2e:null 2f:["$","title",null,{"children":"Fast, flexible dot-density maps of America | Benjamin Schmidt | Observable"}] 34:T1234,categories = ({ "race": ["Asian", "Black", "Hispanic or Latino", "Other", "White", "Pacific or American Native"], "means of transit": ["Bicycle", "Car, truck, or van", "Motorcycle", "Other means", "Public transportation (excluding taxicab)", "Worked at home", "Walked"], income: ["Estimate!!Total!!$10,000 to $14,999","Estimate!!Total!!$100,000 to $124,999","Estimate!!Total!!$125,000 to $149,999","Estimate!!Total!!$15,000 to $19,999","Estimate!!Total!!$150,000 to $199,999","Estimate!!Total!!$20,000 to $24,999","Estimate!!Total!!$200,000 or more","Estimate!!Total!!$25,000 to $29,999","Estimate!!Total!!$30,000 to $34,999","Estimate!!Total!!$35,000 to $39,999","Estimate!!Total!!$40,000 to $44,999","Estimate!!Total!!$45,000 to $49,999","Estimate!!Total!!$50,000 to $59,999","Estimate!!Total!!$60,000 to $74,999","Estimate!!Total!!$75,000 to $99,999","Estimate!!Total!!Less than $10,000"], age: ["Estimate!!Total!!Female!!10 to 14 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!15 to 17 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!18 and 19 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!20 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!21 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!22 to 24 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!25 to 29 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!30 to 34 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!35 to 39 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!40 to 44 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!45 to 49 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!5 to 9 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!50 to 54 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!55 to 59 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!60 and 61 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!62 to 64 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!65 and 66 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!67 to 69 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!70 to 74 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!75 to 79 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!80 to 84 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!85 years and over","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!Under 5 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!10 to 14 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!15 to 17 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!18 and 19 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!20 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!21 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!22 to 24 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!25 to 29 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!30 to 34 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!35 to 39 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!40 to 44 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!45 to 49 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!5 to 9 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!50 to 54 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!55 to 59 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!60 and 61 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!62 to 64 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!65 and 66 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!67 to 69 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!70 to 74 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!75 to 79 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!80 to 84 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!85 years and over","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!Under 5 years"], gender: ["Estimate!!Total!!Female!!10 to 14 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!15 to 17 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!18 and 19 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!20 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!21 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!22 to 24 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!25 to 29 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!30 to 34 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!35 to 39 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!40 to 44 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!45 to 49 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!5 to 9 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!50 to 54 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!55 to 59 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!60 and 61 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!62 to 64 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!65 and 66 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!67 to 69 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!70 to 74 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!75 to 79 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!80 to 84 years","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!85 years and over","Estimate!!Total!!Female!!Under 5 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!10 to 14 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!15 to 17 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!18 and 19 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!20 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!21 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!22 to 24 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!25 to 29 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!30 to 34 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!35 to 39 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!40 to 44 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!45 to 49 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!5 to 9 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!50 to 54 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!55 to 59 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!60 and 61 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!62 to 64 