2c:null 2d:["$","title",null,{"children":"Useful linear orders for countries and states | Benjamin Schmidt | Observable"}] 32:T41d,md`# Useful linear orders for countries and states It's often necessary, as in axes on time series plots, to arrange things like countries or states in one dimension. People often default to alphabetical order, which is barely useful for some countries (is it under "Congo"? or "Republic of Congo"?) and **it doesn't let you see regional patterns.** So one of my little-shared obsessions is coming up with the general-use orderings, and strategies for creating orderings, that are better than alphabetical ordering for visualizing all sorts of things. I show per-capita income below--see [here for coronavirus rates](https://observablehq.com/@bmschmidt/well-ordered-coronavirus-heatmaps-for-us-and-the-world). I want a good, default linear ordering of all the countries in the world and states in the US that I can just drop in, including various variant names for countries and abbreviations for states. \`\`\`javascript import { linear_country_order, linear_us_state_order } from '@bmschmidt/useful-linear-orders-for-countries-and-states' \`\`\` `33:Te34,linear_country_order = ["World","Americas","South America","Chile","Argentina","Uruguay","Brazil","Paraguay","Bolivia","Peru","Ecuador","Colombia","Venezuela","Guyana","Suriname","Carribean","Lesser Antilles","Trinidad and Tobago","Grenada","St. Vincent and the Grenadines","Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Barbados","St. Lucia","Saint Lucia","Dominica","Antigua and Barbuda","Saint Kitts and Nevis","St. Kitts and Nevis","Bahamas","Greater Antilles","Dominican Republic","Haiti","Cuba","Jamaica","Central America","Panama","Costa Rica","Nicaragua","Belize","Honduras","El Salvador","Guatemala","North America","Mexico","US","USA","United States","United States of America","Canada","Europe","Western Europe","Nordic Countries","Iceland","Norway","Finland","Sweden","Denmark","British Isles","Ireland","United Kingdom","Northern Ireland","Isle of Mann","Scotland","Wales","England","Low Cpuntries","Netherlands","Luxembourg","Belgium","France","Iberia","Andorra","Spain","Portugal","Malta","Italia","San Marino","Italy","Holy See","Monaco","German-speaking countries","Switzerland","Liechtenstein","Germany","Austria","Eastern Europe","Central Europe","Former Czechoslovakia","Czechia","Czech Republic","Slovak Republic","Slovakia","Poland","Hungary","Balkan Peninsula","Former Yugoslavia","Slovenia","Croatia","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Serbia","Kosovo","Montenegro","North Macedonia","Albania","Greece","Bulgaria and Romania","Bulgaria","Romania","European former USSR","Moldova","Ukraine","Belarus","Baltics","Lithuania","Latvia","Estonia","Russia","Central Asia/Caucuses","Central Asia","Kyrgyzstanb","Kyrgyz Republic","Tajikistan","Kazakhstan","Uzbekistan","Turkmenistan","Afghanistan","Caucuses","Azerbaijan","Abkhazia","Georgia","Armenia","Middle East","Iran","Turkey","Arab World and Israel","Arabia","Iraq","Kuwait","Saudi Arabia","United Arab Emirates","Qatar","Bahrain","Oman","Yemen","Levant","Cyprus","Syria","Lebanon","Israel and Palestine","West Bank and Gaza","West Bank","Gaza","Palestine","Israel","Jordan","North Africa","Egypt","Mahgreb","Libya","Tunisia","Algeria","Morocco","Western Sahara","Sub-Saharan Africa","West Africa","Cabo Verde","Cape Verde","Mauritania","Mali","Senegal","Gambia","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea","Sierra Leone","Liberia","Cote d'Ivoire","Burkina Faso","Ghana","Togo","Benin","Nigeria","Niger","Central Africa","Chad","Central African Republic","Cameroon","Sao Tome and Principe","Equatorial Guinea","Gabon","Congo, Rep.","Congo (Brazzaville)","Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo (Kinshasa)","Horn of Africa","Sudan and South Sudan","South Sudan","Sudan","Eritrea","Djibouti","Ethiopia","Somalia","East Africa","Northern Great Lakes","Kenya","Uganda","Rwanda","Burundi","Southern Great Lakes","Tanzania","Comoros","Mozambique","Malawi","Zambia","Southern Africa","Angola","Namibia","Botswana","Zimbabwe","South Africa region","South Africa","Lesotho","Eswatini","African Indian Ocean","Madagascar","Mauritius","Seychelles","South Asia","Maldives","Sri Lanka","India","Bangladesh","Pakistan","Nepal","Bhutan","East and Southeast Asia","East Asia","China","Tibet","Hong Kong, China","Mongolia","Korea","North Korea","South Korea","Japan","Taiwan*","Taiwan","Southeast Asia","Mainland Southeast Asia","Vietnam","Laos","Lao","Burma","Myanmar","Thailand","Cambodia","Malaysia","Singapore","Malay Archipelago","Philippines","Brunei","Indonesia","Timor-Leste","Papua New Guinea","Oceania","Australia and New Zealand","Australia","New Zealand","Melanesia","Fiji","Vanuatu","Solomon Islands","Nauru","Micronesia","Palau","Micronesia, Fed. Sts.","Kiribati","Polynesia","Tuvalu","Samoa","Marshall Islands","Tonga"]34:T455,linear_us_state_order = ["Pacific Ocean","Guam","GU","Hawaii","HI","Alaska","AK","Lower 48","West","West Coast","Pacific Northwest","WA","Washington","OR","Oregon","CA","California","Southwest","AZ","Arizona","NM","New Mexico","NV","Nevada","CO","Colorado","WY","Wyoming","UT","Utah","ID","Idaho","MT","Montana","Midwest","Dakotas","ND","North Dakota","SD","South