Scales

Scales convert an abstract value such as time or temperature to a visual value such as x→ or y↑ position or color. For example, say we have a dataset (gistemp) containing monthly observations of global average surface temperature from 1880 to 2016, represented as the “anomaly” (or difference) relative to the 1951–1980 average. The first few rows are:

Date	Anomaly
1880-01-01	-0.3
1880-02-01	-0.21
1880-03-01	-0.18
1880-04-01	-0.27
1880-05-01	-0.14
1880-06-01	-0.29

When visualizing this data with a line, the x scale is responsible for mapping dates to horizontal↔︎ positions. For example, 1880-01-01 might be mapped to x = 40 (on the left) and 2016-12-01 might be mapped to x = 620 (on the right). Likewise, the y scale maps temperature anomalies to vertical↕︎ positions.

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Plot.lineY(gistemp, {x: "Date", y: "Anomaly"}).plot()

In Plot, the mark binds channels to scales; for example, the line’s x channel is bound to the x scale. The channel name and the scale name are often the same, but not always; for example, an area’s y1 and y2 channels are both bound to the y scale. (You can opt-out of a scale for a particular channel using scale overrides if needed.)

Think of a scale as a function that takes an abstract value and returns the corresponding visual value. For the y scale above, that might look like this:

function y(anomaly) {
  const t = (anomaly - minAnomaly) / (maxAnomaly - minAnomaly); // t in [0, 1]
  return height - marginBottom - t * (height - marginTop - marginBottom);
}

The function y depends on a few additional details: the chart’s size and margins, and the minimum and maximum temperatures in the data:

const marginTop = 20;
const marginBottom = 30;
const height = 400;
const minAnomaly = d3.min(gistemp, (d) => d.Anomaly);
const maxAnomaly = d3.max(gistemp, (d) => d.Anomaly);

Scales aren’t limited to horizontal and vertical position. They can also output to color, radius, length, opacity, and more. For example if we switch to a rule and use the stroke channel instead of y, we get a one-dimensional heatmap:

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Plot.ruleX(gistemp, {x: "Date", stroke: "Anomaly"}).plot()

While the resulting chart looks different, the color scale here behaves similarly to the y function above — the only difference is that it interpolates colors (using d3.interpolateTurbo) instead of numbers (the top and bottom sides of the plot frame):

function color(anomaly) {
  const t = (anomaly - minAnomaly) / (maxAnomaly - minAnomaly); // t in [0, 1]
  return d3.interpolateTurbo(t);
}

Within a given plot, marks share scales. For example, if a plot has two line marks, such as the lines below visualizing the daily closing price of Google and Apple stock, both share the same x and y scales for a consistent encoding.

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Plot.plot({
  marks: [
    Plot.ruleY([0]),
    Plot.lineY(goog, {x: "Date", y: "Close", stroke: "red"}),
    Plot.lineY(aapl, {x: "Date", y: "Close", stroke: "blue"})
  ]
})

TIP

When comparing the performance of different stocks, we typically want to normalize the return relative to a purchase price; see the normalize transform for an example. Also, not that we recommend them, but if you are interested in dual-axis charts, please upvote #147.

Plot has many different scales; we categorize them by their input (domain) and output (range).

The domain is the abstract values that the scale expects as input. For quantitative or temporal data, it is typically expressed as an extent such as [start, end], [cold, hot], or [min, max]. For ordinal or nominal data, it is an array of values such as names or categories. The type of input values corresponds to the type scale option (e.g., linear or ordinal).

The range is the visual values that the scale generates as output. For position scales, it is typically an extent such as [left, right] or [bottom, top]; for color scales, it might be a continuous extent [blue, red] or an array of discrete colors. The type of values that a scale outputs corresponds to the name of the scale (e.g., x or color).

Let’s look at some examples to make this less abstract.

Continuous scales

The domain of a quantitative scale is a continuous extent [min, max] where min and max are numbers, such as temperatures. Below, the first domain value (x = 0) corresponds to the left side of the plot while the second (x = 100) corresponds to the right side.

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Plot.plot({x: {domain: [0, 100], grid: true}})

Flipping the domain reverses the scale so that +x points ←left instead of right→.

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Plot.plot({x: {domain: [100, 0], grid: true}})

Alternatively, use the reverse option; this is convenient when the domain is implied from data rather than specified explicitly.