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!65 and 66 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!67 to 69 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!70 to 74 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!75 to 79 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!80 to 84 years","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!85 years and over","Estimate!!Total!!Male!!Under 5 years"] })35:Te50,function random_points(frame, fields, n_represented = 1, index_function) { if (index_function === undefined) { index_function = c => fields.indexOf(c) } const field_index_array = fields.map(field => index_function(field)) let counts_by_field = [] for (let field of fields) { const ix = index_function(field) counts_by_field[ix] = counts_by_field[ix] || 0 counts_by_field[ix] += d3.sum(frame.t.getColumn(field).toArray())/n_represented } counts_by_field = counts_by_field.map(d => Math.round(d)) const total_counts = d3.sum(counts_by_field) // Keep track of both the points we *do* need to allocate // and the points we *should* need to allocate; this will // allow slight adjustments to correct the direction. const points_we_should_have_left = [...counts_by_field] const points_we_do_have_left = [...counts_by_field] const x_array = new Float32Array(total_counts) const y_array = new Float32Array(total_counts) const f_num_array = new Float32Array(total_counts) const ix_array = d3.range(total_counts) // We are going to place these points at random points along the way. d3.shuffle(ix_array) //let coord_positions = all_coords.map(() => -2); // The overall position let overall_position = -1; for (let ix of d3.range(frame.t.length)) { const f = frame.t.get(ix); if (f.coord_resolution === null) {continue} const vert_buffer = new DataView(f.vertices.buffer, f.vertices.byteOffset, f.vertices.byteLength) let double_areas = new Array(counts_by_field.length).fill(f.pixel_area * 2)// save an op later by doubling here. let number_neededs = new Array(counts_by_field.length).fill(0) fields.forEach((field, i) => { const ix = field_index_array[i] const actual_number_needed = f[field]/n_represented const adjustment_factor = points_we_do_have_left[ix]/points_we_should_have_left[ix] number_neededs[ix] += actual_number_needed * adjustment_factor }) // round in a random direction. number_neededs = number_neededs.map(d => randround(d)) const metadata = [] const stride = f.coord_resolution / 8 const offset = f.coord_buffer_offset; for (let i = 0; i < f.vertices.byteLength; i += stride * 3) { let a, b, c; [a, b, c] = ([0, 1, 2]).map( ix => vert_buffer[`getUint${f.coord_resolution}`](i + ix*stride, true)) .map(n => frame.coord(n + offset)) // Ax(By - Cy) + Bx(Cy - Ay) + Cx(Ay - By) const area = Math.abs( a[0] * (b[1] - c[1]) + b[0] * (c[1] - a[1]) + c[0] * (a[1] - b[1]) ) // earcut seems to always return triangles in a form where the absolute // value isn't necessary. for (let f_num of d3.range(number_neededs.length)) { const share = area/double_areas[f_num] double_areas[f_num] -= area let how_many_points_do_i_get = randround(number_neededs[f_num] * share) points_we_should_have_left[f_num] -= number_neededs[f_num] * share; points_we_do_have_left[f_num] -= how_many_points_do_i_get; for (let i = 0; i < how_many_points_do_i_get; i++) { // Assign no more if we're at the cap. if ((number_neededs[f_num] -= 1) <= 0) {break} const [x, y] = random_point(a, b, c) overall_position++; const writing_to = ix_array[overall_position] x_array[writing_to] = x; y_array[writing_to] = y; f_num_array[writing_to] = f_num; } } } } return {x_array, y_array, f_num_array} }36:T40f,edge_propagation = `precision mediump float; varying vec2 uv; uniform sampler2D tex; uniform float wRcp, hRcp; uniform float u_decay; void main() { // The immediate neighbors vec4 maxlr = max(texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(wRcp, 0.)), texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(-wRcp, 0.))); vec4 maxud = max(texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(0., hRcp)), texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(0., -hRcp))); vec4 max_neighbor1 = max(maxlr, maxud) * u_decay; // Corners vec4 maxulur = max(texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(wRcp, hRcp)), texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(-wRcp, hRcp))); vec4 maxlllr = max(texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(wRcp, -hRcp)), texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(-wRcp, -hRcp))); vec4 max_neighbor2 = max(maxulur, maxlllr) * pow(u_decay, 1.414); // i.e., sqrt(2) vec4 max_neighbor = max(max_neighbor1, max_neighbor2); vec4 current = texture2D(tex, uv); gl_FragColor = max(max_neighbor, current); } `37:T438,simple_shader = function(regl, frag_shader = edge_detection, blend = false) { return regl({ blend: { enable: blend, func: { srcRGB: 'one', srcAlpha: 'one', dstRGB: 'one minus src alpha', dstAlpha: 'one minus src alpha', } }, frag: frag_shader, vert: ` precision mediump float; attribute vec2 position; varying vec2 uv; void main() { uv = 0.5 * (position + 1.0); gl_Position = vec4(position, 0, 1); } `, attributes: { position: [ -4, -4, 4, -4, 0, 4 ] }, depth: { enable: false }, count: 3, uniforms: { u_decay: (_, {decay}) => decay, tex: (_, {layer}) => layer, color: (_, {color}) => color, alpha: (_, {alpha}) => alpha, wRcp: ({viewportWidth}) => {return 1.0 / viewportWidth}, hRcp: ({viewportHeight}) => 1.0 / viewportHeight }, }) }38:T384a,class TriMap { constructor(div, layers) { this.div = div this.regl = wrapRegl({canvas: div, extensions: ["OES_element_index_uint"]}) for (let layer of layers) { layer.bind_to_regl(this.regl) } this.layers = layers; const {width, height} = div this.width = width this.height = height this.set_magic_numbers() this.prepare_div(width, height) this.color_map = this.regl.texture( { width: 128, format: "rgba", height: 1, data: d3.range(128*4)}) this.set_renderer() this.random_points = [] } add_layer(layer) { layer.bind_to_regl(this.regl) this.layers.push(layer) } cleanup() { this.cleanup_point_buffers() this.cleanup_frame_buffers() this.cleanup_poly_buffers() } cleanup_poly_buffers() { // pass } cleanup_frame_buffers() { if (this.buffers) { for (let buffer of this.buffers.values()) { buffer.destroy() } } } fbo(name) { this.buffers = this.buffers || new Map() if (this.buffers.get(name)) { return