Dakota","NE","Nebraska","KS","Kansas","IA","Iowa","MN","Minnesota","WI","Wisconsin","MI","Michigan","OH","Ohio","IN","Indiana","IL","Illinois","South","MO","Missouri","OK","Oklahoma","TX","Texas","LA","Louisiana","AR","Arkansas","KY","Kentucky","TN","Tennessee","MS","Mississippi","AL","Alabama","GA","Georgia","FL","Florida","SC","South Carolina","NC","North Carolina","WV","West Virginia","VA","Virginia","Northeast","Mid-Atlantic","DC","MD","Maryland","DE","Delaware","PA","Pennsylvania","NJ","New Jersey","NY","New York","New England","Southern New England","CT","Connecticut","RI","Rhode Island","MA","Massachusetts","Northern New England","NH","New Hampshire","VT","Vermont","ME","Maine","Carribean","Puerto Rico","PR","US Virgin Islands"]35:Tf2b,md` The hierarchy below shows all the countries the point is not the raw hierarchy, but that the gaps *between* each of these groups are inobtrusive. See the map and heatmap representations below for more examples. ${chart} # Priorities 1. Try to keep contiguous regions together. 2. Arrange those regions in an order that keeps contiguous countries inside those regions together. 3. Where it doesn't greatly hurt those contraints, group by language, shared history, and/or religion. ## Theory In certain ways, this question is simply the NP-hard traveling salesman problem--what's the best order through the globe? Attached the core class below you'll see a methods from the TSP literature that I've partially implemented; for geographic regions *other* than the US and the world, they might provide a good starting point. But the TSP is both hard and, for this case, non-optimal. First, countries are not points--Russia, for example, isn't floating out near Kazakhstan. Second, some geographic regions belong with others in ways that can only be quantified on a case-by-case basis. The Czech republic shares a border with four countries, but if you could only place it next to one of them it would probably be the one with the shortest border, Slovakia, because they used to be a single polity. The six states of New England or three countries of the Baltics are so closely linked that they should always appear as a group. Etc. So what I've done here is to start with a TSP solution but then group the results into a hierarchy that can be tweaked as an HTML table that edits the underlying ordering by moving items or reversing blocks. A TSP-derived solution is included here from Google's OSP library. It doesn't place Australia and New Zealand together, among other issues. Another set of solutions involve cluster arrangements used in the paper [*Fast optimal leaf ordering for hierarchical clustering* by Bar-Joseph et al, 2001](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11472989/). Some JS libraries to perform this clustering on the core class I'm using are bundled below, but I was generally dissatisfied with the results I was able to get either with great-circle distance or with penalties. ## Good decisions here With this layout, it feels pretty obvious that Chile should be the start and Oceania the end. South America is easy to order. Earlier versions of this didn't move from South Africa straight to South Asia, but I like that effect; and it keeps together the Arab world. ## Bad/hard decisions here This is a fraught endeavor, which is why I've deliberately put up a version that you can edit. The most regrettable splits that result from this are: 1. All of the Carribean interposes between Colombia and Panama. 2. Pakistan and Afghanistan are separated by all of Africa. It might be better to move Afghanistan out of Central Asia into South Asia, but then it would be extremely distant from Iran and the former SSRs to its north. At least in this ordering, I find Afghanistan is the hardest single country to place. 3. The Baltic countries are near the former USSR, and not very close to either Poland or the Nordic countries. This results in a split of the EU for the sake of keeping an East/West split in Europe. I might make an alternate arrangement that does Europe essentially north-to-south insted of West to East; this would likely split the Northern Slavic-language countries (Poland, Czechia, Slovakia) quite radically from the former Yugoslavia. 4. Somalia and Sudan are split off from the rest of the Arab league. It seems worth keeping the Horn of Africa together, but wandering through the African west coast before landing back in East Africa is less than ideal. 5. A few countries--Greece, Israel, the Philippines, the Bahamas--don't fit all that neatly anywhere, and end up disrupting local flows because you have to put them somewhere. `36:Tec6,baltic_country_ordering = ["World",["Americas",["North America","Canada","US AKA USA AKA United States AKA United States of America","Mexico"],["Central America","Guatemala","El Salvador","Honduras","Belize","Nicaragua","Costa Rica","Panama"],["South America","Venezuela","Colombia","Ecuador","Peru","Chile","Argentina","Uruguay","Paraguay","Bolivia","Brazil","Guyana","Suriname"],["Carribean",["Lesser Antilles","Trinidad and Tobago","Grenada","St. Vincent and the Grenadines AKA Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Barbados","St. Lucia AKA Saint Lucia","Dominica","Antigua and Barbuda","Saint Kitts and Nevis AKA St. Kitts and Nevis"],["Greater Antilles","Dominican Republic","Haiti","Cuba","Jamaica"],"Bahamas"]],["Europe",["Western