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Plot.plot({x: {domain: [0, 100], reverse: true, grid: true}})

If the domain is dates, Plot will default to a UTC scale. This is a linear scale with ticks based on the Gregorian calendar.

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Plot.plot({x: {domain: [new Date("2021-01-01"), new Date("2022-01-01")], grid: true}})

To force a UTC scale, say when the data is milliseconds since UNIX epoch rather than Date instances, pass utc as the type option. Though we recommend coercing strings and numbers to more specific types when you load data, rather than relying on scales to do it.

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Plot.plot({x: {type: "utc", domain: [1609459200000, 1640995200000], grid: true}})

If the scale type is time, the ticks will be in local time — as with the dates below — rather than UTC.

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Plot.plot({x: {type: "time", domain: [new Date(2021, 0, 1), new Date(2022, 0, 1)], grid: true}})

When plotting values that vary widely, such as the luminosity of stars in an HR diagram, a log scale may improve readability. Log scales default to base-10 ticks with SI-prefix notation.

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Plot.plot({x: {type: "log", domain: [1e0, 1e5], grid: true}})

If you prefer conventional notation, you can specify the tickFormat option to change the behavior of the axis. The tickFormat option can either be a d3.format string or a function that takes a tick value and returns the corresponding string. Note, however, that this may result in overlapping text.

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Plot.plot({x: {type: "log", domain: [1e0, 1e5], tickFormat: ",", grid: true}})

Log scales also support a base option, say for powers of two. This does not affect the scale’s encoding, but it does change where ticks are shown.

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Plot.plot({x: {type: "log", base: 2, domain: [1e0, 1e4], ticks: 20, grid: true}})

The domain of a log scale cannot include (or cross) zero; for this, consider a bi-symmetric log scale instead.

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Plot.plot({x: {type: "symlog", domain: [-10, 10], grid: true}})

Power scales and square-root scales are also supported. The pow scale supports the exponent option, which defaults to 1 (for a linear scale). The sqrt scale is shorthand for a pow scale with exponent 0.5.

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Plot.plot({x: {type: "sqrt", domain: [0, 100], grid: true}})

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Plot.plot({x: {type: "pow", exponent: 1 / 3, domain: [0, 100], grid: true}})

Continuous scales also support a clamp option which, if true, clamps input values to the scale’s domain before scaling. This is useful for preventing marks from escaping the chart area.

Continuous scales support an interpolate option specified either as a function that takes a single argument t in [0, 1] and returns the corresponding value from the range, or as a two-argument function that takes a pair of values [start, end] from the range and returns the corresponding interpolator from [0, 1], typically mapping 0 to start, and 1 to end.

Continuous scales support a piecewise domain specified as an array of n domain values (with n greater than or equal to two), with a corresponding range having the same number of values; each segment of the domain is mapped to the matching segment of the range using the scale’s interpolator. When the domain has n > 2 elements and the range has two elements (for example, when using the default range on a x or y scale), the latter is automatically split into n − 1 segments of equal size. Note that in addition to the domain, you must specify the scale’s continuous type since a scale specified with a domain having more than two elements otherwise defaults to an ordinal scale. (You will often have to specify the ticks manually, too.) For an example, see the Polylinear axis notebook.

Discrete scales

Sadly, not all data is continuous: some data is merely ordinal, such as t-shirt sizes; and some categorical (a.k.a. nominal), such as brands of clothing. To encode such data as position, a point or band scale is required.

A point scale divides space into uniformly-spaced discrete values. It is commonly used for scatterplots (a dot mark) of ordinal data. It is the default scale type for ordinal data on the x and y scale.

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Plot.plot({x: {type: "point", domain: "ABCDEFGHIJ", grid: true}})

A band scale divides space into uniformly-spaced and -sized discrete intervals. It is commonly used for bar charts (bar marks). To show the bands below, we use a cell instead of a grid.

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Plot
  .cell("ABCDEFGHIJ", {x: Plot.identity, stroke: "currentColor", strokeOpacity: 0.1})
  .plot({x: {type: "band", domain: "ABCDEFGHIJ"}})

While point and band scales appear visually similar when only the grid is visible, the two are not identical — they differ respective to padding. Play with the options below to get a sense of their effect on the scale’s behavior.