this.buffers.get(name) } const fbo = this.regl.framebuffer({ width: this.width, height: this.height, stencil: false }) this.buffers.set(name, fbo) return this.buffers.get(name) } set_magic_numbers() { // It's a major pain to align regl with d3 scales. const { layers, width, height } = this; const extent = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(layers[0].bbox)); for (let layer of layers) { if (layer.t.schema.fields[11].name == "holc_id") { continue } const { bbox } = layer extent.x = d3.extent([...extent.x, ...bbox.x]) extent.y = d3.extent([...extent.y, ...bbox.y]) } const scales = {}; const scale_dat = {'x': {}, 'y': {}} for (let [name, dim] of [['x', width], ['y', height]]) { const limits = extent[name] scale_dat[name].limits = limits; scale_dat[name].size_range = limits[1] - limits[0] scale_dat[name].pixels_per_unit = dim / scale_dat[name].size_range } const data_aspect_ratio = scale_dat.x.pixels_per_unit / scale_dat.y.pixels_per_unit let x_buffer_size = 0, y_buffer_size = 0, x_target_size = width, y_target_size = height; if (data_aspect_ratio > 1) { // There are more pixels in the x dimension, so we need a buffer // around it. x_target_size = width / data_aspect_ratio; x_buffer_size = (width - x_target_size)/2 } else { y_target_size = height * data_aspect_ratio; y_buffer_size = (height - y_target_size)/2 } scales.x = d3.scaleLinear() .domain(scale_dat.x.limits) .range([x_buffer_size, width-x_buffer_size]) scales.y = d3.scaleLinear() .domain(scale_dat.y.limits) .range([y_buffer_size, height-y_buffer_size]) this.magic_numbers = window_transform( scales.x, scales.y, width, height) .map(d => d.flat()) } prepare_div(width, height) { this.zoom = {transform: {k: 1, x: 0, y:0}} d3.select(this.div) .call(d3.zoom().extent([[0, 0], [width, height]]).on("zoom", (event, g) => { this.zoom.transform = event.transform })); return this.div; } get size_func() { return this._size_function ? this._size_function : () => 1 } set size_func(f) { this._size_function = f } set color_func(f) { this._color_function = f } get index_color() { return function(f) { if (f._index_color) {return f._index_color} f._index_color = [0, 1, 2].map(d => 1 / 255 * Math.floor(Math.random() * 255)) return f._index_color } } get color_func() { return this._color_function ? this._color_function : p => greyscale(p.ix).slice(0, 3).map(c => c/255) } draw_edges(layer) { const {regl} = this; const colors = this.fbo("colorpicker") const edges = this.fbo("edges") colors.use(d => { this.regl.clear({color: [0, 0, 0, 0]}) this.poly_tick(layer) }) edges.use(() => { this.regl.clear({color: [1, 1, 1, 1]}) const shader = simple_shader(this.regl, edge_detection) shader({layer: colors}) }) // Copy the edges to a ping-pong shader to be blurred. const pingpong = [this.fbo("ping"), this.fbo("pong")] const copier = simple_shader(this.regl, copy_shader) let alpha = hidden_state.decay; const { decay } = hidden_state; pingpong[0].use(() => { regl.clear({color: [0, 0, 0, 0]}) copier({layer: edges}) }) const edge_propagator = simple_shader(this.regl, edge_propagation) while (alpha > 1/255) { pingpong[1].use(() => { regl.clear({color: [0, 0, 0, 0]}) edge_propagator({layer: pingpong[0], decay: decay}) }) // swap the buffers. alpha *= decay pingpong.reverse() } const final_shade = simple_shader(this.regl, alpha_color_merge, true) // First copy the blur final_shade({alpha: pingpong[0], color: colors}) } cleanup_point_buffers() { this.random_points.map(d => { d.x.destroy() d.y.destroy() d.f_num.destroy() d.ix.destroy() }) } generate_random_points(fields, represented=1, layers, clear = true, index_function) { if (clear) { this.cleanup_point_buffers() this._number_of_points = 0 this.random_points = [] } for (let layer of layers) { const { regl } = this; const {x_array, y_array, f_num_array} = random_points(layer, fields, represented, index_function); this._number_of_points += x_array.length let this_item = { x: regl.buffer(x_array), y: regl.buffer(y_array), f_num: regl.buffer(f_num_array), ix: regl.buffer(d3.range(x_array.length)), count: x_array.length, }; this.random_points.push(this_item) } } point_tick() { const { regl } = this; const calls = [] // multiple interleaved tranches prevent Trump or Biden from always being on top. This is // an issue with Williamson's maps, which over-represent the Hispanic population of DC because it // gets plotted last. const alpha_scale = d3.scaleSqrt().domain([0, 500]).range([0, 1]) for (let pointset of this.random_points) { calls.push({ x: pointset.x, y: pointset.y, ix: pointset.ix, f_num: pointset.f_num, transform: this.zoom.transform, // Drops the last point in each tranch--needs a modulo operation to know how // many to expect. count: pointset.count, centroid: [0, 0], size: this.point_size ? this.point_size : 1, alpha: this.point_opacity > 1/255 ? this.point_opacity : 1/255 }) } this.render_points(calls) } tick(wut) { const { regl } = this regl.clear({ color: [1, 1, 1, 1], }) const alpha = 1 if (wut === "points") { this.point_tick() } else { for (let layer of this.layers) { this.draw_edges(layer) } this.fbo("points").use(d => { regl.clear({ color: [0, 0, 0, 0] }) this.point_tick() }) const copier = simple_shader(this.regl, copy_shader, true) copier({layer: this.fbo("points")}) } } poly_tick(layer) { const { regl } = this; const calls = [] for (let feature of layer) { //if (feature.properties['2020_tot'] === null) {continue} const {vertices, coords} = feature; calls.push({ transform: this.zoom.transform, color: this.color_func(feature), centroid: [feature.properties.centroid_x, feature.properties.centroid_y], size: this.size_func(feature), alpha: 1, vertices: vertices, coords: coords }) } this.render_polygons(calls) } get point_vertex_shader() {return ` precision mediump float; attribute float a_x; attribute float a_y; attribute float a_ix; attribute float a_f_num; uniform sampler2D u_color_map; uniform float u_size; uniform vec2 u_centroid; varying vec4 fragColor; uniform float u_k; uniform float u_time; varying vec4 fill; // Transform from data space to the open window. uniform mat3 u_window_scale; // Transform from the open window to the d3-zoom. uniform mat3 u_zoom; uniform mat3 u_untransform; uniform float u_scale_factor; float distortion_factor = exp(log(u_k)*u_scale_factor); float tau = 3.14159265358 * 2.; highp