Europe",["Iberia","Portugal","Spain","Andorra"],["Italia","Monaco","San Marino","Malta","Italy","Holy See"],["German-speaking countries","Switzerland","Liechtenstein","Austria","Germany"],["Low Countries","Netherlands","Luxembourg","Belgium"],"France",["British Isles",["United Kingdom","Northern Ireland","Isle of Mann","Scotland","Wales","England"],"Ireland"],["Nordic Countries","Iceland","Norway","Denmark","Sweden","Finland"]],["Eastern Europe",["Baltics","Estonia", "Latvia","Lithuania"], ["Central Europe","Poland",["Former Czechoslovakia","Czechia AKA Czech Republic","Slovak Republic AKA Slovakia"],"Hungary"],["Balkan Peninsula",["Former Yugoslavia","Slovenia","Croatia","Bosnia and Herzegovina","Serbia","Kosovo","Montenegro","North Macedonia"],"Albania","Greece",["Bulgaria and Romania","Bulgaria","Romania"]],["European former USSR","Moldova","Ukraine","Belarus","Russia"]]],["Central Asia/Caucuses",["Central Asia","Kyrgyzstanb AKA Kyrgyz Republic","Tajikistan","Kazakhstan","Uzbekistan","Turkmenistan","Afghanistan"],["Caucuses","Azerbaijan","Abkhazia","Georgia","Armenia"]],["Middle East","Iran","Turkey",["Arab World and Israel",["Arabia",["Iraq","Kuwait","Saudi Arabia","United Arab Emirates","Qatar","Bahrain","Oman","Yemen"]],["Levant","Cyprus","Syria","Lebanon",["Israel and Palestine",["West Bank and Gaza","West Bank","Gaza"],"Palestine","Israel"],"Jordan"],["North Africa","Egypt",["Mahgreb","Libya","Tunisia","Algeria","Morocco","Western Sahara"]]]],["Sub-Saharan Africa",["West Africa","Cabo Verde","Cape Verde","Mauritania","Mali","Senegal","Gambia","Guinea-Bissau","Guinea","Sierra Leone","Liberia","Cote d'Ivoire","Burkina Faso","Ghana","Togo","Benin","Nigeria","Niger"],["Central Africa","Chad","Central African Republic","Cameroon","Sao Tome and Principe","Equatorial Guinea","Gabon",["Congo, Rep.","Congo (Brazzaville)"],"Congo, Dem. Rep.","Congo (Kinshasa)"],["Horn of Africa",["Sudan and South Sudan","South Sudan","Sudan"],"Eritrea","Djibouti","Ethiopia","Somalia"],["East Africa",["Northern Great Lakes","Kenya","Uganda","Rwanda","Burundi"],["Southern Great Lakes","Tanzania","Comoros","Mozambique","Malawi","Zambia"]],["Southern Africa","Angola","Namibia","Botswana","Zimbabwe",["South Africa region","South Africa","Lesotho","Eswatini"]],["African Indian Ocean","Madagascar","Mauritius","Seychelles"]],["South Asia","Maldives","Sri Lanka","India","Bangladesh","Pakistan","Nepal","Bhutan"],["East and Southeast Asia",["East Asia",["China","Tibet","Hong Kong, China"],"Mongolia",["Korea","North Korea","South Korea"],"Japan","Taiwan*","Taiwan"],["Southeast Asia",["Mainland Southeast Asia","Vietnam","Laos","Lao","Burma","Myanmar","Thailand","Cambodia","Malaysia","Singapore"],["Malay Archipelago","Philippines","Brunei","Indonesia","Timor-Leste","Papua New Guinea"]]],["Oceania",["Australia and New Zealand","Australia","New Zealand"],["Melanesia","Fiji","Vanuatu","Solomon Islands","Nauru"],["Micronesia","Palau","Micronesia, Fed. Sts.","Kiribati"],["Polynesia","Tuvalu","Samoa","Marshall Islands","Tonga"]]] 37:T155c,country_ordering = [ "World", [ "Americas", [ "South America", "Chile", "Argentina", "Uruguay", "Brazil", "Paraguay", "Bolivia", "Peru", "Ecuador", "Colombia", "Venezuela", "Guyana", "Suriname" ], [ "Carribean", [ "Lesser Antilles", "Trinidad and Tobago", "Grenada", "St. Vincent and the Grenadines AKA Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "Barbados", "St. Lucia AKA Saint Lucia", "Dominica", "Antigua and Barbuda", "Saint Kitts and Nevis AKA St. Kitts and Nevis" ], "Bahamas", [ "Greater Antilles", "Dominican Republic", "Haiti", "Cuba", "Jamaica" ] ], [ "Central America", "Panama", "Costa Rica", "Nicaragua", "Belize", "Honduras", "El Salvador", "Guatemala" ], [ "North America", "Mexico", "US AKA USA AKA United States AKA United States of America", "Canada" ] ], [ "Europe", [ "Western Europe", [ "Nordic Countries", "Iceland", "Norway", "Finland", "Sweden", "Denmark" ], [ "British Isles", "Ireland", [ "United Kingdom", "Northern Ireland", "Isle of Mann", "Scotland", "Wales", "England" ] ], [ "Low Cpuntries", "Netherlands", "Luxembourg", "Belgium" ], "France", [ "Iberia", "Andorra", "Spain", "Portugal" ], "Malta", [ "Italia", "San Marino", "Italy", "Holy See", "Monaco" ], [ "German-speaking countries", "Switzerland", "Liechtenstein", "Germany", "Austria" ] ], [ "Eastern Europe", [ "Central Europe", [ "Former Czechoslovakia", "Czechia AKA Czech Republic", "Slovak Republic AKA Slovakia" ], "Poland", "Hungary" ], [ "Balkan Peninsula", [ "Former Yugoslavia", "Slovenia", "Croatia", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Serbia", "Kosovo", "Montenegro", "North Macedonia" ], "Albania", "Greece", [ "Bulgaria and Romania", "Bulgaria", "Romania" ] ], [ "European former USSR", "Moldova", "Ukraine", "Belarus", [ "Baltics", "Lithuania", "Latvia", "Estonia" ], "Russia" ] ] ], [ "Central Asia/Caucuses", [ "Central Asia", "Kyrgyzstanb AKA Kyrgyz Republic", "Tajikistan", "Kazakhstan", "Uzbekistan", "Turkmenistan", "Afghanistan" ], [ "Caucuses", "Azerbaijan", "Abkhazia", "Georgia", "Armenia" ] ], [ "Middle East", "Iran", "Turkey", [ "Arab World and Israel", [ "Arabia", [ "Iraq", "Kuwait", "Saudi Arabia", "United Arab Emirates", "Qatar", "Bahrain", "Oman", "Yemen" ] ], [ "Levant", "Cyprus", "Syria", "Lebanon", [ "Israel and Palestine", [ "West Bank