31:T504,options_1 = ({ chart: { height: 400, width: 600, toolbar: { show: true, offsetX: 0, offsetY: 0, tools: { download: true, selection: true, zoom: false, zoomin: true, zoomout: true, pan: true, reset: true | '

', customIcons: [] }, autoSelected: 'zoom' }, }, dataLabels: { enabled: false }, legend: { show: true }, markers: { size: 5, style: 'full', }, stroke: { curve: 'smooth' //straight //stepline }, series: series_1, xaxis: { label: "Wavelength in μm", min: 0, max: 8, type: 'integer', tickAmount: 8 }, yaxis: { label: "Emissive Power", min: 0, max: 10, tickAmount: 10 }, tooltip: { enabled: true, custom: function({_, seriesIndex, dataPointIndex, w}) { return `

${series_1[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].title}

Wavelength: ${series_1[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_1} μm

Emissivity: ${series_1[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_2}

` } } })32:T825,options_2 = ({ chart: { height: 400, width: 900, toolbar: { show: true, offsetX: 0, offsetY: 0, tools: { download: true, selection: true, zoom: false, zoomin: true, zoomout: true, pan: true, reset: true | '

', customIcons: [] }, autoSelected: 'zoom' }, }, dataLabels: { enabled: false }, legend: { show: true }, colors: ['#D9EB4B', '#535EEB', '#00218A', '#F21A1D', '#FF822E', '#FF2079'], markers: { size: 5, style: 'full', }, stroke: { curve: 'straight' //straight //stepline }, series: series_2, annotations: { xaxis: [ { x: .4, x2: .7, fillColor: '#9370DB', label: { text: 'Visible spectrum' } } ] }, xaxis: { min: 0, max: 20, type: 'integer', tickAmount: 8, title: { text: "Wavelength (in μm)", offsetX: -5, offsetY: 0, style: { color: "#222222", fontSize: '15px', fontFamily: 'Helvetica',//, Arial, sans-serif', fontWeight: 600, cssClass: 'apexcharts-yaxis-title', }, }, yaxis: { min: 0, max: 1, tickAmount: 10, title: { text: "Emissivity", offsetX: -5, offsetY: 0, style: { color: "#222222", fontSize: '15px', fontFamily: 'Helvetica',//, Arial, sans-serif', fontWeight: 600, cssClass: 'apexcharts-yaxis-title', }, }, tooltip: { enabled: true, custom: function({_, seriesIndex, dataPointIndex, w}) { return `

${series_2[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].title}

Wavelength: ${series_2[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_1} μm

Emissivity: ${series_2[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_2}

` } } })33:T59a,options_3 = ({ chart: { height: 450, width: 500, toolbar: { show: true, offsetX: 0, offsetY: 0, tools: { download: true, selection: true, zoom: false, zoomin: true, zoomout: true, pan: true, reset: true | '

', customIcons: [] }, autoSelected: 'zoom' } }, dataLabels: { enabled: false }, theme: { mode: 'light', palette: 'palette5', monochrome: { enabled: false, color: '#255aee', shadeTo: 'light', shadeIntensity: 0.9 } }, legend: { show: true }, markers: { size: 5, style: 'full', }, stroke: { curve: 'straight' //smooth //stepline }, series: series_3, xaxis: { min: 0.4, max: 0.8, type: 'integer', tickAmount: 4 }, yaxis: { min: 0, max: 1, tickAmount: 10 }, tooltip: { enabled: true, custom: function({_, seriesIndex, dataPointIndex, w}) { return `

${series_3[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].title}

Wavelength: ${series_3[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_1} μm

Absorptivity: ${series_3[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_2}

` } } })34:T835,options_4 = ({ chart: { height: 400, width: 900, toolbar: { show: true, offsetX: 0, offsetY: 0, tools: { download: true, selection: true, zoom: false, zoomin: true, zoomout: true, pan: true, reset: true | '

', customIcons: [] }, autoSelected: 'zoom' } }, dataLabels: { enabled: false }, legend: { show: true }, markers: { size: 5, style: 'full', }, stroke: { curve: 'straight' //smooth //stepline }, series: series_4, colors: ['#3B55CE', '#FFAA01', '#9C27B0', '#D9EB4B', '#AAAAAA', '#FFCD94', '#F44336', '#000000'], annotations: { xaxis: [ { x: .4, x2: .7, fillColor: '#9370DB', label: { text: 'Visible spectrum' } } ] }, xaxis: { min: 0, max: 20, type: 'integer', tickAmount: 8, title: { text: "Wavelength (in μm)", offsetX: 0, offsetY: -2, style: { color: "#222222", fontSize: '15px', fontFamily: 'Helvetica',//, Arial, sans-serif', fontWeight: 600, cssClass: 'apexcharts-xaxis-title', }, } }, yaxis: { min: 0, max: 1, tickAmount: 10, title: { text: "Reflectivity", offsetX: -5, offsetY: 0, style: { color: "#222222", fontSize: '15px', fontFamily: 'Helvetica',//, Arial, sans-serif', fontWeight: 600, cssClass: 'apexcharts-yaxis-title', }, } }, tooltip: { enabled: true, custom: function({_, seriesIndex, dataPointIndex, w}) { return `