Padding:0.10Align:0.50

Positions scales also have a round option which forces the scale to snap to integer pixels. This defaults to true for point and band scales, and false for quantitative scales. Use caution with high-cardinality ordinal domains (i.e., a point or band scale used to encode many different values), as rounding can lead to “wasted” space or even zero-width bands.

Color scales

While position is the most salient (and important) encoding, color matters too! The default quantitative color scale type is linear, and the default scheme is turbo. A wide variety of sequential, diverging, and cyclical schemes are supported, including ColorBrewer and viridis.

Color scheme:

You can implement a custom color scheme by specifying the scale’s range, or by passing an interpolate function that takes a parameter t in [0, 1]. The interpolate option can specify a color space such as rgb, or a two-argument function that takes a pair of values from the range.

Color interpolate:

And like position scales, you can apply a sqrt, pow, log, or symlog transform; these are often useful when working with non-uniformly distributed data.

Diverging color scales are intended to show positive and negative values, or more generally values above or below some pivot value. Diverging color scales default to the RdBu (red–blue) color scheme. The pivot defaults to zero, but you can change it with the pivot option, which should ideally be a value near the middle of the domain.

Color scheme:

Below we again show observed global surface temperatures. The reversed BuRd color scheme is used since blue and red are semantically associated with cold and hot, respectively.

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Plot.plot({
  grid: true,
  color: {
    type: "diverging",
    scheme: "BuRd"
  },
  marks: [
    Plot.ruleY([0]),
    Plot.dot(gistemp, {x: "Date", y: "Anomaly", stroke: "Anomaly"})
  ]
})

Plot also provides color schemes for discrete data. Use the categorical type for categorical (nominal) unordered data, and the ordinal type for ordered data.

Color scheme:

CAUTION

Discrete color schemes are intended for data that has only a few unique values. If the size of the categorical domain exceeds the number of colors in the scheme, colors will be reused; combining values into an “other” category is recommended.

Other scales

But wait, there’s more! 😅 Plot has opacity, r, symbol, and length scales, too. For example, the r scale type defaults to sqrt such that when used with the dot mark, the resulting area is proportional to the r channel value. You can adjust the effective dot size by specifying an explicit range, as below.

Radius: 8.0

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Plot.plot({
  r: {range: [0, radius]},
  marks: [
    Plot.dot(d3.range(1, 11), {x: Plot.identity, r: Plot.identity, fill: "currentColor"})
  ]
})

The default range for the associated r scale is constructed such that a zero value maps to zero for an accurate areal encoding, while the first quartile of values is mapped to a radius of three pixels; this tends to be more stable with varying data.

Type inference

Plot strives to be concise: rather than you laboriously specifying everything, Plot can guess by inspecting the data so you don’t have to set the type, domain, and range (and for color, scheme) of scales explicitly. But for Plot’s guesses to be accurate, your data must match Plot’s expectations. Here they are.

A scale’s type is most often inferred from associated marks’ channel values: strings and booleans imply an ordinal scale; dates imply a utc scale; anything else is linear. Plot assumes that your data is consistently typed, so inference is based solely on the first non-null, non-undefined value. We recommend typed CSV (passing {typed: true} to Observable’s FileAttachment csv method) or explicitly coercing types when loading data (e.g., d3.autoType).

If a scale’s domain is specified explicitly, the scale’s type is inferred from the domain values rather than channels as described above. However, if the domain or range has more than two elements, the ordinal type (or point for position scales) is used.

Finally, some marks declare the scale type for associated channels. For example, barX requires y to be a band scale. Further, the facet scales fx and fy are always band scales, and the r (radius) scale is implicitly a sqrt scale.

If you don’t specify a quantitative scale’s domain, it is the extent (minimum and maximum) of associated channel values, except for the r (radius) scale where it goes from zero to the maximum. A quantitative domain can be extended to “nice” human-readable values with the nice option. For an ordinal scale, the domain defaults to the sorted union (all distinct values in natural order) of associated values; see the sort mark option to change the order.

All position scales (x, y, fx, and fy) have implicit automatic ranges based on the chart dimensions. The x scale ranges from the left to right edge, while the y scale ranges from the bottom to top edge, accounting for margins.

Scale transforms

The transform scale option allows you to apply a function to all values before they are passed through the scale. This is convenient for transforming a scale’s data, say to convert to thousands or between temperature units.