float ix_to_random(in float ix, in float seed) { // For high numbers, taking the log avoids coincidence. highp float seed2 = log(ix) + 1.; vec2 co = vec2(seed2, seed); highp float a = 12.9898; highp float b = 78.233; highp float c = 43758.5453; highp float dt = dot(co.xy, vec2(a, b)); highp float sn = mod(dt, 3.14); return fract(sin(sn) * c); } vec2 box_muller(in float ix, in float seed) { // Box-Muller transform gives you two gaussian randoms for two uniforms. highp float U = ix_to_random(ix, seed); highp float V = ix_to_random(ix, seed + 17.123123); return vec2(sqrt(-2. * log(U)) * cos(tau * V), sqrt(-2. * log(U)) * sin(tau * V)); } // From another project vec2 circle_jitter(in float ix, in float aspect_ratio, in float time, in float radius, in float speed) { float rand1 = ix_to_random(ix, 3.0); float rand2 = ix_to_random(ix, 4.0); float stagger_time = rand1 * tau; // How long does a circuit take? float units_per_period = radius * radius * tau / 2.; float units_per_second = speed / 100.; float seconds_per_period = units_per_period / units_per_second; seconds_per_period = tau / speed; float time_period = seconds_per_period; if (time_period > 1e4) { return vec2(0., 0.); } // Adjust time from the clock to our current spot. float varying_time = time + stagger_time * time_period; // Where are we from 0 to 1 relative to the time period float relative_time = 1. - mod(varying_time, time_period) / time_period; float theta = relative_time * tau; return vec2(cos(theta), aspect_ratio * sin(theta)) * radius * rand2; } vec2 jitter(in float ix, in float radius) { return circle_jitter(ix, 1.2, u_time, radius, .5); } // We can bundle the three matrices together here for all shaders. mat3 from_coord_to_gl = u_window_scale * u_zoom * u_untransform; void main () { vec2 position = vec2(a_x, a_y); vec3 p = vec3(position, 1.) * from_coord_to_gl; vec2 jittered = jitter(a_ix, .0004 * distortion_factor) * distortion_factor; p = p + vec3(jittered.xy, 0.); gl_Position = vec4(p, 1.0); gl_PointSize = u_size * distortion_factor; //gl_PointSize += exp(sin(u_time / 2. + a_f_num/6. * 2. * 3.1415)); fragColor = texture2D(u_color_map, vec2(a_f_num / 128., .5)); } `} get vertex_shader() {return ` precision mediump float; attribute vec2 position; uniform float u_size; uniform vec2 u_centroid; varying vec4 fragColor; uniform float u_k; uniform float u_time; uniform vec3 u_color; varying vec4 fill; // Transform from data space to the open window. uniform mat3 u_window_scale; // Transform from the open window to the d3-zoom. uniform mat3 u_zoom; uniform mat3 u_untransform; uniform float u_scale_factor; // We can bundle the three matrices together here for all shaders. mat3 from_coord_to_gl = u_window_scale * u_zoom * u_untransform; void main () { // scale to normalized device coordinates // gl_Position is a special variable that holds the position // of a vertex vec2 from_center = position-u_centroid; vec3 p = vec3(from_center * u_size + u_centroid, 1.) * from_coord_to_gl; gl_Position = vec4(p, 1.0); gl_PointSize = u_size * (exp(log(u_k)*u_scale_factor)); fragColor = vec4(u_color.rgb, 1.); //gl_Position = vec4(position / vec2(1., u_aspect), 1., 1.); } `} set_renderer() { this.render_polygons = this.regl(this.renderer()) this.render_points = this.regl(this.renderer("points")) } get point_frag() { return ` precision highp float; uniform float u_alpha; varying vec4 fragColor; void main() { vec2 coord = gl_PointCoord; vec2 cxy = 2.0 * coord - 1.0; float r_sq = dot(cxy, cxy); if (r_sq > 1.0) {discard;} gl_FragColor = fragColor * u_alpha; }`} get triangle_frag() { return ` precision highp float; uniform float u_alpha; varying vec4 fragColor; void main() { gl_FragColor = fragColor * u_alpha; }`} renderer(wut = "polygons") { const { regl, magic_numbers } = this; const definition = { depth: { enable: false }, blend: {enable: true, func: { srcRGB: 'one', srcAlpha: 'one', dstRGB: 'one minus src alpha', dstAlpha: 'one minus src alpha', } }, vert: wut == 'polygons' ? this.vertex_shader : this.point_vertex_shader, frag: wut == 'polygons' ? this.triangle_frag : this.point_frag, attributes: { a_x: regl.prop("x"), a_y: regl.prop("y"), a_ix: regl.prop("ix"), a_f_num: regl.prop("f_num"), position: wut == "polygons" ? (_, {coords}) => coords: (_, {position, stride, offset}) => {return {buffer: position, offset , stride}} }, count: regl.prop("count"), elements: wut == "polygons" ? (_, {vertices}) => vertices : undefined, uniforms: { u_time: (context, _) => performance.now()/500, u_scale_factor: () => this.scale_factor ? this.scale_factor : .5, u_color_map: () => this.color_map, u_k: function(context, props) { return props.transform.k }, u_centroid: propd("centroid", [0, 0]), u_color: (_, {color}) => color ? color : [.8, .9, .2], u_window_scale: magic_numbers[0].flat(), u_untransform: magic_numbers[1].flat(), u_zoom: function(context, props) { const g = [ // This is how you build a transform matrix from d3 zoom. [props.transform.k, 0, props.transform.x], [0, props.transform.k, props.transform.y], [0, 0, 1], ].flat() return g }, u_alpha: (_, {alpha}) => alpha ? alpha : 1, u_size: (_, {size}) => size || 1, }, primitive: wut == "polygons" ? "triangles" : "points" } if (wut === "polygons") { delete definition['count'] } return definition } }39:T1085,states = [ { "name": "Alabama", "abbreviation": "AL" }, { "name": "Alaska", "abbreviation": "AK" }, { "name": "American Samoa", "abbreviation": "AS" }, { "name": "Arizona", "abbreviation": "AZ" }, { "name": "Arkansas", "abbreviation": "AR" }, { "name": "California", "abbreviation": "CA" }, { "name": "Colorado", "abbreviation": "CO" }, { "name": "Connecticut", "abbreviation": "CT" }, { "name": "Delaware", "abbreviation": "DE" }, { "name": "District Of Columbia", "abbreviation": "DC" }, { "name": "Federated States Of Micronesia", "abbreviation": "FM" }, { "name": "Florida", "abbreviation": "FL" }, { "name": "Georgia", "abbreviation": "GA" }, { "name": "Guam", "abbreviation": "GU" }, { "name": "Hawaii", "abbreviation": "HI" }, { "name": "Idaho", "abbreviation": "ID" }, { "name": "Illinois", "abbreviation": "IL" }, { "name": "Indiana", "abbreviation": "IN" }, { "name": "Iowa", "abbreviation": "IA" }, { "name": "Kansas", "abbreviation": "KS" }, { "name": "Kentucky", "abbreviation": "KY" }, { "name": "Louisiana", "abbreviation": "LA" }, { "name": "Maine", "abbreviation": "ME" }, { "name": "Marshall