31:Td1c,bibliography_crowdsourcing = html`

2011

J. P. Bagrow, D. Wang, and A.-L. Barabasi, Collective Response of Human Populations to Large-Scale Emergencies

Summary In this paper, Bagrow et al. show that we can distinguish large-scale emergencies from non-emergencies events using anomalous call activities. Although a bombing incident is not the same than a plane crash or an earthquake, the authors show that all these emergencies share spikes in call activities that have different signatures from events like concerts or festival. One such signature is in the information cascade following the event, which engage a large proportion of the social networks surrounding the event.

Relevance This article is relevant for identifying the presence of a global toxic events in the python mailing list. Although we do not expect a signal as clear as emergencies mentioned in the paper, we borrow the idea that the information cascade surrounding particular events (here a messages flagged as toxic) might be informative of the scope of the event.

Further references The cited paper by Vespignani (2009), entitled Predicting the Behavior of Techno-Social Systems, poses interesting questions about the relationship between stationary and non-stationary large-scale social systems. In its conclusion, Vespignani states that in the absence of stress, techno-social systems will reach its equilibrium state. How to interpret this statement in the context of open source? Another interesting reference is that of Wu and Huberman (2007), entitled Novelty and collective attention. The article discusses the detection of collective attention in the face of novelty. The article seems relevant because it offers a null model of how collective attention fades over time.

1865

Gregor Mendel, “Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden” gutenberg.org; trans. Druery, Bateson and Blumberg “Experiments in Plant Hybridization” mendelweb.org

Mendel’s work, establishing the action of dominant and recessive factors through pea plant experiments, languished in obscurity, and he died unknown in 1888. It was unknown to Darwin, who tended to side with Lamarck’s belief that characteristics acquired over a lifetime were inheritable, and to Galton, who doubted that they were. In early 1900, three botanists — the Dutch Hugo de Vries, German Carl Correns, and Austrian Erich von Tschermak — each published their rediscovery of Mendel. This soon settled the debate, demonstrating that inheritable genetic material was fixed at birth and unchanged over a lifetime. Lamarck had offered hope that striving would be passed down biologically; Mendel was taken by eugenicists to mean that it was useless to try to educate people from “poor stock” when the next generation would just have to start over. (Epigenetics has since complicated the biological inheritance issue.)

`32:T717,bibliography_bursty = html`

1805

Adrien-Marie Legendre, Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes archive.org

Pioneers the method of least squares to balance the errors in astronomical observations; rivals Gauss’s claim to priority.

1865

Gregor Mendel, “Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden” gutenberg.org; trans. Druery, Bateson and Blumberg “Experiments in Plant Hybridization” mendelweb.org

Mendel’s work, establishing the action of dominant and recessive factors through pea plant experiments, languished in obscurity, and he died unknown in 1888. It was unknown to Darwin, who tended to side with Lamarck’s belief that characteristics acquired over a lifetime were inheritable, and to Galton, who doubted that they were. In early 1900, three botanists — the Dutch Hugo de Vries, German Carl Correns, and Austrian Erich von Tschermak — each published their rediscovery of Mendel. This soon settled the debate, demonstrating that inheritable genetic material was fixed at birth and unchanged over a lifetime. Lamarck had offered hope that striving would be passed down biologically; Mendel was taken by eugenicists to mean that it was useless to try to educate people from “poor stock” when the next generation would just have to start over. (Epigenetics has since complicated the biological inheritance issue.)

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