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Plot.plot({
  y: {
    grid: true,
    label: "Temperature (°C)",
    transform: (f) => (f - 32) * (5 / 9) // convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
  },
  marks: [
    Plot.ruleY([32]), // 32°F
    Plot.lineY(sftemp, Plot.windowY(7, {x: "date", y: "high"}))
  ]
})

The percent scale option is shorthand for a transform that multiplies values by 100; it also adds a percent symbol (%) to the default label.

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Plot.plot({
  y: {percent: true}, // convert proportion [0, 1] to percent [0, 100]
  color: {scheme: "BuRd"},
  marks: [
    Plot.rectY(gistemp, Plot.binX({y: "proportion", fill: "x"}, {x: "Anomaly", fill: "Anomaly"})),
    Plot.ruleY([0])
  ]
})

CAUTION

Mark transforms typically consume values before they are passed through scales (e.g., when binning). In this case the mark transforms will see the values prior to the scale transform as input, and the scale transform will apply to the output of the mark transform.

The interval scale option ^0.5.1 sets an ordinal scale’s domain to the start of every interval within the extent of the data. In addition, it implicitly sets the transform of the scale to interval.floor, rounding values down to the start of each interval. For example, below we generate a time-series bar chart; when an interval is specified, missing days are visible.

Use interval:

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Plot.plot({
  marginBottom: 80,
  x: {
    tickRotate: -90,
    interval: intervaled ? "day" : null,
    label: null
  },
  y: {
    transform: (d) => d / 1e6,
    label: "Daily trade volume (millions)"
  },
  marks: [
    Plot.barY(aapl.slice(-40), {x: "Date", y: "Volume"}),
    Plot.ruleY([0])
  ]
})

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As an added bonus, the fontVariant and type options are no longer needed because Plot now understands that the x scale, despite being ordinal, represents daily observations.

While the example above relies on the interval being promoted to the scale’s transform, the stack, bin, and group transforms are also interval-aware: they apply the scale’s interval, if any, before grouping values. (This results in the interval being applied twice, both before and after the mark transform, but the second application has no effect since interval application is idempotent.)

The interval option can also be used for quantitative and temporal scales. This enforces uniformity, say rounding timed observations down to the nearest hour, which may be helpful for the stack transform among other uses.

Scale options

Each scale’s options are specified as a nested options object with the corresponding scale name within the top-level plot options:

x - horizontal position
y - vertical position
r - radius (size)
color - fill or stroke
opacity - fill or stroke opacity
length - linear length (for vectors)
symbol - categorical symbol (for dots)

For example, to set the domain for the x scale:

Plot.plot({x: {domain: [new Date("1880-01-01"), new Date("2016-11-01")]}})

Plot supports many scale types. Some scale types are for quantitative data: values that can be added or subtracted, such as temperature or time. Other scale types are for ordinal or categorical data: unquantifiable values that can only be ordered, such as t-shirt sizes, or values with no inherent order that can only be tested for equality, such as types of fruit. Some scale types are further intended for specific visual encodings: for example, as position or color.

You can set the scale type explicitly via the type scale option, though typically the scale type is inferred automatically. Some marks mandate a particular scale type: for example, barY requires that the x scale is a band scale. Some scales have a default type: for example, the r (radius) scale defaults to sqrt and the opacity scale defaults to linear. Most often, the scale type is inferred from associated data, pulled either from the domain (if specified) or from associated channels. Strings and booleans imply an ordinal scale; dates imply a UTC scale; and anything else is linear. Unless they represent text, we recommend explicitly converting strings to more specific types when loading data (e.g., with d3.autoType or Observable’s FileAttachment). For simplicity’s sake, Plot assumes that data is consistently typed; type inference is based solely on the first non-null, non-undefined value.

For quantitative data (i.e. numbers), a mathematical transform may be applied to the data by changing the scale type:

linear (default) - linear transform (translate and scale)
pow - power (exponential) transform
sqrt - square-root transform (pow transform with exponent = 0.5)
log - logarithmic transform
symlog - bi-symmetric logarithmic transform per Webber et al.