${series_4[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].title}

Wavelength: ${series_4[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_1} μm

Emissivity: ${series_4[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_2}

` } } })35:T837,options_5 = ({ chart: { height: 400, width: 900, toolbar: { show: true, offsetX: 0, offsetY: 0, tools: { download: true, selection: true, zoom: false, zoomin: true, zoomout: true, pan: true, reset: true | '

', customIcons: [] }, autoSelected: 'zoom' } }, dataLabels: { enabled: false }, legend: { show: true }, markers: { size: 5, style: 'full', }, stroke: { curve: 'straight' //smooth //stepline }, series: series_5, colors: ['#3B55CE', '#FFAA01', '#9C27B0', '#D9EB4B', '#AAAAAA', '#FFCD94', '#F44336', '#000000'], annotations: { xaxis: [ { x: .4, x2: .7, fillColor: '#9370DB', label: { text: 'Visible spectrum' } } ] }, xaxis: { min: 0, max: 20, type: 'integer', tickAmount: 8, title: { text: "Wavelength (in μm)", offsetX: 0, offsetY: -2, style: { color: "#222222", fontSize: '15px', fontFamily: 'Helvetica',//, Arial, sans-serif', fontWeight: 600, cssClass: 'apexcharts-xaxis-title', }, } }, yaxis: { min: 0, max: 1, tickAmount: 10, title: { text: "Transmissivity", offsetX: -5, offsetY: 0, style: { color: "#222222", fontSize: '15px', fontFamily: 'Helvetica',//, Arial, sans-serif', fontWeight: 600, cssClass: 'apexcharts-yaxis-title', }, } }, tooltip: { enabled: true, custom: function({_, seriesIndex, dataPointIndex, w}) { return `

${series_5[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].title}

Wavelength: ${series_5[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_1} μm

Emissivity: ${series_5[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_2}

` } } })36:T586,options_6 = ({ chart: { height: 450, width: 500, toolbar: { show: true, offsetX: 0, offsetY: 0, tools: { download: true, selection: true, zoom: false, zoomin: true, zoomout: true, pan: true, reset: true | '

', customIcons: [] }, autoSelected: 'zoom' }, }, dataLabels: { enabled: false }, legend: { show: true }, theme: { mode: 'light', palette: 'palette6', monochrome: { enabled: false, color: '#255aee', shadeTo: 'light', shadeIntensity: 0.9 } }, markers: { size: 5, style: 'full', }, stroke: { curve: 'stepline' }, series: series_6, xaxis: { min: 6, max: 11.3, type: 'integer', tickAmount: 4 }, yaxis: { min: 0, max: 1, tickAmount: 10 }, tooltip: { enabled: true, custom: function({_, seriesIndex, dataPointIndex, w}) { return `

${series_6[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].title}

Wavelength: ${series_6[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_1} μm