Islands", "abbreviation": "MH" }, { "name": "Maryland", "abbreviation": "MD" }, { "name": "Massachusetts", "abbreviation": "MA" }, { "name": "Michigan", "abbreviation": "MI" }, { "name": "Minnesota", "abbreviation": "MN" }, { "name": "Mississippi", "abbreviation": "MS" }, { "name": "Missouri", "abbreviation": "MO" }, { "name": "Montana", "abbreviation": "MT" }, { "name": "Nebraska", "abbreviation": "NE" }, { "name": "Nevada", "abbreviation": "NV" }, { "name": "New Hampshire", "abbreviation": "NH" }, { "name": "New Jersey", "abbreviation": "NJ" }, { "name": "New Mexico", "abbreviation": "NM" }, { "name": "New York", "abbreviation": "NY" }, { "name": "North Carolina", "abbreviation": "NC" }, { "name": "North Dakota", "abbreviation": "ND" }, { "name": "Northern Mariana Islands", "abbreviation": "MP" }, { "name": "Ohio", "abbreviation": "OH" }, { "name": "Oklahoma", "abbreviation": "OK" }, { "name": "Oregon", "abbreviation": "OR" }, { "name": "Palau", "abbreviation": "PW" }, { "name": "Pennsylvania", "abbreviation": "PA" }, { "name": "Puerto Rico", "abbreviation": "PR" }, { "name": "Rhode Island", "abbreviation": "RI" }, { "name": "South Carolina", "abbreviation": "SC" }, { "name": "South Dakota", "abbreviation": "SD" }, { "name": "Tennessee", "abbreviation": "TN" }, { "name": "Texas", "abbreviation": "TX" }, { "name": "Utah", "abbreviation": "UT" }, { "name": "Vermont", "abbreviation": "VT" }, { "name": "Virgin Islands", "abbreviation": "VI" }, { "name": "Virginia", "abbreviation": "VA" }, { "name": "Washington", "abbreviation": "WA" }, { "name": "West Virginia", "abbreviation": "WV" }, { "name": "Wisconsin", "abbreviation": "WI" }, { "name": "Wyoming", "abbreviation": "WY" } ]3a:[{"id":"b7dbc8d7bb8aaa1d8177d022130533d0137157419da911572031b7efa07d6dc55b20a9daedbd128de18830a44fac7eff5fc8afe514b51e49beed7feb7da86fba","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/b7dbc8d7bb8aaa1d8177d022130533d0137157419da911572031b7efa07d6dc55b20a9daedbd128de18830a44fac7eff5fc8afe514b51e49beed7feb7da86fba","name":"congressional@5.trifeather","type":"application/octet-stream","lastModified":1607457954381.578,"size":2687850}] 32:{"id":"77c117fdd456245c","slug":"regl-dot-density","title":"Fast, flexible dot-density maps of America","thumbnail":"49e3b8e7b5c25c76853ac31b4ed41e895e2facb91573182f4e68e995d0ccb899","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2020-12-08T14:29:04.504Z","update_time":"$D2021-01-11T21:15:25.783Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2020-12-23T20:37:36.036Z","has_unpublished_edits":null,"fork":true,"stars":15,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"18bbeceb36c8f564","login":"bmschmidt","name":"Benjamin Schmidt","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/addc2adb5ec95cc72a64820e4a08488bad5d48d95a895eef85a45b136ed66792","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":2688,"publish_version":2688,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"33354ca265b21f01","login":"bmschmidt","name":"Benjamin Schmidt","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/addc2adb5ec95cc72a64820e4a08488bad5d48d95a895eef85a45b136ed66792","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"33354ca265b21f01","login":"bmschmidt","name":"Benjamin Schmidt","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/addc2adb5ec95cc72a64820e4a08488bad5d48d95a895eef85a45b136ed66792","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[{"id":"fdb1257b8e5be6ea","reply_to_id":null,"content":"Aaron Williams, not Aaron Williamson.","create_time":"$D2020-12-23T22:42:25.302Z","update_time":null,"resolved":true,"user":{"type":"individual","id":"61e2153e05789733","login":"harrystevens","name":"Harry Stevens","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/bc9bae4b7e30062b343ae978a13454e29cd3f2daf3a800d0024043686ddf094b","tier":null}},{"id":"d830fae067333ece","reply_to_id":"fdb1257b8e5be6ea","content":"Ugh thanks he already had to correct me on that once. Not sure what my block is.","create_time":"$D2020-12-23T22:52:22.191Z","update_time":null,"resolved":true,"user":{"type":"individual","id":"33354ca265b21f01","login":"bmschmidt","name":"Benjamin Schmidt","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/addc2adb5ec95cc72a64820e4a08488bad5d48d95a895eef85a45b136ed66792","tier":null}}],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"lapsed":null,"subscribed":null,"forks":5,"collection":{"id":"dd0419b5d6424c58","slug":"webgl-cartography","title":"WebGL cartography","owner":{"id":"18bbeceb36c8f564","login":"bmschmidt","name":"Benjamin Schmidt"}},"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"Fast, flexible dot-density maps of America","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`# Fast, flexible dot-density maps of America\n\nAs I described in [this notebook](https://observablehq.com/@bmschmidt/dot-density-election-maps-with-webgl), pre-triangulated binary shapefiles and webgl makes dot density maps much faster than traditional methods that involve point-in-polygon searches and canvas. The dot density maps of the United States below are inspired by [Aaron Williams' dot density maps of ethnicity](https://observablehq.com/@aboutaaron/racial-demographic-dot-density-map), but include the whole US and show several categories other race using census (ACS five-year sample) data about: \n\n* race\n* income\n* form of transit to work\n* age.\n\nThe lines here are lower house state legislative districts. Gerrymanders often follow precisely these lines.\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1027,"value":"{\n let spans = ''\n let i = 0;\n for (let label of labels) {\n const [r, g, b, a] = current_scheme[i]\n const col = `rgba(${r}, ${g}, ${b}, 255)`\n const mean = d3.mean([r, g, b])\n const fill = mean < 100 ? \"white\" : \"black\"\n spans += `${label} `\n i++\n }\n return html`${spans}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":58,"value":"div = DOM.canvas(width, width * .66)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2169,"value":"viewof category = select({\"title\": \"Type of data to show\", options: Object.keys(categories).filter(d=>d!==\"gender\")})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":845,"value":"md`## Zoom in with the mouse/pinch.