The appropriate transform depends on the data’s distribution and what you wish to know. A sqrt transform exaggerates differences between small values at the expense of large values; it is a special case of the pow transform which has a configurable scale.exponent (0.5 for sqrt). A log transform is suitable for comparing orders of magnitude and can only be used when the domain does not include zero. The base defaults to 10 and can be specified with the scale.base option; note that this only affects the axis ticks and not the scale’s behavior. A symlog transform is more elaborate, but works well with wide-range values that include zero; it can be configured with the scale.constant option (default 1).

For temporal data (i.e. dates), two variants of a linear scale are also supported:

utc (default, recommended) - UTC time
time - local time

UTC is recommended over local time as charts in UTC time are guaranteed to appear consistently to all viewers whereas charts in local time will depend on the viewer’s time zone. Due to limitations in JavaScript’s Date class, Plot does not yet support an explicit time zone other than UTC.

For ordinal data (e.g., strings), use the ordinal scale type or the point or band position scale types. The categorical scale type is also supported; it is equivalent to ordinal except as a color scale, where it provides a different default color scheme. (Since position is inherently ordinal or even quantitative, categorical data must be assigned an effective order when represented as position, and hence categorical and ordinal may be considered synonymous in context.)

You can opt-out of a scale using the identity scale type. This is useful if you wish to specify literal colors or pixel positions within a mark channel rather than relying on the scale to convert abstract values into visual values. For position scales (x and y), an identity scale is still quantitative and may produce an axis, yet unlike a linear scale the domain and range are fixed based on the plot layout.

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To opt-out of a scale for a single channel, you can specify the channel values as a {value, scale} object; see mark options.

Quantitative scales, as well as identity position scales, coerce channel values to numbers; both null and undefined are coerced to NaN. Similarly, time scales coerce channel values to dates; numbers are assumed to be milliseconds since UNIX epoch, while strings are assumed to be in ISO 8601 format.

A scale’s domain (the extent of its inputs, abstract values) and range (the extent of its outputs, visual values) are typically inferred automatically. You can set them explicitly using these options:

domain - typically [min, max], or an array of ordinal or categorical values
range - typically [min, max], or an array of ordinal or categorical values
unknown - the desired output value (defaults to undefined) for invalid input values
reverse - reverses the domain (or the range), say to flip the chart along x or y
interval - an interval or time interval (for interval data; see below)

For most quantitative scales, the default domain is the [min, max] of all values associated with the scale. For the radius and opacity scales, the default domain is [0, max] to ensure a meaningful value encoding. For ordinal scales, the default domain is the set of all distinct values associated with the scale in natural ascending order; for a different order, set the domain explicitly or add a sort option to an associated mark. For threshold scales, the default domain is [0] to separate negative and non-negative values. For quantile scales, the default domain is the set of all defined values associated with the scale. If a scale is reversed, it is equivalent to setting the domain as [max, min] instead of [min, max].

The default range depends on the scale: for position scales (x, y, fx, and fy), the default range depends on the plot’s size and margins. For color scales, there are default color schemes for quantitative, ordinal, and categorical data. For opacity, the default range is [0, 1]. And for radius, the default range is designed to produce dots of “reasonable” size assuming a sqrt scale type for accurate area representation: zero maps to zero, the first quartile maps to a radius of three pixels, and other values are extrapolated. This convention for radius ensures that if the scale’s data values are all equal, dots have the default constant radius of three pixels, while if the data varies, dots will tend to be larger.

The behavior of the unknown scale option depends on the scale type. For quantitative and temporal scales, the unknown value is used whenever the input value is undefined, null, or NaN. For ordinal or categorical scales, the unknown value is returned for any input value outside the domain. For band or point scales, the unknown option has no effect; it is effectively always equal to undefined. If the unknown option is set to undefined (the default), or null or NaN, then the affected input values will be considered undefined and filtered from the output.

For data at regular intervals, such as integer values or daily samples, the interval option can be used to enforce uniformity. The specified interval — such as d3.utcMonth — must expose an interval.floor(value), interval.offset(value), and interval.range(start, stop) functions. The option can also be specified as a number, in which case it will be promoted to a numeric interval with the given step. The option can alternatively be specified as a string (second, minute, hour, day, week, month, quarter, half, year, monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday, saturday, sunday) ^0.6.2 naming the corresponding time interval, or a skip interval consisting of a number followed by the interval name (possibly pluralized), such as 3 months or 10 years. This option sets the default scale.transform to the given interval’s interval.floor function. In addition, the default scale.domain is an array of uniformly-spaced values spanning the extent of the values associated with the scale.