Absorptivity: ${series_6[seriesIndex].data[dataPointIndex].comment_2}

` } } })37:Ta8c,function Reflection(svg) { const pt1 = d3.randomUniform (width/4, width)() const pt2 = d3.randomUniform (width/4, 3*width/4)() svg.select("g#slide_0").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_0").select("rect").remove() svg.select("g#slide_0").select("text").remove() svg.select("g#slide_0").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_0").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_0").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_0").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#7122fa") .attr("cx",pt1) .attr("cy",-100) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeCubic) .duration(500) .attr("cx",pt2) .attr("cy",2*height/3+-10) .transition() .duration(500) .attr("cx", 2*pt2-pt1) .attr("cy", -100) const pt3 = d3.randomUniform (width/4, width)() const pt4 = d3.randomUniform (width/4, 3*width/4)() svg.select("g#slide_0").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#7122fa") .attr("cx",pt3) .attr("cy",-100) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeCubic) .duration(500) .delay(100) .attr("cx",pt4) .attr("cy",2*height/3+-10) .transition() .duration(500) .attr("cx", 2*pt4-pt3) .attr("cy", -100) const pt5 = d3.randomUniform (width/4, width)() const pt6 = d3.randomUniform (width/4, 3*width/4)() svg.select("g#slide_0").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#7122fa") .attr("cx",pt5) .attr("cy",-100) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeCubic) .delay(400) .duration(500) .attr("cx",pt6) .attr("cy",2*height/3+-10) .transition() .duration(500) .attr("cx", 2*pt6-pt5) .attr("cy", -100) const pt7 = d3.randomUniform (width/4, width)() const pt8 = d3.randomUniform (width/4, 3*width/4)() svg.select("g#slide_0").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#7122fa") .attr("cx",pt7) .attr("cy",-100) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeCubic) .delay(250) .duration(500) .attr("cx",pt8) .attr("cy",2*height/3+-10) .transition() .duration(500) .attr("cx", 2*pt8-pt7) .attr("cy", -100) svg.select("g#slide_0").append("rect") .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", 2*height/3) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height/3) .style("fill", "#222222") .style("font-family", "Arial") svg.select("g#slide_0").append("text") .text("Reflection") .attr("x", 135) .attr("y", height*5/6+7) .style("fill", "white") .style("font-size", 30) }38:T87d,function Transmission(svg) { const pt1 = d3.randomUniform (0, 400)() const pt2 = d3.randomUniform (0, 400)() svg.select("g#slide_1").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_1").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_1").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_1").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_1").select("rect").remove() svg.select("g#slide_1").select("text").remove() svg.select("g#slide_1").append("rect") .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", 2*height/3) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height/3) .style("fill", "222222") svg.select("g#slide_1").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#f36b35") .attr("cx",pt1) .attr("cy",-10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeExpIn) .duration(1000) .attr("cx",pt2) .attr("cy",height+100) const pt3 = d3.randomUniform (0, 400)() const pt4 = d3.randomUniform (0, 400)() svg.select("g#slide_1").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#f36b35") .attr("cx",pt3) .attr("cy",-10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeExpIn) .delay(100) .duration(1000) .attr("cx",pt4) .attr("cy",height+100) const pt5 = d3.randomUniform (0, 400)() const pt6 = d3.randomUniform (0, 400)() svg.select("g#slide_1").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#f36b35") .attr("cx",pt5) .attr("cy",-10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeExpIn) .delay(250) .duration(1000) .attr("cx",pt6) .attr("cy",height+100) const pt7 = d3.randomUniform (0, 400)() const pt8 = d3.randomUniform (0, 400)() svg.select("g#slide_1").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#f36b35") .attr("cx",pt7) .attr("cy",-10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeExpIn) .delay(400) .duration(1000) .attr("cx",pt8) .attr("cy",height+100) svg.select("g#slide_1").append("text") .text("Transmission") .attr("x", 120) .attr("y", height*5/6+7) .style("fill", "white") .style("font-size", 30) }39:T9c8,function Absorption(svg) { const pt1 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() const pt2 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() svg.select("g#slide_2").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_2").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_2").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_2").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_2").select("rect").remove() svg.select("g#slide_2").select("text").remove() svg.select("g#slide_2").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#7fff00") .attr("cx",pt1) .attr("cy",-10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeQuadOut) .duration(800) .attr("cx",pt2) .attr("cy",2*height/3) .transition() .duration(200) .attr("r", 0) const pt3 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() const pt4 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() svg.select("g#slide_2").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#7fff00") .attr("cx",pt3) .attr("cy",-10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeQuadOut) .delay(100) .duration(800) .attr("cx",pt4) .attr("cy",2*height/3) .transition() .duration(200) .attr("r", 0) const pt5 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() const pt6 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() svg.select("g#slide_2").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#7fff00") .attr("cx",pt5) .attr("cy",-10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeQuadOut) .delay(250) .duration(800) .attr("cx",pt6) .attr("cy",2*height/3) .transition() .duration(200) .attr("r", 0) const pt7 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() const pt8 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() svg.select("g#slide_2").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#7fff00") .attr("cx",pt7) .attr("cy",-10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easeQuadOut) .delay(400) .duration(800) .attr("cx",pt8) .attr("cy",2*height/3) .transition() .duration(200) .attr("r", 0) svg.select("g#slide_2").append("rect") .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", 2*height/3) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height/3) .style("fill", "#222222") svg.select("g#slide_2").append("text") .text("Absorption") .attr("x", 135) .attr("y", height*5/6+7) .style("fill", "white") .style("font-size", 30) }3a:T917,function Emission(svg) { svg.select("g#slide_3").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_3").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_3").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_3").select("circle").remove() svg.select("g#slide_3").select("rect").remove() svg.select("g#slide_3").select("text").remove() const pt1 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() const pt2 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() svg.select("g#slide_3").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#0b36c3") .attr("cx",pt2) .attr("cy",2*height/3+10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easePolyIn.exponent(4)) .duration(1000) .attr("cx",pt1 + 10) .attr("cy",-10) const pt3 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() const pt4 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() svg.select("g#slide_3").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#0b36c3") .attr("cx",pt4) .attr("cy",2/3*height+10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easePolyIn.exponent(4)) .delay(100) .duration(1000) .attr("cx",pt3 + 10) .attr("cy",-10) const pt5 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() const pt6 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() svg.select("g#slide_3").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#0b36c3") .attr("cx",pt6) .attr("cy",2/3*height+10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easePolyIn.exponent(4)) .delay(200) .duration(1000) .attr("cx",pt5 + 10) .attr("cy",-10) const pt7 = d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() const pt8= d3.randomUniform (10, width-10)() svg.select("g#slide_3").append("circle") .attr("fill", "#0b36c3") .attr("cx",pt8) .attr("cy",2/3*height+10) .attr("r", 10) .transition() .ease(d3.easePolyIn.exponent(4)) .delay(400) .duration(1000) .attr("cx",pt7 + 10) .attr("cy",-10) svg.select("g#slide_3").append("rect") .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", 2*height/3) .attr("width", width) .attr("height", height/3) .style("fill", "#222222") svg.select("g#slide_3").append("text") .text("Emission") .attr("x", 140) .attr("y", height*5/6+7) .style("fill", "white") .style("font-size", 30) 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2f:{"title":" Radiation: Processes and Properties ","cells":[{"id":25,"value":"html `