\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1977,"value":"viewof selected_states = checkbox({options: linear_us_state_order.filter(d => d.length == 2), value: [\"NM\", \"TX\"], submit: \"Change states\", title: \"Choose states to plot and click the button at the end.\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":728,"value":"viewof n_represented = slider({description: \"It's possible to do one dot per point, but will hang up on some states\", title: \"People represented by each point\", min: 1, max: 100, step: 1, value: 10, submit: \"Regenerate points\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2177,"value":"viewof candidates = checkbox({title: \"Values to show\", options: categories[category], value: categories[category].filter(d => d!==\"Car, truck, or van\"), submit: \"Update\", description: \"If you want to exclude certain classes, you can do so here and then click 'update'\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2318,"value":"viewof color_scheme = select({title: \"Color Scheme\", description: \"Viridis and Magma are best for continuous variables, category10 and dark for discrete ones.\", options: [\"set1\", \"category10\", \"viridis\", \"magma\", \"dark2\"], value: [\"income\", \"age\"].indexOf(category) > -1 ? \"viridis\": \"set1\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2484,"value":"md`## Additional info\n\n\"Income\" is family income, not individual or household income.\n\nNot every census block group is necessarily represented in every dataset.\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2430,"value":"md`One issue with dot density maps is overplotting. In many implementations, dots are simply layered on top of each other; but that leaves the last group plotted over-represented. Here, the points are shuffled before being drawn; and since webgl makes it plausible, I also add a small amount of moving jitter to capture both the indeterminacy of the data and prevent any point from permanently occluding another. I also use a formula [from Ricky Reusser](https://observablehq.com/@rreusser/selecting-the-right-opacity-for-2d-point-clouds) to choose point opacity, and my [balanced zoom strategy](https://observablehq.com/@bmschmidt/zoom-strategies-for-huge-scatterplots-with-three-js) for calculating size. Zoom is handled by the formulas described [here](https://observablehq.com/@bmschmidt/sharing-a-single-zoom-state-between-svg-canvas-and-webgl).`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2623,"value":"\nmd`There's still a bit of cruft in this notebook; but coupled with the builder library at [here](https://observablehq.com/@bmschmidt/trifeather-builder), it's probably possible to make these for any other geojson with quantity values in the properties.`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1088,"value":"import {fullscreen} from \"@fil/fullscreen\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":740,"value":"viewof target_share = slider({title: \"Target Overall Opacity\", value: 1/3 , min: 1/255, max: .5, description: \"Overall fill target.\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1244,"value":"{\n while (true) {\n map.scale_factor = scale_factor\n map.point_size = base_point_size\n const fraction_of_total_visible = 1/(map.zoom.transform.k)**2\n const pixel_area = width * width\n const total_points = map._number_of_points\n let alpha = ( (target_share**2) * (pixel_area) / (total_points * (Math.exp(Math.log(1 * map.zoom.transform.k) * .35) ** 2)) ) / fraction_of_total_visible\n map.point_opacity = alpha > 1 ? 1 : alpha < 1/255 ? 1.01/255 : alpha\n yield md`Reusser's formula suggests each point should have opacity ${d3.format(\".3\")(map.point_opacity)}`\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1280,"value":"viewof scale_factor = slider({title: \"balanced zoom factor\", description: \"As described in my notebook on points sizes in the cell below.\", value: .28})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1310,"value":"viewof base_point_size = slider({title: \"Point size at full zoom\", min: .5, max: 5, value: 1})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2296,"value":"current_scheme = {\n if (color_scheme == \"viridis\") {\n update_colors(viridis_scheme)\n return viridis_scheme\n }\n if (color_scheme == \"magma\") {\n update_colors(magma_scheme)\n return magma_scheme\n }\n\n if (color_scheme == \"category10\") {\n update_colors(category10scheme) \n return category10scheme\n }\n if (color_scheme == \"dark2\") {\n update_colors(dark2scheme) \n return dark2scheme\n }\n if (color_scheme == \"set1\") {\n update_colors(set1scheme) \n return set1scheme\n }\n throw \"Invalid color scheme.\"\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2277,"value":"function update_colors(scheme) {\n let all = []\n while (all.length < 128) {\n all.push(...scheme)\n }\n all = all.slice(0, 128)\n map.color_map.subimage(\n {\n data: all.flat(), width: 128, height: 1\n })\n return all\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":545,"value":"{\n let i = 0\n candidates\n\n const frame = map.regl.frame(() => {\n // viewof pixels.setValue((Math.sin(performance.now()/5e2) + 1.03) * 7)\n hidden_state.decay = Math.exp(Math.log(1/255)/pixels)\n map.tick(\"triangles\")\n })\n invalidation.then(() => frame.cancel())\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1829,"value":"viewof pixels = slider({title: \"Number of pixels to spread\", min: .1, max: 60, value: .1})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":328,"value":"import { radio, slider, checkbox, select} from '@jashkenas/inputs'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1831,"value":"hidden_state = ({}) // If I understood mutable well enough, this wouldn't be necessary.","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2222,"value":"function breaker_function(categories, category) {\n const vals = categories[category]\n if (category == \"income\") {\n return k => income_reduction(k, income_groups)\n }\n if (category == \"age\") {\n return k => income_reduction(k, age_groups)\n }\n return k => categories[category].indexOf(k)\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2434,"value":"labels = {\n if (category==\"income\") {\n const labs = income_groups.map(d => `Under ${d3.format(\"$\")(d)}`)\n labs.push(\"Higher than