Quantitative scales can be further customized with additional options:

clamp - if true, clamp input values to the scale’s domain
nice - if true (or a tick count), extend the domain to nice round values
zero - if true, extend the domain to include zero if needed
percent - if true, transform proportions in [0, 1] to percentages in [0, 100]

Clamping is typically used in conjunction with setting an explicit domain since if the domain is inferred, no values will be outside the domain. Clamping is useful for focusing on a subset of the data while ensuring that extreme values remain visible, but use caution: clamped values may need an annotation to avoid misinterpretation. Top-level clamp, nice, and zero options are supported as shorthand for setting the respective option on all scales.

The transform option allows you to apply a function to all values before they are passed through the scale. This is convenient for transforming a scale’s data, say to convert to thousands or between temperature units.

Plot.plot({
  y: {
    label: "Temperature (°F)",
    transform: (f) => f * 9 / 5 + 32 // convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
  },
  marks: …
})

Color scale options

The normal scale types — linear, sqrt, pow, log, symlog, and ordinal — can be used to encode color. In addition, Plot supports special scale types for color:

categorical - like ordinal, but defaults to observable10
sequential - like linear
cyclical - like linear, but defaults to rainbow
threshold - discretizes using thresholds given as the domain; defaults to rdylbu
quantile - discretizes by computing quantile thresholds; defaults to rdylbu
quantize - discretizes by computing uniform thresholds; defaults to rdylbu ^0.4.3
diverging - like linear, but with a pivot; defaults to rdbu
diverging-log - like log, but with a pivot that defaults to 1; defaults to rdbu
diverging-pow - like pow, but with a pivot; defaults to rdbu
diverging-sqrt - like sqrt, but with a pivot; defaults to rdbu
diverging-symlog - like symlog, but with a pivot; defaults to rdbu

For a threshold scale, the domain represents n (typically numeric) thresholds which will produce a range of n + 1 output colors; the ith color of the range applies to values that are smaller than the ith element of the domain and larger or equal to the i - 1th element of the domain. For a quantile scale, the domain represents all input values to the scale, and the n option specifies how many quantiles to compute from the domain; n quantiles will produce n - 1 thresholds, and an output range of n colors. For a quantize scale, the domain will be transformed into approximately n quantized values, where n is an option that defaults to 5.

By default, all diverging color scales are symmetric around the pivot; set symmetric to false if you want to cover the whole extent on both sides.

Color scales support two additional options:

scheme - a named color scheme in lieu of a range, such as reds
interpolate - in conjunction with a range, how to interpolate colors

For quantile and quantize color scales, the scheme option is used in conjunction with n, which determines how many quantiles or quantized values to compute, and thus the number of elements in the scale’s range; it defaults to 5 (for quintiles in the case of a quantile scale).

The following sequential scale schemes are supported for both quantitative and ordinal data:

The default color scheme, turbo, was chosen primarily to ensure high-contrast visibility. Color schemes such as blues make low-value marks difficult to see against a white background, for better or for worse. To use a subset of a continuous color scheme (or any single-argument interpolate function), set the scale.range property to the corresponding subset of [0, 1]; for example, to use the first half of the rainbow color scheme, use a range of [0, 0.5]. By default, the full range [0, 1] is used. If you wish to encode a quantitative value without hue, consider using opacity rather than color (e.g., use Plot.dot’s strokeOpacity instead of stroke).

The following diverging scale schemes are supported:

Picking a diverging color scheme name defaults the scale type to diverging; set the scale type to linear to treat the color scheme as sequential instead. Diverging color scales support a scale.pivot option, which defaults to zero. Values below the pivot will use the lower half of the color scheme (e.g., reds for the rdgy scheme), while values above the pivot will use the upper half (grays for rdgy).