Radiation: Processes and Properties

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":75,"value":"image1 = FileAttachment (\"radiation.gif\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":57,"value":"md `Heat is transferred between objects through a combination of three different phenomena: **conduction, convection, and radiation**. While the first two require the presence of a material to transfer heat, radiation does not. Electromagnetic radiation travels even through the emptiness of vacuum. In this notebook, we will learn about ways in which electromagnetic radiation can interact with objects to create various effects that we see in our daily lives.\n\nIn the vacuum of space, radiation is the only way in which heat is transfered between distant bodies, but it can be quite slow in doing that. For example, a rogue planet (a planet that does not orbit a star) similar to Earth in its size and composition would take over 100 billion years to completely cool down to current vacuum tempertaure. That's more than 7 times the current age of the universe!`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":560,"value":"image2= FileAttachment (\"planet.gif\").image()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":563,"value":"md`Sometimes light behaves like a particle and other times it behaves like a wave. Different phenomena of light can be explained using one of these two models. For example, blackbody radiation can be explained well using the particle model of light, while interference patterns can be easily explained using the wave model of light. This property of light where it sometimes behaves like a wave and sometimes like a particle is called **wave-particle duality**. But for the purpose of this course, we will constrain ourselves to the study of only the wave-like behavior of light. Let's get started!`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":307,"value":"md`## Electromagnetic spectrum`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1216,"value":"spectrum","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":314,"value":"md`The electromagnetic spectrum is delineated in the figure above. The small wavelength, highly energetic gamma rays, X rays and ultraviolet radiation are primarily of interest to the high-energy physicist and the nuclear engineer, while the long wavelength microwaves and radio waves are of concern to the electrical engineer. UV, visible and infrared radiation are together termed as thermal radiation.\n\nFeatures of thermal radiation include this spectral nature and *directionality*. A surface may emit preferentially in certain directions, creating a directional distribution.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":213,"value":"md`When light falls on a surface, the surface can interact with the light in a combination of the following three ways:\n\n1. *Absorb* the light. **Absorptivity (α)** is the ratio of the light absorbed by the surface.\n2. *Transmit* the light. **Transmissivity (τ)** is the ratio of the light that is transmitted by the surface.\n3. *Reflect* the light. ** Reflectivity (ρ)** is the ratio of the light that is reflected by the surface.\n\nSurfaces can also *emit* light. **Emissivity (ε)** is the ratio of the light that is emitted by a surface to the light emitted by a blackbody at the same tempertature.\n`\n\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":355,"value":"viewof r = radio({\n title: 'Radiation Process',\n description: 'Please select a radiation process to look at its visualization.',\n options: [\n { label: 'Reflection', value: 0 },\n { label: 'Transmission', value: 1 },\n { label: 'Absorption', value: 2 },\n { label: 'Emission', value: 3 },\n ],\n value: 0\n})\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":358,"value":"light = {\n const svg = d3.select(DOM.svg(width, height)).attr(\"id\",\"moveme\");\n const pt1 = d3.randomUniform (0, 400)()\n const pt2 = d3.randomUniform (0, 400)()\n \n const container = svg.selectAll(\"g\").data(numberOfWindows).enter().append(\"g\")\n .attr(\"transform\",d=>\"translate(\"+(d*width-(width*(0)))+\",\"+0+\")\")\n .attr(\"id\",d=>\"slide_\"+d)\n \n Reflection(svg)\n Transmission(svg)\n Absorption(svg)\n Emission(svg)\n \n new Promise((resolve, reject) => {\n setInterval(() => { \n Reflection(svg)\n Emission(svg)\n Transmission(svg)\n Absorption(svg)\n }, 1400);\n\n })\n return svg.node()\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1168,"value":"md` Now that you've learned about the different kinds of radiation processes, let's put your knowledge to test. Roughly sketch the curve you think best represents the following material: `","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1174,"value":"md `**1. The reflection spectrum of the surface of a lemon:**\n\n*Hint: Think about what gets reflected and what doesn't*`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1183,"value":"q1_lemon","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1278,"value":"md `**1. The absorption spectrum of the surface of vanta black (vanta black is the blackest black in the world):**`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1291,"value":"q2_vantablack","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1275,"value":"md `The colors that we see in an object indicate what wavelengths are reflected off of the surface of the object.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":406,"value":"md`\nNo real objects perfectly reflect, absorb, or transmit light. A **gray body** is an ideal body whose emissivity remains the same throughout all wavelengths of light. A **black body** is an ideal body whose absorptivity is 1.\n\nSince light can interact with objects in only three ways,`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":828,"value":"tex.block`\n \\alpha + \\tau +\\rho = 1\n `","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":425,"value":"md`\n**Emissive Power, E** (W/m^2) is the rate at which radiation is emitted from a surface per unit surface area, over all wavelengths in all directions.\n\n${tex.block`\nE = \\epsilon \\sigma T^4\n`}\n\n**Irradiation, G** (W/m^2), is the rate at which radiation is incident upon the surface per unit surface area, over all wavelengths from all directions. \n\n**Radiosity, J** (W/m^2) is all the radiant energy that leaves the surface. In an opaque surface, this would account for the emitted radiation and the reflected radiation.\n\n${tex.block`\nJ = E + \\rho G\n`}\n\n**Net radiative flux, q’’** (W/m^2) is the difference between the irradiation and radiosity, or in other words, the difference between radiation that enters the surface and radiation that leaves the surface.