and Gaza", "West Bank", "Gaza" ], "Palestine", "Israel" ], "Jordan" ], [ "North Africa", "Egypt", [ "Mahgreb", "Libya", "Tunisia", "Algeria", "Morocco", "Western Sahara" ] ] ] ], [ "Sub-Saharan Africa", [ "West Africa", "Cabo Verde", "Cape Verde", "Mauritania", "Mali", "Senegal", "Gambia", "Guinea-Bissau", "Guinea", "Sierra Leone", "Liberia", "Cote d'Ivoire", "Burkina Faso", "Ghana", "Togo", "Benin", "Nigeria", "Niger" ], [ "Central Africa", "Chad", "Central African Republic", "Cameroon", "Sao Tome and Principe", "Equatorial Guinea", "Gabon", [ "Congo, Rep.", "Congo (Brazzaville)" ], "Congo, Dem. Rep.", "Congo (Kinshasa)" ], [ "Horn of Africa", [ "Sudan and South Sudan", "South Sudan", "Sudan" ], "Eritrea", "Djibouti", "Ethiopia", "Somalia" ], [ "East Africa", [ "Northern Great Lakes", "Kenya", "Uganda", "Rwanda", "Burundi" ], [ "Southern Great Lakes", "Tanzania", "Comoros", "Mozambique", "Malawi", "Zambia" ] ], [ "Southern Africa", "Angola", "Namibia", "Botswana", "Zimbabwe", [ "South Africa region", "South Africa", "Lesotho", "Eswatini" ] ], [ "African Indian Ocean", "Madagascar", "Mauritius", "Seychelles" ] ], [ "South Asia", "Maldives", "Sri Lanka", "India", "Bangladesh", "Pakistan", "Nepal", "Bhutan" ], [ "East and Southeast Asia", [ "East Asia", [ "China", "Tibet", "Hong Kong, China" ], "Mongolia", [ "Korea", "North Korea", "South Korea" ], "Japan", "Taiwan*", "Taiwan" ], [ "Southeast Asia", [ "Mainland Southeast Asia", "Vietnam", "Laos", "Lao", "Burma", "Myanmar", "Thailand", "Cambodia", "Malaysia", "Singapore" ], [ "Malay Archipelago", "Philippines", "Brunei", "Indonesia", "Timor-Leste", "Papua New Guinea" ] ] ], [ "Oceania", [ "Australia and New Zealand", "Australia", "New Zealand" ], [ "Melanesia", "Fiji", "Vanuatu", "Solomon Islands", "Nauru" ], [ "Micronesia", "Palau", "Micronesia, Fed. Sts.", "Kiribati" ], [ "Polynesia", "Tuvalu", "Samoa", "Marshall Islands", "Tonga" ] ] ]38:Ta51,TSP_SOLUTION = ['depot', 'New Zealand', 'Tonga', 'Samoa', 'Tuvalu', 'Fiji', 'Vanuatu', 'Solomon Islands', 'Nauru', 'Kiribati', 'Marshall Islands', 'Micronesia, Fed. Sts.', 'Japan', 'South Korea', 'North Korea', 'Mongolia', 'Russia', 'Kazakhstan', 'Kyrgyzstanb', 'Tajikistan', 'Uzbekistan', 'Turkmenistan', 'Azerbaijan', 'Armenia', 'Georgia', 'Turkey', 'Cyprus', 'Israel', 'Jordan', 'Palestine', 'Lebanon', 'Syria', 'Kuwait', 'Iran', 'Afghanistan', 'Pakistan', 'India', 'Nepal', 'Bhutan', 'Bangladesh', 'Myanmar', 'Thailand', 'Cambodia', 'Lao', 'Vietnam', 'Hong Kong, China', 'Taiwan', 'Philippines', 'Palau', 'Papua New Guinea', 'Australia', 'Timor-Leste', 'Indonesia', 'Brunei', 'Malaysia', 'Singapore', 'Sri Lanka', 'Maldives', 'Seychelles', 'Mauritius', 'Madagascar', 'Comoros', 'Mozambique', 'Malawi', 'Zambia', 'Zimbabwe', 'Eswatini', 'Lesotho', 'South Africa', 'Botswana', 'Namibia', 'Angola', 'Gabon', 'Equatorial Guinea', 'Cameroon', 'Sao Tome and Principe', 'Togo', 'Ghana', "Cote d'Ivoire", 'Liberia', 'Sierra Leone', 'Guinea', 'Guinea-Bissau', 'Gambia', 'Senegal', 'Cape Verde', 'Mauritania', 'Western Sahara', 'Morocco', 'Portugal', 'Spain', 'Andorra', 'France', 'Monaco', 'Switzerland', 'Liechtenstein', 'Austria', 'Czechia', 'Poland', 'Slovak Republic', 'Hungary', 'Serbia', 'Montenegro', 'Bosnia and Herzegovina', 'Croatia', 'Slovenia', 'San Marino', 'Italy', 'Holy See', 'Malta', 'Tunisia', 'Algeria', 'Mali', 'Burkina Faso', 'Benin', 'Nigeria', 'Niger', 'Chad', 'Central African Republic', 'Congo, Dem. Rep.', 'Rwanda', 'Burundi', 'Tanzania', 'Kenya', 'Uganda', 'South Sudan', 'Sudan', 'Eritrea', 'Ethiopia', 'Djibouti', 'Somalia', 'Yemen', 'Oman', 'United Arab Emirates', 'Qatar', 'Bahrain', 'Saudi Arabia', 'Egypt', 'Libya', 'Greece', 'Albania', 'North Macedonia', 'Bulgaria', 'Romania', 'Moldova', 'Ukraine', 'Belarus', 'Lithuania', 'Latvia', 'Estonia', 'Finland', 'Sweden', 'Norway', 'Denmark', 'Germany', 'Luxembourg', 'Belgium', 'Netherlands', 'Ireland', 'Iceland', 'Canada', 'US', 'Mexico', 'Guatemala', 'El Salvador', 'Belize', 'Honduras', 'Nicaragua', 'Costa Rica', 'Panama', 'Colombia', 'Ecuador', 'Peru', 'Bolivia', 'Chile', 'Argentina', 'Uruguay', 'Paraguay', 'Brazil', 'Suriname', 'Guyana', 'Venezuela', 'Trinidad and Tobago', 'Grenada', 'St. Vincent and the Grenadines', 'Barbados', 'St. Lucia', 'Dominica', 'Antigua and Barbuda', 'Saint Kitts and Nevis', 'Dominican Republic', 'Haiti', 'Jamaica', 'Cuba', 'Bahamas']39:T4b3,graph = { const self = countries; const leaves = self.leaves() const nodes = leaves const links = [] let max_value = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY for (let i = 0; i < leaves.length; i++) { const source = leaves[i] for (let j = i+1; j < leaves.length; j++) { const target = leaves[j] let value = d3.geoDistance(source.coords, target.coords) // Subroutine to artificially lengthen trees on different nodes. let artifical_distance_extension = Math.PI * Math.exp(2, 4); for (let i = 0; i < source.parent_tree.length && i < target.parent_tree.length; i++) { artifical_distance_extension /= 2 if (source.parent_tree[i] != target.parent_tree[i]) { value += artifical_distance_extension; } } // End subroutine if (value > max_value) {max_value = value} links.push({source, target, value}) } } const graph = reorder.graph(nodes, links, false) .linkDistance(function(l, i) { return 1 + max_value - l.value; }) .init(); const g = reorder.optimal_leaf_order()(reorder.graph2mat(graph)) const output = [] for (let ix of g) { output.push(leaves[ix]) } return output }3a:T3272,class GeoOrdering extends Object { constructor(input, lookup_maps = {}) { if (typeof(input) == "string") { super() this.children = [] this.aliases = input.split(" AKA ") this.name = this.aliases[0]; this.properties = {} this.geometry = {} } else if (input.length) { // Nested lists are easier to write, but less detailed. super() this.aliases = input[0].split("AKA") this.name = this.aliases[0] this.children = [] this.properties = {} if (this.name.length && !typeof(this.name) == "string") { this.name = input[0][0] this.properties.aliases = input[0].slice(1, input[0].length) } for (let child of input.slice(1, input.length)) { this.children.push(new GeoOrdering(child, lookup_maps)) } //d3.shuffle(this.children) } else if (input instanceof GeoOrdering) { super() this['name'] = input.name this['aliases'] = input['aliases'] this.properties = input.properties this['children'] = input.children } else { // Initialize from an object. super() this.properties = input.properties || {} this.name = input.name this.aliases = input.aliases this.children = [] for (let [k, v] of Object.entries(this)) { if (k != "children" && k != "name" && k != "properties" && k != "aliases") { this[k] = v } } if (self.children) { self.children = self.children.map( child => new GeoOrdering(child, lookup_maps) ) } } for (const [key, val] of Object.entries(lookup_maps)) { for (let name of this.aliases) { const candidate = val.get(name) if (candidate) {this.properties[key] = candidate} } } this.backlink_parents() } alias_map() { const aliases = new Map() for (let child of this) { for (let name of child.aliases) { aliases.set(name, child.aliases) } } return aliases } *[Symbol.iterator]() { yield this for (let child of this.children) { for (let entry of child) { yield entry } } } backlink_parents() { for (let child of this.children) { child.parent = this child.backlink_parents() } } object_repr() { const { alias, name, geometry, properties } = this; const children = this.children.map(d => d.object_repr()) return { alias, name, geometry, properties, children } } compact_repr() { // Return to the most compact possible form. const val = [] val.push(this.aliases.join(" AKA ")) if (this.children.length == 0) { return val[0] } for (let child of this.children) { val.push(child.compact_repr()) } return val } get array() { let output = [...this.aliases] for (let child of this.children) { output = output.concat(child.array) } return output } get parent_tree() { if (this._parent_tree) {return this._parent_tree} this._parent_tree = [] let node = this; while (node.parent) { this._parent_tree.unshift(node.parent.name) node = node.parent } return this._parent_tree } get objects() { const output = [] for (let entry of this) { output.push(entry) } return output } missing(l) { // List missing keys from a passed list. const current = new Set(this.array) return new Set(l.filter(d => !current.has(d))) } get coords() { let val; if (this.properties.coords) { // To ensure it always populates if it doesn't exist. this.children.map(d => d.coords) val = this.properties.coords } else if (this.geometry) { // Should just use d3.geoCentroid. if (d3 === undefined || d3.geoCentroid === undefined) { throw ("Must have d3 and d3-geo in the namespace.") } else { this.properties.coords = d3.geoCentroid(this.geometry); val = this.properties.coords; } } else if (this.children) { // Note--unweighted. Might be good to weight. const points = [] for (let child of this.children) { if (child.coords && child.coords[0]) { // Could weight by overpushing points from some leaves. points.push(child.coords) } } this.properties.coords = d3.geoCentroid( { "type": "MultiPoint" , coordinates: points }) val = this.properties.coords; } else { val = null } if (val.length && !isFinite(val[0])) { val = null } if (val && val[0] === null) {val = null} return val } leaves(only_those_with_coords = true) { const leaves = []; const break_function = d => d.children.length == 0; for (let child of this) { if (break_function(child)) { if (only_those_with_coords && child.coords === null) { continue } leaves.push(child) } } return leaves } LineString(break_function = d => d.children.length == 0) { const coords = [] for (let child of this) { if (break_function(child)) { coords.push(child.coords) } } return { "type": "LineString", "coordinates": coords.filter(d => d && d.length == 2) } } point() { return {"type": "Point", "geometry": (this.coords)} } entrance_and_exit() { if (this.parent === undefined) { return [null, null] } let entrance = null; let exit = null; const index_of_this = this.parent.children .map(d => d.name) .indexOf(this.name) if (index_of_this > 0) { entrance = this.parent.children[index_of_this - 1].endpoints[1] } if (index_of_this < this.parent.children.length - 1) { exit = this.parent.children[index_of_this + 1].endpoints[0] } return [entrance, exit] } distance() { const [entrance, exit] = this.entrance_and_exit() const coords = this.LineString().coordinates; let cost; if (coords.length <= 1) { return 0 } if (entrance !