that\")\n return labs\n }\n if (category == \"age\") {\n const labs = age_groups.map(d => `Under ${d}`)\n labs.push(\"Higher than that\")\n return labs\n }\n return categories[category]\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2360,"value":"categories[category].map(d => breaker_function(categories, category)(d))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2514,"value":"income_reduction(\"Estimate!!Total!!Male!!65 and 66 years\", age_groups)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2019,"value":"trifeather_cache = new Map()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2191,"value":"age_groups = [18, 25, 45, 65]","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2192,"value":"income_groups = [35000, 50000, 100000, 200000]","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2135,"value":"income_reduction = function(amount, cutoffs) {\n amount = amount.replace(\" and \", \" to \")\n let [a1, a2] = amount.split(\"to\")\n if (amount.match(\"or more\")) {\n [a1, a2] = [a1, '1000000'] \n } else if (amount.match(\"ess than\")) {\n [a1, a2] = [\"0\", a1] \n } else if (a2 === undefined) {\n a2 = a1\n }\n console.log(a1, a2)\n a1 = +(a1.replace(/[^0-9]/, \"\"))\n a2 = +(a2.replace(\"$\", \"\").replace(\",\", \"\").replace(\" years\", \"\"))\n let i = 0\n for (let cutoff of cutoffs) {\n if (a2 > cutoff) {i += 1} \n }\n return i\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2121,"value":"$34","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2676,"value":"state_info.get(\"NE\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1913,"value":"lines = {\n const trifeathers = []\n for (let state of selected_states) {\n const fips = state_info.get(state).fips\n if (fips == \"11\" || fips == \"31\") {continue} // DC and Nebraska don't have lower houses\n const url = `https://benschmidt.org/trifeather/tl_2019_${fips}_sldl.trifeather`;\n let features;\n if (trifeather_cache.get(url)) {\n features = trifeather_cache.get(url)\n } else {\n const lines = await fetch(url).then(d=>d.arrayBuffer())\n features = new TriFeather(lines)\n trifeather_cache.set(url, features)\n }\n trifeathers.push(features)\n }\n return trifeathers\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1750,"value":"// Bootstrap equivalents of the HOLC color scheme.\nHOLC_bootstrap = ({\"A\": \"#28a745\", \"B\": \"#17a2b8\", \"C\": \"#ffc107\", \"D\": \"#dc3545\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1919,"value":"import { state_info } from \"@bmschmidt/state-info\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1927,"value":"import { linear_us_state_order } from '@bmschmidt/useful-linear-orders-for-countries-and-states'\n","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1991,"value":"md`# Point Data.\n\nAlso stored as trifeather! But we'll present these as points, not as polygons.`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1016,"value":"point_data = {\n const point_data = []\n for (let state of selected_states) {\n const url = `https://benschmidt.org/trifeather/${state}.trifeather`\n let features\n if (trifeather_cache.get(url)) {\n features = trifeather_cache.get(url)\n } else {\n const bytes = await fetch(url).then(d=>d.arrayBuffer())\n features = new TriFeather(bytes)\n trifeather_cache.set(url, features)\n }\n point_data.push(features)\n }\n return point_data\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1995,"value":"md`# Some other lines.\n\n`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1332,"value":"congressional_districts = new TriFeather(await FileAttachment(\"congressional@5.trifeather\").arrayBuffer())","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2574,"value":"TriFeather = trifeather.TriFeather","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2568,"value":"trifeather = require('trifeather@1.0.4')","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2654,"value":"redlines.t.schema.fields[11].name","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1738,"value":"redlines = new TriFeather(await fetch(\"https://benschmidt.org/trifeather/redlines.trifeather\").then(d => d.arrayBuffer()))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1079,"value":"state_options = states.map(d =>{return {label: d.name, value: d.abbreviation}})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2417,"value":"timings = []","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2422,"value":"timings","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2424,"value":"{\n const [points, time] = [d3.sum(timings, d => d[0]), d3.sum(timings, d => d[1])]\n return md`${points} points in ${time} milliseconds, ${points/time} points per ms`\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":403,"value":"$35","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":412,"value":"md`## Random rounding\n\nTo allocate an integer number of points, you need a fair method for rounding. Simply truncating to the nearest int isn't fair, because then places that 'deserve' 0.4 people will never get anyone. In an ideal case, they will get a person 40% of the time. The function below does that. (I think?)\n\nIt doesn't guarantee that the total number of points is exactly right, though. You need to do that some other way.\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2503,"value":"1 + true","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":411,"value":"function randround(how_many_points_do_i_get) {\n const leftover = how_many_points_do_i_get % 1;\n // Random round to decide if you get a fractional point.\n if (Math.random() > leftover) {\n how_many_points_do_i_get -= leftover\n } else {\n how_many_points_do_i_get += (1 - leftover)\n }\n return how_many_points_do_i_get\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":408,"value":"md `## Random points\n\nGenerating random points in a polygon is hard--you can generate a random point in a bounding box, but then you have to find out whether that point actually falls in the polygon.\n\nGenerating random points in a triangle is quick. I just copy the algorithm from here: https://blogs.sas.com/content/iml/2020/10/19/random-points-in-triangle.html\n\n1. Define the vectors a = P2 - P1 and b = P3 - P1. The vectors define the sides of the triangle when it is translated to the origin.