\n\n${tex.block`\nq'' = J - G = E + \\rho G - G = \\epsilon \\sigma T^4 - \\alpha G\n`}\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":435,"value":"md` Directionality of radiative processes introduces the spherical coordinate system. In 2D, a plane angle is measured as the ratio of the arc length on a circle to the radius of the circle. Similarly, in 3D, a **solid angle** is measured as the ratio of the area on a sphere to the sphere’s radius. For small solid angles:\n\n${tex.block`\nd\\omega = dA/r^2\n`}\n\nThe interactive animation below might help you visualize a solid angle. Click inside the box to turn:`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":409,"value":"steradian","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":472,"value":"md`Real objects do not behave like ideal objects because of a combination of various material properties and the distribution not being uniform but directional. For example, following is the spectral radiation emitted by a real surface vs a black body:`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":590,"value":"DOM.element('div', { id: 'chart_1' })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":479,"value":"md`Since the spectral distribution of emission from real surfaces departs from the Planck distribution, it shouldn't be surprising that the value of the spectral emissivity is not independent of wavelength. The manner in which emissivity varies with wavelength depends on whether the solid is a conductor or nonconductor, as well as on the nature of the surface coating.\n\n1. The emissivity of metallic surfaces is generally small.\n2. The presence of oxide layers may significantly increase the emissivity of metallic surfaces.\n3. The emissivity of metallic surfaces generally increases with increasing temperature. For nonconductors, it might decrease or increase with increasing temperature.\n4. The emissivity of nonconductors is comparatively large.\n\nFollowing is the graph of emissivities of various surfaces for your reference:`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":673,"value":"DOM.element('div', { id: 'chart_2' })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":218,"value":"md`The following graph shows emissivities of quartz and feldspar at wavelengths ranging from 6μm to 12μm. The graph has been simplified into a step curve to make calculations easier. This is not what a real emissivity graph would look like. Real emissivities and such properties are usually described by a slew of complicated equations with error functions that are introduced because of statistical and measurement error, which then have to be integrated.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":799,"value":"DOM.element('div', { id: 'chart_6' })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":197,"value":"md`[1]`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":201,"value":"md`## Electrochromism`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":159,"value":"md`**Electrochromism** is the phenomenon where the color or opacity of a material changes when a voltage is applied. This property has recently been on a rise in the smart technology industry.\n\nDifferent companies have figured out ways of coating glass with certain crystalline materials to use electrochromism to their advantage and create windows that turn opaque almost instantly when electric current passes through them.\n\nSuch materials are usually crystalline or hydrocarbons with specific chiral properties. They rearrange themselves when an electric current passes through them and are called **chromophores**.\n\nLet's take a look at one of the examples of smart glass and find out how the properties of the glass changes when electric current is passed through it.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":683,"value":"DOM.element('div', { id: 'chart_3' })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":179,"value":"md`This is the graph of a quasi-solid-state dual-function smart window (DFSW) where glass is sandwiched between electrochromic tungsten oxide (WO3) ﬁlm and a thin photoluminescent copper nanocluster (Cu NC) ﬁlm. [2]\n\nAs you can see in the graph, when no current is passed through the glass (bleached state), the glass's absorptivity is close to 0, which means the the glass is either transmitting or reflecting most of the light that falls on it. But when electric current is passed through the system, absorptivity ranges from 0.4 to 0.8. That means a huge chunk of this light is now being absorbed by the glass, which gives the glass a 'blurry', opaque look. Looking at the graph, what can you tell about the tint of the glass?\n\n*(Hint: What wavelengths are being absorbed?)*`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1087,"value":"md`Photovoltaic cells convert a very specific amount of energy to electricity. If a photon with energy equal to or greater than the threshold energy falls on the cell, it knocks off an electron from the matrix of atoms on the cell and creates an electric current. But one photon can only knock off one electron and it can only knock off the electron if it has enough energy to break the electrostatic bond between the electron and the nucleaus of the atom. Let's say you could make a hypothetical solar panel with photovoltaic cells that require photons with energies in the range of 100 nm to produce electricity. If you could set that range to anywhere on the chart below, where do you think the peak of the absorption spectrum should be to produce the greatest current?\n\n*Hint: Think about the peak wavelength of the Sun's radiation that makes it to the Earth's surface.*`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1263,"value":"q2_solarpanel","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":509,"value":"md`\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":513,"value":"md`The following graph represents the **normal spectral reflectivities of selected opaque materials**:`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":714,"value":"DOM.element('div', { id: 'chart_4' })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":517,"value":"md`The following graph represents the **spectral transmissivities of selected semitransparent materials**:`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":752,"value":"DOM.element('div', { id: 'chart_5' })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":163,"value":"md`## Bibliography:`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":167,"value":"md`\n1. *Emissivity*, Humboldt State University, gsp.humboldt.edu/olm_2016/courses/GSP_216_Online/lesson8-1/emissivity.html.