The following cylical color schemes are supported:

The following categorical color schemes are supported:

The following color interpolators are supported:

rgb - RGB (red, green, blue)
hsl - HSL (hue, saturation, lightness)
lab - CIELAB (a.k.a. “Lab”)
hcl - CIELCh_ab (a.k.a. “LCh” or “HCL”)

Position scale options

The position scales (x, y, fx, and fy) support additional options:

inset - inset the default range by the specified amount in pixels
round - round the output value to the nearest integer (whole pixel)

The x and fx scales support asymmetric insets for more precision. Replace inset by:

insetLeft - insets the start of the default range by the specified number of pixels
insetRight - insets the end of the default range by the specified number of pixels

Similarly, the y and fy scales support asymmetric insets with:

insetTop - insets the top of the default range by the specified number of pixels
insetBottom - insets the bottom of the default range by the specified number of pixels

The inset scale options can provide “breathing room” to separate marks from axes or the plot’s edge. For example, in a scatterplot with a Plot.dot with the default 3-pixel radius and 1.5-pixel stroke width, an inset of 5 pixels prevents dots from overlapping with the axes. The scale.round option is useful for crisp edges by rounding to the nearest pixel boundary.

In addition to the generic ordinal scale type, which requires an explicit output range value for each input domain value, Plot supports special point and band scale types for encoding ordinal data as position. These scale types accept a [min, max] range similar to quantitative scales, and divide this continuous interval into discrete points or bands based on the number of distinct values in the domain (i.e., the domain’s cardinality). If the associated marks have no effective width along the ordinal dimension — such as a dot, rule, or tick — then use a point scale; otherwise, say for a bar, use a band scale.

Ordinal position scales support additional options, all specified as proportions in [0, 1]:

padding - how much of the range to reserve to inset first and last point or band
align - where to distribute points or bands (0 = at start, 0.5 = at middle, 1 = at end)

For a band scale, you can further fine-tune padding:

paddingInner - how much of the range to reserve to separate adjacent bands
paddingOuter - how much of the range to reserve to inset first and last band

Align defaults to 0.5 (centered). Band scale padding defaults to 0.1 (10% of available space reserved for separating bands), while point scale padding defaults to 0.5 (the gap between the first point and the edge is half the distance of the gap between points, and likewise for the gap between the last point and the opposite edge). Note that rounding and mark insets (e.g., for bars and rects) also affect separation between adjacent marks.

Plot implicitly generates an axis mark for position scales if one is not explicitly declared. (For more control, declare the axis mark explicitly.) The following axis mark options are also available as scale options, applying to the implicit axis:

axis - the axis anchor: top, bottom (x or fx); left, right (y or fy); both; null to suppress
ticks - the approximate number of ticks to generate, or interval, or array of values
tickSpacing - the approximate number of pixels between ticks (if ticks is not specified)
tickSize - the length of each tick (in pixels; default 6 for x and y, or 0 for fx and fy)
tickPadding - the separation between the tick and its label (in pixels; default 3)
tickFormat - either a function or specifier string to format tick values; see Formats
tickRotate - whether to rotate tick labels (an angle in degrees clockwise; default 0)
fontVariant - the font-variant attribute; defaults to tabular-nums if quantitative
label - a string to label the axis
labelAnchor - the label anchor: top, right, bottom, left, or center
labelArrow - the label arrow: auto (default), up, right, down, left, none, or true ^0.6.7
labelOffset - the label position offset (in pixels; default depends on margins and orientation)
ariaLabel - a short label representing the axis in the accessibility tree
ariaDescription - a textual description for the axis

For an implicit grid mark, use the grid option. For an implicit frame mark along one edge of the frame, use the line option.

grid - whether to draw grid lines across the plot for each tick
line - if true, draw the axis line (only for x and y)

Top-level options are also supported as shorthand: grid (for x and y only; see facets), label, axis, inset, round, align, and padding. If the grid option is true, show a grid using currentColor; if specified as a string, show a grid with the specified color; if an approximate number of ticks, an interval, or an array of tick values, show corresponding grid lines.

Sort mark option ^0.2.0

If an ordinal scale’s domain is not set, it defaults to natural ascending order; to order the domain by associated values in another dimension, either compute the domain manually (consider d3.groupSort) or use an associated mark’s sort option. For example, to sort bars by ascending frequency rather than alphabetically by letter:

Plot.barY(alphabet, {x: "letter", y: "frequency", sort: {x: "y"}})

The sort option is an object whose keys are ordinal scale names, such as x or fx, and whose values are mark channel names, such as y, y1, or y2. By specifying an existing channel rather than a new value, you avoid repeating the order definition and can refer to channels derived by transforms (such as stack or bin). When sorting the x domain, if no x channel is defined, x2 will be used instead if available, and similarly for y and y2; this is useful for marks that implicitly stack such as area, bar, and rect. A sort value may also be specified as width or height ^0.4.2, representing derived channels |x2 - x1| and |y2 - y1| respectively.