== null) { cost = d3.geoDistance(entrance, coords[0]) } else { cost = 0 } let last; let current for (let i = 1; i < coords.length; i++) { current = coords[i] last = coords[i-1] cost += d3.geoDistance(last, current); } if (exit != null) { cost += d3.geoDistance(current, exit) } return cost; } shallow_distance() { let accumulator = 0 let last = null let current = null const coords = this.children.map(d => d.coords); const [start, end] = this.entrance_and_exit(); coords.push(end) coords.shift(start) for (let coord of coords) { current = coord if (last && current) { accumulator += d3.geoDistance(last, current) } // If the current thing is undefined, stay at the last point. if (current !== null) {last = current} } return accumulator } reverse() { this.children.reverse() for (let child of this.children) { child.reverse() } } get endpoints() { if (this.children.length == 0) { return [this.coords, this.coords] } const first = this.children[0].endpoints[0] const last = this.children[this.children.length - 1].endpoints[1] return [first, last] } two_opt(i, j) { const { children } = this; const switcheroo = [...this.children.slice(i, j)].reverse() for (let m = 0; m < switcheroo.length; m++) { children[i + m] = switcheroo[m] // Need to flip the kids as well. // in case i + 1 == j, simply reverses the single list. children[i + m].reverse() } } optimize_two_opts_once(metric = "shallow_distance", depth = 0, pin_start = false, pin_end = false) { if (this.children.length == 0) {return false} // console.log(this, metric, this[metric]) let delta = false let best_distance = this[metric]() for (let i = 0; i <= this.children.length - 2; i++) { for (let j = i + 1; j < this.children.length; j++) { this.two_opt(i, j) if (depth > 0) { this.children.forEach(child => child.optimize_two_opts_once(metric, depth - 1)) } if (this[metric]() < best_distance) { best_distance = this[metric]() delta = true } else { // swap back. this.two_opt(i, j) } } } // console.log(this.name, best_distance, delta) return delta } stash_order() { this.stash = this.stash || [] this.stash.push([...this.children]) this.children.forEach(child => child.stash_order()) } revert_order() { this.children = this.stash.pop() this.children.forEach(child => child.revert_order()) } confirm_order() { this.stash.pop() this.children.forEach(child => child.confirm_order()) } optimize_swaps_on_children(entrance = null, exit = null) { let last_enter = entrance; let delta = false this.children.forEach((child, i) => { const next_exit = i < this.children.length - 1 ? this.children[i + 1].endpoints[0] : exit; const delta_here = child.optimize_swaps(last_enter, next_exit) if (delta_here) { delta = true } last_enter = this.children[i].endpoints[1]; }) return delta } optimize_swaps(entrance = null, exit = null) { let delta = true if (this.children.length < 2) { return false } const { children } = this; let cost = this.distance(entrance, exit) while (delta = true) { delta = false for (let i = 0; i < this.children.length; i++) { for (let j = i + 1; j <= children.length; j++) { this.stash_order() // Special case here--you *can* // swap a single item by reversing it in place. this.two_opt(i, j); this.optimize_swaps_on_children(entrance, exit); const new_cost = this.distance(entrance, exit); if (new_cost >= cost) { // swap back. this.revert_order() } else { delta = true cost = new_cost this.confirm_order() } } } } this.optimize_swaps_on_children(entrance, exit); return delta } update_editable_tree(parent = undefined) { if (parent == undefined) { parent = d3.select(DOM.element("div")).append("ul") } const tree = this function move_up_or_down(event, d) { const direction = d3.select(this).attr("class") console.log("Moving", d.name, direction, "among", tree.children.map(d => d.name)) const ix = tree .children .map(d => d.name) .indexOf(d.name) const new_ix = ix + (direction == "up" ? -1 : 1) if (new_ix < 0 || new_ix >= tree.children.length) { return } [tree.children[new_ix], tree.children[ix]] = [tree.children[ix], tree.children[new_ix]] tree.update_editable_tree(parent) } const lis = parent.selectAll("li") .data(tree.children, d => d.name) .join( enter => { const li = enter.append("li") const label = li.append("span").attr("class", "label").text(d => d.name) const up = li.append("span").attr("class", "up").text("⇧").on("click", move_up_or_down) const down = li.append("span").attr("class", "down").text("⇩").on("click", move_up_or_down) const reverse = li.append("span").attr("class", "down").text("⟳").on("click", function(event, d) { d.reverse() tree.update_editable_tree(parent) }) const ul = li.append("ul").style("display", "none") label.on("click", function (event, d) { const child_list = d3.select(this.parentNode).select("ul") child_list.style("display", child_list.style("display") == "none" ? "inline" : "none") }) up.on("click", move_up_or_down) down.on("click", move_up_or_down) return li }) .style("padding-left", "1em") .each((d, i, group) => { const node = group[i] d.update_editable_tree(d3.select(node).select("ul")) }) return parent } optimize(entrance = null, exit = null) { } }3b:[] 30:{"id":"12cd50fc650b98a9","slug":"useful-linear-orders-for-countries-and-states","title":"Useful linear orders for countries and states","thumbnail":"d7bf28862dbaf6975e2021f9727306e49849207e59d15afff9a97a671b5ddf3f","access_level":"public","create_time":"$D2020-10-20T13:16:51.962Z","update_time":"$D2024-03-19T15:20:57.736Z","view_time":null,"first_public_time":"$D2020-10-23T20:10:36.601Z","fork":false,"stars":2,"starred":false,"owner":{"type":"team","id":"18bbeceb36c8f564","login":"bmschmidt","name":"Benjamin