\n\n2. Wang, Zhenguang, et al. “Pairing of Luminescent Switch with Electrochromism for Quasi-Solid-State Dual-Function Smart Windows.” *ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces*, 23 Aug. 2018, pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.8b10790.`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":101,"value":"md `## Appendix`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":6,"value":"d3 = require ('d3')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":382,"value":"import {radio} from \"@jashkenas/inputs\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":13,"value":"import {multipleStep as quartz_and_feldspar}\nwith {data_qf as data}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/radiation-processes-and-properties\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":112,"value":"import {multipleLinear as dfsw}\nwith {data_dfsw as data}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/chromophore-graph\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":229,"value":"import {multipleSpline as transmissivity}\nwith {data_12_23_transmissivity as data}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/multiple-splines\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":485,"value":"import {multipleSpline as graph_12_17}\nwith {data_12_17 as data}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/multiple-splines\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":243,"value":"import {multipleSpline as reflectivity}\nwith {data_12_22_reflectivity as data}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/multiple-splines\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":448,"value":"import {multipleSpline as blackbody_real_e}\nwith {data_blackbody_real_e as data}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/multiple-splines-2\"\n","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":279,"value":"import {light as light_animation}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/switching-panels/3\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":416,"value":"import {steradian as steradian}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/untitled/2\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1104,"value":"import {draw} from \"@harshtyagi/graph-solutions\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1109,"value":"import {accuracy} from \"@harshtyagi/graph-solutions\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1180,"value":"import {drawGraph as q1_lemon}\nwith {data_q1_lemon as pathCoordinates, type_q1 as type}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/closest-point-along-a-path-mark-iii\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1287,"value":"import {drawGraph2 as q2_vantablack}\nwith {data_q2_vantablack as pathCoordinates, type_q1 as type}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/closest-point-along-a-path-mark-iii\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1260,"value":"import {drawGraph as q2_solarpanel}\nwith {data_q2_solarpanel as pathCoordinates, type_q2 as type}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/closest-point-along-a-path-mark-iii\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1213,"value":"import {spectrum as spectrum}\nfrom \"@harshtyagi/electromagnetic-spectrum\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":578,"value":"md`## Graphs`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":587,"value":"md`### Graph 1`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":592,"value":"ApexCharts = require('apexcharts@3.7.1/dist/apexcharts.amd.js')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":594,"value":"function chart1_1(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [0.2, 1.9, 8]\n var y = [0.6, 6, 0.9]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":601,"value":"function chart1_2 (count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.1, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4.5, 5.6, 6, 6.5, 6.8, 7, 7.7, 8]\n var y = [0.2, 1, 2, 1.8, 3.3, 3.2, 4, 4.3, 2, 2.5, 2, 1.8, 0.7, 0.8, 0.6, 0.5, 0.5, 0.4]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":604,"value":"series_1 = [{\n name: \"Blackbody\",\n data: chart1_1(3)\n}, {\n name: \"Real surface\",\n data: chart1_2(18)\n}]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":605,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":609,"value":"chart_1 = new ApexCharts.default(\n document.querySelector(\"#chart_1\"),\n options_1\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":611,"value":"chart_1.render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":625,"value":"md`### Graph 2`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":634,"value":"function chart2_1(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.33, 1.5, 5, 10, 15, 20]\n var y = [.22, .16, .7, .95, .6, .38]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":637,"value":"function chart2_2(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.3, 1, 4.6, 8.5, 13, 18]\n var y = [.75, .79, .66, .76, .5, .32]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":640,"value":"function chart2_3(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.3, .33, 17]\n var y = [.62, .61, .16]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":643,"value":"function chart2_4(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.28, .4, .8, .9, 2, 4, 5]\n var y = [.47, 0.5, 0.45, .42, .2, .07, .06]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":646,"value":"function chart2_5(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.28, .34, 1.3, 5.4]\n var y = [.42, .46, .35, .14]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":650,"value":"function chart2_6(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [1, 5, 6, 9.5, 11, 13, 14, 15]\n var y = [.6, .77, .77, .74, .77, .65, .7, .71]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":653,"value":"series_2 = [{\n name: \"Aluminum oxide, 1400K\",\n data: chart2_1(6)\n}, {\n name: \"Stainless steel, 1200K\",\n data: chart2_2(6)\n}, {\n name: \"Stainless steel, 800K\",\n data: chart2_3(3)\n}, {\n name: \"Tungsten, 1600K\",\n data: chart2_4(7)\n}, {\n name: \"Tungsten, 2800K\",\n data: chart2_5(4)\n}, {\n name: \"Silicon carbide, 1000K\",\n data: chart2_6(8)\n}]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":662,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":667,"value":"chart_2 = new ApexCharts.default(\n