\n2. Generate random uniform values u1, u2 ~ U(0,1)\n3. If u1 + u2 > 1, apply the transformation u1 → 1 - u1 and u2 → 1 - u2.\n4. Form w = u1 a + u2 b, which is a random point in the triangle at the origin.\n5. The point w + P1 is a random point in the original triangle.`\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":407,"value":"function random_point([ax, ay], [bx, by], [cx, cy]) {\n const a = [bx - ax, by - ay]\n const b = [cx - ax, cy - ay]\n let [u1, u2] = [Math.random(), Math.random()]\n if (u1 + u2 > 1) {u1 = 1 - u1; u2 = 1 - u2}\n const w = [u1 * a[0] + u2 * b[0], u1 * a[1] + u2 * b[1]]\n return [w[0] + ax, w[1] + ay] \n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1089,"value":"fullscreen(div, {center: true})\n","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":33,"value":"import { window_transform } from '@bmschmidt/sharing-a-single-zoom-state-between-svg-canvas-and-webgl'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1769,"value":"toGlColor = input => {const {r, g, b} = d3.rgb(input); return !isNaN(r) ? [r/255, g/255, b/255]: [.5, .5, .5]}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":180,"value":"colorscale = d3.scaleSequential(d3.interpolateRdBu).domain([0.05, .95])","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":77,"value":"map = {\n const map = new TriMap(div, lines)\n invalidation.then(() => {\n map.cleanup()\n map.regl.destroy()\n })\n return map\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":258,"value":"md`# TriMap\n\nA handler class to deal with interactions between regl contexts and feather feature sets. I'll use this more later.`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":862,"value":"md`## Sentinels\n\nTo listen for changes in the sliders without rebuilding the whole webgl context.`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1130,"value":"candidates","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":706,"value":"{\n // map.add_layer(pop_data)\n let f = undefined;\n \n map.generate_random_points(candidates, n_represented, point_data, true, breaker_function(categories, category))\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1537,"value":"copy_shader = `\n precision mediump float;\n varying vec2 uv;\n uniform sampler2D tex;\n uniform float wRcp, hRcp;\n void main() {\n vec4 c = texture2D(tex, uv);\n if (c.a > 0.) {\n gl_FragColor = c;\n } else {\n discard;\n }\n } \n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1652,"value":"alpha_color_merge = `\nprecision mediump float;\n varying vec2 uv;\n uniform sampler2D color;\n uniform sampler2D alpha;\n uniform float wRcp, hRcp;\n void main() {\n vec4 col = texture2D(color, uv);\n vec4 alph = texture2D(alpha, uv);\n float a = alph.a;\n if (a < 1./255.) {\n discard;\n } else if (col.a == 0.) {\n discard;\n } else if (a < .99) {\n a = .25;\n } else {\n a = 0.75;\n // col = vec4(.5, .5, .5, 1.);\n }\n gl_FragColor = vec4(col.rgb * a, a);\n } \n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1610,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1531,"value":"edge_detection = `\n precision mediump float;\n varying vec2 uv;\n uniform sampler2D tex;\n uniform float wRcp, hRcp;\n void main() {\n // 4 adjacent pixels; left, right, up down.\n vec4 l = texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(-wRcp, 0.));\n vec4 r = texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(wRcp, 0.));\n vec4 u = texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(0., hRcp));\n vec4 d = texture2D(tex, uv + vec2(0., -hRcp)); \n vec4 around = (l + r + u + d) / 4.;\n vec4 current = texture2D(tex, uv);\n if (distance(around, current) < 0.001) {\n gl_FragColor = vec4(0., 0., 0., 0.); \n } else {\n gl_FragColor = vec4(0., 0., 0., 1.);\n }\n }\n `","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1524,"value":"$37","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2537,"value":"dark2scheme = d3.schemeDark2.map(d=>rgb2glcolor(d))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2542,"value":"category10scheme = d3.schemeCategory10.map(d=>rgb2glcolor(d))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2607,"value":"set1scheme = d3.schemeSet1.map(d=>rgb2glcolor(d))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2254,"value":"rgb2glcolor = col => {\n const {r, g, b} = d3.rgb(col)\n return [r, g, b, 255]\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2251,"value":"viridis_scheme = d3.range(0, 5).map(d => d3.interpolateViridis(d/4)).map(rgb2glcolor)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2267,"value":"magma_scheme = d3.range(0, 5).map(d => d3.interpolateMagma(d/4)).map(rgb2glcolor)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2590,"value":"md`# TriMap class\n\nThis is living in this notebook for now--eventually, it will go into the trifeather package or another one like it.\n\n`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":30,"value":"$38","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2058,"value":"map.layers.map(d => d._n_coords)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1150,"value":"m = new Uint16Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2646,"value":"redlines","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2382,"value":"greyscale = d3.scaleOrdinal().range(greys)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2401,"value":"greyscale.range()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":2377,"value":"greys = {\n const out = []\n for (let i of d3.range(10)) {\n for (let j of d3.range(10)) {\n for (let k of d3.range(10)) {\n out.push([118 + i * 2, 118 + j*2, 118 + k*2, 255]) \n }\n }\n}\n return out \n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":556,"value":"function propd(string, def) {\n return (_, props) => {\n if (props[string] !== undefined) {return props[string]}\n return def\n }\n \n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1355,"value":"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1514,"value":"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":67,"value":"wrapRegl = require(\"regl\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1052,"value":"$39","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":14,"value":"d3 = require(\"d3@v6\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W3a","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 33:"$32:body"