Schmidt","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/addc2adb5ec95cc72a64820e4a08488bad5d48d95a895eef85a45b136ed66792","tier":"starter_2024"},"version":1476,"publish_version":1476,"role":null,"authored":false,"authors":[{"type":"individual","id":"33354ca265b21f01","login":"bmschmidt","name":"Benjamin Schmidt","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/addc2adb5ec95cc72a64820e4a08488bad5d48d95a895eef85a45b136ed66792","tier":null}],"members":[{"type":"individual","id":"33354ca265b21f01","login":"bmschmidt","name":"Benjamin Schmidt","avatar_url":"https://avatars-next.observableusercontent.com/addc2adb5ec95cc72a64820e4a08488bad5d48d95a895eef85a45b136ed66792","tier":null,"role":"editor"}],"comments":[],"custom_thumbnail":false,"trashed":false,"subscribed":null,"forks":0,"collection":null,"type":"notebook","body":{"title":"Useful linear orders for countries and states","cells":[{"id":1162,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1423,"value":"viewof starting_point = radio({options: [\n {\"value\": \"TSP_SOLUTION\", label: \"TSP solution (calculated with ortools)start\"},\n {\"value\": \"baltic_country_ordering\", label: \"Baltic-friendly ordering\"},\n {\"value\": \"country_ordering\", label: \"Default Ordering\"}\n ],\"value\": \"country_ordering\", \"title\": \"Change starting arrangement\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1177,"value":"md`# On the map\n\nHere's the course it takes on a map. See below for a tree and example heatmap.\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":61,"value":"map = html``","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":866,"value":"draw_chart = function () {\n return chart\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1338,"value":"//countries.children.map(d => d.optimize_two_opts_once(\"distance\", 0))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1333,"value":"{\n if (false) {\n while (countries.optimize_two_opts_once(\"distance\", 2)) {\n yield [now, countries.distance()]\n }\n yield [\"done\", countries.distance()]\n}}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1171,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1182,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":0,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":76,"value":"import { chart } with {countries as data } from '@d3/collapsible-tree'","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1156,"value":"md`# Example: GDP per capita with regional variation.\n\nThe case where I most often want this is for time-series datasets. Here's gapminder data about\nabout per-capita GDP. The layout faciliates both regional comparisons (Europe is rich! The Arabian peninsula has had very high GDPs for a while) and quickly draws out countries that are especially poor compared to their region today (Haiti, Yemen, Mali, Kiribati) or that have longer histories of regional wealth (Ecuador, Lebanon, Algeria, Brunei). \n\n`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":155,"value":"{\n return false\n embed(\n {\n data: {values: pop_with_change.objects()},\n mark: \"rect\",\n height: 1500,\n width: width * .66,\n encoding: {\n \"x\": {\n \"field\": \"time\", \"type\": \"ordinal\",\n \"axis\": { \"labelOverlap\": true },\n }\n ,\n \"y\": {\"field\": \"name\", \"type\": \"nominal\",\n sort: countries.array, axis: {orient: \"right\"}},\n \"fill\": {\"field\": \"income_per_person_long_series\",\n \"type\": \"quantitative\",\n scale: {\n \"type\": \"log\",\n \"scheme\": \"inferno\",\n domain:[1000, 100000],\n reverse: true, clamp: true\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n)\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1104,"value":"country_sort_order = JSON.stringify(countries.array)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1033,"value":"l = html`

Change the ordering

You can move things around here. Click a label to open its children; click up or down to move a block; and click reverse to swap children. If you want to do anything like regrouping regions, you'd have to edit the list called \\`country_ordering\\` in this notebook. Since this updates the internal state of the object, you'll have to rerun the code below to update the track on the map and re-run the vega-lite plot to see what it looks like.

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1412,"value":"viewof click = html``","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1430,"value":"options = {return {country_ordering, TSP_SOLUTION, baltic_country_ordering}}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1417,"value":"{\n click\n return md`Distance is ${countries.distance()} radians on the globe`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1443,"value":"md`## Copyable arrangement of the current order\n\n(If you've edited things).\n`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1410,"value":"{\n click\n return countries.array\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1202,"value":"md`When this cell last executed, the full track covered **${d3.format(\",\")(countries.distance()*24901/Math.PI)} miles** on the globe, if I've got my radians-to-miles conversion right.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1262,"value":"{\n return false\n let changes = 0\n for (let c of countries) {\n changes += c.optimize_two_opts_once() ? 