document.querySelector(\"#chart_2\"),\n options_2\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":678,"value":"chart_2.render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":686,"value":"md`### Graph 3`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":689,"value":"function chart3_1(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.4, .43, .8]\n var y = [.1, .03, 0.02]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":692,"value":"function chart3_2(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.4, .48, .8]\n var y = [.44, .4, .8]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":695,"value":"series_3 = [{\n name: \"Bleached\",\n data: chart3_1(3)\n}, {\n name: \"Charged\",\n data: chart3_2(3)\n}]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":699,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":705,"value":"chart_3 = new ApexCharts.default(\n document.querySelector(\"#chart_3\"),\n options_3\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":708,"value":"chart_3.render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":717,"value":"md`### Graph 4`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":720,"value":"function chart4_1(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.19, .21, .3, 2, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.8, 3.85, 3.9, 4.1]\n var y = [.85, .88, .94, .94, .9, .92, .9, .6, .61, .6, .06]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n {\n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":723,"value":"function chart4_2(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.3, .32, .38, .5, .9, 1.8, 2.4, 2.41]\n var y = [.01, .91, .89, .92, .83, .87, .8, .45]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n {\n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":726,"value":"function chart4_3(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.38, .4, .8, 1, 1.25, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.95, 2.2]\n var y = [.03, .89, .9, .67, .87, .64, .85, .13, .6, .27, .59, .05]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":729,"value":"function chart4_4(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.32, .35, .38, .39, .41, .5, 1, 1.6, 2.3, 2.8]\n var y = [0, .52, .5, .74, .73, .8, .18, .38, .47, .06]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":732,"value":"function chart4_5(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.6, 5.2, 5.8, 6.9, 7.2, 7.8, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14]\n var y = [.85, .88, .85, .88, .85, .87, .85, .89, .85, .88, .14, .78, .55, .78, .1, .6, .3, .84]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":735,"value":"series_4 = [{\n name: \"Fused quartz\",\n data: chart4_1(11)\n}, {\n name: \"Low iron glass\",\n data: chart4_2(8)\n}, {\n name: \"Lucite\",\n data: chart4_3(12)\n}, {\n name: \"High iron glass\",\n data: chart4_4(10)\n}, {\n name: \"Tedlar\",\n data: chart4_5(18)\n}]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":739,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":742,"value":"chart_4 = new ApexCharts.default(\n document.querySelector(\"#chart_4\"),\n options_4\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":745,"value":"chart_4.render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":755,"value":"md`### Graph 5`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":758,"value":"function chart5_1(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [1.9, 2.7, 3.5, 5, 5.5, 6.5, 9, 10, 18]\n var y = [.98, .94, .93, .05, .06, .02, .63, .05, .2]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n {\n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":761,"value":"function chart5_2(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.3, 2, 17]\n var y = [.35, .65, .81]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n {\n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":764,"value":"function chart5_3(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.36, .55, 1.4, 1.65, 1.8, 2.7, 2.8, 3.5, 5, 7, 16.5]\n var y = [.87, .91, .87, .8, .81, .36, .37, .05, .13, .04, .04]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":767,"value":"function chart5_4(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.13, .28, .8, 1, 14]\n var y = [.84, .93, .85, .96, .99]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":770,"value":"function chart5_5(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.24, .27, .35, .5, .9, 1, 1.15, 1.2, 1.25, 1.5, 1.8, 2, 2.4, 3]\n var y = [.24, .25, .22, .93, .8, .65, .7, .5, .52, .03, .14, .04, .09, .03]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":773,"value":"function chart5_6(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.3, .37, .4, .5, .55, .7, .75, .8, .95, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 2.8]\n var y = [.11, .24, .2, .36, .35, .63, .6, .63, .48, .51, .44, .46, .1, .15]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":776,"value":"function chart5_7(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.4, 1.3, 2, 2.7, 3.1, 3.4, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 20]\n var y = [.1, .7, .66, .23, .25, .18, .6, .35, .18, .2, .11, .11, .09, .05]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":779,"value":"function chart5_8(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [.25, 1, 1.5, 2, 20]\n var y = [.03, .04, .03, .05, .045]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":782,"value":"series_5 = [{\n name: \"Fused quartz\",\n data: chart5_1(9)\n}, {\n name: \"Stainless steel\",\n data: chart5_2(3)\n}, {\n name: \"White paint\",\n data: chart5_3(11)\n}, {\n name: \"Aluminum\",\n data: chart5_4(5)\n}, {\n name: \"Snow\",\n data: chart5_5(14)\n}, {\n name: \"Human skin (Caucasian)\",\n data: chart5_6(14)\n}, {\n name: \"Red brick\",\n data: chart5_7(14) \n}, {\n name: \"Black paint\",\n data: chart5_8(5)\n}]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":784,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":789,"value":"chart_5 = new ApexCharts.default(\n document.querySelector(\"#chart_5\"),\n options_5\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":792,"value":"chart_5.render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":804,"value":"md`### Graph 6`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":807,"value":"function chart6_1(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [6, 8.67, 9, 9.33, 10, 11.3]\n var y = [.99, .7, .78, .65, .95, .99]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":810,"value":"function chart6_2(count) {\n var series = []\n var x = [6, 8.67, 9, 9.67, 10.95, 11.3]\n var y = [.99, .88, .92, .86, .96, .96]\n for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)\n { \n series.push({\n x: x[i], \n y: y[i],\n title: `Point ${i+1}`,\n comment_1: x[i],\n comment_2: y[i]\n })\n }\n return series\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":815,"value":"series_6 = [{\n name: \"Quartz\",\n data: chart6_1(6)\n}, {\n name: \"Feldspar\",\n data: chart6_2(6)\n}]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":813,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":820,"value":"chart_6 = new ApexCharts.default(\n document.querySelector(\"#chart_6\"),\n options_6\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":823,"value":"chart_6.render()","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":285,"value":"md `## Data`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":132,"value":"// Data for Quartz and Feldspar comparison\ndata_qf = {\n \n const allData = (d3.csvParse (await FileAttachment(\"data@4.csv\").text(), d3.autoType))\n .map (({emissivity, wavelength, material}) => ({material, iso: material, emissivity: emissivity, wavelength: wavelength}))\n \n return [\n allData.filter (({iso}) => iso === 'Quartz'),\n allData.filter (({iso}) => iso === 'Feldspar')\n ]\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":134,"value":"data_dfsw = {\n\n const allData = (d3.csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"dfsw.csv\").text(), d3.autoType))\n .map(({ state, absorptivity, wavelength}) => ({state, iso: state, absorptivity: absorptivity, wavelength: wavelength }))\n\n return [\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Bleached'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Charged')\n ]\n\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":251,"value":"data_12_22_reflectivity = {\n\n const allData = (d3.csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"12.22_reflectivity@1.csv\").text(), d3.autoType))\n .map(({ Reflectivity, Wavelength, Material}) => ({Material, iso: Material, Property_name: \"Reflectivity\", Property: Reflectivity, Wavelength: Wavelength }))\n\n return [\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Fused quartz over aluminum substrate'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Stainless steel, as received, dull'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'White paint'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Aluminum evaporated film'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Snow'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Human skin, Caucasian'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Red brick'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Black paint'),\n\n ]\n\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":223,"value":"data_12_23_transmissivity = {\n\n const allData = (d3.csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"12.23_transmissivity.csv\").text(), d3.autoType))\n .map(({ Transmissivity, Wavelength, Material}) => ({Material, iso: Material, Property_name: \"Transmissivity\", Property: Transmissivity, Wavelength: Wavelength }))\n\n return [\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Fused quartz, 6 mm'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Low iron glass, 6 mm thick'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Lucite, 6 mm thick'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'High iron galss, 6 mm thick'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Tedlar, 0.03 mm thick (polyvinyl fluoride)'),\n\n ]\n\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":489,"value":"data_12_17 = {\n\n const allData = (d3.csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"12.17.csv\").text(), d3.autoType))\n .map(({ Emissivity, Wavelength, Material}) => ({Material, iso: Material, Property_name: \"Emissivity\", Property: Emissivity, Wavelength: Wavelength }))\n\n return [\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Aluminum oxide, 1400K'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Stainless steel, 1200K, heavily oxidized'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Stainless steel, 800K, polished'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Tungsten, 1600K'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Tungsten, 2800K'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Silicon carbide, 1000K'),\n\n ]\n\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":444,"value":"data_blackbody_real_e = {\n\n const allData = (d3.csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"blackbody_vs_real_emission@1.csv\").text(), d3.autoType))\n .map(({ SpectralPower, Wavelength, Material}) => ({Material, iso: Material, Property_name: \"Spectral Power\", Property: SpectralPower, Wavelength: Wavelength }))\n\n return [\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Blackbody'),\n allData.filter(({ iso }) => iso === 'Real surface'),\n ]\n\n}\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1185,"value":"data_q1_lemon = [[200, 0], [500, 0], [570, 1], [630, 0], [700, 0], [800, 0]]","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1284,"value":"data_q2_vantablack = [[200, 0.98], [800, 0.98]]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1200,"value":"type_q1 = \"curveMonotoneX\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1254,"value":"data_q2_solarpanel = [[200, 0], [450,0], [500, 1], [550, 0], [700,0], [900,0]]","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1258,"value":"type_q2 = \"curveMonotoneX\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1197,"value":"md `## Functions`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":420,"value":"function moveWindow(x) {\n d3.select(\"svg#moveme\").selectAll(\"g\")\n .transition()\n .duration(1000)\n .attr(\"transform\",d=>\"translate(\"+(d*width-(width*(+r)))+\",\"+0+\")\")\n console.log(\"asdf\")\n \n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":352,"value":"numberOfWindows = d3.range(4)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":367,"value":"$37","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":373,"value":"$38","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":376,"value":"$39","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":379,"value":"$3a","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":396,"value":"moveWindow(r)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":366,"value":"height = 400","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":364,"value":"width = 400","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"}],"files":"$W3b","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}