Note that there may be multiple associated values in the secondary dimension for a given value in the primary ordinal dimension. The secondary values are therefore grouped for each associated primary value, and each group is then aggregated by applying a reducer. The default reducer is max, but may be changed by specifying the reduce option. Lastly the primary values are by default sorted based on the associated reduced value in natural ascending order to produce the domain. The above code is shorthand for:

Plot.barY(alphabet, {x: "letter", y: "frequency", sort: {x: "y", reduce: "max", order: "ascending"}})

Generally speaking, a reducer only needs to be specified when there are multiple secondary values for a given primary value. See the group transform for the list of supported reducers.

For descending rather than ascending order, set the order option to descending:

Plot.barY(alphabet, {x: "letter", y: "frequency", sort: {x: "y", order: "descending"}})

Alternatively, the -channel shorthand option, which changes the default order to descending:

Plot.barY(alphabet, {x: "letter", y: "frequency", sort: {x: "-y"}})

Setting order to null will disable sorting, preserving the order of the data. (When an aggregating transform is used, such as group or bin, note that the data may already have been sorted and thus the order may differ from the input data.)

Alternatively, set the reverse option to true. This produces a different result than descending order for null or unorderable values: descending order puts nulls last, whereas reversed ascending order puts nulls first.

Plot.barY(alphabet, {x: "letter", y: "frequency", sort: {x: "y", reverse: true}})

An additional limit option truncates the domain to the first n values after ordering. If limit is negative, the last n values are used instead. Hence, a positive limit with reverse = true will return the top n values in descending order. If limit is an array [lo, hi], the ith values with lo ≤ i < hi will be selected. (Note that like the basic filter transform, limiting the x domain here does not affect the computation of the y domain, which is computed independently without respect to filtering.)

Plot.barY(alphabet, {x: "letter", y: "frequency", sort: {x: "y", limit: 5}})

If different sort options are needed for different ordinal scales, the channel name can be replaced with a value object with additional per-scale options.

Plot.barY(alphabet, {x: "letter", y: "frequency", sort: {x: {value: "y", order: "descending"}}})

If the input channel is data, then the reducer is passed groups of the mark’s data; this is typically used in conjunction with a custom reducer function, as when the built-in single-channel reducers are insufficient.

Note: when the value of the sort option is a string or a function, it is interpreted as a mark sort transform. To use both sort options and a mark sort transform, use Plot.sort.

scale(options) ^0.4.0

You can also create a standalone scale with Plot.scale(options). The options object must define at least one scale; see Scale options for how to define a scale. For example, here is a categorical color scale with the Tableau10 color scheme and a domain of fruits:

const color = Plot.scale({color: {scheme: "Tableau10", domain: ["apple", "orange", "pear"]}});

Both plot.scale and Plot.scale return scale objects. These objects represent the actual (or “materialized”) scale options used by Plot, including the domain, range, interpolate function, etc. The scale’s label, if any, is also returned; however, note that other axis properties are not currently exposed. Point and band scales also expose their materialized bandwidth and step.

color.domain // ["apple", "orange", "pear"]

For convenience, scale objects expose a scale.apply(input) method which returns the scale’s output for the given input value. When applicable, scale objects also expose a scale.invert(output) method which returns the corresponding input value from the scale’s domain for the given output value.

color.apply("apple") // "#4e79a7"

To apply a standalone scale object to a plot, pass it to Plot.plot as the corresponding scale options, such as color:

Plot.cellX(["apple", "apple", "orange", "pear", "orange"]).plot({color})

As another example, below are two plots with different options where the second plot uses the color scale from the first plot:

const plot1 = Plot.plot({...options1});
const plot2 = Plot.plot({...options2, color: plot1.scale("color")});

Scales ​

Continuous scales ​

Discrete scales ​

Color scales ​

Other scales ​

Type inference ​

Scale transforms ​

Scale options ​

Color scale options ​

Position scale options ​

Sort mark option ^0.2.0 ​

scale(options) ^0.4.0 ​

Scales

Continuous scales

Discrete scales

Color scales

Other scales

Type inference

Scale transforms

Scale options

Color scale options

Position scale options

Sort mark option ^0.2.0

scale(options) ^0.4.0