1 : 0\n }\n return changes\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1363,"value":"distance_matrix = {\n return false\n // This is useful for feeding into Google's OR tools.\n const ds = []\n const leaves = countries.leaves()\n \n for (let countrya of leaves) {\n const locds = []\n for (let countryb of leaves) {\n locds.push(d3.geoDistance(countrya.coords, countryb.coords))\n }\n locds.push(0)\n ds.push(locds)\n }\n ds.push(new Array(ds[0].length).fill(0))\n ds.push(leaves.map(d => d.name))\n return ds\n}\n","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":684,"value":"track = {\n click\n return countries.LineString()\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1116,"value":"{\n // secretly update the list.\n click\n countries.update_editable_tree(d3.select(\"#sortable_list\")) \n d3.select(\"#track\").attr(\"d\", path(track))\n return `Last updated track and tree at ${Date.now()}`\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":102,"value":"md`# Base definition\n\nThe basic schema here is a set of nested arrays. The first element in any array is a name for the region; the rest of elements are sub-elements.\n\nThis could go arbitrarily deep--the only reason I don't include my ordering of American states inside this is that the state of Georgia and the country of Georgia would collide, and I haven't decided how to handle that yet.\n\n`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1396,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":6,"value":"$37","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1386,"value":"$38","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1469,"value":"countries = new GeoOrdering(options[starting_point], {\"coords\": country_coords})","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":722,"value":"reorder = {\n // Dear God, this is a terrible.\n return require(\"science@1.9.3/science.v1.min.js\").catch(() => window[\"science\"]).then(() =>\n require('reorder.js@1.0.7/reorder.v1.js').catch(() => window[\"reorder\"]))\n \n}\n ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":730,"value":"$39","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":145,"value":"$3a","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":63,"value":"import { land, path, graticule, height, outline } with { projection } from '@d3/world-map-svg'","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":36,"value":"metacountries = aq.fromCSV(await d3.text(\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/open-numbers/ddf--open_numbers--world_development_indicators/master/ddf--entities--geo--country.csv\"))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":184,"value":"country_names = {\n const mapping = new Map()\n metacountries.select([\"country\", \"name\"]).objects().forEach(({country, name}) => mapping.set(country, name))\n return mapping\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":121,"value":"population = aq.from(await d3.csv(\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/open-numbers/ddf--gapminder--systema_globalis/master/countries-etc-datapoints/ddf--datapoints--population_total--by--geo--time.csv\"))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":216,"value":"income = aq.from(await d3.csv(\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/open-numbers/ddf--gapminder--systema_globalis/master/countries-etc-datapoints/ddf--datapoints--income_per_person_long_series--by--geo--time.csv\"))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":142,"value":"pop_with_change = {\n const pop_with_change = population.join(metacountries.select(['name', 'country']), [\"geo\", \"country\"], [[\"time\", \"population_total\", \"geo\"], [\"name\"]]).groupby([\"geo\", \"name\"]).orderby(\"time\").derive({\"pop_change\": d => d.population_total/op.lag(d.population_total, 1)})\n return pop_with_change.join(income, [[\"geo\", \"time\"], [\"geo\", \"time\"]], [pop_with_change.columnNames(), ['income_per_person_long_series']])\n}","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":1426,"value":"import { radio } from '@jashkenas/inputs'","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":127,"value":"pops = JSON.stringify(pop_with_change.groupby(\"geo\").filter(d => d.time == op.max(d.time)).select([\"name\", \"population_total\"]).reify().objects())","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":66,"value":"projection = d3.geoNaturalEarth1()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":47,"value":"table_ordering = aq.table({'name': country_ordering.flat(100), order: d3.range(100000)})\n","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":353,"value":"country_coords = d3.rollup(metacountries.objects(), r => [r[0].longitude, r[0].latitude], k => k.name)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":33,"value":"d3 = require(\"d3@v6\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":40,"value":"import { aq, op } from '@uwdata/arquero';","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"},{"id":152,"value":"embed = require(\"vega-embed@6\")","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs","author":"$undefined","summary":"$undefined","output":"$undefined","database":"$undefined"}],"files":"$W3b","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}} 31:"$30:body"