb9fb2f87bfac5ec6211c79fa64f0a3f01f86d2ead8380bb","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/bf8a795499b3d1da0b11319552780bf6e6145c5db78a295bacba521fd8f7940d86dc0290e2274c02bb9fb2f87bfac5ec6211c79fa64f0a3f01f86d2ead8380bb","name":"data science .jpeg","type":"image/jpeg","lastModified":1632153924271.405,"size":716254},{"id":"a6458dd7630be19bd8777a1f0a4cac5d29817049e3f6cab2246551fa959c8205f80eccb3ef698cd1a4e3c347598d59910e6ca4e99acda5ef086fc4e4226655f1","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/a6458dd7630be19bd8777a1f0a4cac5d29817049e3f6cab2246551fa959c8205f80eccb3ef698cd1a4e3c347598d59910e6ca4e99acda5ef086fc4e4226655f1","name":"ml.jpeg","type":"image/jpeg","lastModified":1632153257812.021,"size":68602},{"id":"b1f01dc9fc8528538e248303a4fcd66ae8ebf9d989282ebd7caaa85513b4106e342cd80ced0c1bf73973710ef6994c88e29ed85af1f1946eb416285af9a11dcd","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/b1f01dc9fc8528538e248303a4fcd66ae8ebf9d989282ebd7caaa85513b4106e342cd80ced0c1bf73973710ef6994c88e29ed85af1f1946eb416285af9a11dcd","name":"re.jpeg","type":"image/jpeg","lastModified":1632156047155.042,"size":34283}] 30:{"id":"ebe57cfb3b5ab8f2","slug":"decision-support-systems","title":"Decision support systems","thumbnail":"1d2b28565b33b27ca3aa6fc46114ae73224924ec81ccb0eb00f1dcb07f9df94a","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2021-07-28T10:37:33.448Z","update_time":"$D2023-09-26T09:39:03.690Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2021-07-28T10:40:13.474Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":{"id":"6a16e94d03c0a699","slug":"data-sources","title":"DATA SOURCES","owner":{"id":"6661932e6ac85aef","login":"sandraviz","name":"Sandraviz"}},"stars":1,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"6661932e6ac85aef","login":"sandraviz","name":"Sandraviz","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/e6a2480f89a40dcfbe75f19d5081ae2296848971c4b934ed0499fd3b7f1973eb","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":1720,"publish_version":null,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"3d1beb3a90fbfe98","login":"sandraviz","name":"Sandraviz","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9b19f1a074469dcaafa9bd24c7b08f4bc969889b551fe70c209497f1d03c6514","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"3d1beb3a90fbfe98","login":"sandraviz","name":"Sandraviz","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/9b19f1a074469dcaafa9bd24c7b08f4bc969889b551fe70c209497f1d03c6514","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":true,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":6,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"titling":"auto","title":"Decision support systems","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"Decision_Support = md`# Decision support systems \n\n- Arcada - University of Applied Sciences in Helsinki (Finland)\n- Professor: Sandra Becker \n- Contact: [Via Email](mailto:sandra.becker1982@gmail.com)\n- Term: Fall 2022\n- Lectures: Tuesday & Friday 13 - 16 pm \n \n[

](https://www.arcada.fi/en)\n\n\"The first generation of graduate students is matriculating who are focused explicitly on the ethics and safety of machine learning. The alignment problem's first responders have arrived at the scene.\" \nBrian Christian \n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":181,"value":"Index = toc(\"h2, h3\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":336,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1677,"value":"## Syllabus \n\nThe content for this course is split into different notebooks as listed below. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1636,"value":"animation = md`\n\n${previews(\n listings.map((d) => {\n return {\n path: \"@\" + d.creator.login + \"/\" + d.slug,\n thumbnail: d.thumbnail,\n author: d.creator.login\n };\n })\n)}`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1177,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":699,"value":"## Bibliografia \n\nAll content in form of research papers, books, wikipedia definitions and web-links used in this module is linked below. ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":837,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1337,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1199,"value":"### Wikipedia \n- [Machine Learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning) \n- [Bias–variance_tradeoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff) \n- [Overfitting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfitting) \n- [Algorithmic bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_bias#cite_note-Seaver-11) \n- [Recommender system ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommender_system) ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":820,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":18,"value":"$37","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"html","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"","database":"$undefined"},{"id":179,"value":"import {toc} from \"@nebrius/indented-toc\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1622,"value":"listings = collection.listings","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1620,"value":"collection = fetchp(\n \"https://api.observablehq.com/collection/@sandraviz/ai\"\n).then(function (response) {\n return response.json();\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1624,"value":"import { fetchp } from \"@tomlarkworthy/fetchp\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1618,"value":"import { preview } from \"@d3/gallery\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","providerMetadata":"$undefined","attachments":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1616,"value":"function previews(notebooks) {\n return html`

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